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Bachinski LL, Udd B, Meola G, Sansone V, Bassez G, Eymard B, Thornton CA, Moxley RT, Harper PS, Rogers MT, Jurkat-Rott K, Lehmann-Horn F, Wieser T, Gamez J, Navarro C, Bottani A, Kohler A, Shriver MD, Sallinen R, Wessman M, Zhang S, Wright FA, Krahe R. Confirmation of the type 2 myotonic dystrophy (CCTG)n expansion mutation in patients with proximal myotonic myopathy/proximal myotonic dystrophy of different European origins: a single shared haplotype indicates an ancestral founder effect. Am J Hum Genet 2003; 73:835-48. [PMID: 12970845 PMCID: PMC1180606 DOI: 10.1086/378566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2003] [Accepted: 07/18/2003] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Myotonic dystrophy (DM), the most common form of muscular dystrophy in adults, is a clinically and genetically heterogeneous neuromuscular disorder. DM is characterized by autosomal dominant inheritance, muscular dystrophy, myotonia, and multisystem involvement. Type 1 DM (DM1) is caused by a (CTG)(n) expansion in the 3' untranslated region of DMPK in 19q13.3. Multiple families, predominantly of German descent and with clinically variable presentation that included proximal myotonic myopathy (PROMM) and type 2 DM (DM2) but without the DM1 mutation, showed linkage to the 3q21 region and were recently shown to segregate a (CCTG)(n) expansion mutation in intron 1 of ZNF9. Here, we present linkage to 3q21 and mutational confirmation in 17 kindreds of European origin with PROMM and proximal myotonic dystrophy, from geographically distinct populations. All patients have the DM2 (CCTG)(n) expansion. To study the evolution of this mutation, we constructed a comprehensive physical map of the DM2 region around ZNF9. High-resolution haplotype analysis of disease chromosomes with five microsatellite and 22 single-nucleotide polymorphism markers around the DM2 mutation identified extensive linkage disequilibrium and a single shared haplotype of at least 132 kb among patients from the different populations. With the exception of the (CCTG)(n) expansion, the available markers indicate that the DM2 haplotype is identical to the most common haplotype in normal individuals. This situation is reminiscent of that seen in DM1. Taken together, these data suggest a single founding mutation in DM2 patients of European origin. We estimate the age of the founding haplotype and of the DM2 (CCTG) expansion mutation to be approximately 200-540 generations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda L. Bachinski
- Section of Cancer Genetics, Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston; Department of Neurology, Vaasa Central Hospital, Vaasa, Finland; Department of Neurology, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland; Department of Neurology, San Donato Hospital, Milan; Department of Pathology, Henri Mondor University Hospital, Créteil, France; Myology Institute, Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris; Department of Neurology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY; Institute of Medical Genetics, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff; Department of Applied Physiology, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany; Department of Neurology, University of Halle, Halle, Germany; Department of Neurology, General Hospital Vall d’Hebron University, Barcelona; Department of Anatomical Pathology, Meixoeiro Hospital, Vigo, Spain; Division of Medical Genetics and Department of Neurology, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland; Department of Anthropology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park; Department of Clinical Chemistry and Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, University of Helsinki, and Research Program of Molecular Medicine, Biomedicum Helsinki, Helsinki; Human Cancer Genetics Program, Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology and Medical Genetics, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ohio State University, Columbus; and Department of Biostatistics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill
| | - Bjarne Udd
- Section of Cancer Genetics, Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston; Department of Neurology, Vaasa Central Hospital, Vaasa, Finland; Department of Neurology, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland; Department of Neurology, San Donato Hospital, Milan; Department of Pathology, Henri Mondor University Hospital, Créteil, France; Myology Institute, Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris; Department of Neurology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY; Institute of Medical Genetics, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff; Department of Applied Physiology, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany; Department of Neurology, University of Halle, Halle, Germany; Department of Neurology, General Hospital Vall d’Hebron University, Barcelona; Department of Anatomical Pathology, Meixoeiro Hospital, Vigo, Spain; Division of Medical Genetics and Department of Neurology, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland; Department of Anthropology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park; Department of Clinical Chemistry and Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, University of Helsinki, and Research Program of Molecular Medicine, Biomedicum Helsinki, Helsinki; Human Cancer Genetics Program, Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology and Medical Genetics, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ohio State University, Columbus; and Department of Biostatistics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill
| | - Giovanni Meola
- Section of Cancer Genetics, Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston; Department of Neurology, Vaasa Central Hospital, Vaasa, Finland; Department of Neurology, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland; Department of Neurology, San Donato Hospital, Milan; Department of Pathology, Henri Mondor University Hospital, Créteil, France; Myology Institute, Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris; Department of Neurology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY; Institute of Medical Genetics, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff; Department of Applied Physiology, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany; Department of Neurology, University of Halle, Halle, Germany; Department of Neurology, General Hospital Vall d’Hebron University, Barcelona; Department of Anatomical Pathology, Meixoeiro Hospital, Vigo, Spain; Division of Medical Genetics and Department of Neurology, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland; Department of Anthropology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park; Department of Clinical Chemistry and Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, University of Helsinki, and Research Program of Molecular Medicine, Biomedicum Helsinki, Helsinki; Human Cancer Genetics Program, Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology and Medical Genetics, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ohio State University, Columbus; and Department of Biostatistics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill
