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Kang Y, Lee K, Hoshikawa K, Kang M, Jang S. Molecular Bases of Heat Stress Responses in Vegetable Crops With Focusing on Heat Shock Factors and Heat Shock Proteins. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:837152. [PMID: 35481144 PMCID: PMC9036485 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.837152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The effects of the climate change including an increase in the average global temperatures, and abnormal weather events such as frequent and severe heatwaves are emerging as a worldwide ecological concern due to their impacts on plant vegetation and crop productivity. In this review, the molecular processes of plants in response to heat stress-from the sensing of heat stress, the subsequent molecular cascades associated with the activation of heat shock factors and their primary targets (heat shock proteins), to the cellular responses-have been summarized with an emphasis on the classification and functions of heat shock proteins. Vegetables contain many essential vitamins, minerals, antioxidants, and fibers that provide many critical health benefits to humans. The adverse effects of heat stress on vegetable growth can be alleviated by developing vegetable crops with enhanced thermotolerance with the aid of various genetic tools. To achieve this goal, a solid understanding of the molecular and/or cellular mechanisms underlying various responses of vegetables to high temperature is imperative. Therefore, efforts to identify heat stress-responsive genes including those that code for heat shock factors and heat shock proteins, their functional roles in vegetable crops, and also their application to developing vegetables tolerant to heat stress are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeeun Kang
- World Vegetable Center Korea Office, Wanju-gun, South Korea
| | - Kwanuk Lee
- National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science (NIHHS), Rural Development Administration (RDA), Wanju-gun, South Korea
| | - Ken Hoshikawa
- Biological Resources and Post-harvest Division, Japan International Research Center for Agricultural Sciences (JIRCAS), Tsukuba, Japan
| | | | - Seonghoe Jang
- World Vegetable Center Korea Office, Wanju-gun, South Korea
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Murata N, Nishiyama Y. ATP is a driving force in the repair of photosystem II during photoinhibition. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2018; 41:285-299. [PMID: 29210214 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Revised: 11/21/2017] [Accepted: 11/22/2017] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Repair of photosystem II (PSII) during photoinhibition involves replacement of photodamaged D1 protein by newly synthesized D1 protein. In this review, we summarize evidence for the indispensability of ATP in the degradation and synthesis of D1 during the repair of PSII. Synthesis of one molecule of the D1 protein consumes more than 1,300 molecules of ATP equivalents. The degradation of photodamaged D1 by FtsH protease also consumes approximately 240 molecules of ATP. In addition, ATP is required for several other aspects of the repair of PSII, such as transcription of psbA genes. These requirements for ATP during the repair of PSII have been demonstrated by experiments showing that the synthesis of D1 and the repair of PSII are interrupted by inhibitors of ATP synthase and uncouplers of ATP synthesis, as well as by mutation of components of ATP synthase. We discuss the contribution of cyclic electron transport around photosystem I to the repair of PSII. Furthermore, we introduce new terms relevant to the regulation of the PSII repair, namely, "ATP-dependent regulation" and "redox-dependent regulation," and we discuss the possible contribution of the ATP-dependent regulation of PSII repair under environmental stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norio Murata
- National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, 444-8585, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Nishiyama
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Institute for Environmental Science and Technology, Saitama University, 255 Shimo-Okubo, Sakura-ku, Saitama, 338-8570, Japan
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Bergner SV, Scholz M, Trompelt K, Barth J, Gäbelein P, Steinbeck J, Xue H, Clowez S, Fucile G, Goldschmidt-Clermont M, Fufezan C, Hippler M. STATE TRANSITION7-Dependent Phosphorylation Is Modulated by Changing Environmental Conditions, and Its Absence Triggers Remodeling of Photosynthetic Protein Complexes. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 168:615-34. [PMID: 25858915 PMCID: PMC4453777 DOI: 10.1104/pp.15.00072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2015] [Accepted: 04/04/2015] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
In plants and algae, the serine/threonine kinase STN7/STT7, orthologous protein kinases in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii and Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), respectively, is an important regulator in acclimation to changing light environments. In this work, we assessed STT7-dependent protein phosphorylation under high light in C. reinhardtii, known to fully induce the expression of light-harvesting complex stress-related protein3 (LHCSR3) and a nonphotochemical quenching mechanism, in relationship to anoxia where the activity of cyclic electron flow is stimulated. Our quantitative proteomics data revealed numerous unique STT7 protein substrates and STT7-dependent protein phosphorylation variations that were reliant on the environmental condition. These results indicate that STT7-dependent phosphorylation is modulated by the environment and point to an intricate chloroplast phosphorylation network responding in a highly sensitive and dynamic manner to environmental cues and alterations in kinase function. Functionally, the absence of the STT7 kinase triggered changes in protein expression and photoinhibition of photosystem I (PSI) and resulted in the remodeling of photosynthetic complexes. This remodeling initiated a pronounced association of LHCSR3 with PSI-light harvesting complex I (LHCI)-ferredoxin-NADPH oxidoreductase supercomplexes. Lack of STT7 kinase strongly diminished PSII-LHCII supercomplexes, while PSII core complex phosphorylation and accumulation were significantly enhanced. In conclusion, our study provides strong evidence that the regulation of protein phosphorylation is critical for driving successful acclimation to high light and anoxic growth environments and gives new insights into acclimation strategies to these environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonja Verena Bergner
- Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, University of Münster, 48143 Munster, Germany (S.V.B., M.S., K.T., J.B., P.G., J.S., H.X., C.F., M.H.);Institut de Biologie Physico-Chimique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7141 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, 75005 Paris, France (S.C.); andDepartment of Botany and Plant Biology and Institute of Genetics and Genomics in Geneva, University of Geneva, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland (G.F., M.G.-C.)
| | - Martin Scholz
- Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, University of Münster, 48143 Munster, Germany (S.V.B., M.S., K.T., J.B., P.G., J.S., H.X., C.F., M.H.);Institut de Biologie Physico-Chimique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7141 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, 75005 Paris, France (S.C.); andDepartment of Botany and Plant Biology and Institute of Genetics and Genomics in Geneva, University of Geneva, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland (G.F., M.G.-C.)
| | - Kerstin Trompelt
- Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, University of Münster, 48143 Munster, Germany (S.V.B., M.S., K.T., J.B., P.G., J.S., H.X., C.F., M.H.);Institut de Biologie Physico-Chimique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7141 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, 75005 Paris, France (S.C.); andDepartment of Botany and Plant Biology and Institute of Genetics and Genomics in Geneva, University of Geneva, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland (G.F., M.G.-C.)
| | - Johannes Barth
- Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, University of Münster, 48143 Munster, Germany (S.V.B., M.S., K.T., J.B., P.G., J.S., H.X., C.F., M.H.);Institut de Biologie Physico-Chimique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7141 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, 75005 Paris, France (S.C.); andDepartment of Botany and Plant Biology and Institute of Genetics and Genomics in Geneva, University of Geneva, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland (G.F., M.G.-C.)
