1
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Wang J, Chen T, Jeon M, Oppenheim JJ, Tan B, Kim J, Dincă M. Superior Charge Transport in Ni-Diamine Conductive MOFs. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:20500-20507. [PMID: 39007301 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c06935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/16/2024]
Abstract
Two-dimensional conductive metal-organic frameworks (2D cMOFs) are an emerging class of crystalline van der Waals layered materials with tunable porosity and high electrical conductivity. They have been used in a variety of applications, such as energy storage and conversion, chemiresistive sensing, and quantum information. Although designing new conductive 2D cMOFs and studying their composition/structure-property relationships have attracted significant attention, there are still very few examples of 2D cMOFs that exhibit room-temperature electrical conductivity above 1 S cm-1, the value exhibited by activated carbon, a well-known porous and conductive material that serves in myriad applications. When such high conductivities are achieved, Ni-diamine linkages are often involved, yet Ni-diamine MOFs remain difficult to access. Here, we report two new 2D cMOFs made through ortho-diamine connections: M3(HITT)2 (M = Ni, Cu; HITT = 2,3,7,8,12,13-hexaiminotetraazanaphthotetraphene). The electrical conductivity of Ni3(HITT)2 reaches 4.5 S cm-1 at 298 K, whereas the conductivity of Cu3(HITT)2 spans from 0.05 (2Cu+Cu2+) to 10-6 (3Cu2+) upon air oxidation, much lower than that of Ni3(HITT)2. Spectroscopic analysis reveals that Ni3(HITT)2 exhibits significantly stronger in-plane π-d conjugation and higher density of charge carriers compared to Cu3(HITT)2, accounting for the higher electrical conductivity of Ni3(HITT)2. Cu2+/Cu+ mixed valency modulates the energy level and carrier density of Cu3(HITT)2, allowing for a variation of electrical conductivity over 4 orders of magnitude. This work provides a deeper understanding of the influence of metal nodes on electrical conductivity and confirms ortho-diamine linkers as privileged among ligands for 2D cMOFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiande Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Tianyang Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Mingyu Jeon
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Julius J Oppenheim
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Bowen Tan
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Jihan Kim
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Mircea Dincă
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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2
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Hong T, Lee C, Bak Y, Park G, Lee H, Kang S, Bae TH, Yoon DK, Park JG. On-Demand Tunable Electrical Conductance Anisotropy in a MOF-Polymer Composite. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2309469. [PMID: 38174621 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202309469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Revised: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Property optimization through orientation control of metal-organic framework (MOF) crystals that exhibit anisotropic crystal structures continues to garner tremendous interest. Herein, an electric field is utilized to post-synthetically control the orientation of conductive layered Cu3(HHTP)2 (HHTP = 2,3,6,7,10,11-hexahydroxytriphenylene) crystals dispersed in an electronically insulating poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate (PEGDA) oligomer matrix. Optical and electrical measurements are performed to investigate the impact of the electric field on the alignment of Cu3(HHTP)2 crystals and the formation of aggregated microstructures, which leads to an ≈5000-fold increase in the conductivity of the composite. Notably, the composite thin-films containing aligned Cu3(HHTP)2 crystals exhibit significant conductivity of ≈10-3 S cm-1 despite the low concentration (≈1 wt.%) of conductive Cu3(HHTP)2. The use of an electric field to align Cu3(HHTP)2 crystals can rapidly generate various desired patterns that exhibit on-demand tunable collective charge transport anisotropy. The findings provide valuable insights toward the manipulation and utilization of conductive MOFs with anisotropic crystal structures for various applications such as adhesive electrical interconnects and microelectronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taegyun Hong
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Changjae Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeongseo Bak
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Geonhyeong Park
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Hongju Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Seunguk Kang
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Hyun Bae
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Ki Yoon
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
- Graduate School of Nanoscience and Technology, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Jesse G Park
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
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3
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Li J, Kumar A, Ott S. Diffusional Electron Transport Coupled to Thermodynamically Driven Electron Transfers in Redox-Conductive Multivariate Metal-Organic Frameworks. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:12000-12010. [PMID: 38639553 PMCID: PMC11066865 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c01401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Revised: 04/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
