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Brito TLD, Edson EA, Dias Florêncio KG, Machado-Neto JA, Garnique ADMB, Mesquita Luiz JP, Cunha FDQ, Alves-Filho JC, Haygood M, Wilke DV. Tartrolon D induces immunogenic cell death in melanoma. Chem Biol Interact 2024; 400:111177. [PMID: 39097071 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2024.111177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Revised: 07/23/2024] [Accepted: 07/29/2024] [Indexed: 08/05/2024]
Abstract
Tartrolon D (TRL) is produced by Teredinibacter turnerae, a symbiotic cellulose-degrading bacteria in shipworm gills. Immunogenic cell death (ICD) induction contributes to a better and longer-lasting response to anticancer treatment. Tumor cells undergoing ICD trigger activation of the immune system, as a vaccine. AIMS This study aimed to evaluate ICD induction by TRL. MAIN METHODS Cell viability was evaluated by SRB assay. Cell stress, cell death, ICD features and antigen-presenting molecules were evaluated by flow cytometry and immunoblot. KEY FINDINGS TRL showed antiproliferative activity on 7 tumor cell lines (L929, HCT 116, B16-F10, WM293A, SK-MEL-28, PC-3M, and MCF-7) and a non-tumor cell (HEK293A), with an inhibition concentration mean (IC50) ranging from 0.03 μM to 13 μM. Metastatic melanomas, SK-MEL-28, B16-F10, and WM293A, were more sensitive cell lines, with IC50 ranging from 0.07 to 1.2 μM. TRL induced apoptosis along with autophagy and endoplasmic reticulum stress and release of typical damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) of ICD such calreticulin, ERp57, and HSP70 exposure, and HMGB1 release. Additionally, melanoma B16-F10 exposed to TRL increased expression of antigen-presenting molecules MHC II and CD1d and induced activation of splenocytes of C57BL/6 mice. SIGNIFICANCE In spite of recent advances provided by target therapy and immunotherapy, advanced metastatic melanoma is incurable for more than half of patients. ICD inducers yield better and long-lasting responses to anticancer treatment. Our findings shed light on an anticancer candidate of marine origin that induces ICD in melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thaís Lima de Brito
- Drug Research and Development Center, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Federal University of Ceara, Ceara, Brazil.
| | - Evelline Araújo Edson
- Drug Research and Development Center, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Federal University of Ceara, Ceara, Brazil.
| | - Katharine Gurgel Dias Florêncio
- Drug Research and Development Center, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Federal University of Ceara, Ceara, Brazil.
| | | | | | - João Paulo Mesquita Luiz
- Center for Research in Inflammatory Diseases (CRID), Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Fernando de Queiroz Cunha
- Center for Research in Inflammatory Diseases (CRID), Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
| | - José Carlos Alves-Filho
- Center for Research in Inflammatory Diseases (CRID), Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
| | | | - Diego Veras Wilke
- Drug Research and Development Center, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Federal University of Ceara, Ceara, Brazil.
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Montero-Calle A, Garranzo-Asensio M, Moreno-Casbas MT, Campuzano S, Barderas R. Autoantibodies in cancer: a systematic review of their clinical role in the most prevalent cancers. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1455602. [PMID: 39234247 PMCID: PMC11371560 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1455602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2024] [Accepted: 07/31/2024] [Indexed: 09/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Although blood autoantibodies were initially associated with autoimmune diseases, multiple evidence have been accumulated showing their presence in many types of cancer. This has opened their use in clinics, since cancer autoantibodies might be useful for early detection, prognosis, and monitoring of cancer patients. In this review, we discuss the different techniques available for their discovery and validation. Additionally, we discuss here in detail those autoantibody panels verified in at least two different reports that should be more likely to be specific of each of the four most incident cancers. We also report the recent developed kits for breast and lung cancer detection mostly based on autoantibodies and the identification of novel therapeutic targets because of the screening of the cancer humoral immune response. Finally, we discuss unsolved issues that still need to be addressed for the implementation of cancer autoantibodies in clinical routine for cancer diagnosis, prognosis, and/or monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Montero-Calle
- Chronic Disease Programme (UFIEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Maria Teresa Moreno-Casbas
- Investén-isciii, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Biomedical Research Center Network for Frailty and Healthy Ageing (CIBERFES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Susana Campuzano
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Facultad de CC. Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rodrigo Barderas
- Chronic Disease Programme (UFIEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Biomedical Research Center Network for Frailty and Healthy Ageing (CIBERFES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
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3
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Yang J, Wang L, Byrnes JR, Kirkemo LL, Driks H, Belair CD, Aguilar OA, Lanier LL, Wells JA, Fong L, Blelloch R. PVRL2 Suppresses Antitumor Immunity through PVRIG- and TIGIT-independent Pathways. Cancer Immunol Res 2024; 12:575-591. [PMID: 38588410 PMCID: PMC11063765 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-23-0722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
Poliovirus receptor-related 2 (PVRL2, also known as nectin-2 or CD112) is believed to act as an immune checkpoint protein in cancer; however, most insight into its role is inferred from studies on its known receptor, poliovirus receptor (PVR)-related immunoglobulin domain protein (PVRIG, also known as CD112R). Here, we study PVRL2 itself. PVRL2 levels were found to be high in tumor cells and tumor-derived exosomes. Deletion of PVRL2 in multiple syngeneic mouse models of cancer showed a dramatic reduction in tumor growth that was immune dependent. This effect was even greater than that seen with deletion of PD-L1. PVRL2 was shown to function by suppressing CD8+ T and natural killer cells in the tumor microenvironment. The loss of PVRL2 suppressed tumor growth even in the absence of PVRIG. In contrast, PVRIG loss showed no additive effect in the absence of PVRL2. T-cell immunoreceptor with Ig and ITIM domains (TIGIT) blockade combined with PVRL2 deletion resulted in a near complete block in tumor growth. This effect was not recapitulated by the combined deletion of PVRL2 with its paralog, PVR, which is the ligand for TIGIT. These data uncover PVRL2 as a distinct inhibitor of the antitumor immune response with functions beyond that of its known receptor PVRIG. Moreover, the data provide a strong rationale for combinatorial targeting of PVRL2 and TIGIT for cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiuling Yang
- Department of Urology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Li Wang
- Department of Urology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - James R. Byrnes
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Lisa L. Kirkemo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Hannah Driks
- Department of Urology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Cassandra D. Belair
- Department of Urology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Oscar A. Aguilar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, and Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, San Francisco, California
| | - Lewis L. Lanier
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, and Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, San Francisco, California
| | - James A. Wells
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Lawrence Fong
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Robert Blelloch
- Department of Urology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
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4
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Nin DS, Deng LW. Biology of Cancer-Testis Antigens and Their Therapeutic Implications in Cancer. Cells 2023; 12:cells12060926. [PMID: 36980267 PMCID: PMC10047177 DOI: 10.3390/cells12060926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumour-specific antigens have been an area of interest in cancer therapy since their discovery in the middle of the 20th century. In the era of immune-based cancer therapeutics, redirecting our immune cells to target these tumour-specific antigens has become even more relevant. Cancer-testis antigens (CTAs) are a class of antigens with an expression specific to the testis and cancer cells. CTAs have also been demonstrated to be expressed in a wide variety of cancers. Due to their frequency and specificity of expression in a multitude of cancers, CTAs have been particularly attractive as cancer-specific therapeutic targets. There is now a rapid expansion of CTAs being identified and many studies have been conducted to correlate CTA expression with cancer and therapy-resistant phenotypes. Furthermore, there is an increasing number of clinical trials involving using some of these CTAs as molecular targets in pharmacological and immune-targeted therapeutics for various cancers. This review will summarise the current knowledge of the biology of known CTAs in tumorigenesis and the regulation of CTA genes. CTAs as molecular targets and the therapeutic implications of these CTA-targeted anticancer strategies will also be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawn Sijin Nin
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, MD 7, 8 Medical Drive, Singapore 117596, Singapore
- NUS Center for Cancer Research, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 14 Medical Drive, Singapore 117599, Singapore
| | - Lih-Wen Deng
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, MD 7, 8 Medical Drive, Singapore 117596, Singapore
- NUS Center for Cancer Research, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 14 Medical Drive, Singapore 117599, Singapore
- National University Cancer Institute, National University Health System, 5 Lower Kent Ridge Road, Singapore 119074, Singapore
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Peng Z, Gillissen B, Richter A, Sinnberg T, Schlaak MS, Eberle J. Enhanced Apoptosis and Loss of Cell Viability in Melanoma Cells by Combined Inhibition of ERK and Mcl-1 Is Related to Loss of Mitochondrial Membrane Potential, Caspase Activation and Upregulation of Proapoptotic Bcl-2 Proteins. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24054961. [PMID: 36902392 PMCID: PMC10002974 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24054961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Targeting of MAP kinase pathways by BRAF inhibitors has evolved as a key therapy for BRAF-mutated melanoma. However, it cannot be applied for BRAF-WT melanoma, and also, in BRAF-mutated melanoma, tumor relapse often follows after an initial phase of tumor regression. Inhibition of MAP kinase pathways downstream at ERK1/2, or inhibitors of antiapoptotic Bcl-2 proteins, such as Mcl-1, may serve as alternative strategies. As shown here, the BRAF inhibitor vemurafenib and the ERK inhibitor SCH772984 showed only limited efficacy in melanoma cell lines, when applied alone. However, in combination with the Mcl-1 inhibitor S63845, the effects of vemurafenib were strongly enhanced in BRAF-mutated cell lines, and the effects of SCH772984 were enhanced in both BRAF-mutated and BRAF-WT cells. This resulted in up to 90% loss of cell viability and cell proliferation, as well as in induction of apoptosis in up to 60% of cells. The combination of SCH772984/S63845 resulted in caspase activation, processing of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP), phosphorylation of histone H2AX, loss of mitochondrial membrane potential, and cytochrome c release. Proving the critical role of caspases, a pan-caspase inhibitor suppressed apoptosis induction, as well as loss of cell viability. As concerning Bcl-2 family proteins, SCH772984 enhanced expression of the proapoptotic Bim and Puma, as well as decreased phosphorylation of Bad. The combination finally resulted in downregulation of antiapoptotic Bcl-2 and enhanced expression of the proapoptotic Noxa. In conclusion, combined inhibition of ERK and Mcl-1 revealed an impressive efficacy both in BRAF-mutated and WT melanoma cells, and may thus represent a new strategy for overcoming drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Peng
- Skin Cancer Centre Charité, Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
- Clinical Medicine, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China
| | - Bernhard Gillissen
- Department of Hematology, Oncology, and Tumor Immunology, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Antje Richter
- Department of Hematology, Oncology, and Tumor Immunology, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Tobias Sinnberg
- Skin Cancer Centre Charité, Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
- Division of Dermatooncology, Department of Dermatology, University Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Max S. Schlaak
- Skin Cancer Centre Charité, Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jürgen Eberle
- Skin Cancer Centre Charité, Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
- Correspondence:
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Correa VSMC, Efstathiou NE, Ntentakis DP, Yu Z, Narimatsu T, Gragoudas E, Kim IK, Vavvas DG. The NLRP3 inflammasome - interleukin 1β axis in uveal melanoma. FEBS Open Bio 2023; 13:545-555. [PMID: 36707938 PMCID: PMC9989921 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.13566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Uveal melanoma (UM) is the most common primary intraocular cancer in the adult population. Recent studies suggested that the NLRP3 inflammasome could be a therapeutic target for cutaneous melanoma (CM), but the role of NLRP3 in UM remains unknown. Here, we analyzed the NLRP3-IL-1β axis in 5 UM and 4 CM cell lines. Expression of NLRP3 mRNA in UM and CM was low, and expression in UM was lower than in CM (P < 0.001). NLRP3 protein levels were below detection limit for all cell lines. UM exhibited lower baseline IL-1β secretion than CM, especially when compared to the Hs294t cell line (P < 0.05). Bioinformatic analysis of human tumor samples showed that UM has significantly lower expression of NLRP3 and IL-1β compared with CM. In conclusion, our work shows evidence of extremely low NLRP3 expression and IL-1β secretion by melanoma cells and highlight differences between CM and UM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor S. M. C. Correa
- Retina Service, Ines and Fred Yeatts Retina Research Laboratory, Angiogenesis Laboratory, Department of OphthalmologyMassachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMAUSA
| | - Nikolaos E. Efstathiou
- Retina Service, Ines and Fred Yeatts Retina Research Laboratory, Angiogenesis Laboratory, Department of OphthalmologyMassachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMAUSA
| | - Dimitrios P. Ntentakis
- Retina Service, Ines and Fred Yeatts Retina Research Laboratory, Angiogenesis Laboratory, Department of OphthalmologyMassachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMAUSA
| | - Zhen Yu
- Retina Service, Ines and Fred Yeatts Retina Research Laboratory, Angiogenesis Laboratory, Department of OphthalmologyMassachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMAUSA
| | - Toshio Narimatsu
- Retina Service, Ines and Fred Yeatts Retina Research Laboratory, Angiogenesis Laboratory, Department of OphthalmologyMassachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMAUSA
| | - Evangelos Gragoudas
- Retina Service, Ines and Fred Yeatts Retina Research Laboratory, Angiogenesis Laboratory, Department of OphthalmologyMassachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMAUSA
| | - Ivana K. Kim
- Retina Service, Ines and Fred Yeatts Retina Research Laboratory, Angiogenesis Laboratory, Department of OphthalmologyMassachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMAUSA
| | - Demetrios G. Vavvas
- Retina Service, Ines and Fred Yeatts Retina Research Laboratory, Angiogenesis Laboratory, Department of OphthalmologyMassachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMAUSA
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Katahira Y, Sakamoto E, Watanabe A, Furusaka Y, Inoue S, Hasegawa H, Mizoguchi I, Yo K, Yamaji F, Toyoda A, Yoshimoto T. Upregulation of CD86 and IL-12 by rhododendrol in THP-1 cells cocultured with melanocytes through ROS and ATP. J Dermatol Sci 2022; 108:167-177. [PMID: 36610941 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2022.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The tyrosinase inhibitor rhododendrol (RD), used as a skin whitening agent, reportedly has the potential to induce leukoderma. OBJECTIVE Although an immune response toward melanocytes was demonstrated to be involved in leukoderma, the molecular mechanism is not fully understood. METHODS We hypothesized that if RD is a pro-hapten and tyrosinase-oxidized RD metabolites are melanocyte-specific sensitizers, the sensitizing process could be reproduced by the human cell line activation test (h-CLAT) cocultured with melanocytes (h-CLATw/M) composed of human DC THP-1 cells and melanoma SK-MEL-37 cells. Cell surface expression, ROS generation and ATP release, mRNA expression, and the effects of several inhibitors were examined. RESULTS When RD was added to the h-CLATw/M, the expression of cell-surface CD86 and IL-12 mRNA was greatly enhanced in THP-1 cells compared with those in the h-CLAT. The rapid death of melanoma cells was induced, with ROS generation and ATP release subsequently being greatly enhanced, resulting in the cooperative upregulation of CD86 and IL-12. Consistent with those observations, an ROS inhibitor, ATP receptor P2X7 antagonist, or PERK inhibitor antagonized the upregulation. CD86 upregulation was similarly observed with another leukoderma-inducible tyrosinase inhibitor, raspberry ketone, but not with the leukoderma noninducible skin-whitening agents ascorbic acid and tranexamic acid. CONCLUSION RD is a pro-hapten sensitizer dependent on tyrosinase that induces ROS generation and ATP release from melanocytes for CD86 and IL-12 upregulation in DCs, possibly leading to the generation of tyrosinase-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes. The coculture system h-CLATw/M may be useful for predicting the sensitizing potential to induce leukoderma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Katahira
- Department of Immunoregulation, Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Eri Sakamoto
- Department of Immunoregulation, Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Aruma Watanabe
- Department of Immunoregulation, Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuma Furusaka
- Department of Immunoregulation, Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shinya Inoue
- Department of Immunoregulation, Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hideaki Hasegawa
- Department of Immunoregulation, Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Izuru Mizoguchi
- Department of Immunoregulation, Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuyuki Yo
- POLA Chemical Industries, Inc., Kanagawa, Japan
| | | | | | - Takayuki Yoshimoto
- Department of Immunoregulation, Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan.
