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Yu T, Yang Q, Peng B, Gu Z, Zhu D. Vascularized organoid-on-a-chip: design, imaging, and analysis. Angiogenesis 2024; 27:147-172. [PMID: 38409567 DOI: 10.1007/s10456-024-09905-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
Vascularized organoid-on-a-chip (VOoC) models achieve substance exchange in deep layers of organoids and provide a more physiologically relevant system in vitro. Common designs for VOoC primarily involve two categories: self-assembly of endothelial cells (ECs) to form microvessels and pre-patterned vessel lumens, both of which include the hydrogel region for EC growth and allow for controlled fluid perfusion on the chip. Characterizing the vasculature of VOoC often relies on high-resolution microscopic imaging. However, the high scattering of turbid tissues can limit optical imaging depth. To overcome this limitation, tissue optical clearing (TOC) techniques have emerged, allowing for 3D visualization of VOoC in conjunction with optical imaging techniques. The acquisition of large-scale imaging data, coupled with high-resolution imaging in whole-mount preparations, necessitates the development of highly efficient analysis methods. In this review, we provide an overview of the chip designs and culturing strategies employed for VOoC, as well as the applicable optical imaging and TOC methods. Furthermore, we summarize the vascular analysis techniques employed in VOoC, including deep learning. Finally, we discuss the existing challenges in VOoC and vascular analysis methods and provide an outlook for future development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Yu
- Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics - MoE Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, China
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics - Advanced Biomedical Imaging Facility, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, China
| | - Qihang Yang
- Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics - MoE Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, China
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics - Advanced Biomedical Imaging Facility, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, China
| | - Bo Peng
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics, Xi'an Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE) and Xi'an Institute of Biomedical Materials & Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shanxi, 710072, China
| | - Zhongze Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210096, China
- Institute of Biomaterials and Medical Devices, Southeast University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215163, China
| | - Dan Zhu
- Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics - MoE Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, China.
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics - Advanced Biomedical Imaging Facility, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, China.
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2
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Farhang Doost N, Srivastava SK. A Comprehensive Review of Organ-on-a-Chip Technology and Its Applications. BIOSENSORS 2024; 14:225. [PMID: 38785699 PMCID: PMC11118005 DOI: 10.3390/bios14050225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2024] [Revised: 04/09/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Organ-on-a-chip (OOC) is an emerging technology that simulates an artificial organ within a microfluidic cell culture chip. Current cell biology research focuses on in vitro cell cultures due to various limitations of in vivo testing. Unfortunately, in-vitro cell culturing fails to provide an accurate microenvironment, and in vivo cell culturing is expensive and has historically been a source of ethical controversy. OOC aims to overcome these shortcomings and provide the best of both in vivo and in vitro cell culture research. The critical component of the OOC design is utilizing microfluidics to ensure a stable concentration gradient, dynamic mechanical stress modeling, and accurate reconstruction of a cellular microenvironment. OOC also has the advantage of complete observation and control of the system, which is impossible to recreate in in-vivo research. Multiple throughputs, channels, membranes, and chambers are constructed in a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) array to simulate various organs on a chip. Various experiments can be performed utilizing OOC technology, including drug delivery research and toxicology. Current technological expansions involve multiple organ microenvironments on a single chip, allowing for studying inter-tissue interactions. Other developments in the OOC technology include finding a more suitable material as a replacement for PDMS and minimizing artefactual error and non-translatable differences.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Soumya K. Srivastava
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA;
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3
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Stiefbold M, Zhang H, Wan LQ. Engineered platforms for mimicking cardiac development and drug screening. Cell Mol Life Sci 2024; 81:197. [PMID: 38664263 PMCID: PMC11045633 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-024-05231-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Revised: 03/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
Congenital heart defects are associated with significant health challenges, demanding a deep understanding of the underlying biological mechanisms and, thus, better devices or platforms that can recapitulate human cardiac development. The discovery of human pluripotent stem cells has substantially reduced the dependence on animal models. Recent advances in stem cell biology, genetic editing, omics, microfluidics, and sensor technologies have further enabled remarkable progress in the development of in vitro platforms with increased fidelity and efficiency. In this review, we provide an overview of advancements in in vitro cardiac development platforms, with a particular focus on technological innovation. We categorize these platforms into four areas: two-dimensional solid substrate cultures, engineered substrate architectures that enhance cellular functions, cardiac organoids, and embryos/explants-on-chip models. We conclude by addressing current limitations and presenting future perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madison Stiefbold
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Biotech 2147, 110 8t Street, Troy, NY, 12180, USA
| | - Haokang Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Biotech 2147, 110 8t Street, Troy, NY, 12180, USA
| | - Leo Q Wan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Biotech 2147, 110 8t Street, Troy, NY, 12180, USA.
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, 12180, USA.
- Department of Biological Sciences, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, 12180, USA.
- Center for Modeling, Simulation, and Imaging in Medicine, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, 12180, USA.
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4
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Amartumur S, Nguyen H, Huynh T, Kim TS, Woo RS, Oh E, Kim KK, Lee LP, Heo C. Neuropathogenesis-on-chips for neurodegenerative diseases. Nat Commun 2024; 15:2219. [PMID: 38472255 PMCID: PMC10933492 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-46554-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Developing diagnostics and treatments for neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) is challenging due to multifactorial pathogenesis that progresses gradually. Advanced in vitro systems that recapitulate patient-like pathophysiology are emerging as alternatives to conventional animal-based models. In this review, we explore the interconnected pathogenic features of different types of ND, discuss the general strategy to modelling NDs using a microfluidic chip, and introduce the organoid-on-a-chip as the next advanced relevant model. Lastly, we overview how these models are being applied in academic and industrial drug development. The integration of microfluidic chips, stem cells, and biotechnological devices promises to provide valuable insights for biomedical research and developing diagnostic and therapeutic solutions for NDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarnai Amartumur
- Department of Biophysics, Institute of Quantum Biophysics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Korea
| | - Huong Nguyen
- Department of Biophysics, Institute of Quantum Biophysics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Korea
| | - Thuy Huynh
- Department of Biophysics, Institute of Quantum Biophysics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Korea
| | - Testaverde S Kim
- Center for Integrated Nanostructure Physics (CINAP), Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Suwon, 16419, Korea
| | - Ran-Sook Woo
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, College of Medicine, Eulji University, Daejeon, 34824, Korea
| | - Eungseok Oh
- Department of Neurology, Chungnam National University Hospital, Daejeon, 35015, Korea
| | - Kyeong Kyu Kim
- Department of Precision Medicine, Graduate School of Basic Medical Science (GSBMS), Institute for Anti-microbial Resistance Research and Therapeutics, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, 16419, Korea
| | - Luke P Lee
- Department of Biophysics, Institute of Quantum Biophysics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Korea.
- Harvard Medical School, Division of Engineering in Medicine and Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
- Department of Bioengineering, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.
| | - Chaejeong Heo
- Department of Biophysics, Institute of Quantum Biophysics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Korea.
- Center for Integrated Nanostructure Physics (CINAP), Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Suwon, 16419, Korea.