The development of redox-conductive metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) and the fundamental understanding of charge propagation through these materials are central to their applications in energy storage, electronics, and catalysis. To answer some unresolved questions about diffusional electron hopping transport and redox conductivity, mixed-linker MOFs were constructed from two statistically distributed redox-active linkers, pyromellitic diimide bis-pyrazolate (PMDI) and naphthalene diimide bis-pyrazolate (NDI), and grown as crystalline thin films on conductive fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO). Owing to the distinct redox properties of the linkers, four well-separated and reversible redox events are resolved by cyclic voltammetry, and the mixed-linker MOFs can exist in five discrete redox states. Each state is characterized by a unique spectroscopic signature, and the interconversions between the states can be followed spectroscopically under operando conditions. With the help of pulsed step-potential spectrochronoamperometry, two modes of electron propagation through the mixed-linker MOF are identified: diffusional electron hopping transport between linkers of the same type and a second channel that arises from thermodynamically driven electron transfers between linkers of different types. Corresponding to the four redox events of the mixed-linker MOFs, four distinct bell-shaped redox conductivity profiles are observed at a steady state. The magnitude of the maximum redox conductivity is evidenced to be dependent on the distance between redox hopping sites, analogous to the situation for apparent electron diffusion coefficients, Deapp, that are obtained in transient experiments. The design of mixed-linker redox-conductive MOFs and detailed studies of their charge transport properties present new opportunities for future applications of MOFs, in particular, within electrocatalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingguo Li
- Department
of Chemistry—Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 523, 75120 Uppsala, Sweden
- Wallenberg
Initiative Materials Science for Sustainability, Department of Chemistry—Ångström
Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 523, 75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Amol Kumar
- Department
of Chemistry—Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 523, 75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Sascha Ott
- Department
of Chemistry—Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 523, 75120 Uppsala, Sweden
- Wallenberg
Initiative Materials Science for Sustainability, Department of Chemistry—Ångström
Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 523, 75120 Uppsala, Sweden
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4
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Parashar RK, Jash P, Zharnikov M, Mondal PC. Metal-organic Frameworks in Semiconductor Devices. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202317413. [PMID: 38252076 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202317413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are a specific class of hybrid, crystalline, nano-porous materials made of metal-ion-based 'nodes' and organic linkers. Most of the studies on MOFs largely focused on porosity, chemical and structural diversity, gas sorption, sensing, drug delivery, catalysis, and separation applications. In contrast, much less reports paid attention to understanding and tuning the electrical properties of MOFs. Poor electrical conductivity of MOFs (~10-7-10-10 S cm-1), reported in earlier studies, impeded their applications in electronics, optoelectronics, and renewable energy storage. To overcome this drawback, the MOF community has adopted several intriguing strategies for electronic applications. The present review focuses on creatively designed bulk MOFs and surface-anchored MOFs (SURMOFs) with different metal nodes (from transition metals to lanthanides), ligand functionalities, and doping entities, allowing tuning and enhancement of electrical conductivity. Diverse platforms for MOFs-based electronic device fabrications, conductivity measurements, and underlying charge transport mechanisms are also addressed. Overall, the review highlights the pros and cons of MOFs-based electronics (MOFtronics), followed by an analysis of the future directions of research, including optimization of the MOF compositions, heterostructures, electrical contacts, device stacking, and further relevant options which can be of interest for MOF researchers and result in improved devices performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranjeev Kumar Parashar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, 208016, India
| | - Priyajit Jash
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, 208016, India
| | - Michael Zharnikov
- Angewandte Physikalische Chemie, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 253, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Prakash Chandra Mondal
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, 208016, India
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5
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Pollak CJ, Skorupskii G, Gutierrez-Amigo M, Singha R, Stiles JW, Kamm F, Pielnhofer F, Ong NP, Errea I, Vergniory MG, Schoop LM. Chemical Bonding Induces One-Dimensional Physics in Bulk Crystal BiIr 4Se 8. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:6784-6795. [PMID: 38430128 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c13535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/03/2024]
Abstract