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Duarte SS, Silva DKF, Lisboa TMH, Gouveia RG, de Andrade CCN, de Sousa VM, Ferreira RC, de Moura RO, Gomes JNS, da Silva PM, de Lourdes Assunção Araújo de Azevedo F, Keesen TSL, Gonçalves JCR, Batista LM, Sobral MV. Apoptotic and antioxidant effects in HCT-116 colorectal carcinoma cells by a spiro-acridine compound, AMTAC-06. Pharmacol Rep 2022; 74:545-554. [PMID: 35297003 DOI: 10.1007/s43440-022-00357-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Revised: 02/05/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acridine compounds have been described as promising anticancer agents. Previous studies showed that (E)-1'-((4-chlorobenzylidene)amino)-5'-oxo-1',5'-dihydro-10H-spiro[acridine-9,2'-pyrrole]-4'-carbonitrile (AMTAC-06), a spiro-acridine compound, has antitumor activity on Ehrlich tumor and low toxicity. Herein, we investigated its antitumor effect against human cells in vitro. METHODS MTT assay was used to assess cytotoxicity of AMTAC-06 (3.125-200 µM) against tumor and non-tumor cells, and the half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) and the selectivity index (SI) were calculated. The effects on the cell cycle (propidium iodide-PI-staining), apoptosis (Annexin V-FITC/PI double staining by flow cytometry), and production of reactive oxygen species, ROS (DCFH assay) were also evaluated. Statistical analysis was achieved using ANOVA followed by Tukey's post-test. RESULTS AMTAC-06 showed higher cytotoxicity against colorectal carcinoma HCT-116 cells (IC50: 12.62 µM). The SI showed that AMTAC-06 was more selective for HCT-116 cells (HaCaT SI: 1.41; PBMC SI: 0.62) than doxorubicin (HaCaT SI: 0.10; PBMC SI: 0.01). AMTAC-06 (15 and 30 µM) induced an increase in the sub-G1 peak (p < 0.000001) and cell cycle arrest in S phase (p = 0.003547). Moreover, treatment with this compound (15 and 30 µM) resulted in increased early (p < 0.000001) and late apoptotic cells (p < 0.000001). In addition, there was a reduction on ROS production (p < 0.000001). CONCLUSIONS AMTAC-06 presents anticancer activity against HCT-116 cells by regulating the cell cycle, inducing apoptosis and an antioxidant action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sâmia Sousa Duarte
- Postgraduation Program in Bioactive Natural and Synthetic Products, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, Paraíba, Brazil
| | - Daiana Karla Frade Silva
- Postgraduation Program in Bioactive Natural and Synthetic Products, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, Paraíba, Brazil
| | - Thaís Mangeon Honorato Lisboa
- Postgraduation Program in Bioactive Natural and Synthetic Products, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, Paraíba, Brazil
| | - Rawny Galdino Gouveia
- Postgraduation Program in Bioactive Natural and Synthetic Products, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, Paraíba, Brazil
| | | | - Valgrícia Matias de Sousa
- Postgraduation Program in Bioactive Natural and Synthetic Products, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, Paraíba, Brazil
| | - Rafael Carlos Ferreira
- Postgraduation Program in Bioactive Natural and Synthetic Products, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, Paraíba, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Olimpio de Moura
- Drug Development and Synthesis Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, State University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, Paraíba, Brazil
| | - Joilly Nilce Santana Gomes
- Drug Development and Synthesis Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, State University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, Paraíba, Brazil
| | - Patricia Mirella da Silva
- Invertebrate Immunology and Pathology Laboratory, Department of Molecular Biology, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, Paraíba, Brazil
| | | | - Tatjana S L Keesen
- Immunology of Infectious Diseases Laboratory, Biotechnology Center, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, Paraíba, Brazil
| | | | - Leônia Maria Batista
- Postgraduation Program in Bioactive Natural and Synthetic Products, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, Paraíba, Brazil.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, Paraíba, Brazil
| | - Marianna Vieira Sobral
- Postgraduation Program in Bioactive Natural and Synthetic Products, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, Paraíba, Brazil. .,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, Paraíba, Brazil. .,Laboratório de Oncofarmacologia (Oncofar), Instituto de Pesquisa em Fármacos e Medicamentos (IPeFarM). Cidade Universitária, Campus I, João Pessoa, Paraíba, 58051-900, Brazil.
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9
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Lazar I, Clement E, Carrié L, Esteve D, Dauvillier S, Moutahir M, Dalle S, Delmas V, Andrieu-Abadie N, Larue L, Muller C, Nieto L. Adipocyte extracellular vesicles decrease p16 INK4A in melanoma: an additional link between obesity and cancer. J Invest Dermatol 2022; 142:2488-2498.e8. [PMID: 35150661 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2022.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is a recognized factor for increased risk and poor prognosis of many cancers, including melanoma. Here, using genetically engineered mouse models of melanoma (NRASQ61K transgenic expression, associated or not with Cdkn2A heterozygous deletion), we show that obesity increases melanoma initiation and progression by supporting tumor growth and metastasis thereby reducing survival. This effect is associated with a decrease in p16INK4A expression in tumors. Mechanistically, adipocytes downregulate p16INK4A in melanoma cells through β-catenin-dependent regulation, which increases cell motility. Furthermore, β-catenin is directly transferred from adipocytes to melanoma cells in extracellular vesicles, thus increasing its level and activity, which represses p16INK4A transcription. Adipocytes from obese individuals have a stronger effect than those from lean individuals, mainly due to an increase in the number of vesicles secreted, thus increasing the amount of β-catenin delivered to melanoma cells, and, consequently, amplifying their effect. In conclusion, here, we reveal that adipocyte extracellular vesicles control p16INK4A expression in melanoma, which promotes tumor progression. This work expands our understanding of the cooperation between adipocytes and tumors, particularly in obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ikrame Lazar
- - Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale (IPBS) UMR 5089, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, 31077, France
| | - Emily Clement
- - Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale (IPBS) UMR 5089, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, 31077, France
| | - Lorry Carrié
- - Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale (IPBS) UMR 5089, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, 31077, France; - Université Fédérale de Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, Université Toulouse III Paul-Sabatier, Inserm, Centre de Recherches en Cancérologie de Toulouse UMR 1037, Toulouse, 31037, France
| | - David Esteve
- - Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale (IPBS) UMR 5089, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, 31077, France
| | - Stéphanie Dauvillier
- - Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale (IPBS) UMR 5089, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, 31077, France
| | - Mohamed Moutahir
- - Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale (IPBS) UMR 5089, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, 31077, France
| | - Stéphane Dalle
- - Department of Dermatology, Centre Hospitalier Lyon Sud, Pierre Bénite Cedex, 69495, France
| | - Véronique Delmas
- - Institut Curie, Université PSL, CNRS UMR3347, Inserm U1021, Normal and Pathological Development of Melanocytes, Orsay, 91400, France; - Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS UMR3347, Inserm U1021, Signalisation radiobiologie et cancer, 91400 Orsay, France; - Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer
| | - Nathalie Andrieu-Abadie
- - Université Fédérale de Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, Université Toulouse III Paul-Sabatier, Inserm, Centre de Recherches en Cancérologie de Toulouse UMR 1037, Toulouse, 31037, France
| | - Lionel Larue
- - Institut Curie, Université PSL, CNRS UMR3347, Inserm U1021, Normal and Pathological Development of Melanocytes, Orsay, 91400, France; - Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS UMR3347, Inserm U1021, Signalisation radiobiologie et cancer, 91400 Orsay, France; - Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer
| | - Catherine Muller
- - Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale (IPBS) UMR 5089, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, 31077, France; - Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer
| | - Laurence Nieto
- - Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale (IPBS) UMR 5089, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, 31077, France; - Université Fédérale de Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, Université Toulouse III Paul-Sabatier, Inserm, Centre de Recherches en Cancérologie de Toulouse UMR 1037, Toulouse, 31037, France.
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10
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Tubita A, Lombardi Z, Tusa I, Lazzeretti A, Sgrignani G, Papini D, Menconi A, Gagliardi S, Lulli M, Dello Sbarba P, Esparís-Ogando A, Pandiella A, Stecca B, Rovida E. Inhibition of ERK5 Elicits Cellular Senescence in Melanoma via the Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p21. Cancer Res 2022; 82:447-457. [PMID: 34799355 PMCID: PMC9397638 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-21-0993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2021] [Revised: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Melanoma is the deadliest skin cancer with a very poor prognosis in advanced stages. Although targeted and immune therapies have improved survival, not all patients benefit from these treatments. The mitogen-activated protein kinase ERK5 supports the growth of melanoma cells in vitro and in vivo. However, ERK5 inhibition results in cell-cycle arrest rather than appreciable apoptosis. To clarify the role of ERK5 in melanoma growth, we performed transcriptomic analyses following ERK5 knockdown in melanoma cells expressing BRAFV600E and found that cellular senescence was among the most affected processes. In melanoma cells expressing either wild-type or mutant (V600E) BRAF, both genetic and pharmacologic inhibition of ERK5 elicited cellular senescence, as observed by a marked increase in senescence-associated β-galactosidase activity and p21 expression. In addition, depletion of ERK5 from melanoma cells resulted in increased levels of CXCL1, CXCL8, and CCL20, proteins typically involved in the senescence-associated secretory phenotype. Knockdown of p21 suppressed the induction of cellular senescence by ERK5 blockade, pointing to p21 as a key mediator of this process. In vivo, ERK5 knockdown or inhibition with XMD8-92 in melanoma xenografts promoted cellular senescence. Based on these results, small-molecule compounds targeting ERK5 constitute a rational series of prosenescence drugs that may be exploited for melanoma treatment. SIGNIFICANCE: This study shows that targeting ERK5 induces p21-mediated cellular senescence in melanoma, identifying a prosenescence effect of ERK5 inhibitors that may be exploited for melanoma treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Tubita
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences "Mario Serio", University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Zoe Lombardi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences "Mario Serio", University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Ignazia Tusa
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences "Mario Serio", University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Azzurra Lazzeretti
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences "Mario Serio", University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Giovanna Sgrignani
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences "Mario Serio", University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Dimitri Papini
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences "Mario Serio", University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Alessio Menconi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences "Mario Serio", University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Sinforosa Gagliardi
- Core Research Laboratory - Institute for Cancer Research and Prevention (ISPRO), Florence, Italy
| | - Matteo Lulli
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences "Mario Serio", University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Persio Dello Sbarba
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences "Mario Serio", University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Azucena Esparís-Ogando
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular del Cáncer (IBMCC-CIC), Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca (IBSAL), CIBERONC, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Atanasio Pandiella
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular del Cáncer (IBMCC-CIC), Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca (IBSAL), CIBERONC, Salamanca, Spain
- CSIC, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Barbara Stecca
- Core Research Laboratory - Institute for Cancer Research and Prevention (ISPRO), Florence, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Rovida
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences "Mario Serio", University of Florence, Florence, Italy.
