1
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Stani C, Invernizzi C, Birarda G, Davit P, Vaccari L, Malagodi M, Gulmini M, Fiocco G. A Nanofocused Light on Stradivari Violins: Infrared s-SNOM Reveals New Clues Behind Craftsmanship Mastery. Anal Chem 2022; 94:14815-14819. [PMID: 36250674 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c02965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
It is well-known that all the phases of the manufacturing influence the extraordinary aesthetic and acoustic features of Stradivari's instruments. However, these masterpieces still keep some of their secrets hidden by the lack of documentary evidence. In particular, there is not a general consensus on the use of a protein-based ground coating directly spread on the wood surface by the Cremonese Master. The present work demonstrates that infrared scattering-type scanning near-fields optical microscopy (s-SNOM) may provide unprecedented information on very complex cross-sectioned microsamples collected from two of Stradivari's violins, nanoresolved chemical sensitivity being the turning point for detecting minute traces of a specific compound, namely proteins, hidden by the matrix when macro or micro sampling approaches are exploited. This nanoresolved chemical-sensitive technique contributed new and robust evidence to the long-debated question about the use of proteinaceous materials by Stradivari.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiaramaria Stani
- CERIC-ERIC, S.S. 14 - km 163.5, in Area Science Park, 34149 Basovizza, Trieste, Italy
| | - Claudia Invernizzi
- Laboratorio Arvedi di Diagnostica Non Invasiva (CISRiC), Università degli Studi di Pavia, via Bell'Aspa 3, 26100 Cremona, Italy
| | - Giovanni Birarda
- Elettra Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A, S.S. 14 - km 163.5, in Area Science Park, 34149 Basovizza, Trieste, Italy
| | - Patrizia Davit
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Torino, via P. Giuria 7, 10125 Torino, Italy
| | - Lisa Vaccari
- Elettra Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A, S.S. 14 - km 163.5, in Area Science Park, 34149 Basovizza, Trieste, Italy
| | - Marco Malagodi
- Laboratorio Arvedi di Diagnostica Non Invasiva (CISRiC), Università degli Studi di Pavia, via Bell'Aspa 3, 26100 Cremona, Italy
- Dipartimento di Musicologia e Beni Culturali, Università degli Studi di Pavia, Corso Garibaldi 178, 26100 Cremona, Italy
| | - Monica Gulmini
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Torino, via P. Giuria 7, 10125 Torino, Italy
| | - Giacomo Fiocco
- Laboratorio Arvedi di Diagnostica Non Invasiva (CISRiC), Università degli Studi di Pavia, via Bell'Aspa 3, 26100 Cremona, Italy
- Dipartimento di Musicologia e Beni Culturali, Università degli Studi di Pavia, Corso Garibaldi 178, 26100 Cremona, Italy
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2
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Rozzi CA, Voltini A, Antonacci F, Nucci M, Grassi M. A listening experiment comparing the timbre of two Stradivari with other violins. THE JOURNAL OF THE ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2022; 151:443. [PMID: 35105053 DOI: 10.1121/10.0009320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The violins of Stradivari are recognized worldwide as an excellence in craftsmanship, a model for instrument makers, and an unachievable desire for collectors and players. However, despite the myth surrounding these instruments, blindfolded players tendentially prefer to play modern violins. Here, we present a double blind listening experiment aimed at analyzing and comparatively rating the sound timbre of violins. The mythic instruments were listened to among other well regarded and not so well regarded violins. 70 listeners (violin makers of the Cremona area) rated the timbre difference between the simple musical scales played on a test and a reference violin, and the results showed that their preference converged on one particular Stradivari. The acoustical measurements revealed some similarities between the subjective ratings and the physical characteristics of the violins. It is speculated that the myth of Stradivari could have been boosted, among other factors, by the specimens of tonal superior quality, which biased favourably the judgment on his instruments and spread on all of the maker's production. These results contribute to the understanding of the timbre of violins and suggest the characteristics that are in a relationship with the pleasantness of the timbre.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alessandro Voltini
- Cremona International Violin Making School "A. Stradivari," Cremona, Italy
| | - Fabio Antonacci
- Dipartimento di Elettronica, Informazione e Bioingegneria, Politecnico di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Massimo Nucci
- Dipartimento di Psicologia Generale, Università di Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Massimo Grassi
- Dipartimento di Psicologia Generale, Università di Padova, Padova, Italy
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3