One-dimensional (1D) systems persist as some of the most interesting because of the rich physics that emerges from constrained degrees of freedom. A desirable route to harness the properties therein is to grow bulk single crystals of a physically three-dimensional (3D) but electronically 1D compound. Most bulk compounds which approach the electronic 1D limit still field interactions across the other two crystallographic directions and, consequently, deviate from the 1D models. In this paper, we lay out chemical concepts to realize the physics of 1D models in 3D crystals. These are based on both structural and electronic arguments. We present BiIr4Se8, a bulk crystal consisting of linear Bi2+ chains within a scaffolding of IrSe6 octahedra, as a prime example. Through crystal structure analysis, density functional theory calculations, X-ray diffraction, and physical property measurements, we demonstrate the unique 1D electronic configuration in BiIr4Se8. This configuration at ambient temperature is a gapped Su-Schriefer-Heeger system, generated by way of a canonical Peierls distortion involving Bi dimerization that relieves instabilities in a 1D metallic state. At 190 K, an additional 1D charge density wave distortion emerges, which affects the Peierls distortion. The experimental evidence validates our design principles and distinguishes BiIr4Se8 among other quasi-1D bulk compounds. We thus show that it is possible to realize unique electronically 1D materials applying chemical concepts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Connor J Pollak
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Grigorii Skorupskii
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Martin Gutierrez-Amigo
- Department of Physics, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Bilbao 48080, Spain
- Centro de Física de Materiales (CSIC-UPV/EHU), Donostia/San Sebastián 20018, Spain
- Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC), Donostia/San Sebastián 20018, Spain
| | - Ratnadwip Singha
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Joseph W Stiles
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Franziska Kamm
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Regensburg, Regensburg 93040, Germany
| | - Florian Pielnhofer
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Regensburg, Regensburg 93040, Germany
| | - N P Ong
- Department of Physics, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Ion Errea
- Centro de Física de Materiales (CSIC-UPV/EHU), Donostia/San Sebastián 20018, Spain
- Fisika Aplikatua Saila, Gipuzkoako Ingeniaritza Eskola, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Donostia/San Sebastián 20018, Spain
- Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC), Donostia/San Sebastián 20018, Spain
| | - Maia G Vergniory
- Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC), Donostia/San Sebastián 20018, Spain
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Physics of Solids, Dresden 01187, Germany
| | - Leslie M Schoop
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
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6
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Afrin S, Yang X, Morris AJ, Grumstrup EM. Rapid Exciton Transport and Structural Defects in Individual Porphyrinic Metal Organic Framework Microcrystals. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:4309-4313. [PMID: 38330249 PMCID: PMC10885150 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c12275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
To date, spectroscopic characterization of porphyrin-based metal organic frameworks (MOFs) has relied almost exclusively on ensemble techniques, which provide only structurally averaged insight into the functional properties of these promising photochemical platforms. This work employs time-resolved pump-probe microscopy to probe ultrafast dynamics in PCN-222 MOF single crystals. The simultaneous high spatial and temporal resolution of the technique enables the correlation of spectroscopic observables to both inter- and intracrystal structural heterogeneity. The pump-probe measurements show that significant differences in the excited state lifetime exist between individual PCN-222 crystals of an ensemble. On a single PCN-222 crystal, differences in excited state lifetime and photoluminescence quantum yield are found to correlate to microscale structural defects introduced at crystallization. Pump probe microscopy also enables the direct measurement of excited state transport. Imaging of exciton transport on individual MOF crystals reveals rapid, but subdiffusive exciton transport which slows on the 10s of ps time scale. Time-averaged exciton diffusion coefficients over the first 200 ps span a range of 0.27 to 1.0 cm2/s, indicating that excited states are rapidly transported through the porphyrin network of PCN-222 before being trapped. Together, these single-particle-resolved measurements provide important new insight into the role played by structural defects on the photochemical functionality of porphyrin-based MOFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sajia Afrin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana 59717, United States
- Montana Materials Science Program, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana 59717, United States
| | - Xiaozhou Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Amanda J Morris
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Erik M Grumstrup
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana 59717, United States
- Montana Materials Science Program, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana 59717, United States
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7
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De S, Mouchaham G, Liu F, Affram M, Abeykoon B, Guillou N, Jeanneau E, Grenèche JM, Khrouz L, Martineau-Corcos C, Boudjema L, Salles F, Salcedo-Abraira P, Valente G, Souto M, Fateeva A, Devic T. Expanding the horizons of porphyrin metal-organic frameworks via catecholate coordination: exploring structural diversity, material stability and redox properties. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS CHEMISTRY. A 2023; 11:25465-25483. [PMID: 38037625 PMCID: PMC10683559 DOI: 10.1039/d3ta04490d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