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5
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Regeenes R, Rocheleau JV. Twenty years of islet-on-a-chip: microfluidic tools for dissecting islet metabolism and function. LAB ON A CHIP 2024; 24:1327-1350. [PMID: 38277011 DOI: 10.1039/d3lc00696d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
Pancreatic islets are metabolically active micron-sized tissues responsible for controlling blood glucose through the secretion of insulin and glucagon. A loss of functional islet mass results in type 1 and 2 diabetes. Islet-on-a-chip devices are powerful microfluidic tools used to trap and study living ex vivo human and murine pancreatic islets and potentially stem cell-derived islet organoids. Devices developed over the past twenty years offer the ability to treat islets with controlled and dynamic microenvironments to mimic in vivo conditions and facilitate diabetes research. In this review, we explore the various islet-on-a-chip devices used to immobilize islets, regulate the microenvironment, and dynamically detect islet metabolism and insulin secretion. We first describe and assess the various methods used to immobilize islets including chambers, dam-walls, and hydrodynamic traps. We subsequently describe the surrounding methods used to create glucose gradients, enhance the reaggregation of dispersed islets, and control the microenvironment of stem cell-derived islet organoids. We focus on the various methods used to measure insulin secretion including capillary electrophoresis, droplet microfluidics, off-chip ELISAs, and on-chip fluorescence anisotropy immunoassays. Additionally, we delve into the various multiparametric readouts (NAD(P)H, Ca2+-activity, and O2-consumption rate) achieved primarily by adopting a microscopy-compatible optical window into the devices. By critical assessment of these advancements, we aim to inspire the development of new devices by the microfluidics community and accelerate the adoption of islet-on-a-chip devices by the wider diabetes research and clinical communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romario Regeenes
- Advanced Diagnostics, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Jonathan V Rocheleau
- Advanced Diagnostics, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Departments of Medicine and Physiology, University of Toronto, ON, Canada
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6
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Yu T, Zhong X, Yang Q, Gao C, Chen W, Liu X, Liu Z, Zhu T, Li D, Fei P, Chen Z, Gu Z, Zhu D. On-chip clearing for live imaging of 3D cell cultures. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 14:3003-3017. [PMID: 37342722 PMCID: PMC10278639 DOI: 10.1364/boe.489219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 05/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023]
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) cell cultures provide an important model for various biological studies by bridging the gap between two-dimensional (2D) cell cultures and animal tissues. Microfluidics has recently provided controllable platforms for handling and analyzing 3D cell cultures. However, on-chip imaging of 3D cell cultures within microfluidic devices is hindered by the inherent high scattering of 3D tissues. Tissue optical clearing techniques have been used to address this concern but remain limited to fixed samples. As such, there is still a need for an on-chip clearing method for imaging live 3D cell cultures. Here, to achieve on-chip clearing for live imaging of 3D cell cultures, we conceived a simple microfluidic device by integrating a U-shaped concave for culture, parallel channels with micropillars, and differentiated surface treatment to enable on-chip 3D cell culture, clearing, and live imaging with minimal disturbance. The on-chip tissue clearing increased the imaging performance of live 3D spheroids with no influence on cell viability or spheroid proliferation and demonstrated robust compatibility with several commonly used cell probes. It allowed dynamic tracking of lysosomes in live tumor spheroids and enabled quantitative analysis of their motility in the deeper layer. Our proposed method of on-chip clearing for live imaging of 3D cell cultures provides an alternative for dynamic monitoring of deep tissue on a microfluidic device and has the potential to be used in 3D culture-based assays for high-throughput applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Yu
- Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics - MoE Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics - Advanced Biomedical Imaging Facility, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China
| | - Xiang Zhong
- Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics - MoE Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics - Advanced Biomedical Imaging Facility, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China
| | - Qihang Yang
- Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics - MoE Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics - Advanced Biomedical Imaging Facility, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China
| | - Chao Gao
- Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics - MoE Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics - Advanced Biomedical Imaging Facility, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China
| | - Wenyue Chen
- Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics - MoE Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics - Advanced Biomedical Imaging Facility, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China
| | - Xiang Liu
- Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics - MoE Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics - Advanced Biomedical Imaging Facility, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China
| | - Zhang Liu
- Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics - MoE Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics - Advanced Biomedical Imaging Facility, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China
| | - Tingting Zhu
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics - Advanced Biomedical Imaging Facility, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China
- School of Optical and Electronic Information, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China
| | - Dongyu Li
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics - Advanced Biomedical Imaging Facility, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China
- School of Optical and Electronic Information, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China
| | - Peng Fei
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics - Advanced Biomedical Imaging Facility, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China
- School of Optical and Electronic Information, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China
| | - Zaozao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210096, China
- Institute of Biomaterials and Medical Devices, Southeast University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215163, China
| | - Zhongze Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210096, China
- Institute of Biomaterials and Medical Devices, Southeast University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215163, China
| | - Dan Zhu
- Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics - MoE Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics - Advanced Biomedical Imaging Facility, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China
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7
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Yasuhiko O, Takeuchi K. In-silico clearing approach for deep refractive index tomography by partial reconstruction and wave-backpropagation. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2023; 12:101. [PMID: 37105955 PMCID: PMC10140380 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-023-01144-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Refractive index (RI) is considered to be a fundamental physical and biophysical parameter in biological imaging, as it governs light-matter interactions and light propagation while reflecting cellular properties. RI tomography enables volumetric visualization of RI distribution, allowing biologically relevant analysis of a sample. However, multiple scattering (MS) and sample-induced aberration (SIA) caused by the inhomogeneity in RI distribution of a thick sample make its visualization challenging. This paper proposes a deep RI tomographic approach to overcome MS and SIA and allow the enhanced reconstruction of thick samples compared to that enabled by conventional linear-model-based RI tomography. The proposed approach consists of partial RI reconstruction using multiple holograms acquired with angular diversity and their backpropagation using the reconstructed partial RI map, which unambiguously reconstructs the next partial volume. Repeating this operation efficiently reconstructs the entire RI tomogram while suppressing MS and SIA. We visualized a multicellular spheroid of diameter 140 µm within minutes of reconstruction, thereby demonstrating the enhanced deep visualization capability and computational efficiency of the proposed method compared to those of conventional RI tomography. Furthermore, we quantified the high-RI structures and morphological changes inside multicellular spheroids, indicating that the proposed method can retrieve biologically relevant information from the RI distribution. Benefitting from the excellent biological interpretability of RI distributions, the label-free deep visualization capability of the proposed method facilitates a noninvasive understanding of the architecture and time-course morphological changes of thick multicellular specimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osamu Yasuhiko
- Central Research Laboratory, Hamamatsu Photonics K.K, 5000 Hirakuchi, Hamakita-ku, Hamamatsu, 434-8601, Shizuoka, Japan.
| | - Kozo Takeuchi
- Central Research Laboratory, Hamamatsu Photonics K.K, 5000 Hirakuchi, Hamakita-ku, Hamamatsu, 434-8601, Shizuoka, Japan.
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8
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de Caro A, Bellard E, Kolosnjaj-Tabi J, Golzio M, Rols MP. Gene Electrotransfer Efficiency in 2D and 3D Cancer Cell Models Using Different Electroporation Protocols: A Comparative Study. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15031004. [PMID: 36986866 PMCID: PMC10053976 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15031004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Revised: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/19/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Electroporation, a method relying on a pulsed electric field to induce transient cell membrane permeabilization, can be used as a non-viral method to transfer genes in vitro and in vivo. Such transfer holds great promise for cancer treatment, as it can induce or replace missing or non-functioning genes. Yet, while efficient in vitro, gene-electrotherapy remains challenging in tumors. To assess the differences of gene electrotransfer in respect to applied pulses in multi-dimensional (2D, 3D) cellular organizations, we herein compared pulsed electric field protocols applicable to electrochemotherapy and gene electrotherapy and different "High Voltage-Low Voltage" pulses. Our results show that all protocols can result in efficient permeabilization of 2D- and 3D-grown cells. However, their efficiency for gene delivery varies. The gene-electrotherapy protocol is the most efficient in cell suspensions, with a transfection rate of about 50%. Conversely, despite homogenous permeabilization of the entire 3D structure, none of the tested protocols allowed gene delivery beyond the rims of multicellular spheroids. Taken together, our findings highlight the importance of electric field intensity and the occurrence of cell permeabilization, and underline the significance of pulses' duration, impacting plasmids' electrophoretic drag. The latter is sterically hindered in 3D structures and prevents the delivery of genes into spheroids' core.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexia de Caro
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale du CNRS UMR 5089, 205, Route de Narbonne, 31077 Toulouse CEDEX, France
| | - Elisabeth Bellard
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale du CNRS UMR 5089, 205, Route de Narbonne, 31077 Toulouse CEDEX, France
| | - Jelena Kolosnjaj-Tabi
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale du CNRS UMR 5089, 205, Route de Narbonne, 31077 Toulouse CEDEX, France
| | - Muriel Golzio
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale du CNRS UMR 5089, 205, Route de Narbonne, 31077 Toulouse CEDEX, France
| | - Marie-Pierre Rols
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale du CNRS UMR 5089, 205, Route de Narbonne, 31077 Toulouse CEDEX, France
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9
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Siu DMD, Lee KCM, Chung BMF, Wong JSJ, Zheng G, Tsia KK. Optofluidic imaging meets deep learning: from merging to emerging. LAB ON A CHIP 2023; 23:1011-1033. [PMID: 36601812 DOI: 10.1039/d2lc00813k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Propelled by the striking advances in optical microscopy and deep learning (DL), the role of imaging in lab-on-a-chip has dramatically been transformed from a silo inspection tool to a quantitative "smart" engine. A suite of advanced optical microscopes now enables imaging over a range of spatial scales (from molecules to organisms) and temporal window (from microseconds to hours). On the other hand, the staggering diversity of DL algorithms has revolutionized image processing and analysis at the scale and complexity that were once inconceivable. Recognizing these exciting but overwhelming developments, we provide a timely review of their latest trends in the context of lab-on-a-chip imaging, or coined optofluidic imaging. More importantly, here we discuss the strengths and caveats of how to adopt, reinvent, and integrate these imaging techniques and DL algorithms in order to tailor different lab-on-a-chip applications. In particular, we highlight three areas where the latest advances in lab-on-a-chip imaging and DL can form unique synergisms: image formation, image analytics and intelligent image-guided autonomous lab-on-a-chip. Despite the on-going challenges, we anticipate that they will represent the next frontiers in lab-on-a-chip imaging that will spearhead new capabilities in advancing analytical chemistry research, accelerating biological discovery, and empowering new intelligent clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dickson M D Siu
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong.
| | - Kelvin C M Lee
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong.
| | - Bob M F Chung
- Advanced Biomedical Instrumentation Centre, Hong Kong Science Park, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong
| | - Justin S J Wong
- Conzeb Limited, Hong Kong Science Park, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong
| | - Guoan Zheng
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
| | - Kevin K Tsia
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong.