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Bedoya D, Arias P, Rachman L, Liuni M, Canonne C, Goupil L, Aucouturier JJ. Even violins can cry: specifically vocal emotional behaviours also drive the perception of emotions in non-vocal music. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2021; 376:20200396. [PMID: 34719254 PMCID: PMC8558776 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2020.0396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A wealth of theoretical and empirical arguments have suggested that music triggers emotional responses by resembling the inflections of expressive vocalizations, but have done so using low-level acoustic parameters (pitch, loudness, speed) that, in fact, may not be processed by the listener in reference to human voice. Here, we take the opportunity of the recent availability of computational models that allow the simulation of three specifically vocal emotional behaviours: smiling, vocal tremor and vocal roughness. When applied to musical material, we find that these three acoustic manipulations trigger emotional perceptions that are remarkably similar to those observed on speech and scream sounds, and identical across musician and non-musician listeners. Strikingly, this not only applied to singing voice with and without musical background, but also to purely instrumental material. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Voice modulation: from origin and mechanism to social impact (Part I)’.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Bedoya
- Science and Technology of Music and Sound, IRCAM/CNRS/Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - P Arias
- Science and Technology of Music and Sound, IRCAM/CNRS/Sorbonne Université, Paris, France.,Department of Cognitive Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - L Rachman
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - M Liuni
- Alta Voce SAS, Houilles, France
| | - C Canonne
- Science and Technology of Music and Sound, IRCAM/CNRS/Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - L Goupil
- BabyDevLab, University of East London, London, UK
| | - J-J Aucouturier
- FEMTO-ST Institute, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté/CNRS, Besançon, France
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4
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Stanciu MD, Mihălcică M, Dinulică F, Nauncef AM, Purdoiu R, Lăcătuș R, Gliga GV. X-ray Imaging and Computed Tomography for the Identification of Geometry and Construction Elements in the Structure of Old Violins. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14205926. [PMID: 34683519 PMCID: PMC8540965 DOI: 10.3390/ma14205926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Numerous studies on heritage violins have shown that there are a number of factors that contribute to the acoustic quality of old violins. Among them are the geometric shape of the violin, the thickness of the tiles, the arching of the tiles, the dimensions and position of the bass bar, the size and position of the acoustic holes. Thus, the paper aims to compare the structural and constructive elements of old violins made in various famous violin workshops (Stainer, Klotz, Leeb, Babos Bela), using nondestructive and noncontact techniques based on image analysis. The violins that were studied date from 1716 to 1920, being in good condition, most of them being used by artists from the Brașov Philharmonic of Romania. In the first stage of the study, the violins were optically analyzed and scanned to identify the structure of the resonant wood, using the WinDENDRO Density 2007 program. X-ray imaging and computed tomography (CT) were also used. Combining the types of analyses, capitalizing on the expertise of violin producers and the knowledge of researchers in the field, valuable data on the geometric and constructive characteristics of old violins were extracted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Domnica Stanciu
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Transilvania University of Brasov, B-dul Eroilor 29, 500360 Brasov, Romania
- Russian Academy of Natural Sciences Sivtsev Vrazhek, 29/16, 119002 Moscow, Russia
- Correspondence: (M.D.S.); (M.M.)
| | - Mircea Mihălcică
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Transilvania University of Brasov, B-dul Eroilor 29, 500360 Brasov, Romania
- Correspondence: (M.D.S.); (M.M.)
| | - Florin Dinulică
- Departament of Forest Engineering, Forest Management Planning and Terrestrial Measurements, Transilvania University of Brașov, 500123 Brașov, Romania;
| | - Alina Maria Nauncef
- Faculty of Music, Transilvania University of Brașov, 500360 Brașov, Romania;
| | - Robert Purdoiu
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Cluj Napoca, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca, Calea Mănăștur 3-5, 400374 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (R.P.); (R.L.)
| | - Radu Lăcătuș
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Cluj Napoca, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca, Calea Mănăștur 3-5, 400374 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (R.P.); (R.L.)
| | - Ghiorghe Vasile Gliga
- Faculty of Furniture Design and Wood Engineering, Transilvania University of Brasov, B-dul Eroilor 29, 500360 Brasov, Romania;
- S.C. Gliga Musical Instruments S.A., str. Pandurilor 120, 545430 Mureș, Romania
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5
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Ecological and psychological factors in the cultural evolution of music. Behav Brain Sci 2021; 44:e110. [PMID: 34588039 DOI: 10.1017/s0140525x20001181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The two target articles agree that processes of cultural evolution generate richness and diversity in music, but neither address this question in a focused way. We sketch one way to proceed - and hence suggest how the target articles differ not only in empirical claims, but also in their tacit, prior assumptions about the relationship between cognition and culture.
