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Kwok HH, Yang J, Lam DCL. Breaking the Invisible Barriers: Unleashing the Full Potential of Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors in Oncogene-Driven Lung Adenocarcinoma. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:2749. [PMID: 37345086 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15102749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Revised: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The rapid development of targeted therapy paved the way toward personalized medicine for advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Lung adenocarcinoma (ADC) harboring actionable genetic alternations including epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK), Kirsten rat sarcoma virus (ALK) and c-ros oncogene 1 (ROS1) treated with tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) incurred lesser treatment toxicity but better therapeutic responses compared with systemic chemotherapy. Angiogenesis inhibitors targeting vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) have also shown an increase in overall survival (OS) for NSCLC patients. However, acquired resistance to these targeted therapies remains a major obstacle to long-term maintenance treatment for lung ADC patients. The emergence of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) against programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) or programmed cell death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) has changed the treatment paradigm for NSCLC tumors without actionable genetic alternations. Clinical studies have suggested, however, that there are no survival benefits with the combination of targeted therapy and ICIs. In this review, we will summarize and discuss the current knowledge on the tumor immune microenvironment and the dynamics of immune phenotypes, which could be crucial in extending the applicability of ICIs for this subpopulation of lung ADC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoi-Hin Kwok
- Department of Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Jiashuang Yang
- Department of Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - David Chi-Leung Lam
- Department of Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
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2
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Sahu A, Gaur M, Mahanandia NC, Subudhi E, Swain RP, Subudhi BB. Identification of core therapeutic targets for Monkeypox virus and repurposing potential of drugs against them: An in silico approach. Comput Biol Med 2023; 161:106971. [PMID: 37211001 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2023.106971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2022] [Revised: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Monkeypox virus (mpox virus) outbreak has rapidly spread to 82 non-endemic countries. Although it primarily causes skin lesions, secondary complications and high mortality (1-10%) in vulnerable populations have made it an emerging threat. Since there is no specific vaccine/antiviral, it is desirable to repurpose existing drugs against mpox virus. With little knowledge about the lifecycle of mpox virus, identifying potential inhibitors is a challenge. Nevertheless, the available genomes of mpox virus in public databases represent a goldmine of untapped possibilities to identify druggable targets for the structure-based identification of inhibitors. Leveraging this resource, we combined genomics and subtractive proteomics to identify highly druggable core proteins of mpox virus. This was followed by virtual screening to identify inhibitors with affinities for multiple targets. 125 publicly available genomes of mpox virus were mined to identify 69 highly conserved proteins. These proteins were then curated manually. These curated proteins were funnelled through a subtractive proteomics pipeline to identify 4 highly druggable, non-host homologous targets namely; A20R, I7L, Top1B and VETFS. High-throughput virtual screening of 5893 highly curated approved/investigational drugs led to the identification of common as well as unique potential inhibitors with high binding affinities. The common inhibitors, i.e., batefenterol, burixafor and eluxadoline were further validated by molecular dynamics simulation to identify their best potential binding modes. The affinity of these inhibitors suggests their repurposing potential. This work can encourage further experimental validation for possible therapeutic management of mpox.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anshuman Sahu
- Drug Development and Analysis Laboratory, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Siksha 'O' Anusandhan (Deemed to be University), Bhubaneswar, 751030, India
| | - Mahendra Gaur
- Drug Development and Analysis Laboratory, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Siksha 'O' Anusandhan (Deemed to be University), Bhubaneswar, 751030, India; Department of Biotechnology, Punjabi University, Patiala, 147002, India
| | - Nimai Charan Mahanandia
- Division of Agricultural Bioinformatics, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Statistics Research Institute, Pusa, New Delhi, 110012, India
| | - Enketeswara Subudhi
- Centre for Biotechnology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Siksha 'O' Anusandhan (Deemed to be University), Bhubaneswar, 751030, India
| | - Ranjit Prasad Swain
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Siksha 'O' Anusandhan (Deemed to be University), Bhubaneswar, 751030, India
| | - Bharat Bhusan Subudhi
- Drug Development and Analysis Laboratory, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Siksha 'O' Anusandhan (Deemed to be University), Bhubaneswar, 751030, India.
