1
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Pillai A, Elanchezhian M, Virtanen T, Conti S, Ajoy A. Electron-to-nuclear spectral mapping via dynamic nuclear polarization. J Chem Phys 2023; 159:154201. [PMID: 37843056 DOI: 10.1063/5.0157954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023] Open
Abstract
We report on a strategy to indirectly read out the spectrum of an electronic spin via polarization transfer to nuclear spins in its local environment. The nuclear spins are far more abundant and have longer lifetimes, allowing for repeated polarization accumulation in them. Subsequent nuclear interrogation can reveal information about the electronic spectral density of states. We experimentally demonstrate the method by reading out the ESR spectrum of nitrogen vacancy center electrons in diamond via readout of lattice 13C nuclei. Spin-lock control on the 13C nuclei yields a significantly enhanced signal-to-noise ratio for the nuclear readout. Spectrally mapped readout presents operational advantages in being background-free and immune to crystal orientation and optical scattering. We harness these advantages to demonstrate applications in underwater magnetometry. The physical basis for the "one-to-many" spectral map is itself intriguing. To uncover its origin, we develop a theoretical model that maps the system dynamics, involving traversal of a cascaded structure of Landau-Zener anti-crossings, to the operation of a tilted "Galton board." This work points to new opportunities for "ESR-via-NMR" in dilute electronic systems and in hybrid electron-nuclear quantum memories and sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arjun Pillai
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Moniish Elanchezhian
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Teemu Virtanen
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Sophie Conti
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Ashok Ajoy
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Chemical Sciences Division, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- CIFAR Azrieli Global Scholars Program, 661 University Ave, Toronto, ON M5G 1M1, Canada
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2
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Quan Y, Subramanya MVH, Ouyang Y, Mardini M, Dubroca T, Hill S, Griffin RG. Coherent Dynamic Nuclear Polarization using Chirped Pulses. J Phys Chem Lett 2023; 14:4748-4753. [PMID: 37184391 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.3c00726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
This paper presents a study of coherent dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP) using frequency swept pulses at 94 GHz which optimize the polarization transfer efficiency. Accordingly, an enhancement ε ∼ 496 was observed using 10 mM trityl-OX063 as the polarizing agent in a standard 6:3:1 d8-glycerol/D2O/H2O glassing matrix at 70 K. At present, this is the largest DNP enhancement reported at this microwave frequency and temperature. Furthermore, the frequency swept pulses enhance the nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) signal and reduce the recycle delay, accelerating the NMR signal acquisition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Quan
- Francis Bitter Magnet Laboratory and Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Manoj V H Subramanya
- National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Tallahassee, Florida 32310, United States
- Department of Physics, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32310, United States
| | - Yifu Ouyang
- Francis Bitter Magnet Laboratory and Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Michael Mardini
- Francis Bitter Magnet Laboratory and Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Thierry Dubroca
- National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Tallahassee, Florida 32310, United States
| | - Stephen Hill
- National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Tallahassee, Florida 32310, United States
- Department of Physics, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32310, United States
| | - Robert G Griffin
- Francis Bitter Magnet Laboratory and Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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3
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Eills J, Budker D, Cavagnero S, Chekmenev EY, Elliott SJ, Jannin S, Lesage A, Matysik J, Meersmann T, Prisner T, Reimer JA, Yang H, Koptyug IV. Spin Hyperpolarization in Modern Magnetic Resonance. Chem Rev 2023; 123:1417-1551. [PMID: 36701528 PMCID: PMC9951229 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 64.