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6
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Abstract
[Figure: see text].
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Cherubini
- Dendrosciences, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland.,Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, Faculty of Forestry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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7
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Su C, Chen S, Chung J, Li G, Brandmair B, Huthwelker T, Fulton JL, Borca CN, Huang S, Nagyvary J, Tseng H, Chang C, Chung D, Vescovi R, Tsai Y, Cai W, Lu B, Xu J, Hsu C, Wu J, Li H, Jheng Y, Lo S, Chen HM, Hsieh Y, Chung P, Chen C, Sun Y, Chan JCC, Tai H. Materials Engineering of Violin Soundboards by Stradivari and Guarneri. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202105252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cheng‐Kuan Su
- Department of Chemistry National Chung Hsing University Taichung Taiwan
| | - Szu‐Yu Chen
- Department of Optics and Photonics National Central University Taoyuan Taiwan
| | - Jen‐Hsuan Chung
- Department of Chemistry National Taiwan University 1 Roosevelt Road Section 4 Taipei 106 Taiwan
| | - Guo‐Chian Li
- Department of Chemistry National Taiwan University 1 Roosevelt Road Section 4 Taipei 106 Taiwan
| | | | | | - John L. Fulton
- Physical Sciences Division Pacific Northwest National Laboratory Richland USA
| | | | | | - Joseph Nagyvary
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics Texas A&M University College Station USA
| | - Hsiao‐Han Tseng
- Department of Chemistry National Taiwan University 1 Roosevelt Road Section 4 Taipei 106 Taiwan
| | - Chih‐Hui Chang
- Department of Chemistry National Taiwan University 1 Roosevelt Road Section 4 Taipei 106 Taiwan
| | | | | | | | - Wenjie Cai
- School of Cultural Industry and Tourism Xiamen University of Technology Xiamen Fujian China
| | - Bing‐Jyun Lu
- Department of Chemistry Soochow University Taipei Taiwan
| | - Jia‐Wei Xu
- Department of Optics and Photonics National Central University Taoyuan Taiwan
| | - Chia‐Shuo Hsu
- Department of Chemistry National Taiwan University 1 Roosevelt Road Section 4 Taipei 106 Taiwan
| | - Jun‐Jie Wu
- Department of Chemistry Fu-Jen Catholic University New Taipei City Taiwan
| | - Hao‐Zhi Li
- Department of Chemistry Fu-Jen Catholic University New Taipei City Taiwan
| | - Yu‐Kai Jheng
- Department of Forestry and Natural Resources National Ilan University I-Lan Taiwan
| | - Sheng‐Fong Lo
- Department of Forestry and Natural Resources National Ilan University I-Lan Taiwan
| | - Hao Ming Chen
- Department of Chemistry National Taiwan University 1 Roosevelt Road Section 4 Taipei 106 Taiwan
| | - Yi‐Ting Hsieh
- Department of Chemistry Soochow University Taipei Taiwan
| | - Po‐Wen Chung
- Institute of Chemistry Academia Sinica Taipei Taiwan
| | - Chien‐Sheng Chen
- Department of Chemistry Fu-Jen Catholic University New Taipei City Taiwan
| | - Yuh‐Chang Sun
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Environmental Sciences National Tsing-Hua University Hsinchu Taiwan
| | - Jerry Chun Chung Chan
- Department of Chemistry National Taiwan University 1 Roosevelt Road Section 4 Taipei 106 Taiwan
| | - Hwan‐Ching Tai
- Department of Chemistry National Taiwan University 1 Roosevelt Road Section 4 Taipei 106 Taiwan
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8
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Su CK, Chen SY, Chung JH, Li GC, Brandmair B, Huthwelker T, Fulton JL, Borca CN, Huang SJ, Nagyvary J, Tseng HH, Chang CH, Chung DT, Vescovi R, Tsai YS, Cai W, Lu BJ, Xu JW, Hsu CS, Wu JJ, Li HZ, Jheng YK, Lo SF, Chen HM, Hsieh YT, Chung PW, Chen CS, Sun YC, Chan JCC, Tai HC. Materials Engineering of Violin Soundboards by Stradivari and Guarneri. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:19144-19154. [PMID: 34062043 PMCID: PMC8457145 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202105252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2021] [Revised: 05/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the material properties of Cremonese soundboards using a wide range of spectroscopic, microscopic, and chemical techniques. We found similar types of spruce in Cremonese soundboards as in modern instruments, but Cremonese spruces exhibit unnatural elemental compositions and oxidation patterns that suggest artificial manipulation. Combining analytical data and historical information, we may deduce the minerals being added and their potential functions—borax and metal sulfates for fungal suppression, table salt for moisture control, alum for molecular crosslinking, and potash or quicklime for alkaline treatment. The overall purpose may have been wood preservation or acoustic tuning. Hemicellulose fragmentation and altered cellulose nanostructures are observed in heavily treated Stradivari specimens, which show diminished second‐harmonic generation signals. Guarneri's practice of crosslinking wood fibers via aluminum coordination may also affect mechanical and acoustic properties. Our data suggest that old masters undertook materials engineering experiments to produce soundboards with unique properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Kuan Su