- Advanced Biomedical Instrumentation Centre, Hong Kong Science Park, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong
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10
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He S, Lim GE. The Application of High-Throughput Approaches in Identifying Novel Therapeutic Targets and Agents to Treat Diabetes. Adv Biol (Weinh) 2023; 7:e2200151. [PMID: 36398493 DOI: 10.1002/adbi.202200151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
During the past decades, unprecedented progress in technologies has revolutionized traditional research methodologies. Among these, advances in high-throughput drug screening approaches have permitted the rapid identification of potential therapeutic agents from drug libraries that contain thousands or millions of molecules. Moreover, high-throughput-based therapeutic target discovery strategies can comprehensively interrogate relationships between biomolecules (e.g., gene, RNA, and protein) and diseases and significantly increase the authors' knowledge of disease mechanisms. Diabetes is a chronic disease primarily characterized by the incapacity of the body to maintain normoglycemia. The prevalence of diabetes in modern society has become a severe public health issue that threatens the well-being of millions of patients. Although a number of pharmacological treatments are available, there is no permanent cure for diabetes, and discovering novel therapeutic targets and agents continues to be an urgent need. The present review discusses the technical details of high-throughput screening approaches in drug discovery, followed by introducing the applications of such approaches to diabetes research. This review aims to provide an example of the applicability of high-throughput technologies in facilitating different aspects of disease research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyi He
- Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Pavillon Roger-Gaudry, 2900 Edouard Montpetit Blvd, Montreal, Québec, H3T 1J4, Canada.,Cardiometabolic Axis, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), 900 rue St Denis, Montreal, Québec, H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Gareth E Lim
- Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Pavillon Roger-Gaudry, 2900 Edouard Montpetit Blvd, Montreal, Québec, H3T 1J4, Canada.,Cardiometabolic Axis, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), 900 rue St Denis, Montreal, Québec, H2X 0A9, Canada
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11
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Bissardon C, Mermet X, Quintard C, Sanjuan F, Fouillet Y, Bottausci F, Carriere M, Rivera F, Blandin P. Selective plane illumination microscope dedicated to volumetric imaging in microfluidic chambers. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 13:5261-5274. [PMID: 36425641 PMCID: PMC9664896 DOI: 10.1364/boe.455377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
In this article, we are presenting an original selective plane illumination fluorescence microscope dedicated to image "Organ-on-chip"-like biostructures in microfluidic chips. In order to be able to morphologically analyze volumetric samples in development at the cellular scale inside microfluidic chambers, the setup presents a compromise between relatively large field of view (∼ 200 µm) and moderate resolution (∼ 5 µm). The microscope is based on a simple design, built around the chip and its microfluidic environment to allow 3D imaging inside the chip. In particular, the sample remains horizontally avoiding to disturb the fluidics phenomena. The experimental setup, its optical characterization and the first volumetric images are reported.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Xavier Mermet
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CEA, LETI, DTBS, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | | | - Federico Sanjuan
- Univ. de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour, E2S UPPA, CNRS, Total, LFCR, Pau, France
| | - Yves Fouillet
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CEA, LETI, DTBS, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | | | - Marie Carriere
- Univ. Grenoble-Alpes, CEA, CNRS, IRIG, SyMMES, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Florence Rivera
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CEA, LETI, DTBS, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Pierre Blandin
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CEA, LETI, DTBS, F-38000 Grenoble, France
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12
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Csukovich G, Pratscher B, Burgener IA. The World of Organoids: Gastrointestinal Disease Modelling in the Age of 3R and One Health with Specific Relevance to Dogs and Cats. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12182461. [PMID: 36139322 PMCID: PMC9495014 DOI: 10.3390/ani12182461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
One Health describes the importance of considering humans, animals, and the environment in health research. One Health and the 3R concept, i.e., the replacement, reduction, and refinement of animal experimentation, shape today’s research more and more. The development of organoids from many different organs and animals led to the development of highly sophisticated model systems trying to replace animal experiments. Organoids may be used for disease modelling in various ways elucidating the manifold host–pathogen interactions. This review provides an overview of disease modelling approaches using organoids of different kinds with a special focus on animal organoids and gastrointestinal diseases. We also provide an outlook on how the research field of organoids might develop in the coming years and what opportunities organoids hold for in-depth disease modelling and therapeutic interventions.
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13
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Patel SN, Mathews CE, Chandler R, Stabler CL. The Foundation for Engineering a Pancreatic Islet Niche. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:881525. [PMID: 35600597 PMCID: PMC9114707 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.881525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Progress in diabetes research is hindered, in part, by deficiencies in current experimental systems to accurately model human pathophysiology and/or predict clinical outcomes. Engineering human-centric platforms that more closely mimic in vivo physiology, however, requires thoughtful and informed design. Summarizing our contemporary understanding of the unique and critical features of the pancreatic islet can inform engineering design criteria. Furthermore, a broad understanding of conventional experimental practices and their current advantages and limitations ensures that new models address key gaps. Improving beyond traditional cell culture, emerging platforms are combining diabetes-relevant cells within three-dimensional niches containing dynamic matrices and controlled fluidic flow. While highly promising, islet-on-a-chip prototypes must evolve their utility, adaptability, and adoptability to ensure broad and reproducible use. Here we propose a roadmap for engineers to craft biorelevant and accessible diabetes models. Concurrently, we seek to inspire biologists to leverage such tools to ask complex and nuanced questions. The progenies of such diabetes models should ultimately enable investigators to translate ambitious research expeditions from benchtop to the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Smit N. Patel
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Clayton E. Mathews
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
- Diabetes Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Rachel Chandler
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Cherie L. Stabler
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
- Diabetes Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
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14
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Advancing Tumor Microenvironment Research by Combining Organs-on-Chips and Biosensors. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2022; 1379:171-203. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-04039-9_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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15
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Moreira Teixeira L, Mezzanotte L. New bioimaging avenues for organs‐on‐chips by integration of bioluminescence. VIEW 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/viw.20200177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Liliana Moreira Teixeira
- Department of Developmental Bioengineering Technical Medical Centre University of Twente Enschede The Netherlands
| | - Laura Mezzanotte
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine Erasmus Medical Center Rotterdam The Netherlands
- Department of Molecular Genetics Erasmus Medical Center Rotterdam The Netherlands
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16
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Kim H, Roh H, Kim H, Park JK. Droplet contact-based spheroid transfer technique as a multi-step assay tool for spheroid arrays. LAB ON A CHIP 2021; 21:4155-4165. [PMID: 34515264 DOI: 10.1039/d1lc00581b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Hanging drop plates and low-attachment well plates are suitable for a high throughput screening model of a spheroid, because each drop (or well) contains a single spheroid and the spheroid environment are separated from each other. However, uniform spheroid culture on these devices is difficult as the liquid around the spheroid is replaced by direct pipetting, which can cause spheroid damage or loss, and well-to-well variation. If spheroids need to be cultured for a long time or analyzed through chemical treatment of immunostaining, it becomes a more considerable problem as the number of pipetting action increases. To address these problems, we have developed a poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS)-based drop array chip (DAC) and a pillar array chip (PAC) that can apply a droplet contact-based spheroid transfer (DCST) technique to multiple reagent change or washing steps of spheroid assays. Unlike previous DCST devices, 3D-printed mold-based DCST devices showed stable spheroid manipulation during repetitive drop contact and facile transfer of spheroid arrays to the next reagent-loaded DAC while minimizing cross-contamination of the reagents. Compared to the conventional manual or machine pipetting method, the DCST method showed lower user-to-user variation and a higher spheroid retention rate in the manipulation of the spheroid array. Live/dead staining, hypoxia staining, and immunofluorescence staining of the spheroid array were performed on a breast cancer cell line, BT-474. Furthermore, four clearing methods were applied to the spheroid array as a proof of concept, and we have identified the applicability of the DCST platform as a pretreatment platform for whole spheroid analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hwisoo Kim
- Department of Bio and Brain Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hyewon Roh
- Department of Bio and Brain Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea.
| | - Haseong Kim
- Synthetic Biology and Bioengineering Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), 125 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Je-Kyun Park
- Department of Bio and Brain Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea.
- KAIST Institute for Health Science and Technology, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
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17
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Olofsson K, Carannante V, Takai M, Önfelt B, Wiklund M. Single cell organization and cell cycle characterization of DNA stained multicellular tumor spheroids. Sci Rep 2021; 11:17076. [PMID: 34426602 PMCID: PMC8382712 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-96288-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Multicellular tumor spheroids (MCTSs) can serve as in vitro models for solid tumors and have become widely used in basic cancer research and drug screening applications. The major challenges when studying MCTSs by optical microscopy are imaging and analysis due to light scattering within the 3-dimensional structure. Herein, we used an ultrasound-based MCTS culture platform, where A498 renal carcinoma MCTSs were cultured, DAPI stained, optically cleared and imaged, to connect nuclear segmentation to biological information at the single cell level. We show that DNA-content analysis can be used to classify the cell cycle state as a function of position within the MCTSs. We also used nuclear volumetric characterization to show that cells were more densely organized and perpendicularly aligned to the MCTS radius in MCTSs cultured for 96 h compared to 24 h. The method presented herein can in principle be used with any stochiometric DNA staining protocol and nuclear segmentation strategy. Since it is based on a single counter stain a large part of the fluorescence spectrum is free for other probes, allowing measurements that correlate cell cycle state and nuclear organization with e.g., protein expression or drug distribution within MCTSs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl Olofsson
- Department of Applied Physics, Science for Life Laboratory, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Valentina Carannante
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
| | - Madoka Takai
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Björn Önfelt
- Department of Applied Physics, Science for Life Laboratory, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
| | - Martin Wiklund
- Department of Applied Physics, Science for Life Laboratory, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden.
