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Cartes-Velásquez R, Vera A, Antilef B, Sanhueza S, Lamperti L, González-Ortiz M, Nova-Lamperti E. Metformin Restrains the Proliferation of CD4+ T Lymphocytes by Inducing Cell Cycle Arrest in Normo- and Hyperglycemic Conditions. Biomolecules 2024; 14:846. [PMID: 39062560 PMCID: PMC11274706 DOI: 10.3390/biom14070846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2024] [Revised: 05/14/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
CD4+ T lymphocytes play a key role in the modulation of the immune response by orchestrating both effector and regulatory functions. The effect of metformin on the immunometabolism of CD4+ T lymphocytes has been scarcely studied, and its impact under high glucose conditions, particularly concerning effector responses and glucose metabolism, remains unknown. This study aims to evaluate the effect of metformin on the modulation of the effector functions and glucose metabolism of CD4+ T lymphocytes under normo- and hyperglycemic conditions. CD4+ T lymphocytes, obtained from peripheral blood from healthy volunteers, were anti-CD3/CD28-activated and cultured for 4 days with three concentrations of metformin (0.1 mM, 1 mM, and 5 mM) under normoglycemic (5.5 mM) and hyperglycemic (25 mM) conditions. Effector functions such as proliferation, cell count, cell cycle analysis, activation markers and cytokine secretion were analyzed by flow cytometry. Glucose uptake was determined using the 2-NBDG assay, and levels of glucose, lactate, and phosphofructokinase (PFK) activity were assessed by colorimetric assays. Metformin at 5 mM restrained the cell counts and proliferation of CD4+ T lymphocytes by arresting the cell cycle in the S/G2 phase at the beginning of the cell culture, without affecting cell activation, cytokine production, and glucose metabolism. In fact, CD69 expression and IL4 secretion by CD4+ T lymphocytes was higher in the presence of 5 mM than the untreated cells in both glucose conditions. Overall, metformin inhibited proliferation through mechanisms associated with cell cycle arrest, leading to an increase in the S/G2 phases at the expense of G1 in activated CD4+ T lymphocytes in normo- and hyperglycemic conditions. Despite the cell cycle arrest, activated CD4+ T lymphocytes remained metabolically, functionally, and phenotypically activated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Cartes-Velásquez
- School of Medicine, University of Concepcion, Concepcion 4070409, Chile
- Molecular and Translational Immunology Laboratory, Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Immunology, Pharmacy Faculty, University of Concepcion, Concepcion 4070409, Chile; (A.V.)
| | - Agustín Vera
- Molecular and Translational Immunology Laboratory, Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Immunology, Pharmacy Faculty, University of Concepcion, Concepcion 4070409, Chile; (A.V.)
| | - Bárbara Antilef
- Molecular and Translational Immunology Laboratory, Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Immunology, Pharmacy Faculty, University of Concepcion, Concepcion 4070409, Chile; (A.V.)
| | - Sergio Sanhueza
- Molecular and Translational Immunology Laboratory, Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Immunology, Pharmacy Faculty, University of Concepcion, Concepcion 4070409, Chile; (A.V.)
| | - Liliana Lamperti
- Molecular and Translational Immunology Laboratory, Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Immunology, Pharmacy Faculty, University of Concepcion, Concepcion 4070409, Chile; (A.V.)
| | - Marcelo González-Ortiz
- Laboratorio de Investigación Materno-Fetal (LIMaF), Departamento de Obstetricia y Ginecología, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción 4070409, Chile
| | - Estefanía Nova-Lamperti
- Molecular and Translational Immunology Laboratory, Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Immunology, Pharmacy Faculty, University of Concepcion, Concepcion 4070409, Chile; (A.V.)