| | - Valeria Sansone
- Section of Cancer Genetics, Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston; Department of Neurology, Vaasa Central Hospital, Vaasa, Finland; Department of Neurology, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland; Department of Neurology, San Donato Hospital, Milan; Department of Pathology, Henri Mondor University Hospital, Créteil, France; Myology Institute, Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris; Department of Neurology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY; Institute of Medical Genetics, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff; Department of Applied Physiology, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany; Department of Neurology, University of Halle, Halle, Germany; Department of Neurology, General Hospital Vall d’Hebron University, Barcelona; Department of Anatomical Pathology, Meixoeiro Hospital, Vigo, Spain; Division of Medical Genetics and Department of Neurology, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland; Department of Anthropology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park; Department of Clinical Chemistry and Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, University of Helsinki, and Research Program of Molecular Medicine, Biomedicum Helsinki, Helsinki; Human Cancer Genetics Program, Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology and Medical Genetics, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ohio State University, Columbus; and Department of Biostatistics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill
| | - Guillaume Bassez
- Section of Cancer Genetics, Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston; Department of Neurology, Vaasa Central Hospital, Vaasa, Finland; Department of Neurology, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland; Department of Neurology, San Donato Hospital, Milan; Department of Pathology, Henri Mondor University Hospital, Créteil, France; Myology Institute, Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris; Department of Neurology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY; Institute of Medical Genetics, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff; Department of Applied Physiology, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany; Department of Neurology, University of Halle, Halle, Germany; Department of Neurology, General Hospital Vall d’Hebron University, Barcelona; Department of Anatomical Pathology, Meixoeiro Hospital, Vigo, Spain; Division of Medical Genetics and Department of Neurology, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland; Department of Anthropology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park; Department of Clinical Chemistry and Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, University of Helsinki, and Research Program of Molecular Medicine, Biomedicum Helsinki, Helsinki; Human Cancer Genetics Program, Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology and Medical Genetics, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ohio State University, Columbus; and Department of Biostatistics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill
| | - Bruno Eymard
- Section of Cancer Genetics, Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston; Department of Neurology, Vaasa Central Hospital, Vaasa, Finland; Department of Neurology, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland; Department of Neurology, San Donato Hospital, Milan; Department of Pathology, Henri Mondor University Hospital, Créteil, France; Myology Institute, Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris; Department of Neurology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY; Institute of Medical Genetics, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff; Department of Applied Physiology, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany; Department of Neurology, University of Halle, Halle, Germany; Department of Neurology, General Hospital Vall d’Hebron University, Barcelona; Department of Anatomical Pathology, Meixoeiro Hospital, Vigo, Spain; Division of Medical Genetics and Department of Neurology, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland; Department of Anthropology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park; Department of Clinical Chemistry and Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, University of Helsinki, and Research Program of Molecular Medicine, Biomedicum Helsinki, Helsinki; Human Cancer Genetics Program, Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology and Medical Genetics, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ohio State University, Columbus; and Department of Biostatistics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill
| | - Charles A. Thornton
- Section of Cancer Genetics, Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston; Department of Neurology, Vaasa Central Hospital, Vaasa, Finland; Department of Neurology, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland; Department of Neurology, San Donato Hospital, Milan; Department of Pathology, Henri Mondor University Hospital, Créteil, France; Myology Institute, Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris; Department of Neurology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY; Institute of Medical Genetics, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff; Department of Applied Physiology, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany; Department of Neurology, University of Halle, Halle, Germany; Department of Neurology, General Hospital Vall d’Hebron University, Barcelona; Department of Anatomical Pathology, Meixoeiro Hospital, Vigo, Spain; Division of Medical Genetics and Department of Neurology, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland; Department of Anthropology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park; Department of Clinical Chemistry and Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, University of Helsinki, and Research Program of Molecular Medicine, Biomedicum Helsinki, Helsinki; Human Cancer Genetics Program, Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology and Medical Genetics, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ohio State University, Columbus; and Department of Biostatistics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill