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18
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Bērziņa S, Harrison A, Taly V, Xiao W. Technological Advances in Tumor-On-Chip Technology: From Bench to Bedside. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13164192. [PMID: 34439345 PMCID: PMC8394443 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13164192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Revised: 08/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Various 3D in vitro tumor models are rapidly advancing cancer research. Unlike animal models, they can be produced quickly and are amenable to high-throughput studies. Growing tumor spheroids in microfluidic tumor-on-chip platforms has particularly elevated the capabilities of such models. Tumor-on-chip devices can mimic multiple aspects of the dynamic in vivo tumor microenvironment in a precisely controlled manner. Moreover, new technologies for the on- and off-chip analysis of these tumor mimics are continuously emerging. There is thus an urgent need to review the latest developments in this rapidly progressing field. Here, we present an overview of the technological advances in tumor-on-chip technology by reviewing state-of-the-art tools for on-chip analysis. In particular, we evaluate the potential for tumor-on-chip technology to guide personalized cancer therapies. We strive to appeal to cancer researchers and biomedical engineers alike, informing on current progress, while provoking thought on the outstanding developments needed to achieve clinical-stage research. Abstract Tumor-on-chip technology has cemented its importance as an in vitro tumor model for cancer research. Its ability to recapitulate different elements of the in vivo tumor microenvironment makes it promising for translational medicine, with potential application in enabling personalized anti-cancer therapies. Here, we provide an overview of the current technological advances for tumor-on-chip generation. To further elevate the functionalities of the technology, these approaches need to be coupled with effective analysis tools. This aspect of tumor-on-chip technology is often neglected in the current literature. We address this shortcoming by reviewing state-of-the-art on-chip analysis tools for microfluidic tumor models. Lastly, we focus on the current progress in tumor-on-chip devices using patient-derived samples and evaluate their potential for clinical research and personalized medicine applications.
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19
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Susaki EA, Takasato M. Perspective: Extending the Utility of Three-Dimensional Organoids by Tissue Clearing Technologies. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:679226. [PMID: 34195197 PMCID: PMC8236633 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.679226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
An organoid, a self-organizing organ-like tissue developed from stem cells, can exhibit a miniaturized three-dimensional (3D) structure and part of the physiological functions of the original organ. Due to the reproducibility of tissue complexity and ease of handling, organoids have replaced real organs and animals for a variety of uses, such as investigations of the mechanisms of organogenesis and disease onset, and screening of drug effects and/or toxicity. The recent advent of tissue clearing and 3D imaging techniques have great potential contributions to organoid studies by allowing the collection and analysis of 3D images of whole organoids with a reasonable throughput and thus can expand the means of examining the 3D architecture, cellular components, and variability among organoids. Genetic and histological cell-labeling methods, together with organoid clearing, also allow visualization of critical structures and cellular components within organoids. The collected 3D data may enable image analysis to quantitatively assess structures within organoids and sensitively/effectively detect abnormalities caused by perturbations. These capabilities of tissue/organoid clearing and 3D imaging techniques not only extend the utility of organoids in basic biology but can also be applied for quality control of clinical organoid production and large-scale drug screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Etsuo A. Susaki
- Department of Biochemistry and Systems Biomedicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
- Laboratory for Synthetic Biology, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Osaka, Japan
| | - Minoru Takasato
- Laboratory for Human Organogenesis, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, Japan
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology and Development, Department of Animal Development and Physiology, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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20
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Avilov SV. Navigating across multi-dimensional space of tissue clearing parameters. Methods Appl Fluoresc 2021; 9:022001. [PMID: 33592593 DOI: 10.1088/2050-6120/abe6fb] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Optical tissue clearing refers to physico-chemical treatments which make thick biological samples transparent by removal of refractive index gradients and light absorbing substances. Although tissue clearing was first reported in 1914, it was not widely used in light microscopy until 21th century, because instrumentation of that time did not permit to acquire and handle images of thick (mm to cm) samples as whole. Rapid progress in optical instrumentation, computers and software over the last decades made micrograph acquisition of centimeter-thick samples feasible. This boosted tissue clearing use and development. Numerous diverse protocols have been developed. They use organic solvents or water-miscible substances, such as detergents and chaotropic agents; some protocols require application of electric field or perfusion with special devices. There is no 'best-for-all' tissue clearing method. Depending on the case, one or another protocol is more suitable. Most of protocols require days or even weeks to complete, thus choosing an unsuitable protocol may cause an important waste of time. Several inter-dependent parameters should be taken into account to choose a tissue clearing protocol, such as: (1) required image quality (resolution, contrast, signal to noise ratio etc), (2) nature and size of the sample, (3) type of labels, (4) characteristics of the available instrumentation, (5) budget, (6) time budget, and (7) feasibility. Present review focusses on the practical aspects of various tissue clearing techniques. It is aimed to help non-experts to choose tissue clearing techniques which are optimal for their particular cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergiy V Avilov
- Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg, Germany
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21
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Struzyna LA, Watt ML. The Emerging Role of Neuronal Organoid Models in Drug Discovery: Potential Applications and Hurdles to Implementation. Mol Pharmacol 2021; 99:256-265. [PMID: 33547249 DOI: 10.1124/molpharm.120.000142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The high failure rate of drugs in the clinical pipeline is likely in part the result of inadequate preclinical models, particularly those for neurologic disorders and neurodegenerative disease. Such preclinical animal models often suffer from fundamental species differences and rarely recapitulate all facets of neurologic conditions, whereas conventional two-dimensional (2D) in vitro models fail to capture the three-dimensional spatial organization and cell-to-cell interactions of brain tissue that are presumed to be critical to the function of the central nervous system. Recent studies have suggested that stem cell-derived neuronal organoids are more physiologically relevant than 2D neuronal cultures because of their cytoarchitecture, electrophysiological properties, human origin, and gene expression. Hence there is interest in incorporating such physiologically relevant models into compound screening and lead optimization efforts within drug discovery. However, despite their perceived relevance, compared with previously used preclinical models, little is known regarding their predictive value. In fact, some have been wary to broadly adopt organoid technology for drug discovery because of the low-throughput and tedious generation protocols, inherent variability, and lack of compatible moderate-to-high-throughput screening assays. Consequently, microfluidic platforms, specialized bioreactors, and automated assays have been and are being developed to address these deficits. This mini review provides an overview of the gaps to broader implementation of neuronal organoids in a drug discovery setting as well as emerging technologies that may better enable their utilization. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Neuronal organoid models offer the potential for a more physiological system in which to study neurological diseases, and efforts are being made to employ them not only in mechanistic studies but also in profiling/screening purposes within drug discovery. In addition to exploring the utility of neuronal organoid models within this context, efforts in the field aim to standardize such models for consistency and adaptation to screening platforms for throughput evaluation. This review covers potential impact of and hurdles to implementation.
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22
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Lewis PL, Wells JM. Engineering-inspired approaches to study β-cell function and diabetes. Stem Cells 2021; 39:522-535. [PMID: 33497522 DOI: 10.1002/stem.3340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Strategies to mitigate the pathologies from diabetes range from simply administering insulin to prescribing complex drug/biologic regimens combined with lifestyle changes. There is a substantial effort to better understand β-cell physiology during diabetes pathogenesis as a means to develop improved therapies. The convergence of multiple fields ranging from developmental biology to microfluidic engineering has led to the development of new experimental systems to better study complex aspects of diabetes and β-cell biology. Here we discuss the available insulin-secreting cell types used in research, ranging from primary human β-cells, to cell lines, to pluripotent stem cell-derived β-like cells. Each of these sources possess inherent strengths and weaknesses pertinent to specific applications, especially in the context of engineered platforms. We then outline how insulin-expressing cells have been used in engineered platforms and how recent advances allow for better mimicry of in vivo conditions. Chief among these conditions are β-cell interactions with other endocrine organs. This facet is beginning to be thoroughly addressed by the organ-on-a-chip community, but holds enormous potential in the development of novel diabetes therapeutics. Furthermore, high throughput strategies focused on studying β-cell biology, improving β-cell differentiation, or proliferation have led to enormous contributions in the field and will no doubt be instrumental in bringing new diabetes therapeutics to the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phillip L Lewis
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - James M Wells
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.,Division of Endocrinology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.,Center for Stem Cell and Organoid Medicine (CuSTOM), Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
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23
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Influence of ClearT and ClearT2 Agitation Conditions in the Fluorescence Imaging of 3D Spheroids. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 22:ijms22010266. [PMID: 33383886 PMCID: PMC7796078 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22010266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 12/25/2020] [Accepted: 12/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
3D tumor spheroids have arisen in the last years as potent tools for the in vitro screening of novel anticancer therapeutics. Nevertheless, to increase the reproducibility and predictability of the data originated from the spheroids it is still necessary to develop or optimize the techniques used for spheroids’ physical and biomolecular characterization. Fluorescence microscopy, such as confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM), is a tool commonly used by researchers to characterize spheroids structure and the antitumoral effect of novel therapeutics. However, its application in spheroids’ analysis is hindered by the limited light penetration in thick samples. For this purpose, optical clearing solutions have been explored to increase the spheroids’ transparency by reducing the light scattering. In this study, the influence of agitation conditions (i.e., static, horizontal agitation, and rotatory agitation) on the ClearT and ClearT2 methods’ clearing efficacy and tumor spheroids’ imaging by CLSM was characterized. The obtained results demonstrate that the ClearT method results in the improved imaging of the spheroids interior, whereas the ClearT2 resulted in an increased propidium iodide mean fluorescence intensity as well as a higher signal depth in the Z-axis. Additionally, for both methods, the best clearing results were obtained for the spheroids treated under the rotatory agitation. In general, this work provides new insights on the ClearT and ClearT2 clearing methodologies and their utilization for improving the reproducibility of the data obtained through the CLSM, such as the analysis of the cell death in response to therapeutics administration.