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11
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An J, Ding Y, Yu C, Li J, You S, Liu Z, Song P, Zou MH. AMP-activated protein kinase alpha1 promotes tumor development via FOXP3 elevation in tumor-infiltrating Treg cells. iScience 2022; 25:103570. [PMID: 34988407 PMCID: PMC8704466 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.103570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Overwhelming evidence indicates that infiltration of tumors by Treg cells with elevated levels of FOXP3 suppresses the host antitumor immune response. However, the molecular mechanisms that maintain high expression of FOXP3 in tumor-infiltrating Treg cells remain elusive. Here, we report that AMP-activated protein kinase alpha1 (AMPKα1) enables high FOXP3 expression in tumor-infiltrating Treg cells. Mice with Treg-specific AMPKα1 deletion showed delayed tumor progression and enhanced antitumor T cell immunity. Further experiments showed that AMPKα1 maintains the functional integrity of Treg cells and prevents interferon-γ production in tumor-infiltrating Treg cells. Mechanistically, AMPKα1 maintains the protein stability of FOXP3 in Treg cells by downregulating the expression of E3 ligase CHIP (STUB1). Our results suggest that AMPKα1 activation promotes tumor growth by maintaining FOXP3 stability in tumor-infiltrating Treg cells and that selective inhibition of AMPK in Treg cells might be an effective anti-tumor therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junqing An
- Center for Molecular and Translational Medicine, Georgia State University, 157 Decatur Street SE, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | - Ye Ding
- Center for Molecular and Translational Medicine, Georgia State University, 157 Decatur Street SE, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | - Changjiang Yu
- Center for Molecular and Translational Medicine, Georgia State University, 157 Decatur Street SE, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | - Jian Li
- Center for Molecular and Translational Medicine, Georgia State University, 157 Decatur Street SE, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | - Shaojin You
- Center for Molecular and Translational Medicine, Georgia State University, 157 Decatur Street SE, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | - Zhixue Liu
- Center for Molecular and Translational Medicine, Georgia State University, 157 Decatur Street SE, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | - Ping Song
- Center for Molecular and Translational Medicine, Georgia State University, 157 Decatur Street SE, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | - Ming-Hui Zou
- Center for Molecular and Translational Medicine, Georgia State University, 157 Decatur Street SE, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
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12
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Slingluff CL, Lewis KD, Andtbacka R, Hyngstrom J, Milhem M, Markovic SN, Bowles T, Hamid O, Hernandez-Aya L, Claveau J, Jang S, Philips P, Holtan SG, Shaheen MF, Curti B, Schmidt W, Butler MO, Paramo J, Lutzky J, Padmanabhan A, Thomas S, Milton D, Pecora A, Sato T, Hsueh E, Badarinath S, Keech J, Kalmadi S, Kumar P, Weber R, Levine E, Berger A, Bar A, Beck JT, Travers JB, Mihalcioiu C, Gastman B, Beitsch P, Rapisuwon S, Glaspy J, McCarron EC, Gupta V, Behl D, Blumenstein B, Peterkin JJ. Multicenter, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of seviprotimut-L polyvalent melanoma vaccine in patients with post-resection melanoma at high risk of recurrence. J Immunother Cancer 2021; 9:jitc-2021-003272. [PMID: 34599031 PMCID: PMC8488725 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2021-003272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Most patients with advanced melanomas relapse after checkpoint blockade therapy. Thus, immunotherapies are needed that can be applied safely early, in the adjuvant setting. Seviprotimut-L is a vaccine containing human melanoma antigens, plus alum. To assess the efficacy of seviprotimut-L, the Melanoma Antigen Vaccine Immunotherapy Study (MAVIS) was initiated as a three-part multicenter, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase III trial. Results from part B1 are reported here. METHODS Patients with AJCC V.7 stage IIB-III cutaneous melanoma after resection were randomized 2:1, with stage stratification (IIB/C, IIIA, IIIB/C), to seviprotimut-L 40 mcg or placebo. Recurrence-free survival (RFS) was the primary endpoint. For an hypothesized HR of 0.625, one-sided alpha of 0.10, and power 80%, target enrollment was 325 patients. RESULTS For randomized patients (n=347), arms were well-balanced, and treatment-emergent adverse events were similar for seviprotimut-L and placebo. For the primary intent-to-treat endpoint of RFS, the estimated HR was 0.881 (95% CI: 0.629 to 1.233), with stratified logrank p=0.46. However, estimated HRs were not uniform over the stage randomized strata, with HRs (95% CIs) for stages IIB/IIC, IIIA, IIIB/IIIC of 0.67 (95% CI: 0.37 to 1.19), 0.72 (95% CI: 0.35 to 1.50), and 1.19 (95% CI: 0.72 to 1.97), respectively. In the stage IIB/IIC stratum, the effect on RFS was greatest for patients <60 years old (HR=0.324 (95% CI: 0.121 to 0.864)) and those with ulcerated primary melanomas (HR=0.493 (95% CI: 0.255 to 0.952)). CONCLUSIONS Seviprotimut-L is very well tolerated. Exploratory efficacy model estimation supports further study in stage IIB/IIC patients, especially younger patients and those with ulcerated melanomas. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER NCT01546571.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig L Slingluff
- Department of Surgery, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Karl D Lewis
- University of Colorado - Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Robert Andtbacka
- Huntsman Cancer Institute Cancer Hospital, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - John Hyngstrom
- Huntsman Cancer Institute Cancer Hospital, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Mohammed Milhem
- The University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | | | | | - Omid Hamid
- Cedars-Sinai Medical Center Angeles Clinic and Research Institute, Santa Monica, California, USA
| | - Leonel Hernandez-Aya
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine in Saint Louis, Saint Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Joel Claveau
- CHU de Quebec-Universite Laval, Quebec, Québec, Canada
| | - Sekwon Jang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Inova Health System, Falls Church, Virginia, USA
| | | | - Shernan G Holtan
- University of Minnesota Academic Health Center, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Montaser F Shaheen
- University of Arizona Medical Center - University Campus, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Brendan Curti
- Earle A Chiles Research Institute, Providence Portland Medical Center, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | | | - Marcus O Butler
- Princess Margaret Hospital Cancer Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Juan Paramo
- Mount Sinai Medical Center, Miami Beach, Florida, USA
| | - Jose Lutzky
- Department of Oncology, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, Miami, Florida, USA
| | | | - Sajeve Thomas
- MD Anderson Cancer Center Orlando, Orlando, Florida, USA
| | - Daniel Milton
- Investigative Clinical Research of Indiana, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Andrew Pecora
- Department of Oncology, John Theurer Cancer Center, Hackensack, New Jersey, USA
| | - Takami Sato
- Department of Medical Oncology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Eddy Hsueh
- St. Louis University Hospital, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | | | - John Keech
- Multicare Institute for Research and Innovation, Tacoma, Washington, USA
| | - Sujith Kalmadi
- Ironwood Cancer and Research Centers, Chandler, Arizona, USA
| | - Pallavi Kumar
- Harry and Jeanette Weinberg Cancer Institute at Franklin Square, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Robert Weber
- St. Mary's Hospital and Medical Center, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Edward Levine
- Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - Adam Berger
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
| | - Anna Bar
- Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - J Thaddeus Beck
- Department of Medical Oncology, Highlands Oncology Group, Fayetteville, Arkansas, USA
| | | | | | - Brian Gastman
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | | | - Suthee Rapisuwon
- Department of Oncology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, District of Columbia, USA,Department of Hematology/Oncology, MedStar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - John Glaspy
- University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | | | - Vinay Gupta
- MedStar Franklin Square Medical Center, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Deepti Behl
- Sutter Institute for Medical Research, Sacramento, California, USA
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13
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Close DA, Kirkwood JM, Fecek RJ, Storkus WJ, Johnston PA. Unbiased High-Throughput Drug Combination Pilot Screening Identifies Synergistic Drug Combinations Effective against Patient-Derived and Drug-Resistant Melanoma Cell Lines. SLAS DISCOVERY : ADVANCING LIFE SCIENCES R & D 2021; 26:712-729. [PMID: 33208016 PMCID: PMC8128935 DOI: 10.1177/2472555220970917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
We describe the development, optimization, and validation of 384-well growth inhibition assays for six patient-derived melanoma cell lines (PDMCLs), three wild type (WT) for BRAF and three with V600E-BRAF mutations. We conducted a pilot drug combination (DC) high-throughput screening (HTS) of 45 pairwise 4×4 DC matrices prepared from 10 drugs in the PDMCL assays: two B-Raf inhibitors (BRAFi), a MEK inhibitor (MEKi), and a methylation agent approved for melanoma; cytotoxic topoisomerase II and DNA methyltransferase chemotherapies; and drugs targeting the base excision DNA repair enzyme APE1 (apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease-1/redox effector factor-1), SRC family tyrosine kinases, the heat shock protein 90 (HSP90) molecular chaperone, and histone deacetylases.Pairwise DCs between dasatinib and three drugs approved for melanoma therapy-dabrafenib, vemurafenib, or trametinib-were flagged as synergistic in PDMCLs. Exposure to fixed DC ratios of the SRC inhibitor dasatinib with the BRAFis or MEKis interacted synergistically to increase PDMCL sensitivity to growth inhibition and enhance cytotoxicity independently of PDMCL BRAF status. These DCs synergistically inhibited the growth of mouse melanoma cell lines that either were dabrafenib-sensitive or had acquired resistance to dabrafenib with cross resistance to vemurafenib, trametinib, and dasatinib. Dasatinib DCs with dabrafenib, vemurafenib, or trametinib activated apoptosis and increased cell death in melanoma cells independently of their BRAF status or their drug resistance phenotypes. These preclinical in vitro studies provide a data-driven rationale for the further investigation of DCs between dasatinib and BRAFis or MEKis as candidates for melanoma combination therapies with the potential to improve outcomes and/or prevent or delay the emergence of disease resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A. Close
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - John M. Kirkwood
- Departments of Medicine, Dermatology, Translational Science, and Melanoma and Skin Cancer Program University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15232, USA
- University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15232, USA
| | - Ronald J. Fecek
- Department of Microbiology, Lake Erie College of Osteopathic Medicine at Seton Hill, Greensburg, PA 15601, USA
| | - Walter J. Storkus
- University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15232, USA
- Departments of Dermatology, Immunology, Bioengineering and Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Paul A. Johnston
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
- University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15232, USA
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14
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An RNA vaccine drives immunity in checkpoint-inhibitor-treated melanoma. Nature 2020; 585:107-112. [DOI: 10.1038/s41586-020-2537-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 261] [Impact Index Per Article: 65.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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15
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Clement E, Lazar I, Attané C, Carrié L, Dauvillier S, Ducoux-Petit M, Esteve D, Menneteau T, Moutahir M, Le Gonidec S, Dalle S, Valet P, Burlet-Schiltz O, Muller C, Nieto L. Adipocyte extracellular vesicles carry enzymes and fatty acids that stimulate mitochondrial metabolism and remodeling in tumor cells. EMBO J 2020; 39:e102525. [PMID: 31919869 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2019102525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Revised: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles are emerging key actors in adipocyte communication. Notably, small extracellular vesicles shed by adipocytes stimulate fatty acid oxidation and migration in melanoma cells and these effects are enhanced in obesity. However, the vesicular actors and cellular processes involved remain largely unknown. Here, we elucidate the mechanisms linking adipocyte extracellular vesicles to metabolic remodeling and cell migration. We show that adipocyte vesicles stimulate melanoma fatty acid oxidation by providing both enzymes and substrates. In obesity, the heightened effect of extracellular vesicles depends on increased transport of fatty acids, not fatty acid oxidation-related enzymes. These fatty acids, stored within lipid droplets in cancer cells, drive fatty acid oxidation upon being released by lipophagy. This increase in mitochondrial activity redistributes mitochondria to membrane protrusions of migrating cells, which is necessary to increase cell migration in the presence of adipocyte vesicles. Our results provide key insights into the role of extracellular vesicles in the metabolic cooperation that takes place between adipocytes and tumors with particular relevance to obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Clement
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale (IPBS), CNRS, UPS, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Ikrame Lazar
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale (IPBS), CNRS, UPS, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Camille Attané
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale (IPBS), CNRS, UPS, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Lorry Carrié
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale (IPBS), CNRS, UPS, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Stéphanie Dauvillier
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale (IPBS), CNRS, UPS, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Manuelle Ducoux-Petit
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale (IPBS), CNRS, UPS, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - David Esteve
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale (IPBS), CNRS, UPS, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Thomas Menneteau
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale (IPBS), CNRS, UPS, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Mohamed Moutahir
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale (IPBS), CNRS, UPS, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Sophie Le Gonidec
- Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires (I2MC), INSERM, UPS, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Stéphane Dalle
- Department of Dermatology, Centre Hospitalier Lyon Sud, Pierre Bénite Cedex, France
| | - Philippe Valet
- Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires (I2MC), INSERM, UPS, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Odile Burlet-Schiltz
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale (IPBS), CNRS, UPS, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Catherine Muller
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale (IPBS), CNRS, UPS, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Laurence Nieto
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale (IPBS), CNRS, UPS, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
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16
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Liu T, Zhou L, Yang K, Iwasawa K, Kadekaro AL, Takebe T, Andl T, Zhang Y. The β-catenin/YAP signaling axis is a key regulator of melanoma-associated fibroblasts. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2019; 4:63. [PMID: 31885878 PMCID: PMC6928146 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-019-0100-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Revised: 11/16/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
β-catenin is a multifunctional protein that plays crucial roles in embryonic development, physiological homeostasis, and a wide variety of human cancers. Previously, we showed that in vivo targeted ablation of β-catenin in melanoma-associated fibroblasts after melanoma formation significantly suppressed tumor growth. However, when the expression of β-catenin was ablated in melanoma-associated fibroblasts before tumor initiation, melanoma development was surprisingly accelerated. How stromal β-catenin deficiency leads to opposite biological effects in melanoma progression is not completely understood. Here, we report that β-catenin is indispensable for the activation of primary human stromal fibroblasts and the mediation of fibroblast-melanoma cell interactions. Using coimmunoprecipitation and proximity ligation assays, we identified Yes-associated protein (YAP) as an important β-catenin-interacting partner in stromal fibroblasts. YAP is highly expressed in the nuclei of cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) in both human and murine melanomas. Mechanistic investigation revealed that YAP nuclear translocation is significantly modulated by Wnt/β-catenin activity in fibroblasts. Blocking Wnt/β-catenin signaling in stromal fibroblasts inhibited YAP nuclear translocation. In the absence of YAP, the ability of stromal fibroblasts to remodel the extracellular matrix (ECM) was inhibited, which is consistent with the phenotype observed in cells with β-catenin deficiency. Further studies showed that the expression of ECM proteins and enzymes required for remodeling the ECM was suppressed in stromal fibroblasts after YAP ablation. Collectively, our data provide a new paradigm in which the β-catenin-YAP signaling axis regulates the activation and tumor-promoting function of stromal fibroblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianyi Liu
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267 USA
| | - Linli Zhou
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267 USA
| | - Kun Yang
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267 USA
| | - Kentaro Iwasawa
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45229-3039 USA
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45229-3039 USA
| | - Ana Luisa Kadekaro
- Department of Dermatology, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267 USA
| | - Takanori Takebe
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45229-3039 USA
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45229-3039 USA
- Center for Stem Cell and Organoid Medicine (CuSTOM), Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45229-3039 USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45229-3039 USA
- Institute of Research, Tokyo Medical and Dental University 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8510 Japan
| | - Thomas Andl
- Burnett School of Biological Sciences, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816 USA
| | - Yuhang Zhang
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267 USA
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17