| | - Philipp Gäbelein
- Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, University of Münster, 48143 Munster, Germany (S.V.B., M.S., K.T., J.B., P.G., J.S., H.X., C.F., M.H.);Institut de Biologie Physico-Chimique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7141 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, 75005 Paris, France (S.C.); andDepartment of Botany and Plant Biology and Institute of Genetics and Genomics in Geneva, University of Geneva, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland (G.F., M.G.-C.)
| | - Janina Steinbeck
- Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, University of Münster, 48143 Munster, Germany (S.V.B., M.S., K.T., J.B., P.G., J.S., H.X., C.F., M.H.);Institut de Biologie Physico-Chimique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7141 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, 75005 Paris, France (S.C.); andDepartment of Botany and Plant Biology and Institute of Genetics and Genomics in Geneva, University of Geneva, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland (G.F., M.G.-C.)
| | - Huidan Xue
- Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, University of Münster, 48143 Munster, Germany (S.V.B., M.S., K.T., J.B., P.G., J.S., H.X., C.F., M.H.);Institut de Biologie Physico-Chimique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7141 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, 75005 Paris, France (S.C.); andDepartment of Botany and Plant Biology and Institute of Genetics and Genomics in Geneva, University of Geneva, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland (G.F., M.G.-C.)
| | - Sophie Clowez
- Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, University of Münster, 48143 Munster, Germany (S.V.B., M.S., K.T., J.B., P.G., J.S., H.X., C.F., M.H.);Institut de Biologie Physico-Chimique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7141 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, 75005 Paris, France (S.C.); andDepartment of Botany and Plant Biology and Institute of Genetics and Genomics in Geneva, University of Geneva, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland (G.F., M.G.-C.)
| | - Geoffrey Fucile
- Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, University of Münster, 48143 Munster, Germany (S.V.B., M.S., K.T., J.B., P.G., J.S., H.X., C.F., M.H.);Institut de Biologie Physico-Chimique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7141 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, 75005 Paris, France (S.C.); andDepartment of Botany and Plant Biology and Institute of Genetics and Genomics in Geneva, University of Geneva, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland (G.F., M.G.-C.)
| | - Michel Goldschmidt-Clermont
- Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, University of Münster, 48143 Munster, Germany (S.V.B., M.S., K.T., J.B., P.G., J.S., H.X., C.F., M.H.);Institut de Biologie Physico-Chimique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7141 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, 75005 Paris, France (S.C.); andDepartment of Botany and Plant Biology and Institute of Genetics and Genomics in Geneva, University of Geneva, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland (G.F., M.G.-C.)
| | - Christian Fufezan
- Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, University of Münster, 48143 Munster, Germany (S.V.B., M.S., K.T., J.B., P.G., J.S., H.X., C.F., M.H.);Institut de Biologie Physico-Chimique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7141 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, 75005 Paris, France (S.C.); andDepartment of Botany and Plant Biology and Institute of Genetics and Genomics in Geneva, University of Geneva, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland (G.F., M.G.-C.)
| | - Michael Hippler
- Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, University of Münster, 48143 Munster, Germany (S.V.B., M.S., K.T., J.B., P.G., J.S., H.X., C.F., M.H.);Institut de Biologie Physico-Chimique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7141 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, 75005 Paris, France (S.C.); andDepartment of Botany and Plant Biology and Institute of Genetics and Genomics in Geneva, University of Geneva, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland (G.F., M.G.-C.)
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Mitochondrial peroxiredoxin functions as crucial chaperone reservoir in Leishmania infantum. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:E616-24. [PMID: 25646478 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1419682112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytosolic eukaryotic 2-Cys-peroxiredoxins have been widely reported to act as dual-function proteins, either detoxifying reactive oxygen species or acting as chaperones to prevent protein aggregation. Several stimuli, including peroxide-mediated sulfinic acid formation at the active site cysteine, have been proposed to trigger the chaperone activity. However, the mechanism underlying this activation and the extent to which the chaperone function is crucial under physiological conditions in vivo remained unknown. Here we demonstrate that in the vector-borne protozoan parasite Leishmania infantum, mitochondrial peroxiredoxin (Prx) exerts intrinsic ATP-independent chaperone activity, protecting a wide variety of different proteins against heat stress-mediated unfolding in vitro and in vivo. Activation of the chaperone function appears to be induced by temperature-mediated restructuring of the reduced decamers, promoting binding of unfolding client proteins in the center of Prx's ringlike structure. Client proteins are maintained in a folding-competent conformation until restoration of nonstress conditions, upon which they are released and transferred to ATP-dependent chaperones for refolding. Interference with client binding impairs parasite infectivity, providing compelling evidence for the in vivo importance of Prx's chaperone function. Our results suggest that reduced Prx provides a mitochondrial chaperone reservoir, which allows L. infantum to deal successfully with protein unfolding conditions during the transition from insect to the mammalian hosts and to generate viable parasites capable of perpetuating infection.
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In vitro characterization of bacterial and chloroplast Hsp70 systems reveals an evolutionary optimization of the co-chaperones for their Hsp70 partner. Biochem J 2014; 460:13-24. [PMID: 24564700 DOI: 10.1042/bj20140001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The chloroplast Hsp70 (heat-shock protein of 70 kDa) system involved in protein folding in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii consists of HSP70B, the DnaJ homologue CDJ1 and the GrpE-type nucleotide-exchange factor CGE1. The finding that HSP70B needs to be co-expressed with HEP2 (Hsp70 escort protein 2) to become functional allowed the reconstitution of the chloroplast Hsp70 system in vitro and comparison with the homologous Escherichia coli system. Both systems support luciferase refolding and display ATPase and holdase activities. Steady-state activities are low and strongly stimulated by the co-chaperones, whose concentrations need to be balanced to optimally support luciferase refolding. Although the co-chaperones of either system generally stimulate ATPase and folding-assistance activities of the other, luciferase refolding is reduced ~10-fold and <2-fold if either Hsp70 is supplemented with the foreign DnaJ and GrpE protein respectively, suggesting an evolutionary specialization of the co-chaperones for their Hsp70 partner. Distinct features are that HSP70B's steady-state ATPase exhibits ~20-fold higher values for Vmax and Km and that the HSP70B system displays a ~6-fold higher folding assistance on denatured luciferase. Although truncating up to 16 N-terminal amino acids of CGE1 does not affect HSP70B's general ATPase and folding-assistance activities in the physiological temperature range, further deletions hampering dimerization of CGE1 via its N-terminal coiled coil do.