Porphyrin based Metal-Organic Frameworks (MOFs) have generated high interest because of their unique combination of light absorption, electron transfer and guest adsorption/desorption properties. In this study, we expand the range of available MOF materials by focusing on the seldom studied porphyrin ligand H10TcatPP, functionalized with tetracatecholate coordinating groups. A systematic evaluation of its reactivity with M(iii) cations (Al, Fe, and In) led to the synthesis and isolation of three novel MOF phases. Through a comprehensive characterization approach involving single crystal and powder synchrotron X-ray diffraction (XRD) in combination with the local information gained from spectroscopic techniques, we elucidated the structural features of the solids, which are all based on different inorganic secondary building units (SBUs). All the synthesized MOFs demonstrate an accessible porosity, with one of them presenting mesopores and the highest reported surface area to date for a porphyrin catecholate MOF (>2000 m2 g-1). Eventually, the redox activity of these solids was investigated in a half-cell vs. Li with the aim of evaluating their potential as electrode positive materials for electrochemical energy storage. One of the solids displayed reversibility during cycling at a rather high potential (∼3.4 V vs. Li+/Li), confirming the interest of redox active phenolate ligands for applications involving electron transfer. Our findings expand the library of porphyrin-based MOFs and highlight the potential of phenolate ligands for advancing the field of MOFs for energy storage materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siddhartha De
- Laboratoire des Multimatériaux et Interfaces, Université Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, UMR CNRS 5615 F-69622 Villeurbanne France
| | - Georges Mouchaham
- Institut Lavoisier de Versailles, UMR 8180 CNRS UVSQ, Université Paris-Saclay 45 Avenue des Etats-Unis 78035 Versailles France
| | - Fangbing Liu
- Laboratoire des Multimatériaux et Interfaces, Université Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, UMR CNRS 5615 F-69622 Villeurbanne France
| | - Maame Affram
- Institut Lavoisier de Versailles, UMR 8180 CNRS UVSQ, Université Paris-Saclay 45 Avenue des Etats-Unis 78035 Versailles France
| | - Brian Abeykoon
- Laboratoire des Multimatériaux et Interfaces, Université Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, UMR CNRS 5615 F-69622 Villeurbanne France
| | - Nathalie Guillou
- Institut Lavoisier de Versailles, UMR 8180 CNRS UVSQ, Université Paris-Saclay 45 Avenue des Etats-Unis 78035 Versailles France
| | - Erwann Jeanneau
- Laboratoire des Multimatériaux et Interfaces, Université Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, UMR CNRS 5615 F-69622 Villeurbanne France
| | - Jean-Marc Grenèche
- Institut des Molécules et Matériaux du Mans, IMMM UMR CNRS 6283, Le Mans Université Le Mans Cedex 9 F-72085 France
| | - Lhoussain Khrouz
- ENS de Lyon, CNRS, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Laboratoire de Chimie UMR 5182 F-69342 Lyon France
| | - Charlotte Martineau-Corcos
- Institut Lavoisier de Versailles, UMR 8180 CNRS UVSQ, Université Paris-Saclay 45 Avenue des Etats-Unis 78035 Versailles France
| | | | | | - Pablo Salcedo-Abraira
- Nantes Université, CNRS, Institut des Matériaux de Nantes Jean Rouxel, IMN F-44000 Nantes France
| | - Gonçalo Valente
- Department of Chemistry, CICECO-Aveiro Institute of Materials, University of Aveiro Aveiro 3810-393 Portugal
| | - Manuel Souto
- Department of Chemistry, CICECO-Aveiro Institute of Materials, University of Aveiro Aveiro 3810-393 Portugal
| | - Alexandra Fateeva
- Laboratoire des Multimatériaux et Interfaces, Université Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, UMR CNRS 5615 F-69622 Villeurbanne France
| | - Thomas Devic
- Nantes Université, CNRS, Institut des Matériaux de Nantes Jean Rouxel, IMN F-44000 Nantes France
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8
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Zhang J, Zhou G, Un HI, Zheng F, Jastrzembski K, Wang M, Guo Q, Mücke D, Qi H, Lu Y, Wang Z, Liang Y, Löffler M, Kaiser U, Frauenheim T, Mateo-Alonso A, Huang Z, Sirringhaus H, Feng X, Dong R. Wavy Two-Dimensional Conjugated Metal-Organic Framework with Metallic Charge Transport. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:23630-23638. [PMID: 37852932 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c07682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
Two-dimensional conjugated metal-organic frameworks (2D c-MOFs) have emerged as a new class of crystalline layered conducting materials that hold significant promise for applications in electronics and spintronics. However, current 2D c-MOFs are mainly made from organic planar ligands, whereas layered 2D c-MOFs constructed by curved or twisted ligands featuring novel orbital structures and electronic states remain less developed. Herein, we report a Cu-catecholate wavy 2D c-MOF (Cu3(HFcHBC)2) based on a fluorinated core-twisted contorted hexahydroxy-hexa-cata-hexabenzocoronene (HFcHBC) ligand. We show that the resulting film is composed of rod-like single crystals with lengths up to ∼4 μm. The crystal structure is resolved by high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) and continuous rotation electron diffraction (cRED), indicating a wavy honeycomb lattice with AA-eclipsed stacking. Cu3(HFcHBC)2 is predicted to be metallic based on theoretical calculation, while the crystalline film sample with numerous grain boundaries apparently exhibits semiconducting behavior at the macroscopic scale, characterized by obvious thermally activated conductivity. Temperature-dependent electrical conductivity measurements on the isolated single-crystal devices indeed demonstrate the metallic nature of Cu3(HFcHBC)2, with a very weak thermally activated transport behavior and a room-temperature conductivity of 5.2 S cm-1. Furthermore, the 2D c-MOFs can be utilized as potential electrode materials for energy storage, which display decent capacity (163.3 F g-1) and excellent cyclability in an aqueous 5 M LiCl electrolyte. Our work demonstrates that wavy 2D c-MOF using contorted ligands are capable of intrinsic metallic transport, marking the emergence of new conductive MOFs for electronic and energy applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianjun Zhang