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Magnetic resonance techniques are successfully utilized in a broad range of scientific disciplines and in various practical applications, with medical magnetic resonance imaging being the most widely known example. Currently, both fundamental and applied magnetic resonance are enjoying a major boost owing to the rapidly developing field of spin hyperpolarization. Hyperpolarization techniques are able to enhance signal intensities in magnetic resonance by several orders of magnitude, and thus to largely overcome its major disadvantage of relatively low sensitivity. This provides new impetus for existing applications of magnetic resonance and opens the gates to exciting new possibilities. In this review, we provide a unified picture of the many methods and techniques that fall under the umbrella term "hyperpolarization" but are currently seldom perceived as integral parts of the same field. Specifically, before delving into the individual techniques, we provide a detailed analysis of the underlying principles of spin hyperpolarization. We attempt to uncover and classify the origins of hyperpolarization, to establish its sources and the specific mechanisms that enable the flow of polarization from a source to the target spins. We then give a more detailed analysis of individual hyperpolarization techniques: the mechanisms by which they work, fundamental and technical requirements, characteristic applications, unresolved issues, and possible future directions. We are seeing a continuous growth of activity in the field of spin hyperpolarization, and we expect the field to flourish as new and improved hyperpolarization techniques are implemented. Some key areas for development are in prolonging polarization lifetimes, making hyperpolarization techniques more generally applicable to chemical/biological systems, reducing the technical and equipment requirements, and creating more efficient excitation and detection schemes. We hope this review will facilitate the sharing of knowledge between subfields within the broad topic of hyperpolarization, to help overcome existing challenges in magnetic resonance and enable novel applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Eills
- Institute
for Bioengineering of Catalonia, Barcelona
Institute of Science and Technology, 08028Barcelona, Spain,
| | - Dmitry Budker
- Johannes
Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, 55128Mainz, Germany,Helmholtz-Institut,
GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, 55128Mainz, Germany,Department
of Physics, UC Berkeley, Berkeley, California94720, United States
| | - Silvia Cavagnero
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Madison, Wisconsin53706, United States
| | - Eduard Y. Chekmenev
- Department
of Chemistry, Integrative Biosciences (IBio), Karmanos Cancer Institute
(KCI), Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan48202, United States,Russian
Academy of Sciences, Moscow119991, Russia
| | - Stuart J. Elliott
- Molecular
Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College
London, LondonW12 0BZ, United Kingdom
| | - Sami Jannin
- Centre
de RMN à Hauts Champs de Lyon, Université
de Lyon, CNRS, ENS Lyon, Université Lyon 1, 69100Villeurbanne, France
| | - Anne Lesage
- Centre
de RMN à Hauts Champs de Lyon, Université
de Lyon, CNRS, ENS Lyon, Université Lyon 1, 69100Villeurbanne, France
| | - Jörg Matysik
- Institut
für Analytische Chemie, Universität
Leipzig, Linnéstr. 3, 04103Leipzig, Germany
| | - Thomas Meersmann
- Sir
Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre, University Park, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, NottinghamNG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas Prisner
- Institute
of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry and Center of Biomolecular Magnetic
Resonance, Goethe University Frankfurt, , 60438Frankfurt
am Main, Germany
| | - Jeffrey A. Reimer
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, UC Berkeley, and Materials Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National
Laboratory, Berkeley, California94720, United States
| | - Hanming Yang
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Madison, Wisconsin53706, United States
| | - Igor V. Koptyug
- International Tomography Center, Siberian
Branch of the Russian Academy
of Sciences, 630090Novosibirsk, Russia,
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4
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Ajoy A, Sarkar A, Druga E, Zangara P, Pagliero D, Meriles CA, Reimer JA. Low-field microwave-mediated optical hyperpolarization in optically pumped diamond. JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE (SAN DIEGO, CALIF. : 1997) 2021; 331:107021. [PMID: 34563333 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2021.107021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The emergence of a new class of optically polarizable electronic spins in diamond, nitrogen vacancy (NV) defect centers, has opened interesting new avenues for dynamic nuclear polarization. Here we review methods for the room-temperature hyperpolarization of lattice 13C nuclei using optically pumped NV centers, focusing particular attention to a polarization transfer via rotating-frame level anti-crossings. We describe special features of this optical DNP mechanism at low-field, in particular, its deployability to randomly oriented diamond nanoparticles. In addition, we detail methods for indirectly obtaining high-resolution NV ESR spectra via hyperpolarization readout. These mechanistic features provide perspectives for interesting new applications exploiting the optically generated 13C hyperpolarization.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Ajoy
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - A Sarkar
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - E Druga
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - P Zangara
- Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Facultad de Matemática, Astronomía, Física y Computación, and CONICET, Instituto de Física Enrique Gaviola, X5000HUA Córdoba, Argentina
| | - D Pagliero
- Department of Physics and CUNY-Graduate Center, CUNY-City College of New York, New York, NY 10031, USA
| | - C A Meriles
- Department of Physics and CUNY-Graduate Center, CUNY-City College of New York, New York, NY 10031, USA
| | - J A Reimer
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, and Materials Science Division Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
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5
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Lv X, Walton JH, Druga E, Wang F, Aguilar A, McKnelly T, Nazaryan R, Liu FL, Wu L, Shenderova O, Vigneron DB, Meriles CA, Reimer JA, Pines A, Ajoy A. Background-free dual-mode optical and 13C magnetic resonance imaging in diamond particles. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:e2023579118. [PMID: 34001612 PMCID: PMC8166172 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2023579118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Multimodal imaging-the ability to acquire images of an object through more than one imaging mode simultaneously-has opened additional perspectives in areas ranging from astronomy to medicine. In this paper, we report progress toward combining optical and magnetic resonance (MR) imaging in such a "dual" imaging mode. They are attractive in combination because they offer complementary advantages of resolution and speed, especially in the context of imaging in scattering environments. Our approach relies on a specific material platform, microdiamond particles hosting nitrogen vacancy (NV) defect centers that fluoresce brightly under optical excitation and simultaneously "hyperpolarize" lattice [Formula: see text] nuclei, making them bright under MR imaging. We highlight advantages of dual-mode optical and MR imaging in allowing background-free particle imaging and describe regimes in which either mode can enhance the other. Leveraging the fact that the two imaging modes proceed in Fourier-reciprocal domains (real and k-space), we propose a sampling protocol that accelerates image reconstruction in sparse-imaging scenarios. Our work suggests interesting possibilities for the simultaneous optical and low-field MR imaging of targeted diamond nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xudong Lv
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - Jeffrey H Walton
- Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Facility, University of California, Davis, CA 95616
| | - Emanuel Druga
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - Fei Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | | | - Tommy McKnelly
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - Raffi Nazaryan
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - Fanglin Linda Liu
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - Lan Wu
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | | | - Daniel B Vigneron
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158
| | - Carlos A Meriles
- Department of Physics, City University of New York-City College of New York, New York, NY 10031
- City University of New York Graduate Center, City University of New York-City College of New York, New York, NY 10031
| | - Jeffrey A Reimer
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
- Materials Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - Alexander Pines
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720;
| | - Ashok Ajoy
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720;
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6
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Foroozandeh M. Spin dynamics during chirped pulses: applications to homonuclear decoupling and broadband excitation. JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE (SAN DIEGO, CALIF. : 1997) 2020; 318:106768. [PMID: 32917298 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2020.106768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2020] [Revised: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Swept-frequency pulses have found applications in a wide range of areas including spectroscopic techniques where efficient control of spins is required. For many of these applications, a good understanding of the evolution of spin systems during these pulses plays a vital role, not only in describing the mechanism of techniques, but also in enabling new methodologies. In magnetic resonance spectroscopy, broadband inversion, refocusing, and excitation using these pulses are among the most used applications in NMR, ESR, MRI, and in vivo MRS. In the present survey, a general expression for chirped pulses will be introduced, and some numerical approaches to calculate the spin dynamics during chirped pulses via solutions of the well-known Liouville-von Neumann equation and the lesser-explored Wei-Norman Lie algebra along with comprehensive examples are presented. In both cases, spin state trajectories are calculated using the solution of differential equations. Additionally, applications of the proposed methods to study the spin dynamics during the PSYCHE pulse element for broadband homonuclear decoupling and the CHORUS sequence for broadband excitation will be presented.