| | - Richard T. Moxley
- Section of Cancer Genetics, Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston; Department of Neurology, Vaasa Central Hospital, Vaasa, Finland; Department of Neurology, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland; Department of Neurology, San Donato Hospital, Milan; Department of Pathology, Henri Mondor University Hospital, Créteil, France; Myology Institute, Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris; Department of Neurology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY; Institute of Medical Genetics, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff; Department of Applied Physiology, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany; Department of Neurology, University of Halle, Halle, Germany; Department of Neurology, General Hospital Vall d’Hebron University, Barcelona; Department of Anatomical Pathology, Meixoeiro Hospital, Vigo, Spain; Division of Medical Genetics and Department of Neurology, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland; Department of Anthropology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park; Department of Clinical Chemistry and Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, University of Helsinki, and Research Program of Molecular Medicine, Biomedicum Helsinki, Helsinki; Human Cancer Genetics Program, Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology and Medical Genetics, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ohio State University, Columbus; and Department of Biostatistics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill
| | - Peter S. Harper
- Section of Cancer Genetics, Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston; Department of Neurology, Vaasa Central Hospital, Vaasa, Finland; Department of Neurology, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland; Department of Neurology, San Donato Hospital, Milan; Department of Pathology, Henri Mondor University Hospital, Créteil, France; Myology Institute, Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris; Department of Neurology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY; Institute of Medical Genetics, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff; Department of Applied Physiology, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany; Department of Neurology, University of Halle, Halle, Germany; Department of Neurology, General Hospital Vall d’Hebron University, Barcelona; Department of Anatomical Pathology, Meixoeiro Hospital, Vigo, Spain; Division of Medical Genetics and Department of Neurology, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland; Department of Anthropology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park; Department of Clinical Chemistry and Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, University of Helsinki, and Research Program of Molecular Medicine, Biomedicum Helsinki, Helsinki; Human Cancer Genetics Program, Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology and Medical Genetics, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ohio State University, Columbus; and Department of Biostatistics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill
| | - Mark T. Rogers
- Section of Cancer Genetics, Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston; Department of Neurology, Vaasa Central Hospital, Vaasa, Finland; Department of Neurology, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland; Department of Neurology, San Donato Hospital, Milan; Department of Pathology, Henri Mondor University Hospital, Créteil, France; Myology Institute, Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris; Department of Neurology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY; Institute of Medical Genetics, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff; Department of Applied Physiology, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany; Department of Neurology, University of Halle, Halle, Germany; Department of Neurology, General Hospital Vall d’Hebron University, Barcelona; Department of Anatomical Pathology, Meixoeiro Hospital, Vigo, Spain; Division of Medical Genetics and Department of Neurology, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland; Department of Anthropology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park; Department of Clinical Chemistry and Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, University of Helsinki, and Research Program of Molecular Medicine, Biomedicum Helsinki, Helsinki; Human Cancer Genetics Program, Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology and Medical Genetics, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ohio State University, Columbus; and Department of Biostatistics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill
| | - Karin Jurkat-Rott
- Section of Cancer Genetics, Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston; Department of Neurology, Vaasa Central Hospital, Vaasa, Finland; Department of Neurology, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland; Department of Neurology, San Donato Hospital, Milan; Department of Pathology, Henri Mondor University Hospital, Créteil, France; Myology Institute, Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris; Department of Neurology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY; Institute of Medical Genetics, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff; Department of Applied Physiology, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany; Department of Neurology, University of Halle, Halle, Germany; Department of Neurology, General Hospital Vall d’Hebron University, Barcelona; Department of Anatomical Pathology, Meixoeiro Hospital, Vigo, Spain; Division of Medical Genetics and Department of Neurology, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland; Department of Anthropology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park; Department of Clinical Chemistry and Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, University of Helsinki, and Research Program of Molecular Medicine, Biomedicum Helsinki, Helsinki; Human Cancer Genetics Program, Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology and Medical Genetics, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ohio State University, Columbus; and Department of Biostatistics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill
| | - Frank Lehmann-Horn