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6
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Tukaj S, Tukaj Z. Distinct chemical contaminants induce the synthesis of Hsp70 proteins in green microalgae Desmodesmus subspicatus: Heat pretreatment increases cadmium resistance. J Therm Biol 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2010.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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7
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Lu Y, Hu Q, Yang C, Gao F. Histidine 89 is an essential residue for Hsp70 in the phosphate transfer reaction. Cell Stress Chaperones 2006; 11:148-53. [PMID: 16817320 PMCID: PMC1484515 DOI: 10.1379/csc-152r.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophosphorylation of Hsp70 is detected in the process of substrate refolding in the presence of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) in the reaction mixture. But to date, the role and mechanism of Hsp70 autophosphorylation have not been elucidated. In this study we determined the site of histidine phosphorylation of Hsp70 as an intermediate in the process of phosphate transfer reaction by site-directed mutagenesis. We selected two possible sites (ie, His89 and His227) of intermediate histidine phosphorylation based on our hypothesis of the transfer of gamma-phosphoryl groups and replacement by glycine and serine. Although an acid labile autophosphorylation intermediate of Hsp70 and its cytidine diphosphate-dependent dephosphorylation were detected in wild-type Hsp70, they were markedly suppressed in the H89S mutation of Hsp70, but not on the H227S mutation. The ATPase activity and ATP synthesis activity of Hsp70 were almost completely suppressed in the H89S and H89G mutations. The role of His89 in the phosphate transfer reaction of Hsp70 is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanming Lu
- Department of Clinical Research Center, No. 6 Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200233, People's Republic of China.
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Schroda M. The Chlamydomonas genome reveals its secrets: chaperone genes and the potential roles of their gene products in the chloroplast. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2004; 82:221-40. [PMID: 16143837 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-004-2216-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2003] [Accepted: 06/11/2004] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The first draft of the Chlamydomonas nuclear genome was searched for genes potentially encoding members of the five major chaperone families, Hsp100/Clp, Hsp90, Hsp70, Hsp60, the small heat shock proteins, and the Hsp70 and Cpn60 co-chaperones GrpE and Cpn10/20, respectively. This search yielded 34 potential (co-)chaperone genes, among them those 8 that have been reported earlier inChlamydomonas. These 34 genes encode all the (co-)chaperones that have been expected for the different compartments and organelles from genome searches in Arabidopsis, where 74 genes have been described to encode basically the same set of (co-)chaperones. Genome data from Arabidopsis and Chlamydomonas on the five major chaperone families are compared and discussed, with particular emphasis on chloroplast chaperones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Schroda
- Institut für Biologie II/Biochemie, Universität Freiburg, Schänzlestr. 1, 79104, Freiburg, Germany,
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9
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Orme W, Walker AR, Gupta R, Gray JC. A novel plastid-targeted J-domain protein in Arabidopsis thaliana. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2001; 46:615-26. [PMID: 11516154 DOI: 10.1023/a:1010665702621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Arabidopsis cDNAs encoding ATJ11, the smallest known J-domain protein, have been isolated and characterized. The precursor protein of 161 amino acid residues was synthesized in vitro and imported by isolated pea chloroplasts where it was localized to the stroma and cleaved to a mature protein of 125 amino acid residues. The mature protein consists of an 80 amino acid J-domain, and N- and C-terminal extensions of 24 and 21 amino acid residues, respectively, which show no similarity to regions in other DnaJ-related proteins. ATJ11 produced in Escherichia coli stimulated the weak ATPase activity of E. coli DnaK, but was unable to stimulate refolding of firefly luciferase by DnaK, and inhibited refolding by DnaK, DnaJ and GrpE. ATJ11 is encoded by a single-copy gene on chromosome 4, and is expressed in all plant organs examined. A paralogue of ATJ11, showing 72% identity, is encoded in a 4.5 Mb duplication of chromosome 4 on chromosome 2. These proteins represent a novel class of J-domain proteins.
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MESH Headings
- Adenosine Triphosphatases/drug effects
- Adenosine Triphosphatases/metabolism
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Arabidopsis/genetics
- Arabidopsis/metabolism
- Arabidopsis Proteins
- Binding Sites
- Biological Transport
- Blotting, Northern
- Blotting, Southern
- Chloroplasts/metabolism
- Chromosome Mapping
- DNA, Complementary/chemistry
- DNA, Complementary/genetics
- DNA, Complementary/isolation & purification
- DNA, Plant/genetics
- Escherichia coli Proteins
- HSP70 Heat-Shock Proteins/drug effects
- HSP70 Heat-Shock Proteins/metabolism
- Luciferases/chemistry
- Luciferases/drug effects
- Metalloendopeptidases/metabolism
- Molecular Chaperones/genetics
- Molecular Chaperones/metabolism
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Pisum sativum/metabolism
- Plant Proteins/genetics
- Plant Proteins/metabolism
- Plant Proteins/pharmacology
- Plastids/metabolism
- Protein Denaturation
- Protein Folding
- Protein Precursors/metabolism
- RNA, Plant/genetics
- RNA, Plant/metabolism
- Sequence Alignment
- Sequence Analysis, DNA
- Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
- Species Specificity
- Tissue Distribution
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Affiliation(s)
- W Orme
- Department of Plant Sciences and Cambridge Centre for Molecular Recognition, University of Cambridge, UK
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Santacruz H, Vriz S, Angelier N. Molecular characterization of a heat shock cognate cDNA of zebrafish, hsc70, and developmental expression of the corresponding transcripts. DEVELOPMENTAL GENETICS 2000; 21:223-33. [PMID: 9397538 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1520-6408(1997)21:3<223::aid-dvg5>3.0.co;2-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
To elucidate the potential role of the hsp70 gene family in developmental processes in vertebrates, we chose to study the expression of one of these genes in zebrafish. A zebrafish gastrula cDNA library was screened with a Pleurodeles waltl hsp70 cDNA probe. A 2.3-kb cDNA was thus isolated and sequenced. The predicted amino acid sequence contained an open reading frame encoding for a 649-amino acid polypeptide. Sequence analysis showed strong homology with hsp70-related gene sequences in other species; in particular, the strongest homology was found with the cognate members of this family. Tests of heat inducibility revealed that transcripts were expressed at normal temperature, but the level of transcript expression increased after heat shock. Moreover, experiments of the neosynthesis of total proteins in heat shock conditions and corresponding immunoblotting assays showed that 24-h-stage embryos are able to respond to heat shock. The quantity of 70 kDa proteins, recognized by a specific antibody of the HSP/C70 protein family, is expressed in control condition and increased significantly after heat shock. Furthermore, Northern blot analysis of transcript expression showed that the corresponding mRNAs were detected throughout embryonic development in the absence of any heat shock. Our clone, named hsc70, thus corresponded to a cognate member of the hsp70 gene family, expressed under normal conditions during development, but also heat inducible. The spatio-temporal pattern of transcripts during development was determined by in situ hybridization on wholemount embryos at different stages. As a maternal RNA, hsc70 mRNA was uniformly present in the embryo, up to the end of gastrulation. Later, a tissue-specific enrichment of hsc70 transcripts was detected in the central nervous system (CNS) and in a fraction of the somites. These results suggest that the hsc70 gene may be involved in developmental differentiation events.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Santacruz
- Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire du Développement, UA 1135 CNRS-UPMC, Paris, France
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11