- Department of Chemistry, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Szu-Yu Chen
- Department of Optics and Photonics, National Central University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Jen-Hsuan Chung
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, 1 Roosevelt Road Section 4, Taipei, 106, Taiwan
| | - Guo-Chian Li
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, 1 Roosevelt Road Section 4, Taipei, 106, Taiwan
| | | | | | - John L Fulton
- Physical Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, USA
| | - Camelia N Borca
- Swiss Light Source, Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Shing-Jong Huang
- Instrumentation Center, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Joseph Nagyvary
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, USA
| | - Hsiao-Han Tseng
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, 1 Roosevelt Road Section 4, Taipei, 106, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Hui Chang
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, 1 Roosevelt Road Section 4, Taipei, 106, Taiwan
| | | | | | | | - Wenjie Cai
- School of Cultural Industry and Tourism, Xiamen University of Technology, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Bing-Jyun Lu
- Department of Chemistry, Soochow University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jia-Wei Xu
- Department of Optics and Photonics, National Central University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Shuo Hsu
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, 1 Roosevelt Road Section 4, Taipei, 106, Taiwan
| | - Jun-Jie Wu
- Department of Chemistry, Fu-Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Hao-Zhi Li
- Department of Chemistry, Fu-Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Kai Jheng
- Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, National Ilan University, I-Lan, Taiwan
| | - Sheng-Fong Lo
- Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, National Ilan University, I-Lan, Taiwan
| | - Hao Ming Chen
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, 1 Roosevelt Road Section 4, Taipei, 106, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ting Hsieh
- Department of Chemistry, Soochow University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Po-Wen Chung
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Sheng Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Fu-Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Yuh-Chang Sun
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Environmental Sciences, National Tsing-Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Jerry Chun Chung Chan
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, 1 Roosevelt Road Section 4, Taipei, 106, Taiwan
| | - Hwan-Ching Tai
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, 1 Roosevelt Road Section 4, Taipei, 106, Taiwan
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9
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Gonzalez S, Salvi D, Baeza D, Antonacci F, Sarti A. A data-driven approach to violin making. Sci Rep 2021; 11:9455. [PMID: 33947897 PMCID: PMC8096844 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-88931-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Of all the characteristics of a violin, those that concern its shape are probably the most important ones, as the violin maker has complete control over them. Contemporary violin making, however, is still based more on tradition than understanding, and a definitive scientific study of the specific relations that exist between shape and vibrational properties is yet to come and sorely missed. In this article, using standard statistical learning tools, we show that the modal frequencies of violin tops can, in fact, be predicted from geometric parameters, and that artificial intelligence can be successfully applied to traditional violin making. We also study how modal frequencies vary with the thicknesses of the plate (a process often referred to as plate tuning) and discuss the complexity of this dependency. Finally, we propose a predictive tool for plate tuning, which takes into account material and geometric parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Gonzalez
- Musical Acoustics Lab at the Violin Museum of Cremona, DEIB-Politecnico di Milano, Cremona Campus, Cremona, Italy.