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7
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Suter D. Optical detection of magnetic resonance. MAGNETIC RESONANCE (GOTTINGEN, GERMANY) 2020; 1:115-139. [PMID: 37904887 PMCID: PMC10500718 DOI: 10.5194/mr-1-115-2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/01/2023]
Abstract
The combination of magnetic resonance with laser spectroscopy provides some interesting options for increasing the sensitivity and information content of magnetic resonance. This review covers the basic physics behind the relevant processes, such as angular momentum conservation during absorption and emission. This can be used to enhance the polarization of the spin system by orders of magnitude compared to thermal polarization as well as for detection with sensitivities down to the level of individual spins. These fundamental principles have been used in many different fields. This review summarizes some of the examples in different physical systems, including atomic and molecular systems, dielectric solids composed of rare earth, and transition metal ions and semiconductors.This review was originally written in response to an invitation of "Progress in NMR Spectroscopy" but re-directed to Magnetic Resonance to be accessible to a wide audience. This paper has been reviewed by peers in accordance with the policy of Magnetic Resonance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dieter Suter
- Experimental Physics III, TU Dortmund University, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
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8
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Pagliero D, Zangara PR, Henshaw J, Ajoy A, Acosta RH, Reimer JA, Pines A, Meriles CA. Optically pumped spin polarization as a probe of many-body thermalization. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:6/18/eaaz6986. [PMID: 32917632 PMCID: PMC7195179 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aaz6986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Disorder and many body interactions are known to impact transport and thermalization in competing ways, with the dominance of one or the other giving rise to fundamentally different dynamical phases. Here we investigate the spin diffusion dynamics of 13C in diamond, which we dynamically polarize at room temperature via optical spin pumping of engineered color centers. We focus on low-abundance, strongly hyperfine-coupled nuclei, whose role in the polarization transport we expose through the integrated impact of variable radio-frequency excitation on the observable bulk 13C magnetic resonance signal. Unexpectedly, we find good thermal contact throughout the nuclear spin bath, virtually independent of the hyperfine coupling strength, which we attribute to effective carbon-carbon interactions mediated by the electronic spin ensemble. In particular, observations across the full range of hyperfine couplings indicate the nuclear spin diffusion constant takes values up to two orders of magnitude greater than that expected from homo-nuclear spin couplings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Pagliero
- Department of Physics, City College of New York, CUNY, New York, NY 10031, USA
| | - Pablo R Zangara
- Facultad de Matemática, Astronomía, Física y Computación, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Ciudad Universitaria, CP X5000HUA Córdoba, Argentina
- Instituto de Física Enrique Gaviola (IFEG), CONICET, Medina Allende s/n, X5000HUA, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Jacob Henshaw
- Department of Physics, City College of New York, CUNY, New York, NY 10031, USA
| | - Ashok Ajoy
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Rodolfo H Acosta
- Facultad de Matemática, Astronomía, Física y Computación, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Ciudad Universitaria, CP X5000HUA Córdoba, Argentina
- Instituto de Física Enrique Gaviola (IFEG), CONICET, Medina Allende s/n, X5000HUA, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Jeffrey A Reimer
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Alexander Pines
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Carlos A Meriles
- Department of Physics, City College of New York, CUNY, New York, NY 10031, USA.