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Barque JP, Schedler P, Floch E, Bonaly J. In Euglena gracilis, a heat-shock protein related to hsc73 is constitutive and stress inducible. Arch Biochem Biophys 2000; 378:1-5. [PMID: 10871037 DOI: 10.1006/abbi.2000.1811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Using monoclonal antibodies directed against different cytoplasmic isoforms of hsp70 proteins, namely, the constitutive hsc73 and the inducible hsp72 isoforms, we found that one isoform related to hsc73 was present in Euglena gracilis. This hsc73-like protein is expressed with a higher rate of synthesis in cells growing under heat shock than in control cells. Moreover, in cadmium-resistant cells, cultured at normal growth temperature, the rate of synthesis of this protein is constitutively increased. These results indicate that a heat-shock protein related to hsc73 is present in an ancestral eukaryote, Euglena gracilis, and that this protein may be constitutive and stress inducible as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- J P Barque
- Faculté de Pharmacie, Laboratoire Métabolisme Cellulaire et Xénobiotiques, Institut de Signalisation et Innovation Thérapeutique, Châtenay-Malabry, France
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12
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Yu Y, Mu HH, Mu-Forster C, Wasserman BP. Polypeptides of the maize amyloplast stroma. Stromal localization of starch-biosynthetic enzymes and identification of an 81-kilodalton amyloplast stromal heat-shock cognate. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 1998; 116:1451-1460. [PMID: 9536063 PMCID: PMC35053 DOI: 10.1104/pp.116.4.1451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/1997] [Accepted: 12/03/1997] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
In the developing endosperm of monocotyledonous plants, starch granules are synthesized and deposited within the amyloplast. A soluble stromal fraction was isolated from amyloplasts of immature maize (Zea mays L.) endosperm and analyzed for enzyme activities and polypeptide content. Specific activities of starch synthase and starch-branching enzyme (SBE), but not the cytosolic marker alcohol dehydrogenase, were strongly enhanced in soluble amyloplast stromal fractions relative to soluble extracts obtained from homogenized kernels or endosperms. Immunoblot analysis demonstrated that starch synthase I, SBEIIb, and sugary1, the putative starch-debranching enzyme, were each highly enriched in the amyloplast stroma, providing direct evidence for the localization of starch-biosynthetic enzymes within this compartment. Analysis of maize mutants shows the deficiency of the 85-kD SBEIIb polypeptide in the stroma of amylose extender cultivars and that the dull mutant lacks a >220-kD stromal polypeptide. The stromal fraction is distinguished by differential enrichment of a characteristic group of previously undocumented polypeptides. N-terminal sequence analysis revealed that an abundant 81-kD stromal polypeptide is a member of the Hsp70 family of stress-related proteins. Moreover, the 81-kD stromal polypeptide is strongly recognized by antibodies specific for an Hsp70 of the chloroplast stroma. These findings are discussed in light of implications for the correct folding and assembly of soluble, partially soluble, and granule-bound starch-biosynthetic enzymes during import into the amyloplast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Yu
- Department of Food Science, New Jersey Agricultural Experiment Station, Cook College, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901-8520, USA
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13
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Durand G, Delranc C, Bonaly J, Chacun H, Porquet D, Barque JP. Gene expression of a protein, JB70, related to rat alpha1-acid glycoprotein in Euglena gracilis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1997; 234:544-8. [PMID: 9175748 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.1997.6681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Antibodies directed against rat alpha1-acid glycoprotein (AGP) recognize a 70 kDa antigen, designated JB70, present in extracts of achlorophyllous Euglena gracilis cells as well as in their culture medium. By using 2-dimensional electrophoresis, JB70 appears to be composed of two acidic polypeptides. Additionally, Northern blot analysis reveals the presence in E. gracilis cells of a 2.3 kb mRNA hybridizing with a cDNA probe specific for rat AGP mRNA. Moreover, elevated mRNA levels are detected in dexamethasone-treated E. gracilis cells, indicating a response to this inducer similar to that observed for hepatic AGP. These results strongly suggest that polypeptides closely related to hepatic rat AGP are expressed in E. gracilis cells. They also indicate that, like other gene families implicated in natural defense processes such as heat-shock protein and metallothionein genes, the AGP gene appears to be conserved down to this early diverging eucaryote.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Durand
- Laboratoire de Biochimie Générale, Faculté de Pharmacie, Châtenay-Malabry, France
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14
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Dhankher OP, Drew JE, Gatehouse JA. Characterisation of a pea hsp70 gene which is both developmentally and stress-regulated. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 1997; 34:345-52. [PMID: 9207851 DOI: 10.1023/a:1005804612280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
A pea pod cDNA library was screened for sequences specific to lignifying tissue. A cDNA clone (pLP19) encoding the C-terminal region of a hsp70 heat shock protein hybridised only to pod mRNA from pea lines where pod lignification occurred. Expression of pLP19 was induced by heat shock in leaves, stems and roots of pea and chickpea plants. Four different poly(A) addition sites were observed in cDNAs derived from the same gene as pLP19. This gene was fully sequenced; unlike most hsp70 genes, it contains no introns. The 5'-flanking sequence contains heat shock elements and other potential regulatory sequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- O P Dhankher
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Durham, UK
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15
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Boston RS, Viitanen PV, Vierling E. Molecular chaperones and protein folding in plants. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 1996; 32:191-222. [PMID: 8980480 DOI: 10.1007/bf00039383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 282] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Protein folding in vivo is mediated by an array of proteins that act either as 'foldases' or 'molecular chaperones'. Foldases include protein disulfide isomerase and peptidyl prolyl isomerase, which catalyze the rearrangement of disulfide bonds or isomerization of peptide bonds around Pro residues, respectively. Molecular chaperones are a diverse group of proteins, but they share the property that they bind substrate proteins that are in unstable, non-native structural states. The best understood chaperone systems are HSP70/DnaK and HSP60/GroE, but considerable data support a chaperone role for other proteins, including HSP100, HSP90, small HSPs and calnexin. Recent research indicates that many, if not all, cellular proteins interact with chaperones and/or foldases during their lifetime in the cell. Different chaperone and foldase systems are required for synthesis, targeting, maturation and degradation of proteins in all cellular compartments. Thus, these diverse proteins affect an exceptionally broad array of cellular processes required for both normal cell function and survival of stress conditions. This review summarizes our current understanding of how these proteins function in plants, with a major focus on those systems where the most detailed mechanistic data are available, or where features of the chaperone/foldase system or substrate proteins are unique to plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- R S Boston
- Department of Botany, North Carolina State University, Raleigh 27695, USA
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16