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24
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Poletti M, Arnauts K, Ferrante M, Korcsmaros T. Organoid-based Models to Study the Role of Host-microbiota Interactions in IBD. J Crohns Colitis 2020; 15:1222-1235. [PMID: 33341879 PMCID: PMC8256633 DOI: 10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjaa257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The gut microbiota appears to play a central role in health, and alterations in the gut microbiota are observed in both forms of inflammatory bowel disease [IBD], namely Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. Yet, the mechanisms behind host-microbiota interactions in IBD, especially at the intestinal epithelial cell level, are not yet fully understood. Dissecting the role of host-microbiota interactions in disease onset and progression is pivotal, and requires representative models mimicking the gastrointestinal ecosystem, including the intestinal epithelium, the gut microbiota, and immune cells. New advancements in organoid microfluidics technology are facilitating the study of IBD-related microbial-epithelial cross-talk, and the discovery of novel microbial therapies. Here, we review different organoid-based ex vivo models that are currently available, and benchmark their suitability and limitations for specific research questions. Organoid applications, such as patient-derived organoid biobanks for microbial screening and 'omics technologies, are discussed, highlighting their potential to gain better mechanistic insights into disease mechanisms and eventually allow personalised medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Poletti
- Earlham Institute, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK,Quadram Institute, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | - Kaline Arnauts
- Department of Chronic Diseases, Metabolism and Ageing [CHROMETA], Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders [TARGID], KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium,Department of Development and Regeneration, Stem Cell Institute Leuven [SCIL], KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Marc Ferrante
- Department of Chronic Diseases, Metabolism and Ageing [CHROMETA], Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders [TARGID], KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium,Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospitals Leuven, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium,Corresponding author: Marc Ferrante, MD, PhD, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospitals Leuven, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium. Tel.: +32 16 344225;
| | - Tamas Korcsmaros
- Earlham Institute, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK,Quadram Institute, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
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25
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Oh MS, Khawar IA, Lee DW, Park JK, Kuh HJ. Three-Dimensional Imaging for Multiplex Phenotypic Analysis of Pancreatic Microtumors Grown on a Minipillar Array Chip. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:E3662. [PMID: 33297288 PMCID: PMC7762293 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12123662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Revised: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) culture of tumor spheroids (TSs) within the extracellular matrix (ECM) represents a microtumor model that recapitulates human solid tumors in vivo, and is useful for 3D multiplex phenotypic analysis. However, the low efficiency of 3D culture and limited 3D visualization of microtumor specimens impose technical hurdles for the evaluation of TS-based phenotypic analysis. Here, we report a 3D microtumor culture-to-3D visualization system using a minipillar array chip combined with a tissue optical clearing (TOC) method for high-content phenotypic analysis of microtumors. To prove the utility of this method, phenotypic changes in TSs of human pancreatic cancer cells were determined by co-culture with cancer-associated fibroblasts and M2-type tumor-associated macrophages. Significant improvement was achieved in immunostaining and optical transmission in each TS as well as the entire microtumor specimen, enabling optimization in image-based analysis of the morphology, structural organization, and protein expression in cancer cells and the ECM. Changes in the invasive phenotype, including cellular morphology and expression of epithelial-mesenchymal transition-related proteins and drug-induced apoptosis under stromal cell co-culture were also successfully analyzed. Overall, our study demonstrates that a minipillar array chip combined with TOC offers a novel system for 3D culture-to-3D visualization of microtumors to facilitate high-content phenotypic analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Suk Oh
- Department of Biomedicine & Health Sciences, Graduate School, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Korea;
| | - Iftikhar Ali Khawar
- Department of Medical Life Sciences, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Korea;
- Department of Urology, Samsung Advanced Institute of Health Science and Technology (SAIHST), Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul 06351, Korea
| | - Dong Woo Lee
- Departments of Biomedical Engineering, Konyang University, Daejeon 35365, Korea;
| | - Jong Kook Park
- Department of Biomedical Science, Research Institute for Bioscience & Biotechnology, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea;
| | - Hyo-Jeong Kuh
- Department of Biomedicine & Health Sciences, Graduate School, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Korea;
- Department of Medical Life Sciences, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Korea;
- Cancer Evolution Research Center, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Korea
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26
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Lamanna J, Scott EY, Edwards HS, Chamberlain MD, Dryden MDM, Peng J, Mair B, Lee A, Chan C, Sklavounos AA, Heffernan A, Abbas F, Lam C, Olson ME, Moffat J, Wheeler AR. Digital microfluidic isolation of single cells for -Omics. Nat Commun 2020; 11:5632. [PMID: 33177493 PMCID: PMC7658233 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-19394-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
We introduce Digital microfluidic Isolation of Single Cells for -Omics (DISCO), a platform that allows users to select particular cells of interest from a limited initial sample size and connects single-cell sequencing data to their immunofluorescence-based phenotypes. Specifically, DISCO combines digital microfluidics, laser cell lysis, and artificial intelligence-driven image processing to collect the contents of single cells from heterogeneous populations, followed by analysis of single-cell genomes and transcriptomes by next-generation sequencing, and proteomes by nanoflow liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry. The results described herein confirm the utility of DISCO for sequencing at levels that are equivalent to or enhanced relative to the state of the art, capable of identifying features at the level of single nucleotide variations. The unique levels of selectivity, context, and accountability of DISCO suggest potential utility for deep analysis of any rare cell population with contextual dependencies. Multi-Omic approaches are a powerful way for obtaining in-depth understanding of a cell’s state. Here the authors present DISCO, combining digital microfluidics, laser cell lysis, and artificial intelligence-driven image processing to analyze single-cell genomes, transcriptomes and proteomes in a mixed population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian Lamanna
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, ON, M5S 3H6, Canada.,Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, 160 College Street, Toronto, ON, M5S 3E1, Canada
| | - Erica Y Scott
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, ON, M5S 3H6, Canada.,Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, 160 College Street, Toronto, ON, M5S 3E1, Canada
| | - Harrison S Edwards
- Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, 160 College Street, Toronto, ON, M5S 3E1, Canada.,Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, 164 College Street, Toronto, ON, M5S 3G9, Canada
| | - M Dean Chamberlain
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, ON, M5S 3H6, Canada.,Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, 160 College Street, Toronto, ON, M5S 3E1, Canada
| | - Michael D M Dryden
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, ON, M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Jiaxi Peng
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, ON, M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Barbara Mair
- Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, 160 College Street, Toronto, ON, M5S 3E1, Canada
| | - Adam Lee
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, 164 College Street, Toronto, ON, M5S 3G9, Canada
| | - Calvin Chan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, ON, M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Alexandros A Sklavounos
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, ON, M5S 3H6, Canada.,Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, 160 College Street, Toronto, ON, M5S 3E1, Canada
| | - Austin Heffernan
- Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, 160 College Street, Toronto, ON, M5S 3E1, Canada
| | - Farhana Abbas
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, ON, M5S 3H6, Canada.,Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, 160 College Street, Toronto, ON, M5S 3E1, Canada
| | - Charis Lam
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, ON, M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Maxwell E Olson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, ON, M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Jason Moffat
- Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, 160 College Street, Toronto, ON, M5S 3E1, Canada.,Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, 164 College Street, Toronto, ON, M5S 3G9, Canada.,Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Aaron R Wheeler
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, ON, M5S 3H6, Canada. .,Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, 160 College Street, Toronto, ON, M5S 3E1, Canada. .,Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, 164 College Street, Toronto, ON, M5S 3G9, Canada.