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Ohue Y, Nishikawa H. Regulatory T (Treg) cells in cancer: Can Treg cells be a new therapeutic target? Cancer Sci 2019; 110:2080-2089. [PMID: 31102428 PMCID: PMC6609813 DOI: 10.1111/cas.14069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 626] [Impact Index Per Article: 125.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Revised: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulatory T (Treg) cells suppress abnormal/excessive immune responses to self‐ and nonself‐antigens to maintain immune homeostasis. In tumor immunity, Treg cells are involved in tumor development and progression by inhibiting antitumor immunity. There are several Treg cell immune suppressive mechanisms: inhibition of costimulatory signals by CD80 and CD86 expressed by dendritic cells through cytotoxic T‐lymphocyte antigen‐4, interleukin (IL)‐2 consumption by high‐affinity IL‐2 receptors with high CD25 (IL‐2 receptor α‐chain) expression, secretion of inhibitory cytokines, metabolic modulation of tryptophan and adenosine, and direct killing of effector T cells. Infiltration of Treg cells into the tumor microenvironment (TME) occurs in multiple murine and human tumors. Regulatory T cells are chemoattracted to the TME by chemokine gradients such as CCR4‐CCL17/22, CCR8‐CCL1, CCR10‐CCL28, and CXCR3‐CCL9/10/11. Regulatory T cells are then activated and inhibit antitumor immune responses. A high infiltration by Treg cells is associated with poor survival in various types of cancer. Therefore, strategies to deplete Treg cells and control of Treg cell functions to increase antitumor immune responses are urgently required in the cancer immunotherapy field. Various molecules that are highly expressed by Treg cells, such as immune checkpoint molecules, chemokine receptors, and metabolites, have been targeted by Abs or small molecules, but additional strategies are needed to fine‐tune and optimize for augmenting antitumor effects restricted in the TME while avoiding systemic autoimmunity. Here, we provide a brief synopsis of these cells in cancer and how they can be controlled to achieve therapeutic outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihiro Ohue
- Division of Cancer Immunology, Research Institute/Exploratory Oncology Research & Clinical Trial Center (EPOC), National Cancer Center, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroyoshi Nishikawa
- Division of Cancer Immunology, Research Institute/Exploratory Oncology Research & Clinical Trial Center (EPOC), National Cancer Center, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Immunology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
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18
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Alfei F, Kanev K, Hofmann M, Wu M, Ghoneim HE, Roelli P, Utzschneider DT, von Hoesslin M, Cullen JG, Fan Y, Eisenberg V, Wohlleber D, Steiger K, Merkler D, Delorenzi M, Knolle PA, Cohen CJ, Thimme R, Youngblood B, Zehn D. TOX reinforces the phenotype and longevity of exhausted T cells in chronic viral infection. Nature 2019; 571:265-269. [DOI: 10.1038/s41586-019-1326-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 396] [Impact Index Per Article: 79.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2018] [Accepted: 05/30/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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19
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Clauss J, Obenaus M, Miskey C, Ivics Z, Izsvák Z, Uckert W, Bunse M. Efficient Non-Viral T-Cell Engineering by Sleeping Beauty Minicircles Diminishing DNA Toxicity and miRNAs Silencing the Endogenous T-Cell Receptors. Hum Gene Ther 2019; 29:569-584. [PMID: 29562762 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2017.136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Transposon-based vectors have entered clinical trials as an alternative to viral vectors for genetic engineering of T cells. However, transposon vectors require DNA transfection into T cells, which were found to cause adverse effects. T-cell viability was decreased in a dose-dependent manner, and DNA-transfected T cells showed a delayed response upon T-cell receptor (TCR) stimulation with regard to blast formation, proliferation, and surface expression of CD25 and CD28. Gene expression analysis demonstrated a DNA-dependent induction of a type I interferon response and interferon-β upregulation. By combining Sleeping Beauty transposon minicircle vectors with SB100X transposase-encoding RNA, it was possible to reduce the amount of total DNA required, and stable expression of therapeutic TCRs was achieved in >50% of human T cells without enrichment. The TCR-engineered T cells mediated effective tumor cell killing and cytokine secretion upon antigen-specific stimulation. Additionally, the Sleeping Beauty transposon system was further improved by miRNAs silencing the endogenous TCR chains. These miRNAs increased the surface expression of the transgenic TCR, diminished mispairing with endogenous TCR chains, and enhanced antigen-specific T-cell functionality. This approach facilitates the rapid non-viral generation of highly functional, engineered T cells for immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian Clauss
- 1 Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association , Berlin, Germany
| | - Matthias Obenaus
- 1 Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association , Berlin, Germany .,2 Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin , Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Berlin, Germany
| | - Csaba Miskey
- 3 Division of Medical Biotechnology, Paul Ehrlich-Institut , Langen, Germany
| | - Zoltán Ivics
- 3 Division of Medical Biotechnology, Paul Ehrlich-Institut , Langen, Germany
| | - Zsuzsanna Izsvák
- 1 Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association , Berlin, Germany .,4 Berlin Institute of Health , Berlin, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Uckert
- 1 Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association , Berlin, Germany .,4 Berlin Institute of Health , Berlin, Germany .,5 Institute of Biology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin , Berlin, Germany
| | - Mario Bunse
- 1 Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association , Berlin, Germany
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20
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Klicks J, Maßlo C, Kluth A, Rudolf R, Hafner M. A novel spheroid-based co-culture model mimics loss of keratinocyte differentiation, melanoma cell invasion, and drug-induced selection of ABCB5-expressing cells. BMC Cancer 2019; 19:402. [PMID: 31035967 PMCID: PMC6489189 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-019-5606-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Different 3D-cell culture approaches with varying degrees of complexity have been developed to serve as melanoma models for drug testing or mechanistic studies. While these 3D-culture initiatives are already often superior to classical 2D approaches, they are either composed of only melanoma cells or they are so complex that the behavior of individual cell types is hard to understand, and often they are difficult to establish and expensive. Methods This study used low-attachment based generation of spheroids composed of up to three cell types. Characterization of cells and spheroids involved cryosectioning, immunofluorescence, FACS, and quantitative analyses. Statistical evaluation used one-way ANOVA with post-hoc Tukey test or Student’s t-test. Results The tri-culture model allowed to track cellular behavior in a cell-type specific manner and recapitulated different characteristics of early melanoma stages. Cells arranged into a collagen-IV rich fibroblast core, a ring of keratinocytes, and groups of highly proliferating melanoma cells on the outside. Regularly, some melanoma cells were also found to invade the fibroblast core. In the absence of melanoma cells, the keratinocyte ring stratified into central basal-like and peripheral, more differentiated cells. Conversely, keratinocyte differentiation was clearly reduced upon addition of melanoma cells. Treatment with the cytostatic drug, docetaxel, restored keratinocyte differentiation and induced apoptosis of external melanoma cells. Remaining intact external melanoma cells showed a significantly increased amount of ABCB5-immunoreactivity. Conclusions In the present work, a novel, simple spheroid-based melanoma tri-culture model composed of fibroblasts, keratinocytes, and melanoma cells was described. This model mimicked features observed in early melanoma stages, including loss of keratinocyte differentiation, melanoma cell invasion, and drug-induced increase of ABCB5 expression in external melanoma cells. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12885-019-5606-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Klicks
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Mannheim University of Applied Sciences, Paul-Wittsack-Straße 10, 68163, Mannheim, Germany.,Institute of Medical Technology, Mannheim University of Applied Sciences and Medical Faculty Mannheim of Heidelberg University, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1-3, 68167, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Christoph Maßlo
- RHEACELL GmbH & Co. KG, Im Neuenheimer Feld 517, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Andreas Kluth
- TICEBA GmbH, Im Neuenheimer Feld 517, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Rüdiger Rudolf
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Mannheim University of Applied Sciences, Paul-Wittsack-Straße 10, 68163, Mannheim, Germany. .,Institute of Medical Technology, Mannheim University of Applied Sciences and Medical Faculty Mannheim of Heidelberg University, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1-3, 68167, Mannheim, Germany.
| | - Mathias Hafner
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Mannheim University of Applied Sciences, Paul-Wittsack-Straße 10, 68163, Mannheim, Germany.,Institute of Medical Technology, Mannheim University of Applied Sciences and Medical Faculty Mannheim of Heidelberg University, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1-3, 68167, Mannheim, Germany
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21
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Beekhof R, van Alphen C, Henneman AA, Knol JC, Pham TV, Rolfs F, Labots M, Henneberry E, Le Large TY, de Haas RR, Piersma SR, Vurchio V, Bertotti A, Trusolino L, Verheul HM, Jimenez CR. INKA, an integrative data analysis pipeline for phosphoproteomic inference of active kinases. Mol Syst Biol 2019; 15:e8250. [PMID: 30979792 PMCID: PMC6461034 DOI: 10.15252/msb.20188250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2018] [Revised: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Identifying hyperactive kinases in cancer is crucial for individualized treatment with specific inhibitors. Kinase activity can be discerned from global protein phosphorylation profiles obtained with mass spectrometry-based phosphoproteomics. A major challenge is to relate such profiles to specific hyperactive kinases fueling growth/progression of individual tumors. Hitherto, the focus has been on phosphorylation of either kinases or their substrates. Here, we combined label-free kinase-centric and substrate-centric information in an Integrative Inferred Kinase Activity (INKA) analysis. This multipronged, stringent analysis enables ranking of kinase activity and visualization of kinase-substrate networks in a single biological sample. To demonstrate utility, we analyzed (i) cancer cell lines with known oncogenes, (ii) cell lines in a differential setting (wild-type versus mutant, +/- drug), (iii) pre- and on-treatment tumor needle biopsies, (iv) cancer cell panel with available drug sensitivity data, and (v) patient-derived tumor xenografts with INKA-guided drug selection and testing. These analyses show superior performance of INKA over its components and substrate-based single-sample tool KARP, and underscore target potential of high-ranking kinases, encouraging further exploration of INKA's functional and clinical value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin Beekhof
- Medical Oncology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- OncoProteomics Laboratory, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Carolien van Alphen
- Medical Oncology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- OncoProteomics Laboratory, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Alex A Henneman
- Medical Oncology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- OncoProteomics Laboratory, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jaco C Knol
- Medical Oncology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- OncoProteomics Laboratory, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Thang V Pham
- Medical Oncology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- OncoProteomics Laboratory, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Frank Rolfs
- Medical Oncology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- OncoProteomics Laboratory, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Mariette Labots
- Medical Oncology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Evan Henneberry
- OncoProteomics Laboratory, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Tessa Ys Le Large
- Medical Oncology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- OncoProteomics Laboratory, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Richard R de Haas
- Medical Oncology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- OncoProteomics Laboratory, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sander R Piersma
- Medical Oncology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- OncoProteomics Laboratory, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Valentina Vurchio
- Department of Oncology, Candiolo Cancer Institute IRCCS, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Andrea Bertotti
- Department of Oncology, Candiolo Cancer Institute IRCCS, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Livio Trusolino
- Department of Oncology, Candiolo Cancer Institute IRCCS, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Henk Mw Verheul
- Medical Oncology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Connie R Jimenez
- Medical Oncology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- OncoProteomics Laboratory, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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22
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Martins WK, Santos NF, Rocha CDS, Bacellar IOL, Tsubone TM, Viotto AC, Matsukuma AY, Abrantes ABDP, Siani P, Dias LG, Baptista MS. Parallel damage in mitochondria and lysosomes is an efficient way to photoinduce cell death. Autophagy 2019; 15:259-279. [PMID: 30176156 PMCID: PMC6333451 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2018.1515609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2017] [Revised: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Cells challenged by photosensitized oxidations face strong redox stresses and rely on autophagy to either survive or die. However, the use of macroautophagy/autophagy to improve the efficiency of photosensitizers, in terms of inducing cell death, remains unexplored. Here, we addressed the concept that a parallel damage in the membranes of mitochondria and lysosomes leads to a scenario of autophagy malfunction that can greatly improve the efficiency of the photosensitizer to cause cell death. Specific damage to these organelles was induced by irradiation of cells pretreated with 2 phenothiazinium salts, methylene blue (MB) and 1,9-dimethyl methylene blue (DMMB). At a low concentration level (10 nM), only DMMB could induce mitochondrial damage, leading to mitophagy activation, which did not progress to completion because of the parallel damage in lysosome, triggering cell death. MB-induced photodamage was perceived almost instantaneously after irradiation, in response to a massive and nonspecific oxidative stress at a higher concentration range (2 µM). We showed that the parallel damage in mitochondria and lysosomes activates and inhibits mitophagy, leading to a late and more efficient cell death, offering significant advantage (2 orders of magnitude) over photosensitizers that cause unspecific oxidative stress. We are confident that this concept can be used to develop better light-activated drugs. Abbreviations: ΔΨm: mitochondrial transmembrane inner potential; AAU: autophagy arbitrary units; ATG5, autophagy related 5; ATG7: autophagy related 7; BAF: bafilomycin A1; BSA: bovine serum albumin; CASP3: caspase 3; CF: carboxyfluorescein; CTSB: cathepsin B; CVS: crystal violet staining; DCF: dichlorofluorescein; DCFH2: 2',7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein; DMMB: 1,9-dimethyl methylene blue; ER: endoplasmic reticulum; HaCaT: non-malignant immortal keratinocyte cell line from adult human skin; HP: hydrogen peroxide; LC3B-II: microtubule associated protein 1 light chain 3 beta-II; LMP: lysosomal membrane permeabilization; LTG: LysoTracker™ Green DND-26; LTR: LysoTracker™ Red DND-99; 3-MA: 3-methyladenine; MB: methylene blue; mtDNA: mitochondrial DNA; MitoSOX™: red mitochondrial superoxide probe; MTDR: MitoTracker™ Deep Red FM; MTO: MitoTracker™ Orange CMTMRos; MT-ND1: mitochondrially encoded NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase core subunit 1; MTT: methylthiazolyldiphenyl-tetrazolium bromide; 1O2: singlet oxygen; OH. hydroxil radical; PRKN/parkin: parkin RBR E3 ubiquitin protein ligase; PBS: phosphate-buffered saline; PI: propidium iodide; PDT: photodynamic therapy; PS: photosensitizer; QPCR: gene-specific quantitative PCR-based; Rh123: rhodamine 123; ROS: reactive oxygen species RTN: rotenone; SQSTM1/p62: sequestosome 1; SUVs: small unilamellar vesicles; TBS: Tris-buffered saline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waleska K. Martins
- Instituto de Química, Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-graduação Stricto Sensue Pesquisa, Universidade Anhanguera de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Nayra Fernandes Santos
- Instituto de Química, Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Cleidiane de Sousa Rocha
- Instituto de Química, Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-graduação Stricto Sensue Pesquisa, Universidade Anhanguera de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Isabel O. L. Bacellar
- Instituto de Química, Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Tayana Mazin Tsubone
- Instituto de Química, Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ana Cláudia Viotto
- Instituto de Química, Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Aline B. de P. Abrantes
- Instituto de Química, Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Paulo Siani
- FFCLRP, Departamento de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luís Gustavo Dias
- FFCLRP, Departamento de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mauricio S. Baptista
- Instituto de Química, Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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23
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A Bayesian Sequential Learning Framework to Parameterise Continuum Models of Melanoma Invasion into Human Skin. Bull Math Biol 2018; 81:676-698. [PMID: 30443704 DOI: 10.1007/s11538-018-0532-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
We present a novel framework to parameterise a mathematical model of cell invasion that describes how a population of melanoma cells invades into human skin tissue. Using simple experimental data extracted from complex experimental images, we estimate three model parameters: (i) the melanoma cell proliferation rate, [Formula: see text]; (ii) the melanoma cell diffusivity, D; and (iii) [Formula: see text], a constant that determines the rate that melanoma cells degrade the skin tissue. The Bayesian sequential learning framework involves a sequence of increasingly sophisticated experimental data from: (i) a spatially uniform cell proliferation assay; (ii) a two-dimensional circular barrier assay; and (iii) a three-dimensional invasion assay. The Bayesian sequential learning approach leads to well-defined parameter estimates. In contrast, taking a naive approach that attempts to estimate all parameters from a single set of images from the same experiment fails to produce meaningful results. Overall, our approach to inference is simple-to-implement, computationally efficient, and well suited for many cell biology phenomena that can be described by low-dimensional continuum models using ordinary differential equations and partial differential equations. We anticipate that this Bayesian sequential learning framework will be relevant in other biological contexts where it is challenging to extract detailed, quantitative biological measurements from experimental images and so we must rely on using relatively simple measurements from complex images.