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Boston RS, Viitanen PV, Vierling E. Molecular chaperones and protein folding in plants. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 1996. [PMID: 8980480 DOI: 10.1007/978-94-009-0353-1_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Protein folding in vivo is mediated by an array of proteins that act either as 'foldases' or 'molecular chaperones'. Foldases include protein disulfide isomerase and peptidyl prolyl isomerase, which catalyze the rearrangement of disulfide bonds or isomerization of peptide bonds around Pro residues, respectively. Molecular chaperones are a diverse group of proteins, but they share the property that they bind substrate proteins that are in unstable, non-native structural states. The best understood chaperone systems are HSP70/DnaK and HSP60/GroE, but considerable data support a chaperone role for other proteins, including HSP100, HSP90, small HSPs and calnexin. Recent research indicates that many, if not all, cellular proteins interact with chaperones and/or foldases during their lifetime in the cell. Different chaperone and foldase systems are required for synthesis, targeting, maturation and degradation of proteins in all cellular compartments. Thus, these diverse proteins affect an exceptionally broad array of cellular processes required for both normal cell function and survival of stress conditions. This review summarizes our current understanding of how these proteins function in plants, with a major focus on those systems where the most detailed mechanistic data are available, or where features of the chaperone/foldase system or substrate proteins are unique to plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- R S Boston
- Department of Botany, North Carolina State University, Raleigh 27695, USA
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17
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Drzymalla C, Schroda M, Beck CF. Light-inducible gene HSP70B encodes a chloroplast-localized heat shock protein in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 1996; 31:1185-1194. [PMID: 8914534 DOI: 10.1007/bf00040835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The nuclear heat shock gene HSP70B of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii is inducible by heat stress and light. Induction by either environmental cue resulted in a transient elevation in HSP70B protein. Here we describe the organization and nucleotide sequence of the HSP70B gene. The deduced protein exhibits a distinctly higher homology to prokaryotic HSP70s than to those of eukaryotes, including the cytosolic HSP70A of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. The HSP70B protein, as previously demonstrated by in vitro translation, is synthesized with a cleavable presequence. Using an HSP70B-specific antibody, this heat shock protein was localized to the chloroplast by cell fractionation experiments. A stromal location was suggested by the presence of a conserved sequence motif used for cleavage of presequences by a signal peptidase of the stroma. Amino acid alignments of HSP70 proteins from various organisms and different cellular compartments allowed the identification of sequence motifs, which are diagnostic for HSP70s of chloroplasts and cyanobacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Drzymalla
- Institut für Biologie III, Universität Freiburg, Germany
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18
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Webster TJ, Naylor DJ, Hartman DJ, Høj PB, Hoogenraad NJ. cDNA cloning and efficient mitochondrial import of pre-mtHSP70 from rat liver. DNA Cell Biol 1994; 13:1213-20. [PMID: 7811387 DOI: 10.1089/dna.1994.13.1213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Members of the 70-kD heat shock protein family have been found in all free-living organisms investigated and in major compartments of eukaryotic cells where they are essential to a wide range of functions, including protein folding and targeting. We have isolated a mitochondrial homolog (mtHSP70) from rat liver using ATP agarose affinity chromatography. Its identity was confirmed on the basis of immunological analysis and Ca(2+)-dependent autophosphorylation. Using protein sequence obtained from the amino termius and nine endo Lys-C peptide fragments, we have employed oligonucleotides to isolate a full-length cDNA clone. The open reading frame encodes a protein of 679 amino acids and calculated M(r) 73,913 daltons. The sequence has a high degree of identity with other members of the HSP70 family, including Escherichia coli DnaK (51%), Saccharomyces cerevisiae SSC1p (65%), the constitutive cytosolic HSP70 from rat, HSC70 (46%), and the rat endoplasmic reticulum isoform, BiP, (49%). The cDNA encodes a precursor protein with a 46-amino-acid signal peptide that is absent from the protein isolated from rat liver. The protein also shows a high degree of identity (98%) with a protein isolated from mouse and human tissues (PBP74, Domanico et al., 1993; mortalin, Wadhwa et al., 1993a; CSA, Michikawa et al., 1993a); however, the intracellular localization of these proteins is uncertain. We show that the precursor of mtHSP70 is efficiently imported into isolated mitochondria from rat liver and processed from 74 kD to the mature 69-kD protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- T J Webster
- School of Biochemistry, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
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19
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Identification of chloroplast envelope proteins in close physical proximity to a partially translocated chimeric precursor protein. J Biol Chem 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)31630-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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20
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Panagiotidis C, Burkholder W, Gaitanaris G, Gragerov A, Gottesman M, Silverstein S. Inhibition of DnaK autophosphorylation by heat shock proteins and polypeptide substrates. J Biol Chem 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)89438-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
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21
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Becker J, Craig EA. Heat-shock proteins as molecular chaperones. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1994; 219:11-23. [PMID: 8306977 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-79502-2_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Functional proteins within cells are normally present in their native, completely folded form. However, vital processes of protein biogenesis such as protein synthesis and translocation of proteins into intracellular compartments require the protein to exist temporarily in an unfolded or partially folded conformation. As a consequence, regions buried when a polypeptide is in its native conformation become exposed and interact with other proteins causing protein aggregation which is deleterious to the cell. To prevent aggregation as proteins become unfolded, heat-shock proteins protect these interactive surfaces by binding to them and facilitating the folding of unfolded or nascent polypeptides. In other instances the binding of heat-shock proteins to interactive surfaces of completely folded proteins is a crucial part of their regulation. As heat shock and other stress conditions cause cellular proteins to become partially unfolded, the ability of heat-shock proteins to protect cells against the adverse effects of stress becomes a logical extension of their normal function as molecular chaperones.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Becker
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Wisconsin Medical School, Madison 53706
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22
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23
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Lithgow T, Ryan M, Anderson RL, Høj PB, Hoogenraad NJ. A constitutive form of heat-shock protein 70 is located in the outer membranes of mitochondria from rat liver. FEBS Lett 1993; 332:277-81. [PMID: 8405470 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(93)80649-f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
HSP73, the constitutive form of heat-shock protein 70, has been implicated in the translocation of preproteins across the mitochondrial membranes, being required for maintaining mitochondrial preproteins in an import competent conformation. Here we report that highly purified mitochondrial outer membranes contain a protein indistinguishable from HSP73 as a tightly associated peripheral component of the membrane. This membrane form of HSP73 was photolabelled with [alpha-32P]ATP and could be released from the outer membrane with sodium carbonate, but not after incubation of the membranes with salt or with ATP. A sensitive immunoassay with an anti-HSP73 monoclonal antibody, revealed the association of HSP73 with mitochondrial outer membrane vesicles at a level similar to that of preprotein import receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Lithgow
- Department of Biochemistry, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Australia
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24
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Vidal V, Ranty B, Dillenschneider M, Charpenteau M, Ranjeva R. Molecular characterization of a 70 kDa heat-shock protein of bean mitochondria. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 1993; 3:143-50. [PMID: 8401600 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-313x.1993.t01-6-00999.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