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3
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Al-Huseini I, Sirasanagandla SR, Babu KS, Sofin RGS, Das S. Kinase Inhibitors Involved in the Regulation of Autophagy: Molecular Concepts and Clinical Implications. Curr Med Chem 2023; 30:1502-1528. [PMID: 35078392 DOI: 10.2174/0929867329666220117114306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
All cells and intracellular components are remodeled and recycled in order to replace the old and damaged cells. Autophagy is a process by which damaged, and unwanted cells are degraded in the lysosomes. There are three different types of autophagy: macroautophagy, microautophagy, and chaperone-mediated autophagy. Autophagy has an effect on adaptive and innate immunity, suppression of any tumour, and the elimination of various microbial pathogens. The process of autophagy has both positive and negative effects, and this pertains to any specific disease or its stage of progression. Autophagy involves various processes which are controlled by various signaling pathways, such as Jun N-terminal kinase, GSK3, ERK1, Leucine-rich repeat kinase 2, and PTEN-induced putative kinase 1 and parkin RBR E3. Protein kinases are also important for the regulation of autophagy as they regulate the process of autophagy either by activation or inhibition. The present review discusses the kinase catalyzed phosphorylated reactions, the kinase inhibitors, types of protein kinase inhibitors and their binding properties to protein kinase domains, the structures of active and inactive kinases, and the hydrophobic spine structures in active and inactive protein kinase domains. The intervention of autophagy by targeting specific kinases may form the mainstay of treatment of many diseases and lead the road to future drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isehaq Al-Huseini
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Al-Khodh 123, Oman
| | - Srinivasa Rao Sirasanagandla
- Department of Human and Clinical Anatomy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Al-Khodh 123, Oman
| | - Kondaveeti Suresh Babu
- Department of Biochemistry, Symbiosis Medical College for Women, Symbiosis International (Deemed) University, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | | | - Srijit Das
- Department of Human and Clinical Anatomy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Al-Khodh 123, Oman
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Novel epigenetic therapeutic strategies and targets in cancer. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2022; 1868:166552. [PMID: 36126898 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2022.166552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Revised: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The critical role of dysregulated epigenetic pathways in cancer genesis, development, and therapy has typically been established as a result of scientific and technical innovations in next generation sequencing. RNA interference, histone modification, DNA methylation and chromatin remodelling are epigenetic processes that control gene expression without causing mutations in the DNA. Although epigenetic abnormalities are thought to be a symptom of cell tumorigenesis and malignant events that impact tumor growth and drug resistance, physicians believe that related processes might be a key therapeutic target for cancer treatment and prevention due to the reversible nature of these processes. A plethora of novel strategies for addressing epigenetics in cancer therapy for immuno-oncological complications are currently available - ranging from basic treatment to epigenetic editing. - and they will be the subject of this comprehensive review. In this review, we cover most of the advancements made in the field of targeting epigenetics with special emphasis on microbiology, plasma science, biophysics, pharmacology, molecular biology, phytochemistry, and nanoscience.
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Jena S, Parker LL. Fluorescence Lifetime Imaging Probes for Cell-Based Measurements of Enzyme Activity. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2394:133-162. [PMID: 35094326 PMCID: PMC10041689 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1811-0_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Posttranslational modification (PTM) enzymes are important modulators of protein structure and function. They typically act by chemically modifying amino acids, often on side chain functional groups, to change the physiochemical landscape of the protein and thus its biophysical behavior. In particular, protein kinases are enzymes that transfer phosphate from ATP to serine, threonine, or tyrosine in protein substrates. They are key regulators of vital cellular pathways such as survival, proliferation, and apoptosis, and their dysregulation in the context of cancer has been widely investigated for the purpose of development of anticancer drugs. However, several critical questions pertaining to their physiology, such as heterogeneity of kinase signaling within and between cells, and other factors that may play into the mechanisms of drug resistance, remain unanswered. Many of the current strategies to measure kinase activity lack the scope, subcellular resolution, and real-time monitoring ability needed to obtain the type of information needed about their dynamics and localization in cells. While FRET-based biosensors are capable of dynamic single cell imaging, their applications can be limited by difficulties in multiplexing and the inherent inadequacies of steady state measurements. In this chapter, we describe our fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM) probe technology in which peptide kinase substrates, linked to cell-penetrating peptides and labeled with small molecule fluorophores, are used to report kinase activity through time-resolved fluorescence imaging to visualize and quantify changes to the probe's fluorescence lifetime. These can be multiplexed for more than one kinase at a time, and interpretation is not affected by differences in local intensity due to probe uptake and distribution or photobleaching. With careful choice of peptide substrate(s), fluorophore label, and imaging set-up, high specificity and spatiotemporal resolution can be achieved. Due to the mechanism by which the lifetime change occurs, this approach is compatible with other PTMs (such as acetylation, methylation), and so the considerations for kinase FLIM probe design described in this chapter should be broadly applicable for other PTMs as well.