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27
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Li BB, Scott EY, Chamberlain MD, Duong BTV, Zhang S, Done SJ, Wheeler AR. Cell invasion in digital microfluidic microgel systems. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:eaba9589. [PMID: 32832633 PMCID: PMC7439438 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aba9589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Microfluidic methods for studying cell invasion can be subdivided into those in which cells invade into free space and those in which cells invade into hydrogels. The former techniques allow straightforward extraction of subpopulations of cells for RNA sequencing, while the latter preserve key aspects of cell interactions with the extracellular matrix (ECM). Here, we introduce "cell invasion in digital microfluidic microgel systems" (CIMMS), which bridges the gap between them, allowing the stratification of cells on the basis of their invasiveness into hydrogels for RNA sequencing. In initial studies with a breast cancer model, 244 genes were found to be differentially expressed between invading and noninvading cells, including genes correlating with ECM-remodeling, chemokine/cytokine receptors, and G protein transducers. These results suggest that CIMMS will be a valuable tool for probing metastasis as well as the many physiological processes that rely on invasion, such as tissue development, repair, and protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingyu B. Li
- Institute for Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, 164 College St., Toronto, ON M5S 3G9, Canada
- Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, 160 College St., Toronto, ON M5S 3E1, Canada
| | - Erica Y. Scott
- Institute for Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, 164 College St., Toronto, ON M5S 3G9, Canada
- Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, 160 College St., Toronto, ON M5S 3E1, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George St., Toronto, ON M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - M. Dean Chamberlain
- Institute for Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, 164 College St., Toronto, ON M5S 3G9, Canada
- Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, 160 College St., Toronto, ON M5S 3E1, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George St., Toronto, ON M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Bill T. V. Duong
- Institute for Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, 164 College St., Toronto, ON M5S 3G9, Canada
- Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, 160 College St., Toronto, ON M5S 3E1, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George St., Toronto, ON M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Shuailong Zhang
- Institute for Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, 164 College St., Toronto, ON M5S 3G9, Canada
- Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, 160 College St., Toronto, ON M5S 3E1, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George St., Toronto, ON M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Susan J. Done
- Laboratory Medicine Program, University Health Network, 200 Elizabeth St., Toronto, ON M5G 2C4, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, ON M5S 1A1, Canada
| | - Aaron R. Wheeler
- Institute for Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, 164 College St., Toronto, ON M5S 3G9, Canada
- Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, 160 College St., Toronto, ON M5S 3E1, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George St., Toronto, ON M5S 3H6, Canada
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28
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Nürnberg E, Vitacolonna M, Klicks J, von Molitor E, Cesetti T, Keller F, Bruch R, Ertongur-Fauth T, Riedel K, Scholz P, Lau T, Schneider R, Meier J, Hafner M, Rudolf R. Routine Optical Clearing of 3D-Cell Cultures: Simplicity Forward. Front Mol Biosci 2020; 7:20. [PMID: 32154265 PMCID: PMC7046628 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2020.00020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Three-dimensional cell cultures, such as spheroids and organoids, serve as increasingly important models in fundamental and applied research and start to be used for drug screening purposes. Optical tissue clearing procedures are employed to enhance visualization of fluorescence-stained organs, tissues, and three-dimensional cell cultures. To get a more systematic overview about the effects and applicability of optical tissue clearing on three-dimensional cell cultures, we compared six different clearing/embedding protocols on seven types of spheroid- and chip-based three-dimensional cell cultures of approximately 300 μm in size that were stained with nuclear dyes, immunofluorescence, cell trackers, and cyan fluorescent protein. Subsequent whole mount confocal microscopy and semi-automated image analysis were performed to quantify the effects. Quantitative analysis included fluorescence signal intensity and signal-to-noise ratio as a function of z-depth as well as segmentation and counting of nuclei and immunopositive cells. In general, these analyses revealed five key points, which largely confirmed current knowledge and were quantified in this study. First, there was a massive variability of effects of different clearing protocols on sample transparency and shrinkage as well as on dye quenching. Second, all tested clearing protocols worked more efficiently on samples prepared with one cell type than on co-cultures. Third, z-compensation was imperative to minimize variations in signal-to-noise ratio. Fourth, a combination of sample-inherent cell density, sample shrinkage, uniformity of signal-to-noise ratio, and image resolution had a strong impact on data segmentation, cell counts, and relative numbers of immunofluorescence-positive cells. Finally, considering all mentioned aspects and including a wish for simplicity and speed of protocols - in particular, for screening purposes - clearing with 88% Glycerol appeared to be the most promising option amongst the ones tested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elina Nürnberg
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology, Mannheim University of Applied Sciences, Mannheim, Germany
- Zentralinstitut für Seelische Gesundheit, Department of Translational Brain Research, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Mario Vitacolonna
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology, Mannheim University of Applied Sciences, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Julia Klicks
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology, Mannheim University of Applied Sciences, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Elena von Molitor
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology, Mannheim University of Applied Sciences, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Tiziana Cesetti
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology, Mannheim University of Applied Sciences, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Florian Keller
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology, Mannheim University of Applied Sciences, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Roman Bruch
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology, Mannheim University of Applied Sciences, Mannheim, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Thorsten Lau
- Zentralinstitut für Seelische Gesundheit, Department of Translational Brain Research, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | | | - Julia Meier
- TIP Oncology, Merck Healthcare KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Mathias Hafner
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology, Mannheim University of Applied Sciences, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Rüdiger Rudolf
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology, Mannheim University of Applied Sciences, Mannheim, Germany
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29
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de Maar JS, Sofias AM, Porta Siegel T, Vreeken RJ, Moonen C, Bos C, Deckers R. Spatial heterogeneity of nanomedicine investigated by multiscale imaging of the drug, the nanoparticle and the tumour environment. Am J Cancer Res 2020; 10:1884-1909. [PMID: 32042343 PMCID: PMC6993242 DOI: 10.7150/thno.38625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Genetic and phenotypic tumour heterogeneity is an important cause of therapy resistance. Moreover, non-uniform spatial drug distribution in cancer treatment may cause pseudo-resistance, meaning that a treatment is ineffective because the drug does not reach its target at sufficient concentrations. Together with tumour heterogeneity, non-uniform drug distribution causes “therapy heterogeneity”: a spatially heterogeneous treatment effect. Spatial heterogeneity in drug distribution occurs on all scales ranging from interpatient differences to intratumour differences on tissue or cellular scale. Nanomedicine aims to improve the balance between efficacy and safety of drugs by targeting drug-loaded nanoparticles specifically to tumours. Spatial heterogeneity in nanoparticle and payload distribution could be an important factor that limits their efficacy in patients. Therefore, imaging spatial nanoparticle distribution and imaging the tumour environment giving rise to this distribution could help understand (lack of) clinical success of nanomedicine. Imaging the nanoparticle, drug and tumour environment can lead to improvements of new nanotherapies, increase understanding of underlying mechanisms of heterogeneous distribution, facilitate patient selection for nanotherapies and help assess the effect of treatments that aim to reduce heterogeneity in nanoparticle distribution. In this review, we discuss three groups of imaging modalities applied in nanomedicine research: non-invasive clinical imaging methods (nuclear imaging, MRI, CT, ultrasound), optical imaging and mass spectrometry imaging. Because each imaging modality provides information at a different scale and has its own strengths and weaknesses, choosing wisely and combining modalities will lead to a wealth of information that will help bring nanomedicine forward.
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30
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Development of a 3-D Organoid System Using Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells to Model Idiopathic Autism. ADVANCES IN NEUROBIOLOGY 2020; 25:259-297. [PMID: 32578151 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-45493-7_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Autism spectrum condition (ASC) is a complex set of behavioral and neurological responses reflecting a likely interaction between autism susceptibility genes and the environment. Autism represents a spectrum in which heterogeneous genetic backgrounds are expressed with similar heterogeneity in the affected domains of communication, social interaction, and behavior. The impact of gene-environment interactions may also account for differences in underlying neurology and wide variation in observed behaviors. For these reasons, it has been difficult for geneticists and neuroscientists to build adequate systems to model the complex neurobiology causes of autism. In addition, the development of therapeutics for individuals with autism has been painstakingly slow, with most treatment options reduced to repurposed medications developed for other neurological diseases. Adequately developing therapeutics that are sensitive to the genetic and neurobiological diversity of individuals with autism necessitates personalized models of ASC that can capture some common pathways that reflect the neurophysiological and genetic backgrounds of varying individuals. Testing cohorts of individuals with and without autism for these potentially convergent pathways on a scalable platform for therapeutic development requires large numbers of samples from a diverse population. To date, human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) represent one of the best systems for conducting these types of assays in a clinically relevant and scalable way. The discovery of the four Yamanaka transcription factors (OCT3/4, SOX2, c-Myc, and KLF4) [1] allows for the induction of iPSCs from fibroblasts [2], peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs, i.e. lymphocytes and monocytes) [3, 4], or dental pulp cells [5] that retain the original genetics of the individual from which they were derived [6], making iPSCs a powerful tool to model neurophysiological conditions. iPSCs are a readily renewable cell type that can be developed on a small scale for boutique-style proof-of-principle phenotypic studies and scaled to an industrial level for drug screening and other high-content assays. This flexibility, along with the ability to represent the true genetic diversity of autism, underscores the importance of using iPSCs to model neurophysiological aspects of ASC.