A bean cDNA clone that specifies a 70 kDa heat-shock protein (hsp70) has been isolated and sequenced. The nucleotide sequence analysis shows that the cDNA could encode a 72 kDa protein that is highly related to prokaryotic and mitochondrial members of the hsp70 family. The predicted protein was found to contain an amino-terminal extension typical of transit sequences. The in vitro transcription/translation product of the cDNA behaved as a 72 kDa polypeptide as predicted from the longest open reading frame. This polypeptide could be imported into isolated mitochondria and recovered as a 68 kDa product. The imported protein is identical in size to a mitochondrial protein that cross-reacts with hsp70-specific antibodies. The import data and Western blot analysis suggest that the cDNA clone encodes a mitochondrial member of the hsp70 family. Electrophoretic and immunoblot analysis reveal that the protein is loosely associated to the mitochondrial envelope and also exists as discrete soluble protein aggregates of about 270 and 420 kDa. Hsp70 of bean mitochondria can be in vitro phosphorylated on threonine residues in a calcium-dependent manner, and the modified protein was detected as an oligomer of about 160 kDa only. The data are discussed with respect to the chaperone function of hsp70 in mitochondria.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Vidal
- Centre de Physiologie Végétale, URA CNRS no. 1457, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
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25
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McKay DB. Structure and mechanism of 70-kDa heat-shock-related proteins. ADVANCES IN PROTEIN CHEMISTRY 1993; 44:67-98. [PMID: 8317298 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-3233(08)60564-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- D B McKay
- Beckman Laboratories for Structural Biology, Department of Cell Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, California 94305
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26
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Abstract
The cellular stress response protects organisms from damage resulting from exposure to a wide variety of stressors, including elevated temperatures, ultraviolet (UV) light, trace metals, and xenobiotics. The stress response entails the rapid synthesis of a suite of proteins referred to as stress proteins, or heat-shock proteins, upon exposure to adverse environmental conditions. These proteins are highly conserved and have been found in organisms as diverse as bacteria, molluscs, and humans. In this review, we discuss the stress response in aquatic organisms from an environmental perspective. Our current understanding of the cellular functions of stress proteins is examined within the context of their role in repair and protection from environmentally induced damage, acquired tolerance, and environmental adaptation. The tissue specificity of the response and its significance relative to target organ toxicity also are addressed. In addition, the usefulness of using the stress response as a diagnostic in environmental toxicology is evaluated. From the studies discussed in this review, it is apparent that stress proteins are involved in organismal adaptation to both natural and anthropogenic environmental stress, and that further research using this focus will make important contributions to both environmental physiology and ecotoxicology.
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Affiliation(s)
- B M Sanders
- Molecular Ecology Institute, California State University, Long Beach 90840
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27
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Banecki B, Zylicz M, Bertoli E, Tanfani F. Structural and functional relationships in DnaK and DnaK756 heat-shock proteins from Escherichia coli. J Biol Chem 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)74004-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
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28
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Miernyk JA, Duck NB, David NR, Randall DD. Autophosphorylation of the pea mitochondrial heat-shock protein homolog. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 1992; 100:965-9. [PMID: 16653083 PMCID: PMC1075651 DOI: 10.1104/pp.100.2.965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Highly purified mitochondria isolated from 14-day-old pea (Pisum sativum L., cv Little Marvel) seedlings contain a homolog of the 70,000 molecular weight heat-shock protein. The amount of this heat-shock cognate (Hsc70) was not reduced by limited proteolysis of intact mitochondria or by preparation of mitoplasts, indicating that the protein is located within the matrix compartment. Pea mitochondrial Hsc70 binds to immobilized ATP and reacts on western blots with anti-tomato Hsc70 antiserum. When a mitochondrial matrix fraction was incubated with [gamma-(32)P]ATP, there was phosphorylation of Hsc70. The extent of phosphorylation was increased by including calcium chloride in the reactions. Phospho amino acid analysis of purified mitochondrial Hsc70, phosphorylated in the calcium-stimulated reaction, revealed only phosphothreonine. Pea mitochondrial Hsc70, purified by a combination of ATP-agarose affinity chromatography and gel permeation chromatography, was labeled when incubated with ATP plus calcium, suggesting autophosphorylation rather than phosphorylation by an associated kinase. In analogy to mammalian cells and yeast, it is likely that mitochondrial Hsc70 acts as a molecular chaperone, and it is possible that phosphorylation plays a role in chaperone function.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Miernyk
- Department of Biochemistry, Schweitzer Hall, The University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211
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29
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Marshall JS, Keegstra K. Isolation and characterization of a cDNA clone encoding the major hsp70 of the pea chloroplastic stroma. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 1992; 100:1048-54. [PMID: 16653016 PMCID: PMC1075665 DOI: 10.1104/pp.100.2.1048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The 70-kD heat shock proteins (hsp70s) are a group of ubiquitous, highly conserved molecular chaperones that have been implicated in a variety of processes, ranging from DNA replication to protein folding and transport. To learn more about the evolution and possible functions of higher plant chloroplastic hsp70s, we isolated a cDNA clone encoding the major stromal hsp70 of pea chloroplasts, which we term CSS1 (Chloroplastic Stress Seventy). This cDNA clone encodes a 75,490-D protein that is very closely related to an hsp70 from the cyanobacterium, Synechocystis. CSS1 is nuclear encoded and synthesized as a higher molecular mass precursor with a chloroplastic transit peptide approximately 65 amino acids long. CSS1 mRNA was detected in RNA samples from leaves and roots of pea (Pisum sativum) plants grown at 18 degrees C but increased 9- and 6-fold, respectively, after brief exposure of the plants to elevated temperature. We discuss the possible role(s) of CSS1 in chloroplastic protein transport and other processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- J S Marshall
- Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
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30
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Affiliation(s)
- M J de Hoop
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Groningen University, The Netherlands
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31
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Hartman DJ, Dougan D, Hoogenraad NJ, Høj PB. Heat shock proteins of barley mitochondria and chloroplasts. Identification of organellar hsp 10 and 12: putative chaperonin 10 homologues. FEBS Lett 1992; 305:147-50. [PMID: 1352261 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(92)80883-i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Tissue slices from barley seedlings were subjected to heat shock and metabolically labelled with [35S]methionine and [35S]cysteine. Mitochondria and chloroplasts were isolated and shown to contain two novel heat shock proteins of 10 and 12 kDa, respectively. The possibility that these proteins, like a mitochondrial 10 kDa stress protein recently isolated from rat hepatoma cells [(1992) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 89, in press] represent eukaryotic chaperonin 10 homologues is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Hartman
- Department of Biochemistry, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
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32