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Yu CP, Li PY, Chen SY, Lin SP, Hou YC. Magnolol and Honokiol Inhibited the Function and Expression of BCRP with Mechanism Exploration. Molecules 2021; 26:7390. [PMID: 34885972 PMCID: PMC8659015 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26237390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Revised: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP), one of the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters, was associated with the multidrug resistance (MDR) of chemotherapy. Magnolol (MN) and honokiol (HK) are major bioactive polyphenols of Magnolia officinalis. This study investigated the effects of MN and HK on the function and expression of BCRP for the purpose of developing BCRP inhibitor to overcome MDR. Cell lines including MDCKII-BCRP and MDCKII-WT were used for evaluating the function and expression of BCRP. The results showed that MN (100-12.5 µM) and HK (100-12.5 µM) significantly decreased the function of BCRP by 80~12% and 67~14%, respectively. In addition, MN and HK were verified as substrates of BCRP. Furthermore, MN and HK reduced the protein expression of BCRP, and inhibited the phosphorylation of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K). In conclusion, both MN and HK decreased the function and expression of BCRP via EGFR/PI3K signaling pathway. Therefore, both compounds were promising candidates for reversing the MDR of chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chung-Ping Yu
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Taichung 406040, Taiwan; (C.-P.Y.); (P.-Y.L.); (S.-Y.C.)
- Department of Pharmacy, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 404332, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Ying Li
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Taichung 406040, Taiwan; (C.-P.Y.); (P.-Y.L.); (S.-Y.C.)
| | - Szu-Yu Chen
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Taichung 406040, Taiwan; (C.-P.Y.); (P.-Y.L.); (S.-Y.C.)
| | - Shiuan-Pey Lin
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Taichung 406040, Taiwan; (C.-P.Y.); (P.-Y.L.); (S.-Y.C.)
| | - Yu-Chi Hou
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Taichung 406040, Taiwan; (C.-P.Y.); (P.-Y.L.); (S.-Y.C.)
- Department of Pharmacy, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 404332, Taiwan
- College of Medical and Health Science, Asia University, Taichung 41354, Taiwan
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Skvortsov DA, Kalinina MA, Zhirkina IV, Vasilyeva LA, Ivanenkov YA, Sergiev PV, Dontsova OA. From Toxicity to Selectivity: Coculture of the Fluorescent Tumor and Non-Tumor Lung Cells and High-Throughput Screening of Anticancer Compounds. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:713103. [PMID: 34707495 PMCID: PMC8542663 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.713103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
For the search of anticancer compounds in modern large chemical libraries, new approaches are of great importance. Cocultivation of the cells of tumor and non-tumor etiology may reveal specific action of chemicals on cancer cells and also take into account some effects of the tumor cell's microenvironment. The fluorescent cell cocultivation test (FCCT) has been developed for screening of substances that are selectively cytotoxic on cancerous cells. It is based on the mixed culture of lung carcinoma cells A549'_EGFP and noncancerous fibroblasts of lung VA13_Kat, expressing different fluorescent proteins. Analysis of the cells was performed with the high-resolution scanner to increase the detection rate. The combination of cocultivation of cells with scanning of fluorescence reduces the experimental protocol to three steps: cells seeding, addition of the substance, and signal detection. The FCCT analysis does not disturb the cells and is compatible with other cell-targeted assays. The suggested method has been adapted for a high-throughput format and applied for screening of 2,491 compounds. Three compounds were revealed to be reproducibly selective in the FCCT although they were invisible in cytotoxicity tests in individual lines. Six structurally diverse indole, coumarin, sulfonylthiazol, and rifampicin derivatives were found and confirmed with an independent assay (MTT) to be selectively cytotoxic to cancer cells in the studied model.