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Murakami M. Tissue-resident memory T cells: decoding intra-organ diversity with a gut perspective. Inflamm Regen 2024; 44:19. [PMID: 38632596 PMCID: PMC11022361 DOI: 10.1186/s41232-024-00333-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Tissue-resident memory T cells (TRM) serve as the frontline of host defense, playing a critical role in protection against invading pathogens. This emphasizes their role in providing rapid on-site immune responses across various organs. The physiological significance of TRM is not just confined to infection control; accumulating evidence has revealed that TRM also determine the pathology of diseases such as autoimmune disorders, inflammatory bowel disease, and cancer. Intensive studies on the origin, mechanisms of formation and maintenance, and physiological significance of TRM have elucidated the transcriptional and functional diversity of these cells, which are often affected by local cues associated with their presence. These were further confirmed by the recent remarkable advancements of next-generation sequencing and single-cell technologies, which allow the transcriptional and phenotypic characterization of each TRM subset induced in different microenvironments. This review first overviews the current knowledge of the cell fate, molecular features, transcriptional and metabolic regulation, and biological importance of TRM in health and disease. Finally, this article presents a variety of recent studies on disease-associated TRM, particularly focusing and elaborating on the TRM in the gut, which constitute the largest and most intricate immune network in the body, and their pathological relevance to gut inflammation in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mari Murakami
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2 Yamada-Oka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.
- Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.
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3
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Villa M, Sanin DE, Apostolova P, Corrado M, Kabat AM, Cristinzio C, Regina A, Carrizo GE, Rana N, Stanczak MA, Baixauli F, Grzes KM, Cupovic J, Solagna F, Hackl A, Globig AM, Hässler F, Puleston DJ, Kelly B, Cabezas-Wallscheid N, Hasselblatt P, Bengsch B, Zeiser R, Sagar, Buescher JM, Pearce EJ, Pearce EL. Prostaglandin E 2 controls the metabolic adaptation of T cells to the intestinal microenvironment. Nat Commun 2024; 15:451. [PMID: 38200005 PMCID: PMC10781727 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-44689-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Immune cells must adapt to different environments during the course of an immune response. Here we study the adaptation of CD8+ T cells to the intestinal microenvironment and how this process shapes the establishment of the CD8+ T cell pool. CD8+ T cells progressively remodel their transcriptome and surface phenotype as they enter the gut wall, and downregulate expression of mitochondrial genes. Human and mouse intestinal CD8+ T cells have reduced mitochondrial mass, but maintain a viable energy balance to sustain their function. We find that the intestinal microenvironment is rich in prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), which drives mitochondrial depolarization in CD8+ T cells. Consequently, these cells engage autophagy to clear depolarized mitochondria, and enhance glutathione synthesis to scavenge reactive oxygen species (ROS) that result from mitochondrial depolarization. Impairing PGE2 sensing promotes CD8+ T cell accumulation in the gut, while tampering with autophagy and glutathione negatively impacts the T cell pool. Thus, a PGE2-autophagy-glutathione axis defines the metabolic adaptation of CD8+ T cells to the intestinal microenvironment, to ultimately influence the T cell pool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Villa
- Max Planck Institute for Immunobiology and Epigenetics, 79108, Freiburg, Germany.
- Division of Rheumatology and Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, 8036, Graz, Austria.
| | - David E Sanin
- Max Planck Institute for Immunobiology and Epigenetics, 79108, Freiburg, Germany
- Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute of Immunotherapy, Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Petya Apostolova
- Max Planck Institute for Immunobiology and Epigenetics, 79108, Freiburg, Germany
- Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute of Immunotherapy, Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Medicine I (Hematology and Oncology), University Medical Center Freiburg, 79106, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Mauro Corrado
- Max Planck Institute for Immunobiology and Epigenetics, 79108, Freiburg, Germany
- Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Center for Molecular Medicine (CMMC), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Institute for Genetics, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Agnieszka M Kabat
- Max Planck Institute for Immunobiology and Epigenetics, 79108, Freiburg, Germany
- Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute of Immunotherapy, Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Carmine Cristinzio
- Max Planck Institute for Immunobiology and Epigenetics, 79108, Freiburg, Germany
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Annamaria Regina
- Max Planck Institute for Immunobiology and Epigenetics, 79108, Freiburg, Germany
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, 34128, Trieste, Italy
| | - Gustavo E Carrizo
- Max Planck Institute for Immunobiology and Epigenetics, 79108, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Nisha Rana
- Max Planck Institute for Immunobiology and Epigenetics, 79108, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Michal A Stanczak
- Max Planck Institute for Immunobiology and Epigenetics, 79108, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Francesc Baixauli
- Max Planck Institute for Immunobiology and Epigenetics, 79108, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Katarzyna M Grzes
- Max Planck Institute for Immunobiology and Epigenetics, 79108, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jovana Cupovic
- Max Planck Institute for Immunobiology and Epigenetics, 79108, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Francesca Solagna
- Max Planck Institute for Immunobiology and Epigenetics, 79108, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Alexandra Hackl
- Max Planck Institute for Immunobiology and Epigenetics, 79108, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Anna-Maria Globig
- Department of Medicine II, University Medical Center Freiburg, 79106, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Fabian Hässler