- Graduate Center, CUNY, New York, NY 10016, USA
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9
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Ajoy A, Nazaryan R, Druga E, Liu K, Aguilar A, Han B, Gierth M, Oon JT, Safvati B, Tsang R, Walton JH, Suter D, Meriles CA, Reimer JA, Pines A. Room temperature "optical nanodiamond hyperpolarizer": Physics, design, and operation. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2020; 91:023106. [PMID: 32113392 DOI: 10.1063/1.5131655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Dynamic Nuclear Polarization (DNP) is a powerful suite of techniques that deliver multifold signal enhancements in nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and MRI. The generated athermal spin states can also be exploited for quantum sensing and as probes for many-body physics. Typical DNP methods require the use of cryogens, large magnetic fields, and high power microwave excitation, which are expensive and unwieldy. Nanodiamond particles, rich in Nitrogen-Vacancy (NV) centers, have attracted attention as alternative DNP agents because they can potentially be optically hyperpolarized at room temperature. Here, unraveling new physics underlying an optical DNP mechanism first introduced by Ajoy et al. [Sci. Adv. 4, eaar5492 (2018)], we report the realization of a miniature "optical nanodiamond hyperpolarizer," where 13C nuclei within the diamond particles are hyperpolarized via the NV centers. The device occupies a compact footprint and operates at room temperature. Instrumental requirements are very modest: low polarizing fields, low optical and microwave irradiation powers, and convenient frequency ranges that enable miniaturization. We obtain the best reported optical 13C hyperpolarization in diamond particles exceeding 720 times of the thermal 7 T value (0.86% bulk polarization), corresponding to a ten-million-fold gain in averaging time to detect them by NMR. In addition, the hyperpolarization signal can be background-suppressed by over two-orders of magnitude, retained for multiple-minute long periods at low fields, and deployed efficiently even to 13C enriched particles. Besides applications in quantum sensing and bright-contrast MRI imaging, this work opens possibilities for low-cost room-temperature DNP platforms that relay the 13C polarization to liquids in contact with the high surface-area particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Ajoy
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - R Nazaryan
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - E Druga
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - K Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - A Aguilar
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - B Han
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - M Gierth
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - J T Oon
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - B Safvati
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - R Tsang
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - J H Walton
- Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Facility, University of California Davis, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - D Suter
- Fakultat Physik, Technische Universitat Dortmund, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - C A Meriles
- Department of Physics and CUNY-Graduate Center, CUNY-City College of New York, New York, New York 10031, USA
| | - J A Reimer
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, and Materials Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - A Pines
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
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10
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Lang JE, Broadway DA, White GAL, Hall LT, Stacey A, Hollenberg LCL, Monteiro TS, Tetienne JP. Quantum Bath Control with Nuclear Spin State Selectivity via Pulse-Adjusted Dynamical Decoupling. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2019; 123:210401. [PMID: 31809126 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.123.210401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Dynamical decoupling (DD) is a powerful method for controlling arbitrary open quantum systems. In quantum spin control, DD generally involves a sequence of timed spin flips (π rotations) arranged to either average out or selectively enhance coupling to the environment. Experimentally, errors in the spin flips are inevitably introduced, motivating efforts to optimize error-robust DD. Here we invert this paradigm: by introducing particular control "errors" in standard DD, namely, a small constant deviation from perfect π rotations (pulse adjustments), we show we obtain protocols that retain the advantages of DD while introducing the capabilities of quantum state readout and polarization transfer. We exploit this nuclear quantum state selectivity on an ensemble of nitrogen-vacancy centers in diamond to efficiently polarize the ^{13}C quantum bath. The underlying physical mechanism is generic and paves the way to systematic engineering of pulse-adjusted protocols with nuclear state selectivity for quantum control applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- J E Lang
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - D A Broadway
- School of Physics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
- Centre for Quantum Computation and Communication Technology, School of Physics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - G A L White
- School of Physics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
- Centre for Quantum Computation and Communication Technology, School of Physics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - L T Hall
- School of Physics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - A Stacey
- Centre for Quantum Computation and Communication Technology, School of Physics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
- Melbourne Centre for Nanofabrication, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
| | - L C L Hollenberg
- School of Physics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
- Centre for Quantum Computation and Communication Technology, School of Physics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - T S Monteiro
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - J-P Tetienne
- School of Physics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
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11
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Ajoy A, Safvati B, Nazaryan R, Oon JT, Han B, Raghavan P, Nirodi R, Aguilar A, Liu K, Cai X, Lv X, Druga E, Ramanathan C, Reimer JA, Meriles CA, Suter D, Pines A. Hyperpolarized relaxometry based nuclear T 1 noise spectroscopy in diamond. Nat Commun 2019; 10:5160. [PMID: 31727898 PMCID: PMC6856091 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-13042-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The origins of spin lifetimes in quantum systems is a matter of importance in several areas of quantum information. Spectrally mapping spin relaxation processes provides insight into their origin and motivates methods to mitigate them. In this paper, we map nuclear relaxation in a prototypical system of [Formula: see text] nuclei in diamond coupled to Nitrogen Vacancy (NV) centers over a wide field range (1 mT-7 T). Nuclear hyperpolarization through optically pumped NV electrons allows signal measurement savings exceeding million-fold over conventional methods. Through a systematic study with varying substitutional electron (P1 center) and [Formula: see text] concentrations, we identify the operational relaxation channels for the nuclei at different fields as well as the dominant role played by [Formula: see text] coupling to the interacting P1 electronic spin bath. These results motivate quantum control techniques for dissipation engineering to boost spin lifetimes in diamond, with applications including engineered quantum memories and hyperpolarized [Formula: see text] imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Ajoy
- Department of Chemistry, and Materials Science Division Lawrence Berkeley, National Laboratory University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.