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24
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Abstract
The investigations of the human immune response to cancer and other diseases have been hampered by the difficulty in determining the specificity of low-titered antibodies in serum, and the inability to define the specificity of individual lymphocytes. In order to study these issues, we developed the hybridoma technology so that human monoclonal antibodies (hMAb) could be reliably and reproducibly obtained. Using a variety of fusion partners of both mouse and human origin, a large number of human immunoglobulin-secreting hybrids have been generated. We have found that 5 to 10% of the hybridomas produced secrete hMAb reactive with antigens (Ag) expressed by human cells. Specificity analysis and cellular localization studies of the Ag have been performed for a large number of these hMAb, and several general points have emerged from our study: (A) A significant proportion of the evaluable B-cell repertoire is directed to the production of antibodies reactive with Ags expressed by human cells. (B) The great majority of these Ags have an intracellular location, and are broadly distributed, being expressed by both normal and malignant cells. (C) Intracellular and cell surface differentiation Ags and other Ags with restricted distribution have been defined by hMAb, including a series of cell surface and intracellular Ags not detected on normal cells. (D) The relationship of these findings to cancer is unclear as hMAb showing distinctive distributions have been generated from the lymphocytes of normal individuals as well as tumor-bearing patients. (E) hMAb with distributions distinct from any known mouse monoclonal antibodies (mMAb) have been obtained. These reagents may hold great promise for antibody-directed in vivo diagnosis and therapy of cancer and other diseases due to their unique specificity and decreased immunogenicity compared with mMAb.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Cote
- Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York
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25
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Chodon T, Lugade AA, Battaglia S, Odunsi K. Emerging Role and Future Directions of Immunotherapy in Advanced Ovarian Cancer. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am 2018; 32:1025-1039. [PMID: 30390758 DOI: 10.1016/j.hoc.2018.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Clinical progress in cancer immunotherapy has been slow; however, within the last 5 years, breakthrough successes have brought immunotherapy to the forefront in cancer therapy. Promising results have been observed in solid tumors and hematologic malignancies. Most treatment modalities have shown limited efficacy as monotherapy. The complex nature of cancer and the immunosuppressive microenvironment emphasizes the need to personalize immunotherapy by manipulating the patient's own immune system. For successful and long-lasting cure of cancer, a multimodal approach is essential, combining antitumor cell therapy with manipulation of multiple pathways in the tumor microenvironment to ameliorate tumor-induced immunosuppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thinle Chodon
- Center for Immunotherapy, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Elm and Carlton Streets, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
| | - Amit A Lugade
- Center for Immunotherapy, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Elm and Carlton Streets, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
| | - Sebastiano Battaglia
- Center for Immunotherapy, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Elm and Carlton Streets, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
| | - Kunle Odunsi
- Center for Immunotherapy, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Elm and Carlton Streets, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA; Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Elm and Carlton Streets, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA.
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26
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Kosnopfel C, Sinnberg T, Sauer B, Busch C, Niessner H, Schmitt A, Forchhammer S, Grimmel C, Mertens PR, Hailfinger S, Dunn SE, Garbe C, Schittek B. YB-1 Expression and Phosphorylation Regulate Tumorigenicity and Invasiveness in Melanoma by Influencing EMT. Mol Cancer Res 2018; 16:1149-1160. [PMID: 29743296 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-17-0528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2017] [Revised: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Cutaneous melanoma represents one of the most aggressive human tumor entities possessing a high tendency to metastasize. Cancer cells frequently exploit a highly conserved developmental program, the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), to gain migratory and invasive properties promoting their metastatic spread. Cytoplasmic localization of the oncogenic transcription and translation factor Y-box binding protein 1 (YB-1) is a powerful inducer of EMT in breast carcinoma cells. Interestingly, EMT-like processes have also been observed in cutaneous melanoma despite its neural crest origin. Here, increased expression of YB-1 negatively affects patient survival in malignant melanoma and promotes melanoma cell tumorigenicity both in vitro and in vivo Intriguingly, this effect seems to be mainly mediated by cytoplasmic YB-1 that does not exhibit phosphorylation at serine-102 (S102). Moreover, S102 unphosphorylated YB-1 enhances the migratory and invasive potential of human melanoma cells in two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) culture systems and facilitates acquisition of a mesenchymal-like invasive phenotype in the chick embryo model. Collectively, these data demonstrate that the cytoplasmic activity of YB-1 stimulates tumorigenicity and metastatic potential of melanoma cells by promoting EMT-like properties.Implications: This study reveals for the first time that YB-1 efficiently drives tumorigenicity and invasiveness of melanoma cells in its S102 unphosphorylated cytoplasmic state and that YB-1 expression represents a negative prognostic factor in primary melanoma patients. Mol Cancer Res; 16(7); 1149-60. ©2018 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corinna Kosnopfel
- Division of Dermatooncology, Department of Dermatology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Tobias Sinnberg
- Division of Dermatooncology, Department of Dermatology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Birgit Sauer
- Division of Dermatooncology, Department of Dermatology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Christian Busch
- Division of Dermatooncology, Department of Dermatology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Dermateam, Winterthur, Switzerland
| | - Heike Niessner
- Division of Dermatooncology, Department of Dermatology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Anja Schmitt
- Interfaculty Institute of Biochemistry, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Stephan Forchhammer
- Division of Dermatooncology, Department of Dermatology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Cornelia Grimmel
- FACS Core Facility, Department of Dermatology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Peter R Mertens
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Diabetes and Endocrinology, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Stephan Hailfinger
- Interfaculty Institute of Biochemistry, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Sandra E Dunn
- Phoenix Molecular Designs, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Claus Garbe
- Division of Dermatooncology, Department of Dermatology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Birgit Schittek
- Division of Dermatooncology, Department of Dermatology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
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27
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Zecena H, Tveit D, Wang Z, Farhat A, Panchal P, Liu J, Singh SJ, Sanghera A, Bainiwal A, Teo SY, Meyskens FL, Liu-Smith F, Filipp FV. Systems biology analysis of mitogen activated protein kinase inhibitor resistance in malignant melanoma. BMC SYSTEMS BIOLOGY 2018; 12:33. [PMID: 29615030 PMCID: PMC5883534 DOI: 10.1186/s12918-018-0554-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2017] [Accepted: 02/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Kinase inhibition in the mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway is a standard therapy for cancer patients with activating BRAF mutations. However, the anti-tumorigenic effect and clinical benefit are only transient, and tumors are prone to treatment resistance and relapse. To elucidate mechanistic insights into drug resistance, we have established an in vitro cellular model of MAPK inhibitor resistance in malignant melanoma. METHODS The cellular model evolved in response to clinical dosage of the BRAF inhibitor, vemurafenib, PLX4032. We conducted transcriptomic expression profiling using RNA-Seq and RT-qPCR arrays. Pathways of melanogenesis, MAPK signaling, cell cycle, and metabolism were significantly enriched among the set of differentially expressed genes of vemurafenib-resistant cells vs control. The underlying mechanism of treatment resistance and pathway rewiring was uncovered to be based on non-genomic adaptation and validated in two distinct melanoma models, SK-MEL-28 and A375. Both cell lines have activating BRAF mutations and display metastatic potential. RESULTS Downregulation of dual specific phosphatases, tumor suppressors, and negative MAPK regulators reengages mitogenic signaling. Upregulation of growth factors, cytokines, and cognate receptors triggers signaling pathways circumventing BRAF blockage. Further, changes in amino acid and one-carbon metabolism support cellular proliferation despite MAPK inhibitor treatment. In addition, treatment-resistant cells upregulate pigmentation and melanogenesis, pathways which partially overlap with MAPK signaling. Upstream regulator analysis discovered significant perturbation in oncogenic forkhead box and hypoxia inducible factor family transcription factors. CONCLUSIONS The established cellular models offer mechanistic insight into cellular changes and therapeutic targets under inhibitor resistance in malignant melanoma. At a systems biology level, the MAPK pathway undergoes major rewiring while acquiring inhibitor resistance. The outcome of this transcriptional plasticity is selection for a set of transcriptional master regulators, which circumvent upstream targeted kinases and provide alternative routes of mitogenic activation. A fine-woven network of redundant signals maintains similar effector genes allowing for tumor cell survival and malignant progression in therapy-resistant cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helma Zecena
- Systems Biology and Cancer
Metabolism, Program for Quantitative Systems Biology,
University of California Merced,
2500 North Lake Road, Merced, CA 95343 USA
| | - Daniel Tveit
- Systems Biology and Cancer
Metabolism, Program for Quantitative Systems Biology,
University of California Merced,
2500 North Lake Road, Merced, CA 95343 USA
| | - Zi Wang
- Department of Medicine,
School of Medicine, Chao Family Comprehensive Cancer Center,
University of California Irvine,
Irvine, CA 92697 USA
- The State Key Laboratory of
Medical Genetics and School of Life Sciences, Department of Molecular
Biology, Central South University,
Changsha, 410078 China
| | - Ahmed Farhat
- Department of Medicine,
School of Medicine, Chao Family Comprehensive Cancer Center,
University of California Irvine,
Irvine, CA 92697 USA
| | - Parvita Panchal
- Department of Medicine,
School of Medicine, Chao Family Comprehensive Cancer Center,
University of California Irvine,
Irvine, CA 92697 USA
| | - Jing Liu
- Department of Medicine,
School of Medicine, Chao Family Comprehensive Cancer Center,
University of California Irvine,
Irvine, CA 92697 USA
- The State Key Laboratory of
Medical Genetics and School of Life Sciences, Department of Molecular
Biology, Central South University,
Changsha, 410078 China
| | - Simar J. Singh
- Systems Biology and Cancer
Metabolism, Program for Quantitative Systems Biology,
University of California Merced,
2500 North Lake Road, Merced, CA 95343 USA
| | - Amandeep Sanghera
- Systems Biology and Cancer
Metabolism, Program for Quantitative Systems Biology,
University of California Merced,
2500 North Lake Road, Merced, CA 95343 USA
| | - Ajay Bainiwal
- Systems Biology and Cancer
Metabolism, Program for Quantitative Systems Biology,
University of California Merced,
2500 North Lake Road, Merced, CA 95343 USA
| | - Shuan Y. Teo
- Systems Biology and Cancer
Metabolism, Program for Quantitative Systems Biology,
University of California Merced,
2500 North Lake Road, Merced, CA 95343 USA
| | - Frank L. Meyskens
- Department of Medicine,
School of Medicine, Chao Family Comprehensive Cancer Center,
University of California Irvine,
Irvine, CA 92697 USA
| | - Feng Liu-Smith
- Department of Medicine,
School of Medicine, Chao Family Comprehensive Cancer Center,
University of California Irvine,
Irvine, CA 92697 USA
- Department of Epidemiology,
School of Medicine, University of California,
Irvine, CA 92697 USA
| | - Fabian V. Filipp
- Systems Biology and Cancer
Metabolism, Program for Quantitative Systems Biology,
University of California Merced,
2500 North Lake Road, Merced, CA 95343 USA
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28
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Haridas P, Browning AP, McGovern JA, Sean McElwain DL, Simpson MJ. Three-dimensional experiments and individual based simulations show that cell proliferation drives melanoma nest formation in human skin tissue. BMC SYSTEMS BIOLOGY 2018; 12:34. [PMID: 29587750 PMCID: PMC5872522 DOI: 10.1186/s12918-018-0559-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2017] [Accepted: 03/06/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Background Melanoma can be diagnosed by identifying nests of cells on the skin surface. Understanding the processes that drive nest formation is important as these processes could be potential targets for new cancer drugs. Cell proliferation and cell migration are two potential mechanisms that could conceivably drive melanoma nest formation. However, it is unclear which one of these two putative mechanisms plays a dominant role in driving nest formation. Results We use a suite of three-dimensional (3D) experiments in human skin tissue and a parallel series of 3D individual-based simulations to explore whether cell migration or cell proliferation plays a dominant role in nest formation. In the experiments we measure nest formation in populations of irradiated (non-proliferative) and non-irradiated (proliferative) melanoma cells, cultured together with primary keratinocyte and fibroblast cells on a 3D experimental human skin model. Results show that nest size depends on initial cell number and is driven primarily by cell proliferation rather than cell migration. Conclusions Nest size depends on cell number, and is driven primarily by cell proliferation rather than cell migration. All experimental results are consistent with simulation data from a 3D individual based model (IBM) of cell migration and cell proliferation. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12918-018-0559-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parvathi Haridas
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Kelvin Grove, 4059, Australia.,School of Mathematical Sciences, QUT, Brisbane, 4001, Australia
| | | | - Jacqui A McGovern
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Kelvin Grove, 4059, Australia
| | - D L Sean McElwain
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Kelvin Grove, 4059, Australia.,School of Mathematical Sciences, QUT, Brisbane, 4001, Australia
| | - Matthew J Simpson
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Kelvin Grove, 4059, Australia. .,School of Mathematical Sciences, QUT, Brisbane, 4001, Australia.