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Affiliation(s)
- D A Skvortsov
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia.,Faculty of Biology and Biotechnologies, Higher School of Economics, Moscow, Russia
| | - M A Kalinina
- Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Moscow, Russia
| | - I V Zhirkina
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - L A Vasilyeva
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Y A Ivanenkov
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia.,Institute of Biochemistry and Genetics Russian Academy of Science (IBG RAS), Ufa Scientific Centre, Ufa, Russia
| | - P V Sergiev
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia.,Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Moscow, Russia
| | - O A Dontsova
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia.,Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Moscow, Russia.,Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Moscow, Russia
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Domankevich V, Efrati M, Schmidt M, Glikson E, Mansour F, Shai A, Cohen A, Zilberstein Y, Flaisher E, Galalae R, Kelson I, Keisari Y. RIG-1-Like Receptor Activation Synergizes With Intratumoral Alpha Radiation to Induce Pancreatic Tumor Rejection, Triple-Negative Breast Metastases Clearance, and Antitumor Immune Memory in Mice. Front Oncol 2020; 10:990. [PMID: 32766128 PMCID: PMC7379859 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.00990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Diffusing alpha-emitting radiation therapy (DaRT) employs intratumoral Ra-224-coated seeds that efficiently destroy solid tumors by slowly releasing alpha-emitting atoms inside the tumor. In immunogenic tumor models, DaRT was shown to activate systemic antitumor immunity. Agonists of the membrane-bound toll-like receptors (TLRs) enhanced these effects and led to tumor rejection. Here, we examined the combination of DaRT with agents that activate a different type of pattern recognition receptors, the cytoplasmatic RIG1-like receptors (RLRs). In response to cytoplasmatic viral dsRNA, RLRs activate an antiviral immune response that includes the elevation of antigen presentation. Thus, it was postulated that in low-immunogenic tumor models, RLR activation in tumor cells prior to the induction of their death by DaRT will be superior compared to TLR activation. Intratumoral cytoplasmatic delivery of the dsRNA mimic polyIC by polyethylenimine (PEI), was used to activate RLR, while polyIC without PEI was used to activate TLR. PolyIC(PEI) prior to DaRT synergistically retarded 4T1 triple-negative breast tumors and metastasis development more efficiently than polyIC and rejected panc02 pancreatic tumors in some of the treated mice. Splenocytes from treated mice, adoptively transferred to naive mice in combination with 4T1 tumor cells, delayed tumor development compared to naïve splenocytes. Low-dose cyclophosphamide, known to reduce T regulatory cell number, enhanced the effect of DaRT and polyIC(PEI) and led to high long-term survival rates under neoadjuvant settings, which confirmed metastasis clearance. The epigenetic drug decitabine, known to activate RLR in low doses, was given intraperitoneally prior to DaRT and caused tumor growth retardation, similar to local polyIC(PEI). The systemic and/or local administration of RLR activators was also tested in the squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) tumor model SQ2, in which a delay in tumor re-challenge development was demonstrated. We conclude that RIG-I-like activation prior to intratumoral alpha radiation may serve as a potent combination technique to reduce both tumor growth and the spread of distant metastases in low-immunogenic and metastatic tumor models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vered Domankevich
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv-Yafo, Israel.,Alpha Tau Medical, Tel Aviv-Yafo, Israel
| | - Margalit Efrati
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv-Yafo, Israel.,Alpha Tau Medical, Tel Aviv-Yafo, Israel
| | - Michael Schmidt
- Alpha Tau Medical, Tel Aviv-Yafo, Israel.,Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences, School of Physics and Astronomy, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv-Yafo, Israel
| | - Eran Glikson
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv-Yafo, Israel.,Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Sheba Medical Center, Tel HaShomer, Israel
| | - Fairuz Mansour
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv-Yafo, Israel
| | - Amit Shai
- Alpha Tau Medical, Tel Aviv-Yafo, Israel
| | - Adi Cohen
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv-Yafo, Israel
| | - Yael Zilberstein
- Sackler Cellular and Molecular Imaging Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv-Yafo, Israel
| | | | - Razvan Galalae
- MedAustron, Wiener Neustadt, Austria.,Medical Faculty, Christian-Albrechts University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Itzhak Kelson
- Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences, School of Physics and Astronomy, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv-Yafo, Israel
| | - Yona Keisari
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv-Yafo, Israel
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Mini E, Nobili S. "Pharmacogenetics of Cancer" - Cancer Drug Resistance special issue. CANCER DRUG RESISTANCE (ALHAMBRA, CALIF.) 2020; 3:225-231. [PMID: 35582607 PMCID: PMC9090591 DOI: 10.20517/cdr.2020.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Enrico Mini
- Department of Health Sciences, Section of Clinical Pharmacology and Oncology, University of Florence, Florence 50139, Italy
- Cancer Pharmacology Working Group of the Italian Society of Pharmacology, Milan 20129, Italy
| | - Stefania Nobili
- Department of Health Sciences, Section of Clinical Pharmacology and Oncology, University of Florence, Florence 50139, Italy
- Cancer Pharmacology Working Group of the Italian Society of Pharmacology, Milan 20129, Italy
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QnAs with Alexander Levitzki. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:11562-11563. [DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1906350116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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