| | - B Safvati
- Department of Chemistry, and Materials Science Division Lawrence Berkeley, National Laboratory University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - R Nazaryan
- Department of Chemistry, and Materials Science Division Lawrence Berkeley, National Laboratory University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - J T Oon
- Department of Chemistry, and Materials Science Division Lawrence Berkeley, National Laboratory University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - B Han
- Department of Chemistry, and Materials Science Division Lawrence Berkeley, National Laboratory University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - P Raghavan
- Department of Chemistry, and Materials Science Division Lawrence Berkeley, National Laboratory University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - R Nirodi
- Department of Chemistry, and Materials Science Division Lawrence Berkeley, National Laboratory University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - A Aguilar
- Department of Chemistry, and Materials Science Division Lawrence Berkeley, National Laboratory University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - K Liu
- Department of Chemistry, and Materials Science Division Lawrence Berkeley, National Laboratory University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - X Cai
- Department of Chemistry, and Materials Science Division Lawrence Berkeley, National Laboratory University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - X Lv
- Department of Chemistry, and Materials Science Division Lawrence Berkeley, National Laboratory University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - E Druga
- Department of Chemistry, and Materials Science Division Lawrence Berkeley, National Laboratory University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - C Ramanathan
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, 03755, USA
| | - J A Reimer
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, and Materials Science Division Lawrence, Berkeley National Laboratory University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - C A Meriles
- Department of Physics and CUNY-Graduate Center, CUNY-City College of New York, New York, NY, 10031, USA
| | - D Suter
- Fakultät Physik, Technische Universität Dortmund, D-44221, Dortmund, Germany
| | - A Pines
- Department of Chemistry, and Materials Science Division Lawrence Berkeley, National Laboratory University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
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12
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Henshaw J, Pagliero D, Zangara PR, Franzoni MB, Ajoy A, Acosta RH, Reimer JA, Pines A, Meriles CA. Carbon-13 dynamic nuclear polarization in diamond via a microwave-free integrated cross effect. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:18334-18340. [PMID: 31451667 PMCID: PMC6744875 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1908780116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Color-center-hosting semiconductors are emerging as promising source materials for low-field dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP) at or near room temperature, but hyperfine broadening, susceptibility to magnetic field heterogeneity, and nuclear spin relaxation induced by other paramagnetic defects set practical constraints difficult to circumvent. Here, we explore an alternate route to color-center-assisted DNP using nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers in diamond coupled to substitutional nitrogen impurities, the so-called P1 centers. Working near the level anticrossing condition-where the P1 Zeeman splitting matches one of the NV spin transitions-we demonstrate efficient microwave-free 13C DNP through the use of consecutive magnetic field sweeps and continuous optical excitation. The amplitude and sign of the polarization can be controlled by adjusting the low-to-high and high-to-low magnetic field sweep rates in each cycle so that one is much faster than the other. By comparing the 13C DNP response for different crystal orientations, we show that the process is robust to magnetic field/NV misalignment, a feature that makes the present technique suitable to diamond powders and settings where the field is heterogeneous. Applications to shallow NVs could capitalize on the greater physical proximity between surface paramagnetic defects and outer nuclei to efficiently polarize target samples in contact with the diamond crystal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Henshaw
- Department of Physics, City College of New York, City University of New York, New York, NY 10031
| | - Daniela Pagliero
- Department of Physics, City College of New York, City University of New York, New York, NY 10031
| | - Pablo R Zangara
- Department of Physics, City College of New York, City University of New York, New York, NY 10031
| | - María B Franzoni
- Facultad de Matemática, Astronomía, Física y Computación, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, CP X5000HUA Córdoba, Argentina
- Instituto de Física Enrique Gaviola, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, CP X5000HUA Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Ashok Ajoy
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
- Materials Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - Rodolfo H Acosta