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31
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Ai Y, Zhang F, Wang C, Xie R, Liang Q. Recent progress in lab-on-a-chip for pharmaceutical analysis and pharmacological/toxicological test. Trends Analyt Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2019.06.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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32
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Costa EC, Silva DN, Moreira AF, Correia IJ. Optical clearing methods: An overview of the techniques used for the imaging of 3D spheroids. Biotechnol Bioeng 2019; 116:2742-2763. [PMID: 31282993 DOI: 10.1002/bit.27105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Revised: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Spheroids have emerged as in vitro models that reproduce in a great extent the architectural microenvironment found in human tissues. However, the imaging of 3D cell cultures is highly challenging due to its high thickness, which results in a light-scattering phenomenon that limits light penetration. Therefore, several optical clearing methods, widely used in the imaging of animal tissues, have been recently explored to render spheroids with enhanced transparency. These methods are aimed to homogenize the microtissue refractive index (RI) and can be grouped into four different categories, namely (a) simple immersion in an aqueous solution with high RI; (b) delipidation and dehydration followed by RI matching; (c) delipidation and hyperhydration followed by RI matching; and (d) hydrogel embedding followed by delipidation and RI matching. In this review, the main optical clearing methods, their mechanism of action, advantages, and disadvantages are described. Furthermore, the practical examples of the optical clearing methods application for the imaging of 3D spheroids are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabete C Costa
- CICS-UBI, Centro de Investigação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade da Beira Interior, Covilha, Portugal
| | - Daniel N Silva
- CICS-UBI, Centro de Investigação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade da Beira Interior, Covilha, Portugal
| | - André F Moreira
- CICS-UBI, Centro de Investigação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade da Beira Interior, Covilha, Portugal
| | - Ilídio J Correia
- CICS-UBI, Centro de Investigação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade da Beira Interior, Covilha, Portugal.,CIEPQF, Departamento de Engenharia Química, Universidade de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
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33
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Abstract
Recent studies have demonstrated an array of stem cell-derived, self-organizing miniature organs, termed organoids, that replicate the key structural and functional characteristics of their in vivo counterparts. As organoid technology opens up new frontiers of research in biomedicine, there is an emerging need for innovative engineering approaches for the production, control, and analysis of organoids and their microenvironment. In this Review, we explore organ-on-a-chip technology as a platform to fulfill this need and examine how this technology may be leveraged to address major technical challenges in organoid research. We also discuss emerging opportunities and future obstacles for the development and application of organoid-on-a-chip technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunghee Estelle Park
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Andrei Georgescu
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Dongeun Huh
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- NSF Science and Technology Center for Engineering Mechanobiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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34
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Gradinaru V, Treweek J, Overton K, Deisseroth K. Hydrogel-Tissue Chemistry: Principles and Applications. Annu Rev Biophys 2019; 47:355-376. [PMID: 29792820 PMCID: PMC6359929 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-biophys-070317-032905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Over the past five years, a rapidly developing experimental approach has enabled high-resolution and high-content information retrieval from intact multicellular animal (metazoan) systems. New chemical and physical forms are created in the hydrogel-tissue chemistry process, and the retention and retrieval of crucial phenotypic information regarding constituent cells and molecules (and their joint interrelationships) are thereby enabled. For example, rich data sets defining both single-cell-resolution gene expression and single-cell-resolution activity during behavior can now be collected while still preserving information on three-dimensional positioning and/or brain-wide wiring of those very same neurons-even within vertebrate brains. This new approach and its variants, as applied to neuroscience, are beginning to illuminate the fundamental cellular and chemical representations of sensation, cognition, and action. More generally, reimagining metazoans as metareactants-or positionally defined three-dimensional graphs of constituent chemicals made available for ongoing functionalization, transformation, and readout-is stimulating innovation across biology and medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viviana Gradinaru
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA;
| | - Jennifer Treweek
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA;
| | - Kristin Overton
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA;
| | - Karl Deisseroth
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA; .,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA.,H oward Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
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35
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Malik P, Mukherjee TK. Recent advances in gold and silver nanoparticle based therapies for lung and breast cancers. Int J Pharm 2018; 553:483-509. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2018.10.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Revised: 10/20/2018] [Accepted: 10/20/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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36
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Wang Y, Cuzzucoli F, Escobar A, Lu S, Liang L, Wang S. Tumor-on-a-chip platforms for assessing nanoparticle-based cancer therapy. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2018; 29:332001. [PMID: 29794338 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/aac7a4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Cancer has become the most prevalent cause of deaths, placing a huge economic and healthcare burden worldwide. Nanoparticles (NPs), as a key component of nanomedicine, provide alternative options for promoting the efficacy of cancer therapy. Current conventional cancer models have limitations in predicting the effects of various cancer treatments. To overcome these limitations, biomimetic and novel 'tumor-on-a-chip' platforms have emerged with other innovative biomedical engineering methods that enable the evaluation of NP-based cancer therapy. In this review, we first describe cancer models for evaluation of NP-based cancer therapy techniques, and then present the latest advances in 'tumor-on-a-chip' platforms that can potentially facilitate clinical translation of NP-based cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yimin Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310003, People's Republic of China. Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310003, People's Republic of China. Institute for Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310029, People's Republic of China
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37
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Tentori AM, Nagarajan MB, Kim JJ, Zhang WC, Slack FJ, Doyle PS. Quantitative and multiplex microRNA assays from unprocessed cells in isolated nanoliter well arrays. LAB ON A CHIP 2018; 18:2410-2424. [PMID: 29998262 PMCID: PMC6081239 DOI: 10.1039/c8lc00498f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have recently emerged as promising biomarkers for the profiling of diseases. Translation of miRNA biomarkers to clinical practice, however, remains a challenge due to the lack of analysis platforms for sensitive, quantitative, and multiplex miRNA assays that have simple and robust workflows suitable for translation. The platform we present here utilizes functionalized hydrogel posts contained within isolated nanoliter well reactors for quantitative and multiplex assays directly from unprocessed cell samples without the need of prior nucleic acid extraction. Simultaneous reactor isolation and delivery of miRNA extraction reagents is achieved by sealing an array of wells containing the functionalized hydrogel posts and cells against another array of wells containing lysis and extraction reagents. The nanoliter well array platform features >100× better sensitivity compared to previous technology utilizing hydrogel particles without relying on signal amplification and enables >100 parallel assays in a single device. These advances provided by this platform lay the groundwork for translatable and robust analysis technologies for miRNA expression profiling in samples with small populations of cells and in precious, material-limited samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Augusto M. Tentori
- Department of Chemical Engineering
, Massachusetts Institute of Technology
,
Cambridge
, USA
.
; Tel: +1 617 253 4534
| | - Maxwell B. Nagarajan
- Department of Chemical Engineering
, Massachusetts Institute of Technology
,
Cambridge
, USA
.
; Tel: +1 617 253 4534
| | - Jae Jung Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering
, Massachusetts Institute of Technology
,
Cambridge
, USA
.
; Tel: +1 617 253 4534
| | - Wen Cai Zhang
- Department of Pathology
, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center/Harvard Medical School
,
Boston
, USA
| | - Frank J. Slack
- Department of Pathology
, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center/Harvard Medical School
,
Boston
, USA
| | - Patrick S. Doyle
- Department of Chemical Engineering
, Massachusetts Institute of Technology
,
Cambridge
, USA
.
; Tel: +1 617 253 4534
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38
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Olofsson K, Carannante V, Ohlin M, Frisk T, Kushiro K, Takai M, Lundqvist A, Önfelt B, Wiklund M. Acoustic formation of multicellular tumor spheroids enabling on-chip functional and structural imaging. LAB ON A CHIP 2018; 18:2466-2476. [PMID: 30033460 DOI: 10.1039/c8lc00537k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the complex 3D tumor microenvironment is important in cancer research. This microenvironment can be modelled in vitro by culturing multicellular tumor spheroids (MCTS). Key challenges when using MCTS in applications such as high-throughput drug screening are overcoming imaging and analytical issues encountered during functional and structural investigations. To address these challenges, we use an ultrasonic standing wave (USW) based MCTS culture platform for parallel formation, staining and imaging of 100 whole MCTS. A protein repellent amphiphilic polymer coating enables flexible production of high quality and unanchored MCTS. This enables high-content multimode analysis based on flow cytometry and in situ optical microscopy. We use HepG2 hepatocellular carcinoma, A498 and ACHN renal carcinoma, and LUTC-2 thyroid carcinoma cell lines to demonstrate (i) the importance of the ultrasound-coating combination, (ii) bright field image based automatic characterization of MTCS, (iii) detailed deep tissue confocal imaging of whole MCTS mounted in a refractive index matching solution, and (iv) single cell functional analysis through flow cytometry of single cell suspensions of disintegrated MTCS. The USW MCTS culture platform is customizable and holds great potential for detailed multimode MCTS analysis in a high-content manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Olofsson
- Dep.t of Applied Physics, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Sweden.