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Yalovsky S, Paulsen H, Michaeli D, Chitnis PR, Nechushtai R. Involvement of a chloroplast HSP70 heat shock protein in the integration of a protein (light-harvesting complex protein precursor) into the thylakoid membrane. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1992; 89:5616-9. [PMID: 11607301 PMCID: PMC49343 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.89.12.5616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular chaperones, including those belonging to the 70-kDa family of heat shock proteins (HSP70), assist both the translocation of proteins across membranes and their assembly into oligomeric complexes. We purified a chloroplast HSP70 (ct-HSP70) and demonstrated that it plays a major role in the insertion of the precursor of the major light-harvesting complex of photosystem II (pLHCP; an integral membrane protein) into the thylakoids (the inner membranes of the chloroplast). Addition of the purified ct-HSP70 is necessary for efficient insertion of pLHCP into isolated thylakoid membranes. This activity of the purified ct-HSP70 is similar to that previously reported for the total stromal extract. When the chloroplast stromal extract is depleted of HSP70, a correlative reduction in the insertion activity of pLHCP is observed. The interaction between the ct-HSP70 and pLHCP involves physical association. The purified HSP70 acts directly on the membrane protein, presumably prevents its refolding, and thereby helps to maintain its competence for insertion into membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Yalovsky
- Department of Botany, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
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33
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Ko K, Bornemisza O, Kourtz L, Ko Z, Plaxton W, Cashmore A. Isolation and characterization of a cDNA clone encoding a cognate 70-kDa heat shock protein of the chloroplast envelope. J Biol Chem 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)50684-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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34
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Abstract
In the cell, as in vitro, the final conformation of a protein is determined by its amino-acid sequence. But whereas some isolated proteins can be denatured and refolded in vitro in the absence of other macromolecular cellular components, folding and assembly of polypeptides in vivo involves other proteins, many of which belong to families that have been highly conserved during evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Gething
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Centre, Dallas 75235
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35
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Reith M, Munholland J. An hsp70 homolog is encoded on the plastid genome of the red alga, Porphyra umbilicalis. FEBS Lett 1991; 294:116-20. [PMID: 1720741 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(91)81355-c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
A PCR experiment using Porphyra umbilicalis DNA as the template and degenerate oligonucleotides representing conserved regions of hsp70 amino acid sequences generated a 1 kb product that hybridized exclusively to the plastid DNA of this red alga. DNA sequencing of two contiguous EcoRI plastid DNA clones revealed a 620 amino acid open reading frame with 71% identity to the dnaK gene of the cyanobacterium, Synechocystis 6803. Northern hybridization experiments detected a 2.3 kb transcript that is present in control (15 degrees C) cultures and increases approximately 7-fold upon heat shock (75 minutes at 30 degrees C).
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Affiliation(s)
- M Reith
- Institute for Marine Biosciences, National Research Council of Canada, Nova Scotia
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36
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Wang SL, Liu XQ. The plastid genome of Cryptomonas phi encodes an hsp70-like protein, a histone-like protein, and an acyl carrier protein. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1991; 88:10783-7. [PMID: 1961745 PMCID: PMC53015 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.88.23.10783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The plastid genome of Cryptomonas phi, a cryptomonad alga, contains three genes that have not previously been found in any organellar genome. Each of these genes encodes a functional class of organellar gene product not previously reported. The first gene, dnaK, encodes a polypeptide of the hsp70 heat shock protein family. The predicted amino acid sequence of the DnaK protein is 54% identical to that of the Escherichia coli hsp70 protein (DnaK), 50-53% identical to that of two nucleus-encoded mitochondrial hsp70 proteins, and 43-46% identical to that of several eukaryotic cytoplasmic members of the hsp70 protein family. The second gene, hlpA, encodes a polypeptide resembling bacterial histone-like proteins. The predicted amino acid sequence of the HlpA protein is 25-53% identical to that of several bacterial histone-like proteins, and the identity increases to 39-76% over a conserved region corresponding to the long arm that binds DNA. The third gene, acpA, encodes an acyl carrier protein, which is a key cofactor in the synthesis and metabolism of fatty acids. Its predicted amino acid sequence is 36-59% identical to that of eubacterial and plant chloroplast (nucleus-encoded) acyl carrier proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- S L Wang
- Canadian Institute for Advanced Research, Department of Biochemistry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS
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37
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Peake P, Basten A, Britton W. Characterization of the functional properties of the 70-kDa protein of Mycobacterium bovis. J Biol Chem 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)54784-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
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38
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Giorini S, Galili G. Characterization of HSP-70 cognate proteins from wheat. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 1991; 82:615-620. [PMID: 24213342 DOI: 10.1007/bf00226799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/1991] [Accepted: 03/07/1991] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Animal and plant cells contain a family of constitutively expressed HSP-70 cognate proteins that are localized in different subcellular locations and are presumed to play a role in protein folding and transport. Utilizing antibodies raised against the yeast endoplasmicreticulum-localized HSP-70 cognate termed BiP/GRP-78, as well as antibodies raised against the Escherichia coli HSP-70 protein DnaK, we have identified and characterized a large family of closely related proteins in wheat. One protein band of 78 kDa that is apparently closely related to yeast BiP was localized in the endoplasmic reticulum. This band cross-reacted with the yeast BiP but not with the DnaK-specific antibodies. The yeast BiP antibodies also recognized a cytoplasmic protein of 70 kDa that is probably related to the HSC-70 cognate proteins. These two proteins were further confirmed as HSP-70 cognates by their ability to bind to an ATP-agarose column. Probing of proteins from purified wheat mitochondrial preparations with the yeast BiP and DnaK-specific antibodies showed that this organelle contained a family of HSP-70-related proteins. The yeast BiP antibodies recognized two mitochondrial proteins of 60 and 58 kDa, but failed to detect any protein in the size rang of 70 to 80 kDa. However, the presence of immunologically distinct proteins of 90 and 78 kDa, as well as of lower molecular weight from this family in the mitochondria, was shown by probing with the DnaK-specific antibodies. A new protein of 30 kDa, cross-reacting with anti-yeast BiP antibodies, was detected only in developing seeds, close to their maturity. The evolution of HSP-70 cognate proteins in wheat as shown in this study is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Giorini
- Department of Plant Genetics, The Weizmann Institute of Science, 76100, Rehovot, Israel
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39
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Domoney C, Ellis N, Turner L, Casey R. A developmentally regulated early-embryogenesis protein in pea (Pisum sativum L.) is related to the heat-shock protein (HSP70) gene family. PLANTA 1991; 184:350-355. [PMID: 24194152 DOI: 10.1007/bf00195336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/03/1991] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