- Facultad de Matemática, Astronomía, Física y Computación, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, CP X5000HUA Córdoba, Argentina
- Instituto de Física Enrique Gaviola, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, CP X5000HUA Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Jeffrey A Reimer
- Materials Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - Alexander Pines
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
- Materials Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - Carlos A Meriles
- Department of Physics, City College of New York, City University of New York, New York, NY 10031;
- Graduate Center, City University of New York, New York, NY 10016
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13
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Zangara PR, Henshaw J, Pagliero D, Ajoy A, Reimer JA, Pines A, Meriles CA. Two-Electron-Spin Ratchets as a Platform for Microwave-Free Dynamic Nuclear Polarization of Arbitrary Material Targets. NANO LETTERS 2019; 19:2389-2396. [PMID: 30884227 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.8b05114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Optically pumped color centers in semiconductor powders can potentially induce high levels of nuclear spin polarization in surrounding solids or fluids at or near ambient conditions, but complications stemming from the random orientation of the particles and the presence of unpolarized paramagnetic defects hinder the flow of polarization beyond the defect's host material. Here, we theoretically study the spin dynamics of interacting nitrogen-vacancy (NV) and substitutional nitrogen (P1) centers in diamond to show that outside protons spin-polarize efficiently upon a magnetic field sweep across the NV-P1 level anticrossing. The process can be interpreted in terms of an NV-P1 spin ratchet, whose handedness, and hence the sign of the resulting nuclear polarization, depends on the relative timing of the optical excitation pulse. Further, we find that the polarization transfer mechanism is robust to NV misalignment relative to the external magnetic field, and efficient over a broad range of electron-electron and electron-nuclear spin couplings, even if proxy spins feature short coherence or spin-lattice relaxation times. Therefore, these results pave the route toward the dynamic nuclear polarization of arbitrary spin targets brought in proximity with a diamond powder under ambient conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo R Zangara
- Department of Physics , CUNY-City College of New York , New York , New York 10031 , United States
| | - Jacob Henshaw
- Department of Physics , CUNY-City College of New York , New York , New York 10031 , United States
| | - Daniela Pagliero
- Department of Physics , CUNY-City College of New York , New York , New York 10031 , United States
| | - Ashok Ajoy
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Science Division Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , University of California Berkeley , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
| | - Jeffrey A Reimer
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering and Materials Science Division Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory University of California , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
| | - Alexander Pines
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Science Division Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , University of California Berkeley , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
| | - Carlos A Meriles
- Department of Physics , CUNY-City College of New York , New York , New York 10031 , United States
- CUNY-Graduate Center , New York , New York 10016 , United States
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14
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Enhanced dynamic nuclear polarization via swept microwave frequency combs. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:10576-10581. [PMID: 30279178 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1807125115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP) has enabled enormous gains in magnetic resonance signals and led to vastly accelerated NMR/MRI imaging and spectroscopy. Unlike conventional cw-techniques, DNP methods that exploit the full electron spectrum are appealing since they allow direct participation of all electrons in the hyperpolarization process. Such methods typically entail sweeps of microwave radiation over the broad electron linewidth to excite DNP but are often inefficient because the sweeps, constrained by adiabaticity requirements, are slow. In this paper, we develop a technique to overcome the DNP bottlenecks set by the slow sweeps, using a swept microwave frequency comb that increases the effective number of polarization transfer events while respecting adiabaticity constraints. This allows a multiplicative gain in DNP enhancement, scaling with the number of comb frequencies and limited only by the hyperfine-mediated electron linewidth. We demonstrate the technique for the optical hyperpolarization of 13C nuclei in powdered microdiamonds at low fields, increasing the DNP enhancement from 30 to 100 measured with respect to the thermal signal at 7T. For low concentrations of broad linewidth electron radicals [e.g., TEMPO ((2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-1-yl)oxyl)], these multiplicative gains could exceed an order of magnitude.
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