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed) and Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden 01062, Germany
| | - Guojun Zhou
- Department of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Stockholm University, Stockholm SE-106 91, Sweden
| | - Hio-Ieng Un
- Optoelectronics Group, Department of Physics, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0HE, U.K
| | - Fulu Zheng
- Bremen Center for Computational Materials Science, University of Bremen, Bremen 28359, Germany
| | - Kamil Jastrzembski
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed) and Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden 01062, Germany
| | - Mingchao Wang
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed) and Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden 01062, Germany
| | - Quanquan Guo
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed) and Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden 01062, Germany
- Max Planck Institute of Microstructure Physics, Weinberg 2, Halle (Saale) 06120, Germany
| | - David Mücke
- Central Facility for Electron Microscopy, Electron Microscopy of Materials Science Central, Facility for Electron Microscopy, Ulm University, Ulm 89081, Germany
| | - Haoyuan Qi
- Central Facility for Electron Microscopy, Electron Microscopy of Materials Science Central, Facility for Electron Microscopy, Ulm University, Ulm 89081, Germany
| | - Yang Lu
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed) and Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden 01062, Germany
- Max Planck Institute of Microstructure Physics, Weinberg 2, Halle (Saale) 06120, Germany
| | - Zhiyong Wang
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed) and Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden 01062, Germany
- Max Planck Institute of Microstructure Physics, Weinberg 2, Halle (Saale) 06120, Germany
| | - Yan Liang
- Bremen Center for Computational Materials Science, University of Bremen, Bremen 28359, Germany
| | - Markus Löffler
- Dresden Center for Nanoanalysis (DCN), Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (Cfaed), Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden 01069, Germany
| | - Ute Kaiser
- Central Facility for Electron Microscopy, Electron Microscopy of Materials Science Central, Facility for Electron Microscopy, Ulm University, Ulm 89081, Germany
| | - Thomas Frauenheim
- Constructor University, Campus Ring 1, Bremen 28759, Germany
- Beijing Computational Science Research Center, Beijing 100193, China
- Shenzhen JL Computational Science and Applied Research Institute, Shenzhen 518109, China
| | - Aurelio Mateo-Alonso
- POLYMAT, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Avenida de Tolosa 72, Donostia-San, Sebastian 20018, Spain
- Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao 48011, Spain
| | - Zhehao Huang
- Department of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Stockholm University, Stockholm SE-106 91, Sweden
| | - Henning Sirringhaus
- Optoelectronics Group, Department of Physics, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0HE, U.K
| | - Xinliang Feng
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed) and Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden 01062, Germany
- Max Planck Institute of Microstructure Physics, Weinberg 2, Halle (Saale) 06120, Germany
| | - Renhao Dong
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed) and Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden 01062, Germany
- Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface Chemistry of the Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
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9
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Saha S, Ananthram KS, Hassan N, Ugale A, Tarafder K, Ballav N. Ag Nanoparticles-Induced Metallic Conductivity in Thin Films of 2D Metal-Organic Framework Cu 3(HHTP) 2. NANO LETTERS 2023; 23:9326-9332. [PMID: 37843499 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c02522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
Two-dimensional (2D) metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are usually associated with higher electrical conductivity and charge carrier mobility when compared with 3D MOFs. However, attaining metallic conduction in such systems through synthetic or postsynthetic modifications is extremely challenging. Herein, we present the fabrication of thin films of a 2D MOF, Cu3(HHTP)2 (HHTP = 2,3,6,7,10,11-hexahydroxytriphenylene), decorated with silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) exhibiting significant conductivity enhancement at room temperature. Variable-temperature electrical transport measurements across the low-temperature (200 K) to high-temperature (373 K) regime evidenced metallic conduction. Interestingly, thin films of a 3D MOF, CuTCNQ (TCNQ = 7,7,8,8-tetracyanoquinodimethane), upon decoration with AgNPs, disclosed a converse trend. The origin of such distinctive observations on AgNPs@Cu3(HHTP)2 and AgNPs@CuTCNQ systems was comprehended by using first-principles density functional theory (DFT) calculations and attributed to an interfacial electronic effect. Our work sheds new light on rationally designing synthetic modifications in thin films of MOFs to tune the electrical transport property.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sauvik Saha
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER), Pune 411008, India
| | - K S Ananthram
- Department of Physics, National Institute of Technology Karnataka, Surathkal, Mangalore 575 025, India