A cDNA clone, pCD7, was shown to hybrid-select from developing seeds of Pisum sativum L. an mRNA that translated into a polypeptide of apparent Mr 90 000. The translation product was observed only in the earliest stages of embryogenesis and was detected at a developmental stage when virtually all the cotyledon cells are mitotic. Sequence analysis of pCD7 showed it to correspond to a member of the 70 000-Mr heat-shock protein (HSP70) gene family. Transcripts corresponding to pCD7 were detected in different P. sativum organs, with roots apparently showing lower levels of pCD7-homologous RNA than other organs. Hybridizations to P. sativum DNA identified polymorphisms in the genomic DNA corresponding to pCD7 and the segregation of these in selected crosses indicated the existence of at least two genetic loci, one of which mapped to an existing linkage group.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Domoney
- John Innes Institute John Innes Centre for Plant Science Research, Colney Lane, NR4 7UH, Norwich, UK
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40
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McKay DB. Structure of the 70-kilodalton heat-shock-related proteins. SPRINGER SEMINARS IN IMMUNOPATHOLOGY 1991; 13:1-9. [PMID: 1776119 DOI: 10.1007/bf01225274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- D B McKay
- Beckman Laboratories for Structural Biology, Department of Cell Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA 94305-5400
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41
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Mizzen LA, Kabiling AN, Welch WJ. The two mammalian mitochondrial stress proteins, grp 75 and hsp 58, transiently interact with newly synthesized mitochondrial proteins. CELL REGULATION 1991; 2:165-79. [PMID: 1677814 PMCID: PMC361735 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.2.2.165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
In mammalian cells, two of the so-called heat shock (hsp) or stress proteins are components of the mitochondria. One of these, hsp 58, is a member of the bacterial GroEL family, whereas the other, glucose-regulated protein (grp) 75, represents a member of the hsp 70 family of stress proteins. Owing to previous studies implicating a role for both the hsp 70 and GroEL families in facilitating protein maturation events, we used the method of native immunoprecipitation to examine whether hsp 58 and grp 75 might interact with other proteins of the mitochondria. In cells pulse-labeled with [35S]-methionine, a significant number of newly synthesized mitochondrial proteins co-precipitated with either hsp 58 or grp 75. Such interactions appeared transient. For example, providing the pulse-labeled cells a subsequent chase period in the absence of radiolabel resulted in a reduction of co-precipitating proteins. If the pulse-chase labeling experiments were performed in the presence of an amino acid analogue, somewhat different results were obtained. Specifically, although many of the newly synthesized and analogue-containing proteins again were observed to co-precipitate with grp 75, the interactions did not appear transient, but instead were stable. Under steady-state labeling conditions, we also observed a portion of hsp 58 and grp 75 in an apparent complex with one another. On addition of ATP, the complex was dissociated. Accompanying this dissociation was the concomitant autophosphorylation of grp 75. On the basis of these observations, as well as previous studies examining the structure/function of the hsp 70 and GroEL proteins, we suspect that both hsp 58 and grp 75 interact with and facilitate the folding and assembly of proteins as they enter into the mitochondria.
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Affiliation(s)
- L A Mizzen
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco 94143
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42
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Molecular cloning of the genes encoding two chaperone proteins of the cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803. J Biol Chem 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)52401-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
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43
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Langer T, Neupert W. Heat shock proteins hsp60 and hsp70: their roles in folding, assembly and membrane translocation of proteins. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 1991; 167:3-30. [PMID: 1675979 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-75875-1_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- T Langer
- Institut für Physiologische Chemie, Universität München, FRG
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44
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Kang PJ, Ostermann J, Shilling J, Neupert W, Craig EA, Pfanner N. Requirement for hsp70 in the mitochondrial matrix for translocation and folding of precursor proteins. Nature 1990; 348:137-43. [PMID: 2234077 DOI: 10.1038/348137a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 508] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
By analysis of a temperature-sensitive yeast mutant, a heat-shock protein in the matrix of mitochondria, mitochondrial hsp70 (Ssc1p), is found to be involved both in translocation of nuclear-encoded precursor proteins across the mitochondrial membranes and in (re)folding of imported proteins in the matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- P J Kang
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison 53706
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45
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Newman SM, Cattolico RA. Ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase in algae: synthesis, enzymology and evolution. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 1990; 26:69-85. [PMID: 24420459 DOI: 10.1007/bf00047078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/1990] [Accepted: 06/08/1990] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Studies demonstrating differences in chloroplast structure and biochemistry have been used to formulate hypotheses concerning the origin of algal plastids. Genetic and biochemical experiments indicate that significant variation occurs in ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase (Rubisco) when supertaxa of eukaryotic algae are compared. These differences include variations in the organelle location of the genes and their arrangement, mechanism of Rubisco synthesis, polypeptide immunological reactivity and sequence, as well as efficacy of substrate (ribulose bisphosphate and CO2) binding and inhibitor (6-phosphogluconate) action. The structure-function relationships observed among chromophytic, rhodophytic, chlorophytic and prokaryotic Rubisco demonstrate that: (a) similarities among chromophytic and rhodophytic Rubisco exist in substrate/inhibitor binding and polypeptide sequence, (b) characteristic differences in enzyme kinetics and subunit polypeptide structure occur among chlorophytes, prokaryotes and chromophytes/rhodophytes, and (c) there is structural variability among chlorophytic plant small subunit polypeptides, in contrast to the conservation of this polypeptide in chromophytes and rhodophytes. Taxa-specific differences among algal Rubisco enzymes most likely reflect the evolutionary history of the plastid, the functional requirements of each polypeptide, and the consequences of encoding the large and small subunit genes in the same or different organelles.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Newman
- Department of Botany, University of Washington, 98195, Seattle, WA, USA
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46
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Flaherty KM, DeLuca-Flaherty C, McKay DB. Three-dimensional structure of the ATPase fragment of a 70K heat-shock cognate protein. Nature 1990; 346:623-8. [PMID: 2143562 DOI: 10.1038/346623a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 720] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The three-dimensional structure of the amino-terminal 44K ATPase fragment of the 70K bovine heat-shock cognate protein has been solved to a resolution of 2.2 A. The ATPase fragment has two structural lobes with a deep cleft between them; ATP binds at the base of the cleft. Surprisingly, the nucleotide-binding 'core' of the ATPase fragment has a tertiary structure similar to that of hexokinase, although the remainder of the structures of the two proteins are completely dissimilar, suggesting that both the phosphotransferase mechanism and the substrate-induced conformational change intrinsic to the hexokinases may be used by the 70K heat shock-related proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- K M Flaherty
- Beckman Laboratories for Structural Biology, Department of Cell Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, California 94305-5400
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