| | - Davide Salvi
- Musical Acoustics Lab at the Violin Museum of Cremona, DEIB-Politecnico di Milano, Cremona Campus, Cremona, Italy
| | - Daniel Baeza
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Fabio Antonacci
- Musical Acoustics Lab at the Violin Museum of Cremona, DEIB-Politecnico di Milano, Cremona Campus, Cremona, Italy
| | - Augusto Sarti
- Musical Acoustics Lab at the Violin Museum of Cremona, DEIB-Politecnico di Milano, Cremona Campus, Cremona, Italy
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10
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Gonzalez S, Salvi D, Antonacci F, Sarti A. Eigenfrequency optimisation of free violin plates. THE JOURNAL OF THE ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2021; 149:1400. [PMID: 33765833 DOI: 10.1121/10.0003599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
We discuss how the modal response of violin plates changes as their shape varies. Starting with an accurate 3D scan of the top plate of a historic violin, we develop a parametric model that controls a smooth shaping of the interior of the plate, while guaranteeing that the boundary is the same as the original violin. This allows us to generate a family of violin tops whose shape can be smoothly controlled through various parameters that are meaningful to a violin maker: from the thickness in different areas of the top to the location, angle, and dimensions of the bass bar. We show that the interplay between the different parameters affects the eigenmodes of the plate frequencies in a nonlinear fashion. We also show that, depending on the parameters, the ratio between the fifth and the second eigenfrequencies can be set to match that used by celebrated violin makers of the Cremonese school. As the parameterisation that we define can be readily understood by violin makers, we believe that our findings can have a relevant impact on the violin making community, as they show how to steer geometric modifications of the violin to balance the eigenfrequencies of the free plates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Gonzalez
- Dipartimento di Elettronica Informazione e Bioingegneria, Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Davide Salvi
- Dipartimento di Elettronica Informazione e Bioingegneria, Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Fabio Antonacci
- Dipartimento di Elettronica Informazione e Bioingegneria, Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Augusto Sarti
- Dipartimento di Elettronica Informazione e Bioingegneria, Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy
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11
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Miton H, Wolf T, Vesper C, Knoblich G, Sperber D. Motor constraints influence cultural evolution of rhythm. Proc Biol Sci 2020; 287:20202001. [PMID: 33109010 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2020.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
While widely acknowledged in the cultural evolution literature, ecological factors-aspects of the physical environment that affect the way in which cultural productions evolve-have not been investigated experimentally. Here, we present an experimental investigation of this type of factor by using a transmission chain (iterated learning) experiment. We predicted that differences in the distance between identical tools (drums) and in the order in which they are to be used would cause the evolution of different rhythms. The evidence confirms our predictions and thus provides a proof of concept that ecological factors-here a motor constraint-can influence cultural productions and that their effects can be experimentally isolated and measured. One noteworthy finding is that ecological factors can on their own lead to more complex rhythms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Miton
- Santa Fe Institute, 1399 Hyde Park Road, Santa Fe, NM 87501, USA
| | - Thomas Wolf
- Department of Cognitive Science, Central European University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Cordula Vesper
- Department of Linguistics, Cognitive Science, and Semiotics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,Interacting Minds Centre, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Günther Knoblich
- Department of Cognitive Science, Central European University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Dan Sperber
- Department of Cognitive Science, Central European University, Budapest, Hungary
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12
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Li HZ, Wu JJ, Lee WJ, Chen CS. Improving the High-Frequency Response of PEI-Based Earphone with Sodium Copper Chlorophyllin. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 25:molecules25010219. [PMID: 31948101 PMCID: PMC6983146 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25010219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Revised: 12/28/2019] [Accepted: 12/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The polyetherimide diaphragm, sodium copper chlorophyllin (SCC), and copper ion coating composite used on earphones were observed to improve the high-frequency (10k–14k Hz) performance. This reinforcement phenomenon was expected to make the sound experience brighter and more diverse. By SEM observation, the mixed coating of SCC/Cu2+ on the polyethylenimine (PEI) diaphragm exhibited a planar blocky structure and was tightly bonded to the surface of the PEI polymer without the aid of colloids. The endothermic process of SCC and metal ion complexation was analyzed by isothermal titration calorimetry. The association ratios of SCC/Cu2+ and SCC/Ni2+ were 4/1 and 6/1, respectively, and the SCC/Cu2+ association yielded a stronger binding constant and more free energy. It was expected that the SCC/Cu2+(4/1) mixed liquid would be immobilized on the PEI polymer by multivalent interaction, including hydrogen-bonding networks between carboxyl groups of SCC and amine groups of PEI, and cross-linking of bridging copper ions. We used dimethylethylenediamine (DME) monomer instead of PEI polymer to analyze this multivalent interaction and observed a two-stage exothermic association of SCC/Cu2+(4/1) and DME with a total Gibbs free energy of 15.15 kcal/mol. We observed that the binding energy could be used to explain that the SCC/Cu2+ mixed formulation could be fixed on the surface of the PEI polymer and could enhance the strength of the PEI film. Compared with graphene films, which can continuously improve the performance of high and ultrasonic frequencies, this study was devoted to and was initiated for the purpose of applying porphyrin compounds to improve music performance.
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13
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Chauvet D, Ettori F. Neurosurgery and Lutherie: 2 Connected Arts, from the Brain to the Hand. World Neurosurg 2019; 127:131-138. [PMID: 30974266 DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2019.03.301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Revised: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dorian Chauvet
- Department of Neurosurgery, Fondation Ophtalmologique Rothschild, Paris, France.
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