| | - Nahid Hassan
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER), Pune 411008, India
| | - Ajay Ugale
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER), Pune 411008, India
| | - Kartick Tarafder
- Department of Physics, National Institute of Technology Karnataka, Surathkal, Mangalore 575 025, India
| | - Nirmalya Ballav
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER), Pune 411008, India
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10
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Chen CL, Wang C, Zheng XY, Zhang R, Xu Y, Zhuang GL, Long LS, Zheng LS, Kong XJ, Cao Y. Conductive Lanthanide Metal-Organic Frameworks with Exceptionally High Stability. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:16983-16987. [PMID: 37505903 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c05336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
Electrically conductive metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have been extensively studied for their potential uses in energy-related technologies and sensors. However, achieving that goal requires MOFs to be highly stable and maintain their conductivity under practical operating conditions with varying solution environments and temperatures. Herein, we have designed and synthesized a new series of {[Ln4(μ4-O)(μ3-OH)3(INA)3(GA)3](CF3SO3)(H2O)6}n (denoted as Ln4-MOFs, Ln = Gd, Tm, and Lu, INA = isonicotinic acid, GA = glycolic acid) single crystals, where electrons are found to transport along the π-π stacked aromatic carbon rings in the crystals. The Ln4-MOFs show remarkable stability, with minimal changes in conductivity under varying solution pH (1-12), temperature (373 K), and electric field as high as 800 000 V/m. This stability is achieved through the formation of strong coordination bonds between high-valent Ln(III) ions and rigid carboxylic linkers as well as hydrogen bonds that enhance the robustness of the electron transport path. The demonstrated lanthanide MOFs pave the way for the design of stable and conductive MOFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao-Long Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, People's Republic of China
| | - Cong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiu-Ying Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, People's Republic of China
| | - Ruihua Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, People's Republic of China
| | - Yiling Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, People's Republic of China
| | - Gui-Lin Zhuang
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, People's Republic of China
| | - La-Sheng Long
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, People's Republic of China
| | - Lan-Sun Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiang-Jian Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, People's Republic of China
- Innovation Laboratory for Sciences and Technologies of Energy Materials of Fujian Province (IKKEM), Xiamen 361005, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, People's Republic of China
- Innovation Laboratory for Sciences and Technologies of Energy Materials of Fujian Province (IKKEM), Xiamen 361005, People's Republic of China
- Pen-Tung Sah Institute of Micro-Nano Science and Technology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, People's Republic of China
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11
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Li J, Kumar A, Johnson BA, Ott S. Experimental manifestation of redox-conductivity in metal-organic frameworks and its implication for semiconductor/insulator switching. Nat Commun 2023; 14:4388. [PMID: 37474545 PMCID: PMC10359279 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-40110-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Electric conductivity in metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) follows either a band-like or a redox-hopping charge transport mechanism. While conductivity by the band-like mechanism is theoretically and experimentally well established, the field has struggled to experimentally demonstrate redox conductivity that is promoted by the electron hopping mechanism. Such redox conductivity is predicted to maximize at the mid-point potential of the redox-active units in the MOF, and decline rapidly when deviating from this situation. Herein, we present direct experimental evidence for redox conductivity in fluorine-doped tin oxide surface-grown thin films of Zn(pyrazol-NDI) (pyrazol-NDI = 1,4-bis[(3,5-dimethyl)-pyrazol-4-yl]naphthalenediimide). Following Nernstian behavior, the proportion of reduced and oxidized NDI linkers can be adjusted by the applied potential. Through a series of conductivity measurements, it is demonstrated that the MOF exhibits minimal electric resistance at the mid-point potentials of the NDI linker, and conductivity is enhanced by more than 10000-fold compared to that of either the neutral or completely reduced films. The generality of redox conductivity is demonstrated in MOFs with different linkers and secondary building units, and its implication for applications that require switching between insulating and semiconducting regimes is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingguo Li
- Department of Chemistry-Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, 75120, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Amol Kumar
- Department of Chemistry-Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, 75120, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ben A Johnson
- Department of Chemistry-Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, 75120, Uppsala, Sweden
- Technical University of Munich (TUM), Campus Straubing for Biotechnology and Sustainability, Uferstraße 53, Straubing, 94315, Germany
| | - Sascha Ott
- Department of Chemistry-Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, 75120, Uppsala, Sweden.