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39
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Boutin ME, Voss TC, Titus SA, Cruz-Gutierrez K, Michael S, Ferrer M. A high-throughput imaging and nuclear segmentation analysis protocol for cleared 3D culture models. Sci Rep 2018; 8:11135. [PMID: 30042482 PMCID: PMC6057966 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-29169-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2018] [Accepted: 07/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Imaging and subsequent segmentation analysis in three-dimensional (3D) culture models are complicated by the light scattering that occurs when collecting fluorescent signal through multiple cell and extracellular matrix layers. For 3D cell culture models to be usable for drug discovery, effective and efficient imaging and analysis protocols need to be developed that enable high-throughput data acquisition and quantitative analysis of fluorescent signal. Here we report the first high-throughput protocol for optical clearing of spheroids, fluorescent high-content confocal imaging, 3D nuclear segmentation, and post-segmentation analysis. We demonstrate nuclear segmentation in multiple cell types, with accurate identification of fluorescently-labeled subpopulations, and develop a metric to assess the ability of clearing to improve nuclear segmentation deep within the tissue. Ultimately this analysis pipeline allows for previously unattainable segmentation throughput of 3D culture models due to increased sample clarity and optimized batch-processing analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Molly E Boutin
- Division of Preclinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (NCATS), National Institutes of Health, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Building B, Rockville, Maryland, 20850, USA.
| | - Ty C Voss
- Division of Preclinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (NCATS), National Institutes of Health, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Building B, Rockville, Maryland, 20850, USA
| | - Steven A Titus
- Division of Preclinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (NCATS), National Institutes of Health, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Building B, Rockville, Maryland, 20850, USA
| | - Kennie Cruz-Gutierrez
- Division of Preclinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (NCATS), National Institutes of Health, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Building B, Rockville, Maryland, 20850, USA
| | - Sam Michael
- Division of Preclinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (NCATS), National Institutes of Health, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Building B, Rockville, Maryland, 20850, USA
| | - Marc Ferrer
- Division of Preclinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (NCATS), National Institutes of Health, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Building B, Rockville, Maryland, 20850, USA
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Costa EC, Moreira AF, de Melo-Diogo D, Correia IJ. Polyethylene glycol molecular weight influences the ClearT2 optical clearing method for spheroids imaging by confocal laser scanning microscopy. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2018; 23:1-11. [PMID: 29752799 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.23.5.055003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Some fluorescence microscopy techniques, such as confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM), have a limited penetration depth. Consequently, the visualization and imaging of three-dimensional (3-D) cell cultures, such as spheroids, using these methods can be a significant challenge. Therefore, to improve the imaging of 3-D tissues, optical clearing methods have been optimized to render transparency to the opaque spheroids. The influence of the polyethylene glycol (PEG) molecular weight (MW) used in the ClearT2 method for the imaging of propidium iodide (PI)-stained spheroids was investigated. The results demonstrated that the ClearT2 clearing method contributes to spheroids transparency and to the preservation of PI fluorescence intensity for all the PEG MW used (4000, 8000, and 10,000 Da). Furthermore, the ClearT2 method performed using PEG 4000 Da allowed a better PI signal penetration depth and cross-section depth. Overall, the optimization of PEG MW can improve the imaging of intact spheroids by CLSM. Furthermore, this work may also contribute to increase the application of 3-D cell culture models by the pharmaceutical industry for the high-throughput screening of therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabete C Costa
- Universidade da Beira Interior, Centro de Investigação em Ciⓔncias da Saúde-Health Sciences Research, Portugal
| | - André F Moreira
- Universidade da Beira Interior, Centro de Investigação em Ciⓔncias da Saúde-Health Sciences Research, Portugal
| | - Duarte de Melo-Diogo
- Universidade da Beira Interior, Centro de Investigação em Ciⓔncias da Saúde-Health Sciences Research, Portugal
| | - Ilídio J Correia
- Universidade da Beira Interior, Centro de Investigação em Ciⓔncias da Saúde-Health Sciences Research, Portugal
- Universidade de Coimbra, Centro de Investigação em Engenharia dos Processos Químicos e dos Produtos, Portugal
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Schwarz S, Mrosewski I, Silawal S, Schulze-Tanzil G. The interrelation of osteoarthritis and diabetes mellitus: considering the potential role of interleukin-10 and in vitro models for further analysis. Inflamm Res 2017; 67:285-300. [PMID: 29196771 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-017-1121-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2017] [Revised: 11/12/2017] [Accepted: 11/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Today, not only the existence of an interrelation between obesity/adipositas and osteoarthritis (OA) but also the association of OA and diabetes mellitus (DM) are widely recognized. Nevertheless, shared influence factors facilitating OA development in DM patients still remain speculative up until now. To supplement the analysis of clinical data, appropriate in vitro models could help to identify shared pathogenetic pathways. Informative in vitro studies could later be complemented by in vivo data obtained from suitable animal models. MATERIALS AND METHODS Therefore, this detailed review of available literature was undertaken to discuss and compare the results of currently published in vitro studies focusing on the interrelation between OA, the metabolic syndrome and DM and to propose models to further study the molecular pathways. RESULTS The survey of literature presented here supports the hypothesis that the pathogenesis of OA in DM is based on imbalanced molecular pathways with a putative crucial role of antiinflammatory cytokines such as IL-10. CONCLUSION Future development of versatile micro-scaled in vitro models such as combining DM and OA on chip could allow the identification of common pathogenetic pathways and might help to develop novel therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silke Schwarz
- Department of Anatomy, Paracelsus Medical University, Prof. Ernst Nathan Str. 1, 90419, Nuremberg, Germany.,Institute of Anatomy, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Ingo Mrosewski
- MVZ Limbach Laboratories, Aroser Allee 84, 13407, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sandeep Silawal
- Department of Anatomy, Paracelsus Medical University, Prof. Ernst Nathan Str. 1, 90419, Nuremberg, Germany.,Institute of Anatomy, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Gundula Schulze-Tanzil
- Department of Anatomy, Paracelsus Medical University, Prof. Ernst Nathan Str. 1, 90419, Nuremberg, Germany. .,Institute of Anatomy, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria.
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Modular tissue engineering for the vascularization of subcutaneously transplanted pancreatic islets. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:9337-9342. [PMID: 28814629 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1619216114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The transplantation of pancreatic islets, following the Edmonton Protocol, is a promising treatment for type I diabetics. However, the need for multiple donors to achieve insulin independence reflects the large loss of islets that occurs when islets are infused into the portal vein. Finding a less hostile transplantation site that is both minimally invasive and able to support a large transplant volume is necessary to advance this approach. Although the s.c. site satisfies both these criteria, the site is poorly vascularized, precluding its utility. To address this problem, we demonstrate that modular tissue engineering results in an s.c. vascularized bed that enables the transplantation of pancreatic islets. In streptozotocin-induced diabetic SCID/beige mice, the injection of 750 rat islet equivalents embedded in endothelialized collagen modules was sufficient to restore and maintain normoglycemia for 21 days; the same number of free islets was unable to affect glucose levels. Furthermore, using CLARITY, we showed that embedded islets became revascularized and integrated with the host's vasculature, a feature not seen in other s.c. STUDIES Collagen-embedded islets drove a small (albeit not significant) shift toward a proangiogenic CD206+MHCII-(M2-like) macrophage response, which was a feature of module-associated vascularization. While these results open the potential for using s.c. islet delivery as a treatment option for type I diabetes, the more immediate benefit may be for the exploration of revascularized islet biology.
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Zhang YS, Zhang YN, Zhang W. Cancer-on-a-chip systems at the frontier of nanomedicine. Drug Discov Today 2017; 22:1392-1399. [PMID: 28390929 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2017.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2017] [Revised: 02/23/2017] [Accepted: 03/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Nanomedicine provides a unique opportunity for promoting drug efficacy through enhanced delivery mechanisms. However, its translation into the clinics has been relatively slow compared with the large amount of research occurring in laboratory settings. Given the limitations of conventional cell culture models and preclinical animal models, we discuss the potential utility of recently developed cancer-on-a-chip platforms, which maximally replicate the pathophysiology of the human tumor microenvironments, as alternatives for effective evaluation of nanomedicine. We begin with a brief discussion of nanomedicine, then chart the history of organ-on-a-chip platform development and their recent evolution as tools for modeling different cancers for assessing nanomedicine efficacy, concluding with future perspectives for the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Shrike Zhang
- Division of Engineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
| | - Yi-Nan Zhang
- Institute of Biomaterial and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G9, Canada
| | - Weijia Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Institute of Biomedical Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, PR China.
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Abstract
Nanotechnology can profoundly change the way we diagnose and treat diseases, but the ability to control how engineered nanoparticles behave within the body remains largely elusive. This Commentary describes the progress and limitations of nanomedicine and the research and experimental philosophies that should be considered in our quest to advance nanotechnology to the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Warren C. W. Chan
- Institute of Biomaterials
and Biomedical Engineering, Donnelly Center for Cellular and Biomolecular
Research, Department of Chemistry, Department of Chemical Engineering,
and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Toronto, 160 College Street, 407, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G9 Canada
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