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29
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Kosnopfel C, Sinnberg T, Sauer B, Niessner H, Schmitt A, Makino E, Forschner A, Hailfinger S, Garbe C, Schittek B. Human melanoma cells resistant to MAPK inhibitors can be effectively targeted by inhibition of the p90 ribosomal S6 kinase. Oncotarget 2018; 8:35761-35775. [PMID: 28415756 PMCID: PMC5482615 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.16204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2017] [Accepted: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The clinical availability of small molecule inhibitors specifically targeting mutated BRAF marked a significant breakthrough in melanoma therapy. Despite a dramatic anti-tumour activity and improved patient survival, rapidly emerging resistance, however, greatly limits the clinical benefit. The majority of the already described resistance mechanisms involve a reactivation of the MAPK signalling pathway. The p90 ribosomal S6 kinase (RSK), a downstream effector of the MAPK signalling cascade, has been reported to enhance survival of melanoma cells in response to chemotherapy. Here, we can show that RSK activity is significantly increased in human melanoma cells with acquired resistance to the BRAFV600E/K inhibitor vemurafenib. Interestingly, inhibition of RSK signalling markedly impairs the viability of vemurafenib resistant melanoma cells and is effective both in two-dimensional and in three-dimensional culture systems, especially in a chronic, long-term application. The effect of RSK inhibition can be partly replicated by downregulation of the well-known RSK target, Y-box binding protein 1 (YB-1). Intriguingly, RSK inhibition also retains its efficacy in melanoma cells with combined resistance to vemurafenib and the MEK inhibitor trametinib. These data suggest that active RSK signalling might be an attractive novel therapeutic target in melanoma with acquired resistance to MAPK pathway inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corinna Kosnopfel
- Division of Dermatooncology, Department of Dermatology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Tobias Sinnberg
- Division of Dermatooncology, Department of Dermatology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Birgit Sauer
- Division of Dermatooncology, Department of Dermatology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Heike Niessner
- Division of Dermatooncology, Department of Dermatology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Anja Schmitt
- Interfaculty Institute of Biochemistry, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Elena Makino
- Division of Dermatooncology, Department of Dermatology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Andrea Forschner
- Division of Dermatooncology, Department of Dermatology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Stephan Hailfinger
- Interfaculty Institute of Biochemistry, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Claus Garbe
- Division of Dermatooncology, Department of Dermatology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Birgit Schittek
- Division of Dermatooncology, Department of Dermatology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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30
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Palmirotta R, Lovero D, Silvestris E, Felici C, Quaresmini D, Cafforio P, Silvestris F. Next-generation Sequencing (NGS) Analysis on Single Circulating Tumor Cells (CTCs) with No Need of Whole-genome Amplification (WGA). Cancer Genomics Proteomics 2018; 14:173-179. [PMID: 28446532 DOI: 10.21873/cgp.20029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2017] [Revised: 04/04/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Isolation and genotyping of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) is gaining an increasing interest by clinical researchers in oncology not only for investigative purposes, but also for concrete application in clinical practice in terms of diagnosis, prognosis and decision treatment with targeted therapies. For the mutational analysis of single CTCs, the most advanced biotechnology methodology currently available includes the combination of whole genome amplification (WGA) followed by next-generation sequencing (NGS). However, the sequence of these molecular techniques is time-consuming and may also favor operator-dependent errors, related to the procedures themselves that, as in the case of the WGA technique, might affect downstream molecular analyses. MATERIALS AND METHODS A preliminary approach of molecular analysis by NGS on a model of CTCs without previous WGA procedural step was performed. We set-up an artificial sample obtained by spiking the SK-MEL-28 melanoma cell line in normal donor peripheral whole blood. Melanoma cells were first enriched using an AutoMACS® (Miltenyi) cell separator and then isolated as single and pooled CTCs by DEPArray™ System (Silicon Biosystems). NGS analysis, using the Ion AmpliSeq™ Cancer Hotspot Panel v2 (Life Technologies) with the Ion Torrent PGM™ system (Life Technologies), was performed on the SK-MEL-28 cell pellet, a single CTC previously processed with WGA and on 1, 2, 4 and 8 recovered CTCs without WGA pre-amplification. RESULTS NGS directly carried out on CTCs without WGA showed the same mutations identified in SK-MEL-28 cell line pellet, with a considerable efficiency and avoiding the errors induced by the WGA procedure. CONCLUSION We identified a cost-effective, time-saving and reliable methodological approach that could improve the analytical accuracy of the liquid biopsy and appears promising in studying CTCs from cancer patients for both research and clinical purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raffaele Palmirotta
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Bari 'Aldo Moro', Bari, Italy
| | - Domenica Lovero
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Bari 'Aldo Moro', Bari, Italy
| | - Erica Silvestris
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Bari 'Aldo Moro', Bari, Italy
| | - Claudia Felici
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Bari 'Aldo Moro', Bari, Italy
| | - Davide Quaresmini
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Bari 'Aldo Moro', Bari, Italy
| | - Paola Cafforio
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Bari 'Aldo Moro', Bari, Italy
| | - Franco Silvestris
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Bari 'Aldo Moro', Bari, Italy
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31
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CD68 and interleukin 13, prospective immune markers for esophageal squamous cell carcinoma prognosis prediction. Oncotarget 2017; 7:15525-38. [PMID: 26771842 PMCID: PMC4941258 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.6900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2015] [Accepted: 12/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Oncology immunity was reported to play a key role in cancer development and progression, so we investigated the prediction role of several immune markers in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) patients after operation in this study. Patients and Methods 66 primary ESCC tumor tissues and four sets of tissue microarrays including 705 primary ESCC tumor tissues from four centers were collected and analyzed. Expressions of several immune markers in ESCC tumor tissue were detected with immunohistochemistry staining. Their distribution densities were analyzed with InForm™ 2.0.1 software. All statistic analyses were performed with SPSS16.0 and Stata version 10.0. Results Survival analyses assessed by Kaplan-Meier plots and log-rank tests demonstrated that densities of CD68 and interleukin 13 (IL-13) in tumor stroma were positively correlated with the overall survival of ESCC patients after operation (p < 0.01 for CD68, p < 0.001 for IL-13). Further, a model based on tumor stroma densities of CD68 and IL-13 was constructed and it could significantly classify patients with poor or good prognosis. This model could further identify high-risk group and low-risk group at the same Tumor lymph Nodes Metastases (TNM) stage. Lastly, a more accuracy model based on TNM stage, densities of CD68 and IL-13 was constructed to predict the prognosis of ESCC patient after operation. Conclusion Combining the TNM staging system and densities of CD68 and IL-13 could substantially improve the prognosis prediction accuracy of ESCC patient after operation, which might be an excellent tool for selecting patients for individualized therapy in future.
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32
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Haridas P, McGovern JA, McElwain SD, Simpson MJ. Quantitative comparison of the spreading and invasion of radial growth phase and metastatic melanoma cells in a three-dimensional human skin equivalent model. PeerJ 2017; 5:e3754. [PMID: 28890854 PMCID: PMC5590551 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.3754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2017] [Accepted: 08/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Standard two-dimensional (2D) cell migration assays do not provide information about vertical invasion processes, which are critical for melanoma progression. We provide information about three-dimensional (3D) melanoma cell migration, proliferation and invasion in a 3D melanoma skin equivalent (MSE) model. In particular, we pay careful attention to compare the structure of the tissues in the MSE with similarly-prepared 3D human skin equivalent (HSE) models. The HSE model is identically prepared to the MSE model except that melanoma cells are omitted. Using the MSE model, we examine melanoma migration, proliferation and invasion from two different human melanoma cell lines. One cell line, WM35, is associated with the early phase of the disease where spreading is thought to be confined to the epidermis. The other cell line, SK-MEL-28, is associated with the later phase of the disease where spreading into the dermis is expected. METHODS 3D MSE and HSE models are constructed using human de-epidermised dermis (DED) prepared from skin tissue. Primary fibroblasts and primary keratinocytes are used in the MSE and HSE models to ensure the formation of a stratified epidermis, with a well-defined basement membrane. Radial spreading of cells across the surface of the HSE and MSE models is observed. Vertical invasion of melanoma cells downward through the skin is observed and measured using immunohistochemistry. All measurements of invasion are made at day 0, 9, 15 and 20, providing detailed time course data. RESULTS Both HSE and MSE models are similar to native skin in vivo, with a well-defined stratification of the epidermis that is separated from the dermis by a basement membrane. In the HSE and MSE we find fibroblast cells confined to the dermis, and differentiated keratinocytes in the epidermis. In the MSE, melanoma cells form colonies in the epidermis during the early part of the experiment. In the later stage of the experiment, the melanoma cells in the MSE invade deeper into the tissues. Interestingly, both the WM35 and SK-MEL-28 melanoma cells lead to a breakdown of the basement membrane and eventually enter the dermis. However, these two cell lines invade at different rates, with the SK-MEL-28 melanoma cells invading faster than the WM35 cells. DISCUSSION The MSE and HSE models are a reliable platform for studying melanoma invasion in a 3D tissue that is similar to native human skin. Interestingly, we find that the WM35 cell line, that is thought to be associated with radial spreading only, is able to invade into the dermis. The vertical invasion of melanoma cells into the dermal region appears to be associated with a localised disruption of the basement membrane. Presenting our results in terms of time course data, along with images and quantitative measurements of the depth of invasion extends previous 3D work that has often been reported without these details.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parvathi Haridas
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- School of Mathematical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jacqui A. McGovern
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Sean D.L. McElwain
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- School of Mathematical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Matthew J. Simpson
- School of Mathematical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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33
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ImageJ macros for the user-friendly analysis of soft-agar and wound-healing assays. Biotechniques 2017; 62:175-179. [PMID: 28403808 DOI: 10.2144/000114535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2016] [Accepted: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent advances in biological imaging techniques and the enormous amount of data they generate call for the development of computational tools for efficient and reliable high-throughput analysis. Several software applications with this functionality are available, and one of the most commonly used is ImageJ. Here, we present two independent macros (WH_NJ and SA_NJ) for automating and facilitating the analysis of images acquired from two in vitro assays frequently used in cancer studies and drug screening: the wound-healing and soft-agar assays. These two algorithms combine, in a single command, the steps required for the individual analysis of each image using ImageJ. WH_NJ and SA_NJ allow fast, reproducible data analysis without the experimental bias inherent in manual analyses, thus guaranteeing the robustness and reliability of the results.