- Max Planck Institute for Immunobiology and Epigenetics, 79108, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Daniel J Puleston
- Max Planck Institute for Immunobiology and Epigenetics, 79108, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Beth Kelly
- Max Planck Institute for Immunobiology and Epigenetics, 79108, Freiburg, Germany
| | | | - Peter Hasselblatt
- Department of Medicine II, University Medical Center Freiburg, 79106, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Bertram Bengsch
- Department of Medicine II, University Medical Center Freiburg, 79106, Freiburg, Germany
- CIBSS Centre for Integrative Biological Signalling Studies, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Robert Zeiser
- Department of Medicine I (Hematology and Oncology), University Medical Center Freiburg, 79106, Freiburg, Germany
- CIBSS Centre for Integrative Biological Signalling Studies, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Sagar
- Department of Medicine II, University Medical Center Freiburg, 79106, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Joerg M Buescher
- Max Planck Institute for Immunobiology and Epigenetics, 79108, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Edward J Pearce
- Max Planck Institute for Immunobiology and Epigenetics, 79108, Freiburg, Germany
- Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute of Immunotherapy, Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- CIBSS Centre for Integrative Biological Signalling Studies, Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Erika L Pearce
- Max Planck Institute for Immunobiology and Epigenetics, 79108, Freiburg, Germany.
- Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute of Immunotherapy, Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- CIBSS Centre for Integrative Biological Signalling Studies, Freiburg, Germany.
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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Abstract
The remarkable diversity of lymphocytes, essential components of the immune system, serves as an ingenious mechanism for maximizing the efficient utilization of limited host defense resources. While cell adhesion molecules, notably in gut-tropic T cells, play a central role in this mechanism, the counterbalancing molecular details have remained elusive. Conversely, we've uncovered the molecular pathways enabling extracellular vesicles secreted by lymphocytes to reach the gut's mucosal tissues, facilitating immunological regulation. This discovery sheds light on immune fine-tuning, offering insights into immune regulation mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasunari Matsuzaka
- Division of Molecular and Medical Genetics, Center for Gene and Cell Therapy, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan
- Administrative Section of Radiation Protection, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Japan
| | - Ryu Yashiro
- Administrative Section of Radiation Protection, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Japan
- Department of Mycobacteriology, Leprosy Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Higashimurayama, Tokyo, Japan
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Chen Y, Xu Z, Sun H, Ouyang X, Han Y, Yu H, Wu N, Xie Y, Su B. Regulation of CD8 + T memory and exhaustion by the mTOR signals. Cell Mol Immunol 2023; 20:1023-1039. [PMID: 37582972 PMCID: PMC10468538 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-023-01064-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/17/2023] Open
Abstract
CD8+ T cells are the key executioners of the adaptive immune arm, which mediates antitumor and antiviral immunity. Naïve CD8+ T cells develop in the thymus and are quickly activated in the periphery after encountering a cognate antigen, which induces these cells to proliferate and differentiate into effector cells that fight the initial infection. Simultaneously, a fraction of these cells become long-lived memory CD8+ T cells that combat future infections. Notably, the generation and maintenance of memory cells is profoundly affected by various in vivo conditions, such as the mode of primary activation (e.g., acute vs. chronic immunization) or fluctuations in host metabolic, inflammatory, or aging factors. Therefore, many T cells may be lost or become exhausted and no longer functional. Complicated intracellular signaling pathways, transcription factors, epigenetic modifications, and metabolic processes are involved in this process. Therefore, understanding the cellular and molecular basis for the generation and fate of memory and exhausted CD8+ cells is central for harnessing cellular immunity. In this review, we focus on mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), particularly signaling mediated by mTOR complex (mTORC) 2 in memory and exhausted CD8+ T cells at the molecular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Chen
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, and The Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Death and Differentiation, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Ziyang Xu
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, and The Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Death and Differentiation, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Hongxiang Sun
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, and The Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Death and Differentiation, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Xinxing Ouyang
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, and The Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Death and Differentiation, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
- Department of Tumor Biology, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Yuheng Han
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, and The Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Death and Differentiation, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Haihui Yu
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, and The Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Death and Differentiation, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Ningbo Wu
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, and The Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Death and Differentiation, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Yiting Xie
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, and The Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Death and Differentiation, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Bing Su
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, and The Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Death and Differentiation, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China.