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12
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Debela TT, Yang MC, Hendon CH. Ligand-Mediated Hydrogenic Defects in Two-Dimensional Electrically Conductive Metal-Organic Frameworks. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:11387-11391. [PMID: 37141540 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c02741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Compared to dense analogues, high-surface-area metals offer several key advantages in electrocatalysis and energy storage. Of the porous manifolds, metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) boast the highest known surface area of any material class, and a subset of known frameworks also conduct electricity. The premier conductive scaffolds, Ni3(HITP)2 and Ni3(HIB)2, are both predicted to be metallic, but experiments have yet to measure bulk metallicity. In this paper, we explore the thermodynamics of hydrogen vacancies and interstitials and demonstrate that interstitial hydrogen is a plausible and prevalent defect in the conductive MOF family. The existence of this defect is predicted to render both Ni3(HITP)2 and Ni3(HIB)2 as bulk semiconductors, not metals, and emphasizes that hydrogenic defects play a critical role in determining the bulk properties of conductive MOFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tekalign T Debela
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403, United States
| | - Min Chieh Yang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403, United States
| | - Christopher H Hendon
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403, United States
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13
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Solano F, Auban-Senzier P, Olejniczak I, Barszcz B, Runka T, Alemany P, Canadell E, Avarvari N, Zigon N. Bis(Vinylenedithio)-Tetrathiafulvalene-Based Coordination Networks. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202203138. [PMID: 36349992 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202203138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Novel coordination polymers embedding electroactive moieties present a high interest in the development of porous conducting materials. While tetrathiafulvalene (TTF) based metal-organic frameworks were reported to yield through-space conducting frameworks, the use of S-enriched scaffolds remains elusive in this field. Herein is reported the employment of bis(vinylenedithio)-tetrathiafulvalene (BVDT-TTF) functionalized with pyridine coordinating moieties in coordination polymers. Its combination with various transition metals yielded four isostructural networks, whose conductivity increased upon chemical oxidation with iodine. The oxidation was confirmed in a single-crystal to single-crystal X-ray diffraction experiment for the Cd(II) coordination polymer. Raman spectroscopy measurements and DFT calculations confirmed the oxidation state of the bulk materials, and band structure calculations assessed the ground state as an electronically localized antiferromagnetic state, while the conduction occurs in a 2D manner. These results are shedding light to comprehend how to improve through-space conductivity thanks to sulfur enriched ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Solano
- Univ Angers, CNRS, MOLTECH-ANJOU, SFR MATRIX, 49000, Angers, France
| | - Pascale Auban-Senzier
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, UMR 8502, Laboratoire de Physique des Solides, 91405, Orsay, France
| | - Iwona Olejniczak
- Institute of Molecular Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Smoluchowskiego 17, 60-179, Poznań, Poland
| | - Bolesław Barszcz
- Institute of Molecular Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Smoluchowskiego 17, 60-179, Poznań, Poland
| | - Tomasz Runka
- Faculty of Materials Engineering and Technical Physics, Poznan University of Technology, Piotrowo 3, 60-965, Poznań, Poland
| | - Pere Alemany
- Departament de Ciència de Materials i Química Física and, Institut de Química Teòrica i Computacional (IQTCUB), Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Enric Canadell
- Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona, ICMAB-CSIC, Campus de la UAB, 08193, Bellaterra, Spain.,Royal Academy of Sciences and Arts of Barcelona, Chemistry Section, La Rambla 115, 08002, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Narcis Avarvari
- Univ Angers, CNRS, MOLTECH-ANJOU, SFR MATRIX, 49000, Angers, France
| | - Nicolas Zigon
- Univ Angers, CNRS, MOLTECH-ANJOU, SFR MATRIX, 49000, Angers, France
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14
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Abbas M, Maceda AM, Firouzi HR, Xiao Z, Arman HD, Shi Y, Zhou HC, Balkus KJ. Fluorine extraction from organofluorine molecules to make fluorinated clusters in yttrium MOFs. Chem Sci 2022; 13:14285-14291. [PMID: 36545134 PMCID: PMC9749115 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc05143e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