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34
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Jean A, Tardy F, Allatif O, Grosjean I, Blanquier B, Gerlier D. Assessing mycoplasma contamination of cell cultures by qPCR using a set of universal primer pairs targeting a 1.5 kb fragment of 16S rRNA genes. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0172358. [PMID: 28225826 PMCID: PMC5321415 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0172358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2016] [Accepted: 02/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasmas (a generic name for Mollicutes) are a predominant bacterial contaminant of cell culture and cell derived products including viruses. This prokaryote class is characterized by very small size and lack of a cell wall. Consequently, mycoplasmas escape ultrafiltration and visualization under routine microscopic examination, hence the ease with which cells in culture can be contaminated, with routinely more than 10% of cell lines being contaminated. Mycoplasma are a formidable threat both in fundamental research by perverting a whole range of cell properties and functions and in the pharmacological use of cells and cell derived products. Although many methods have been developed, there is still a need for a sensitive, universal assay. Here is reported the development and validation of a quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) based on the amplification of a 1.5 kb fragment covering the 16S rDNA of the Mollicute class by real-time PCR using universal U1 and U8 degenerate primers. The method includes the addition of a DNA loading probe to each sample to monitor DNA extraction and the absence of PCR inhibitors in the extracted DNA, a positive mycoplasma 16S rDNA traceable reference sample to exclude any accidental contamination of an unknown sample with this reference DNA, an analysis procedure based on the examination of the melting curve and the size of the PCR amplicon, followed by quantification of the number of 16S rDNA copies (with a lower limit of 19 copies) when relevant, and, if useful, the identification of the contaminating prokaryote by sequencing. The method was validated on a collection of mycoplasma strains and by testing over 100 samples of unknown contamination status including stocks of viruses requiring biosafety level 2, 3 or 4 containments. When compared to four established methods, the m16S_qPCR technique exhibits the highest sensitivity in detecting mycoplasma contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey Jean
- Univ Lyon, SFR BioSciences, ENS de Lyon, Inserm US8, CNRS UMS344, UCBL, Lyon, France
| | - Florence Tardy
- ANSES, Agence Nationale de Sécurité Sanitaire de l’Alimentation, de l’Environnement et du Travail, VetAgro Sup, Univ Lyon, UMR Mycoplasmoses des Ruminants, Marcy l'Etoile, France
| | - Omran Allatif
- CIRI, International Center for Infectiology Research, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Univ Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Isabelle Grosjean
- Univ Lyon, SFR BioSciences, ENS de Lyon, Inserm US8, CNRS UMS344, UCBL, Lyon, France
| | - Bariza Blanquier
- Univ Lyon, SFR BioSciences, ENS de Lyon, Inserm US8, CNRS UMS344, UCBL, Lyon, France
| | - Denis Gerlier
- Univ Lyon, SFR BioSciences, ENS de Lyon, Inserm US8, CNRS UMS344, UCBL, Lyon, France
- CIRI, International Center for Infectiology Research, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Univ Lyon, Lyon, France
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35
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A Luciferase Gene Driven by an Alphaherpesviral Promoter Also Responds to Immediate Early Antigens of the Betaherpesvirus HCMV, Allowing Comparative Analyses of Different Human Herpesviruses in One Reporter Cell Line. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0169580. [PMID: 28060895 PMCID: PMC5217978 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0169580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Widely used methods for quantification of human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection in cell culture such as immunoblotting or plaque reduction assays are generally restricted to low throughput and require time-consuming evaluation. Up to now, only few HCMV reporter cell lines have been generated to overcome these restrictions and they are afflicted with other limitations because permanently expandable cell lines are normally not fully permissive to HCMV. In this work, a previously existing epithelial cell line hosting a luciferase gene under control of a Varicella-zoster virus promoter was adopted to investigate HCMV infection. The cells were susceptible to different HCMV strains at infection efficiencies that corresponded to their respective degree of epithelial cell tropism. Expression of early and late viral antigens, formation of nuclear inclusions, release of infectious virus progeny, and focal growth indicated productive viral replication. However, viral release and spread occurred at lower levels than in primary cell lines which appears to be due to a malfunction of virion morphogenesis during the nuclear stage. Expression of the luciferase reporter gene was specifically induced in HCMV infected cultures as a function of the virus dose and dependent on viral immediate early gene expression. The level of reporter activity accurately reflected infection efficiencies as determined by viral antigen immunostaining, and hence could discriminate the cell tropism of the tested virus strains. As proof-of-principle, we demonstrate that this cell line is applicable to evaluate drug resistance of clinical HCMV isolates and the neutralization capacity of human sera, and that it allows comparative and simultaneous analysis of HCMV and human herpes simplex virus type 1. In summary, the permanent epithelial reporter cell line allows robust, rapid and objective quantitation of HCMV infection and it will be particularly useful in higher throughput analyses as well as in comparative analyses of different human herpesviruses.
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Welt RS, Welt JA, Kostyal D, Gangadharan YD, Raymond V, Welt S. Specificity and biologic activities of novel anti-membrane IgM antibodies. Oncotarget 2016; 7:74701-74723. [PMID: 27732950 PMCID: PMC5342696 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.12506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2016] [Accepted: 09/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The concept that the B-cell Receptor (BCR) initiates a driver pathway in lymphoma-leukemia has been clinically validated. Previously described unique BCR Ig-class-specific sequences (proximal domains (PDs)), are not expressed in serum Ig (sIg). As a consequence of sequence and structural differences in the membrane IgM (mIgM) µ-Constant Domain 4, additional epitopes distinguish mIgM from sIgM. mAbs generated to linear and conformational epitopes, restricted to mIgM and not reacting with sIgM, were generated despite the relative hydrophobicity of the PDm sequence. Anti-PD mAbs (mAb1, mAb2, and mAb3) internalize mIgM. Anti-mIgM mAb4, which recognizes a distinct non-ligand binding site epitope, mediates mIgM internalization, and in low-density cultures, growth inhibition, anti-clonogenic activity, and apoptosis. We show that mAb-mediated mIgM internalization generally does not interrupt BCR-directed cell growth, however, mAb4 binding to a non-ligand binding site in the mIgM PDm-μC4 domain induces both mIgM internalization and anti-tumor effects. BCR micro-clustering in many B-cell leukemia and lymphoma lines is demonstrated by SEM micrographs using these new mAb reagents. mAb4 is a clinical candidate as a mediator of inhibition of the BCR signaling pathway. As these agents do not bind to non-mIgM B-cells, nor cross-react to non-lymphatic tissues, they may spare B-cell/normal tissue destruction as mAb-drug conjugates.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Anti-Idiotypic/immunology
- Antibodies, Anti-Idiotypic/pharmacology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/pharmacology
- Antibody Specificity/immunology
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
- Epitope Mapping
- Epitopes/chemistry
- Epitopes/immunology
- Epitopes/metabolism
- Humans
- Hybridomas/immunology
- Leukemia, B-Cell/immunology
- Leukemia, B-Cell/metabolism
- Lymphoma, B-Cell/immunology
- Lymphoma, B-Cell/metabolism
- Mice
- Peptides/immunology
- Protein Binding
- Protein Transport
- Receptors, Antigen, B-Cell/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Antigen, B-Cell/chemistry
- Receptors, Antigen, B-Cell/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Virginia Raymond
- Welt Bio-Molecular Pharmaceutical, LLC., Armonk, NY, USA
- Biogent, LLC., Armonk, NY, USA
| | - Sydney Welt
- Welt Bio-Molecular Pharmaceutical, LLC., Armonk, NY, USA
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37
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Zanzig J, Marimuthu B, Werka J, Scholz C. Investigation of the Impact of Poly(Ethylene Glycol)-Modulation of Poly(B-Hydroxybutyrate) Syntheses on Cell Interactions of the Resulting Polymers. J BIOACT COMPAT POL 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/0883911503038229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Poly(-hydroxybutyrate), PHB is a bacterial polyester known for its excellent bone compatibility, however, the material lacks blood and tissue compatibility. Poly(ethylene glycol), PEG,-modulated fermentation of Alcaligenes latus and Azotobacter vinelandii UWD was employed to yield copolymers consisting of PHB and PEG that exhibit diminished cell-adhesion surface properties. PEGs with molecular weights of 3400, 2000, and 400 as well as diethylene glycol, DEG, and pentaerythritol ethoxylate, PEE, were used in a concentration of 2% (w/v) for amending the fermentation broths. This modulation of the fermentation conditions did not influence polymer yields. However, the resulting copolymers had drastically reduced molecular weights, 82% less for the DEG-amended fermentation of A. latus. The reduction in molecular weight was attributed to an end-capping reaction of the nascent PHB-chain with PEG and/or early chain termination by water facilitated by the presence of the highly hydrophilic PEG-molecules. The formation of a covalent linkage was proven unambiguously by H-NMR-spectroscopic methods only for the copolymers obtained in the DEG-modified fermentations of both strains. Cell growth experiments using SK-MEL 28 and MDA-MB 231 cells were used for the evaluation of polymer-cell interaction. Copolymer films obtained from PEG-modulated syntheses showed significantly less cell adhesion with reductions in cell adhesions; up to 74% less in the two-day experiments (MDA-MB 231 on the copolymer obtained in DEG-modified fermentation of A. latus) and 48% less in the seven-day experiments (SK-MEL 28 on the copolymer obtained in PEG 400-modified fermentation of A. vinelandii UWD). In the two-day experiments, no differences in the cellinteraction was observed between the polymers obtained from two different bacterial sources, the polymers differed in their long-term, seven-day, cell interaction with copolymers obtained from A. vinelandii UWD maintaining more effective cell repulsion.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Carmen Scholz
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alabama, in Huntsville John Wright Drive, Huntsville AL 35899, USA
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A novel tyrosine-modified low molecular weight polyethylenimine (P10Y) for efficient siRNA delivery in vitro and in vivo. J Control Release 2016; 230:13-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2016.03.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2015] [Revised: 03/23/2016] [Accepted: 03/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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39
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Popa IL, Milac AL, Sima LE, Alexandru PR, Pastrama F, Munteanu CVA, Negroiu G. Cross-talk between Dopachrome Tautomerase and Caveolin-1 Is Melanoma Cell Phenotype-specific and Potentially Involved in Tumor Progression. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:12481-12500. [PMID: 27053106 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.714733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
l-Dopachrome tautomerase (l-DCT), also called tyrosinase-related protein-2 (TRP-2), is a melanoma antigen overexpressed in most chemo-/radiotherapeutic stress-resistant tumor clones, and caveolin-1 (CAV1) is a main regulator of numerous signaling processes. A structural and functional relationship between DCT and CAV1 is first presented here in two human amelanotic melanoma cell lines, derived from vertical growth phase (MelJuSo) and metastatic (SKMel28) melanomas. DCT co-localizes at the plasma membrane with CAV1 and Cavin-1, another molecular marker for caveolae in both cell phenotypes. Our novel structural model proposed for the DCT-CAV1 complex, in addition to co-immunoprecipitation and mass spectrometry data, indicates a possible direct interaction between DCT and CAV1. The CAV1 control on DCT gene expression, DCT post-translational processing, and subcellular distribution is cell phenotype-dependent. DCT is a modulator of CAV1 stability and supramolecular assembly in both cell phenotypes. During autocrine stimulation, the expressions of DCT and CAV1 are oppositely regulated; DCT increases while CAV1 decreases. Sub-confluent MelJuSo clones DCT(high)/CAV1(low) are proliferating and acquire fibroblast-like morphology, forming massive, confluent clusters as demonstrated by immunofluorescent staining and TissueFAXS quantitative image cytometry analysis. CAV1 down-regulation directly contributes to the expansion of MelJuSo DCT(high) subtype. CAV1 involved in the perpetuation of cell phenotype-overexpressing anti-stress DCT molecule supports the concept that CAV1 functions as a tumor suppressor in early stages of melanoma. DCT is a regulator of the CAV1-associated structures and is possibly a new molecular player in CAV1-mediated processes in melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioana L Popa
- Department of Protein Folding, Institute of Biochemistry of the Romanian Academy, 060031 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Adina L Milac
- Department of Bioinformatics and Structural Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry of the Romanian Academy, 060031 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Livia E Sima
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry of the Romanian Academy, 060031 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Petruta R Alexandru
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry of the Romanian Academy, 060031 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Florin Pastrama
- Department of Bioinformatics and Structural Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry of the Romanian Academy, 060031 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Cristian V A Munteanu
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry of the Romanian Academy, 060031 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Gabriela Negroiu
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry of the Romanian Academy, 060031 Bucharest, Romania.