- Department of Tumor Biology, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China.
- Center for Immune-Related Diseases at Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Department of Gastroenterology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China.
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine-Yale Institute for Immune Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Radiation Oncology of Hunan Province, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.
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6
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Alonso S, Edelblum K. Metabolic regulation of γδ intraepithelial lymphocytes. DISCOVERY IMMUNOLOGY 2023; 2:kyad011. [PMID: 38179241 PMCID: PMC10766425 DOI: 10.1093/discim/kyad011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
Elucidating the relationship between cellular metabolism and T cell function has substantially advanced our understanding of how T cells are regulated in response to activation. The metabolic profiles of circulating or peripheral T cells have been well-described, yet less is known regarding how complex local microenvironments shape or modulate the bioenergetic profile of tissue-resident T lymphocytes. Intraepithelial lymphocytes expressing the γδ T cell receptor (γδ IEL) provide immunosurveillance of the intestinal epithelium to limit tissue injury and microbial invasion; however, their activation and effector responses occur independently of antigen recognition. In this review, we will summarize the current knowledge regarding γδ T cell and IEL metabolic profiles and how this informs our understanding of γδ IEL metabolism. We will also discuss the role of the gut microbiota in shaping the metabolic profile of these sentinel lymphocytes, and in turn, how these bioenergetics contribute to regulation of γδ IEL surveillance behavior and effector function. Improved understanding of the metabolic processes involved in γδ IEL homeostasis and function may yield novel strategies to amplify the protective functions of these cells in the context of intestinal health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Alonso
- Department of Pathology, Molecular and Cell-Based Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Karen Edelblum
- Department of Pathology, Molecular and Cell-Based Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
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Strobl J, Haniffa M. Functional heterogeneity of human skin-resident memory T cells in health and disease. Immunol Rev 2023; 316:104-119. [PMID: 37144705 PMCID: PMC10952320 DOI: 10.1111/imr.13213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The human skin is populated by a diverse pool of memory T cells, which can act rapidly in response to pathogens and cancer antigens. Tissue-resident memory T cells (TRM ) have been implicated in range of allergic, autoimmune and inflammatory skin diseases. Clonal expansion of cells with TRM properties is also known to contribute to cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. Here, we review the heterogeneous phenotypes, transcriptional programs, and effector functions of skin TRM . We summarize recent studies on TRM formation, longevity, plasticity, and retrograde migration and contextualize the findings to skin TRM and their role in maintaining skin homeostasis and altered functions in skin disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Strobl
- Department of DermatologyMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular MedicineViennaAustria
| | - Muzlifah Haniffa
- Wellcome Sanger InstituteCambridgeUK
- Department of Dermatology and NIHR Newcastle Biomedical Research CentreNewcastle Hospitals NHS Foundation TrustNewcastle upon TyneUK
- Biosciences InstituteNewcastle UniversityNewcastle upon TyneUK
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Wang D, Zheng Y, Fan Y, He Y, Liu K, Deng S, Liu Y. Sodium Humate-Derived Gut Microbiota Ameliorates Intestinal Dysfunction Induced by Salmonella Typhimurium in Mice. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0534822. [PMID: 37067423 PMCID: PMC10269575 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.05348-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Salmonella is a foodborne pathogen that is one of the main causes of gastroenteric disease in humans and animals. As a natural organic substance, sodium humate (HNa) possesses antibacterial, antidiarrheal, and anti-inflammatory properties. However, it is unclear whether the HNa and HNa-derived microbiota exert alleviative effects on Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium-induced enteritis. We found that treatment with HNa disrupted the cell wall of S. Typhimurium and decreased the virulence gene expression. Next, we explored the effect of HNa presupplementation on S. Typhimurium-induced murine enteritis. The results