A new rare earth based two-dimensional coordination network and a three-dimensional metal-organic framework (MOF) have been synthesized using bicinchoninic acid (BCA) and yttrium(iii) ions. Yttrium dimer nodes are formed in the absence of a modulator, resulting in a 2D layered coordination network (Y-BCA-2D). The presence of fluorinating agents, e.g., 2-fluorobenzoic acid (2-FBA), 2,6-difluorobenzoic acid (2,6-DFBA), and perfluorohexanoic acid (PFHxA) result in μ3-F bridged metal hexaclusters (Y6F8) that form a three-dimensional MOF (Y-BCA-3D). It was found that Y3+ can break highly stable C-F bonds in aromatic and aliphatic fluorinated compounds. Single-crystal X-ray diffraction (SC-XRD) shows the presence of fluorine in the metal cluster which was confirmed by energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). High resolution X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and 19F Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) also verify the presence of metal-fluorine bonds in the cluster. The Y-BCA-3D MOF selectively adsorbs CO2 but not N2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Abbas
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Dallas 800 West Campbell Rd Richardson TX 75080 USA
| | - Amanda M Maceda
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Dallas 800 West Campbell Rd Richardson TX 75080 USA
| | - Hamid R Firouzi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Dallas 800 West Campbell Rd Richardson TX 75080 USA
| | - Zhifeng Xiao
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University College Station TX 77843 USA
| | - Hadi D Arman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at San Antonio One UTSA Circle San Antonio Texas 78249 USA
| | - Yanshu Shi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at San Antonio One UTSA Circle San Antonio Texas 78249 USA
| | - Hong-Cai Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University College Station TX 77843 USA
| | - Kenneth J Balkus
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Dallas 800 West Campbell Rd Richardson TX 75080 USA
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15
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Sun L, Yang L, Dou JH, Li J, Skorupskii G, Mardini M, Tan KO, Chen T, Sun C, Oppenheim JJ, Griffin RG, Dincă M, Rajh T. Room-Temperature Quantitative Quantum Sensing of Lithium Ions with a Radical-Embedded Metal-Organic Framework. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:19008-19016. [PMID: 36201712 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c07692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Recent advancements in quantum sensing have sparked transformative detection technologies with high sensitivity, precision, and spatial resolution. Owing to their atomic-level tunability, molecular qubits and ensembles thereof are promising candidates for sensing chemical analytes. Here, we show quantum sensing of lithium ions in solution at room temperature with an ensemble of organic radicals integrated in a microporous metal-organic framework (MOF). The organic radicals exhibit electron spin coherence and microwave addressability at room temperature, thus behaving as qubits. The high surface area of the MOF promotes accessibility of the guest analytes to the organic qubits, enabling unambiguous identification of lithium ions and quantitative measurement of their concentration through relaxometric and hyperfine spectroscopic methods based on electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy. The sensing principle presented in this work is applicable to other metal ions with nonzero nuclear spin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Sun
- Center for Nanoscale Materials, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois60439, United States
| | - Luming Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts02139, United States
| | - Jin-Hu Dou
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts02139, United States
| | - Jian Li
- Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 56, Stockholm10044, Sweden
| | - Grigorii Skorupskii
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts02139, United States
| | - Michael Mardini
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts02139, United States.,Francis Bitter Magnet Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts02139, United States
| | - Kong Ooi Tan
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts02139, United States.,Francis Bitter Magnet Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts02139, United States
| | - Tianyang Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts02139, United States
| | - Chenyue Sun
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts02139, United States
| | - Julius J Oppenheim
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts02139, United States
| | - Robert G Griffin
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts02139, United States.,Francis Bitter Magnet Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts02139, United States
| | - Mircea Dincă
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts02139, United States
| | - Tijana Rajh
- Center for Nanoscale Materials, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois60439, United States.,The School for Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona85281, United States
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