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Vormehr M, Diken M, Boegel S, Kreiter S, Türeci Ÿ, Sahin U. Mutanome directed cancer immunotherapy. Curr Opin Immunol 2016; 39:14-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2015.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2015] [Revised: 12/01/2015] [Accepted: 12/02/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Messerschmidt JL, Prendergast GC, Messerschmidt GL. How Cancers Escape Immune Destruction and Mechanisms of Action for the New Significantly Active Immune Therapies: Helping Nonimmunologists Decipher Recent Advances. Oncologist 2016; 21:233-43. [PMID: 26834161 DOI: 10.1634/theoncologist.2015-0282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2015] [Accepted: 11/13/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED With the Food and Drug Administration and other worldwide regulatory authorities' approval of ipilimumab (Yervoy), sipuleucel-T (Provenge), nivolumab (Opdivo), and pembrolizumab (Keytruda), oncologic therapy has now moved into noncancer cell targets within the immune system. For many nonimmunologists, understanding how these vastly different therapies work to improve survival, like no other therapies have in the past, is a challenge. The present report reviews the normal function of the immune system, how cancers escape the normal immune system, and how these new therapies improve immune system reactions against cancers. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE Oncologists have tremendous experience with therapies that target the cancer cells. New biologic agents have been rapidly introduced recently that target not cancer cells, but the patient's immune cells. The mechanisms of action of these immune-based biologic agents are within the host immune system. To understand these new biologic therapies, basic knowledge of normal and abnormal immune function is essential. The present report explains the up-to-date basic immune normal and abnormal function and prepares the oncologist to understand how the new drugs work, why they work, and why there are associated adverse events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan L Messerschmidt
- Lankenau Institute for Medical Research, Wynnewood, Pennsylvania, USA Lankenau Medical Center, Wynnewood, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - George C Prendergast
- Lankenau Institute for Medical Research, Wynnewood, Pennsylvania, USA Lankenau Medical Center, Wynnewood, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Gerald L Messerschmidt
- Lankenau Institute for Medical Research, Wynnewood, Pennsylvania, USA Lankenau Medical Center, Wynnewood, Pennsylvania, USA Clinical Research Center, Lankenau Institute for Medical Research, Wynnewood, Pennsylvania, USA
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Gardberg M, Heuser VD, Koskivuo I, Koivisto M, Carpén O. FMNL2/FMNL3 formins are linked with oncogenic pathways and predict melanoma outcome. JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY CLINICAL RESEARCH 2016; 2:41-52. [PMID: 27499915 PMCID: PMC4858127 DOI: 10.1002/cjp2.34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2015] [Accepted: 12/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
While most early (stage I‐II) melanomas are cured by surgery, recurrence is not uncommon. Prognostication by current clinicopathological parameters does not provide sufficient means for identifying patients who are at risk of developing metastases and in need of adjuvant therapy. Actin‐regulating formins may account for invasive properties of cancer cells, including melanoma. Here, we studied formin‐like protein 2 and 3 (FMNL2 and FMNL3) in melanoma by analysing their role in the invasive properties of melanoma cells and by evaluating whether FMNL2 expression is associated with melanoma outcome. Immunohistochemical characterization of FMNL2 in a cohort of 175 primary cutaneous stage I‐II melanomas indicated that high FMNL2 reactivity correlates with poor outcome as evaluated by recurrence free survival (p < 0.0001) or disease specific survival (p < 0.0001). In multivariate analysis, Breslow's thickness (p < 0.05) and FMNL2 expression (p < 0.001) remained as independent prognostic factors. Cellular studies revealed that FMNL2 is a component of filopodia in many melanoma cell lines. Inhibition of either FMNL2 or the closely related FMNL3 affected the maintenance of melanoma cell morphology and reduced migration. Finally, inhibition of the BRAF, PI3K and MAPK oncogenic pathways markedly reduced expression of both FMNL2 and FMNL3 in melanoma cells. The results suggest a major role for FMNL2/FMNL3 formins in melanoma biology and raise the possibility that the novel targeted melanoma drugs may interfere with the cellular properties regulated by these formins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Gardberg
- Department of Pathology University of Turku and Turku University Hospital Turku Finland
| | - Vanina D Heuser
- Department of Pathology University of Turku and Turku University Hospital Turku Finland
| | - Ilkka Koskivuo
- Department of Plastic and General Surgery Turku University Hospital Turku Finland
| | - Mari Koivisto
- Department of Biostatistics University of Turku Turku Finland
| | - Olli Carpén
- Department of PathologyUniversity of Turku and Turku University HospitalTurkuFinland; Auria Biobank, Turku University HospitalTurkuFinland
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Inhibition of the RhoA GTPase Activity Increases Sensitivity of Melanoma Cells to UV Radiation Effects. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2015; 2016:2696952. [PMID: 26823948 PMCID: PMC4707346 DOI: 10.1155/2016/2696952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2015] [Accepted: 10/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Ultraviolet radiation is the main cause of DNA damage to melanocytes and development of melanoma, one of the most lethal human cancers, which leads to metastasis due to uncontrolled cell proliferation and migration. These phenotypes are mediated by RhoA, a GTPase overexpressed or overactivated in highly aggressive metastatic tumors that plays regulatory roles in cell cycle progression and cytoskeleton remodeling. This work explores whether the effects of UV on DNA damage, motility, proliferation, and survival of human metastatic melanoma cells are mediated by the RhoA pathway. Mutant cells expressing dominant-negative (MeWo-RhoA-N19) or constitutively active RhoA (MeWo-RhoA-V14) were generated and subjected to UV radiation. A slight reduction in migration and invasion was observed in MeWo and MeWo-RhoA-V14 cells but not in MeWo-RhoA-N19 cells, which presented inefficient motility and invasiveness associated with stress fibers fragmentation. Proliferation and survival of RhoA-deficient cells were drastically reduced by UV compared to cells displaying normal or high RhoA activity, suggesting increased sensitivity to UV. Loss of RhoA activity also caused less efficient DNA repair, with elevated levels of DNA lesions such as strand breaks and cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers (CPDs). Thus, RhoA mediates genomic stability and represents a potential target for sensitizing metastatic tumors to genotoxic agents.
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Sottile R, Pangigadde PN, Tan T, Anichini A, Sabbatino F, Trecroci F, Favoino E, Orgiano L, Roberts J, Ferrone S, Kärre K, Colucci F, Carbone E. HLA class I downregulation is associated with enhanced NK-cell killing of melanoma cells with acquired drug resistance to BRAF inhibitors. Eur J Immunol 2015; 46:409-19. [PMID: 26564811 PMCID: PMC4832274 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201445289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2014] [Revised: 09/22/2015] [Accepted: 11/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The frequent development of drug resistance to targeted therapies in cancer patients has stimulated interest in strategies counteracting resistance. Combining immunotherapies with targeted therapies is one such strategy. In this context, we asked whether human NK cells can target melanoma cells that have acquired resistance to selective inhibitors targeting activating mutants of the B‐Raf kinase (BRAF inhibitors, BRAFi). We generated drug‐resistant cell variants in vitro from human BRAF‐mutant melanoma cell lines MEL‐HO, COLO‐38, SK‐MEL‐37, 1520 and from primary melanoma cells freshly isolated from two patients. All drug‐resistant cell variants remained susceptible to lysis by IL‐2‐activated NK cells; and two BRAFi‐resistant lines (BRAFi‐R) became significantly more susceptible to NK‐cell lysis than their parental lines. This was associated with significant HLA class I antigen downregulation and PD‐L1 upregulation on the drug‐resistant lines. Although blocking HLA class I enhanced the extent of lysis of both BRAFi‐R and parental cells to NK‐cell‐mediated lysis, antibody‐mediated inhibition of PD1–PD‐L1 interactions had no detectable effect. HLA class I antigen expression on BRAFi‐R melanoma variants thus appears to play a major role in their susceptibility to NK‐cell cytotoxicity. These findings suggest that NK‐cell‐based immunotherapy may be a viable approach to treat melanoma patients with acquired resistance to BRAF inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Sottile
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.,University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Pradeepa N Pangigadde
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.,University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Thomas Tan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge, UK
| | - Andrea Anichini
- Department of Experimental Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | | | | | - Elvira Favoino
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Laura Orgiano
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge, UK
| | - James Roberts
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge, UK
| | - Soldano Ferrone
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Klas Kärre
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Francesco Colucci
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge, UK
| | - Ennio Carbone
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.,University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
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46
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Stadler J, Eder J, Pratscher B, Brandt S, Schneller D, Müllegger R, Vogl C, Trautinger F, Brem G, Burgstaller JP. SNPase-ARMS qPCR: Ultrasensitive Mutation-Based Detection of Cell-Free Tumor DNA in Melanoma Patients. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0142273. [PMID: 26562020 PMCID: PMC4642939 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0142273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2015] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell-free circulating tumor DNA in the plasma of cancer patients has become a common point of interest as indicator of therapy options and treatment response in clinical cancer research. Especially patient- and tumor-specific single nucleotide variants that accurately distinguish tumor DNA from wild type DNA are promising targets. The reliable detection and quantification of these single-base DNA variants is technically challenging. Currently, a variety of techniques is applied, with no apparent “gold standard”. Here we present a novel qPCR protocol that meets the conditions of extreme sensitivity and specificity that are required for detection and quantification of tumor DNA. By consecutive application of two polymerases, one of them designed for extreme base-specificity, the method reaches unprecedented sensitivity and specificity. Three qPCR assays were tested with spike-in experiments, specific for point mutations BRAF V600E, PTEN T167A and NRAS Q61L of melanoma cell lines. It was possible to detect down to one copy of tumor DNA per reaction (Poisson distribution), at a background of up to 200 000 wild type DNAs. To prove its clinical applicability, the method was successfully tested on a small cohort of BRAF V600E positive melanoma patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Stadler
- Biotechnology in Animal Production, Department for Agrobiotechnology, IFA Tulln, Tulln, Lower Austria, Austria
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Johanna Eder
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Karl Landsteiner University of Health Sciences, St. Poelten, Lower Austria, Austria
- Karl Landsteiner Institute of Dermatological Research, St. Poelten, Lower Austria, Austria
| | - Barbara Pratscher
- Research Group Oncology of the Equine Clinic, Department for Companion Animal and Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Sabine Brandt
- Research Group Oncology of the Equine Clinic, Department for Companion Animal and Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Doris Schneller
- Biotechnology in Animal Production, Department for Agrobiotechnology, IFA Tulln, Tulln, Lower Austria, Austria
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Robert Müllegger
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Landesklinikum Wiener Neustadt, Wiener Neustadt, Lower Austria, Austria
| | - Claus Vogl
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Franz Trautinger
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Karl Landsteiner University of Health Sciences, St. Poelten, Lower Austria, Austria
- Karl Landsteiner Institute of Dermatological Research, St. Poelten, Lower Austria, Austria
| | - Gottfried Brem
- Biotechnology in Animal Production, Department for Agrobiotechnology, IFA Tulln, Tulln, Lower Austria, Austria
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Joerg P. Burgstaller
- Biotechnology in Animal Production, Department for Agrobiotechnology, IFA Tulln, Tulln, Lower Austria, Austria
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- * E-mail:
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Khan G, Brooks SE, Mills KI, Guinn BA. Infrequent Expression of the Cancer-Testis Antigen, PASD1, in Ovarian Cancer. BIOMARKERS IN CANCER 2015; 7:31-8. [PMID: 26327782 PMCID: PMC4539101 DOI: 10.4137/bic.s28378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2015] [Revised: 06/29/2015] [Accepted: 06/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Ovarian cancer is very treatable in the early stages of disease; however, it is usually detected in the later stages, at which time, treatment is no longer as effective. If discovered early (Stage I), there is a 90% chance of five-year survival. Therefore, it is imperative that early-stage biomarkers are identified to enhance the early detection of ovarian cancer. Cancer-testis antigens (CTAs), such as Per ARNT SIM (PAS) domain containing 1 (PASD1), are unique in that their expression is restricted to immunologically restricted sites, such as the testis and placenta, which do not express MHC class I, and cancer, making them ideally positioned to act as targets for immunotherapy as well as potential biomarkers for cancer detection where expressed. We examined the expression of PASD1a and b in a number of cell lines, as well as eight healthy ovary samples, eight normal adjacent ovarian tissues, and 191 ovarian cancer tissues, which were predominantly stage I (n = 164) and stage II (n = 14) disease. We found that despite the positive staining of skin cancer, only one stage Ic ovarian cancer patient tissue expressed PASD1a and b at detectable levels. This may reflect the predominantly stage I ovarian cancer samples examined. To examine the restriction of PASD1 expression, we examined endometrial tissue arrays and found no expression in 30 malignant tumor tissues, 23 cases of hyperplasia, or 16 normal endometrial tissues. Our study suggests that the search for a single cancer-testes antigen/biomarker that can detect early ovarian cancer must continue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghazala Khan
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Bedfordshire, Park Square, Luton, Bedfordshire, UK
| | - Suzanne E Brooks
- Biomedical Imaging Unit, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, UK
| | - Ken I Mills
- Blood Cancer Research Group, Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology (CCRCB), Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Barbara-Ann Guinn
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Bedfordshire, Park Square, Luton, Bedfordshire, UK
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Rogler A, Kendziorra E, Giedl J, Stoehr C, Taubert H, Goebell PJ, Wullich B, Stöckle M, Lehmann J, Petsch S, Hartmann A, Stoehr R. Functional analyses and prognostic significance of SFRP1 expression in bladder cancer. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2015; 141:1779-90. [DOI: 10.1007/s00432-015-1942-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2015] [Accepted: 02/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Peretz Y, Wu H, Patel S, Bellacosa A, Katz RA. Inhibitor of DNA Binding 4 (ID4) is highly expressed in human melanoma tissues and may function to restrict normal differentiation of melanoma cells. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0116839. [PMID: 25642713 PMCID: PMC4314081 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0116839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2014] [Accepted: 12/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Melanoma tissues and cell lines are heterogeneous, and include cells with invasive, proliferative, stem cell-like, and differentiated properties. Such heterogeneity likely contributes to the aggressiveness of the disease and resistance to therapy. One model suggests that heterogeneity arises from rare cancer stem cells (CSCs) that produce distinct cancer cell lineages. Another model suggests that heterogeneity arises through reversible cellular plasticity, or phenotype-switching. Recent work indicates that phenotype-switching may include the ability of cancer cells to dedifferentiate to a stem cell-like state. We set out to investigate the phenotype-switching capabilities of melanoma cells, and used unbiased methods to identify genes that may control such switching. We developed a system to reversibly synchronize melanoma cells between 2D-monolayer and 3D-stem cell-like growth states. Melanoma cells maintained in the stem cell-like state showed a striking upregulation of a gene set related to development and neural stem cell biology, which included SRY-box 2 (SOX2) and Inhibitor of DNA Binding 4 (ID4). A gene set related to cancer cell motility and invasiveness was concomitantly downregulated. Intense and pervasive ID4 protein expression was detected in human melanoma tissue samples, suggesting disease relevance for this protein. SiRNA knockdown of ID4 inhibited switching from monolayer to 3D-stem cell-like growth, and instead promoted switching to a highly differentiated, neuronal-like morphology. We suggest that ID4 is upregulated in melanoma as part of a stem cell-like program that facilitates further adaptive plasticity. ID4 may contribute to disease by preventing stem cell-like melanoma cells from progressing to a normal differentiated state. This interpretation is guided by the known role of ID4 as a differentiation inhibitor during normal development. The melanoma stem cell-like state may be protected by factors such as ID4, thereby potentially identifying a new therapeutic vulnerability to drive differentiation to the normal cell phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuval Peretz
- Fox Chase Cancer Center, Temple University Health System, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Hong Wu
- Fox Chase Cancer Center, Temple University Health System, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Shayan Patel
- Fox Chase Cancer Center, Temple University Health System, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Alfonso Bellacosa
- Fox Chase Cancer Center, Temple University Health System, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Richard A. Katz
- Fox Chase Cancer Center, Temple University Health System, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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50
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Barderas R, Villar-Vázquez R, Casal JI. Colorectal Cancer Circulating Biomarkers. BIOMARKERS IN CANCER 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/978-94-007-7681-4_29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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