revealed that HNa ameliorated intestinal pathological damage. In addition, we observed that presupplementation with HNa enhanced intestinal barrier function via modulating gut microbiota, downregulating toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)/nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB) and NOD-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) signaling pathways, regulating intestinal mucosal immunity, and enhancing tight junction protein expression. To further validate the effect of HNa-derived microbiota on S. Typhimurium-induced enteritis, we performed fecal microbiota transplantation and found that HNa-derived microbiota also alleviated S. Typhimurium-induced intestinal damage. It is noteworthy that both HNa and HNa-derived microbiota improved the liver injury caused by S. Typhimurium infection. Collectively, this is the first study to confirm that HNa could alleviate S. Typhimurium-induced enteritis in a gut microbiota-dependent manner. This study provides a new perspective on HNa as a potential drug to prevent and treat salmonellosis. IMPORTANCE Salmonella Typhimurium is an important zoonotic pathogen, widely distributed in nature. S. Typhimurium is one of the leading causes of foodborne illnesses worldwide, and more than 350,000 people died from Salmonella infection each year, which poses a substantial risk to public health and causes a considerable economic loss. Here, we found that the S. Typhimurium infection caused severe intestinal and liver damage. In addition, we first found that sodium humate (HNa) and HNa-derived gut microbiota can alleviate S. Typhimurium infection-induced intestinal damage. These findings extend the knowledge about the public health risk and pathogenic mechanisms of S. Typhimurium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Wang
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory of Experimental Animals and Comparative Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, China
| | - Yingce Zheng
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory of Experimental Animals and Comparative Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Yuying Fan
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory of Experimental Animals and Comparative Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Yanjun He
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory of Experimental Animals and Comparative Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Kexin Liu
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory of Experimental Animals and Comparative Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Shouxiang Deng
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory of Experimental Animals and Comparative Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Yun Liu
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory of Experimental Animals and Comparative Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
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9
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Villa M, Sanin DE, Apostolova P, Corrado M, Kabat AM, Cristinzio C, Regina A, Carrizo GE, Rana N, Stanczak MA, Baixauli F, Grzes KM, Cupovic J, Solagna F, Hackl A, Globig AM, Hässler F, Puleston DJ, Kelly B, Cabezas-Wallscheid N, Hasselblatt P, Bengsch B, Zeiser R, Sagar, Buescher JM, Pearce EJ, Pearce EL. Prostaglandin E 2 controls the metabolic adaptation of T cells to the intestinal microenvironment. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.03.13.532431. [PMID: 36993703 PMCID: PMC10054978 DOI: 10.1101/2023.03.13.532431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Immune cells must adapt to different environments during the course of an immune response. We studied the adaptation of CD8 + T cells to the intestinal microenvironment and how this process shapes their residency in the gut. CD8 + T cells progressively remodel their transcriptome and surface phenotype as they acquire gut residency, and downregulate expression of mitochondrial genes. Human and mouse gut-resident CD8 + T cells have reduced mitochondrial mass, but maintain a viable energy balance to sustain their function. We found that the intestinal microenvironment is rich in prostaglandin E 2 (PGE 2 ), which drives mitochondrial depolarization in CD8 + T cells. Consequently, these cells engage autophagy to clear depolarized mitochondria, and enhance glutathione synthesis to scavenge reactive oxygen species (ROS) that result from mitochondrial depolarization. Impairing PGE 2 sensing promotes CD8 + T cell accumulation in the gut, while tampering with autophagy and glutathione negatively impacts the T cell population. Thus, a PGE 2 -autophagy-glutathione axis defines the metabolic adaptation of CD8 + T cells to the intestinal microenvironment, to ultimately influence the T cell pool.
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