- Section of Cancer Genetics, Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston; Department of Neurology, Vaasa Central Hospital, Vaasa, Finland; Department of Neurology, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland; Department of Neurology, San Donato Hospital, Milan; Department of Pathology, Henri Mondor University Hospital, Créteil, France; Myology Institute, Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris; Department of Neurology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY; Institute of Medical Genetics, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff; Department of Applied Physiology, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany; Department of Neurology, University of Halle, Halle, Germany; Department of Neurology, General Hospital Vall d’Hebron University, Barcelona; Department of Anatomical Pathology, Meixoeiro Hospital, Vigo, Spain; Division of Medical Genetics and Department of Neurology, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland; Department of Anthropology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park; Department of Clinical Chemistry and Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, University of Helsinki, and Research Program of Molecular Medicine, Biomedicum Helsinki, Helsinki; Human Cancer Genetics Program, Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology and Medical Genetics, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ohio State University, Columbus; and Department of Biostatistics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill
| | - Thomas Wieser
- Section of Cancer Genetics, Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston; Department of Neurology, Vaasa Central Hospital, Vaasa, Finland; Department of Neurology, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland; Department of Neurology, San Donato Hospital, Milan; Department of Pathology, Henri Mondor University Hospital, Créteil, France; Myology Institute, Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris; Department of Neurology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY; Institute of Medical Genetics, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff; Department of Applied Physiology, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany; Department of Neurology, University of Halle, Halle, Germany; Department of Neurology, General Hospital Vall d’Hebron University, Barcelona; Department of Anatomical Pathology, Meixoeiro Hospital, Vigo, Spain; Division of Medical Genetics and Department of Neurology, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland; Department of Anthropology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park; Department of Clinical Chemistry and Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, University of Helsinki, and Research Program of Molecular Medicine, Biomedicum Helsinki, Helsinki; Human Cancer Genetics Program, Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology and Medical Genetics, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ohio State University, Columbus; and Department of Biostatistics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill
| | - Josep Gamez
- Section of Cancer Genetics, Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston; Department of Neurology, Vaasa Central Hospital, Vaasa, Finland; Department of Neurology, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland; Department of Neurology, San Donato Hospital, Milan; Department of Pathology, Henri Mondor University Hospital, Créteil, France; Myology Institute, Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris; Department of Neurology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY; Institute of Medical Genetics, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff; Department of Applied Physiology, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany; Department of Neurology, University of Halle, Halle, Germany; Department of Neurology, General Hospital Vall d’Hebron University, Barcelona; Department of Anatomical Pathology, Meixoeiro Hospital, Vigo, Spain; Division of Medical Genetics and Department of Neurology, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland; Department of Anthropology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park; Department of Clinical Chemistry and Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, University of Helsinki, and Research Program of Molecular Medicine, Biomedicum Helsinki, Helsinki; Human Cancer Genetics Program, Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology and Medical Genetics, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ohio State University, Columbus; and Department of Biostatistics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill
| | - Carmen Navarro
- Section of Cancer Genetics, Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston; Department of Neurology, Vaasa Central Hospital, Vaasa, Finland; Department of Neurology, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland; Department of Neurology, San Donato Hospital, Milan; Department of Pathology, Henri Mondor University Hospital, Créteil, France; Myology Institute, Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris; Department of Neurology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY; Institute of Medical Genetics, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff; Department of Applied Physiology, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany; Department of Neurology, University of Halle, Halle, Germany; Department of Neurology, General Hospital Vall d’Hebron University, Barcelona; Department of Anatomical Pathology, Meixoeiro Hospital, Vigo, Spain; Division of Medical Genetics and Department of Neurology, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland; Department of Anthropology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park; Department of Clinical Chemistry and Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, University of Helsinki, and Research Program of Molecular Medicine, Biomedicum Helsinki, Helsinki; Human Cancer Genetics Program, Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology and Medical Genetics, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ohio State University, Columbus; and Department of Biostatistics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill
| | - Armand Bottani
- Section of Cancer Genetics, Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston; Department of Neurology, Vaasa Central Hospital, Vaasa, Finland; Department of Neurology, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland; Department of Neurology, San Donato Hospital, Milan; Department of Pathology, Henri Mondor University Hospital, Créteil, France; Myology Institute, Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris; Department of Neurology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY; Institute of Medical Genetics, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff; Department of Applied Physiology, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany; Department of Neurology, University of Halle, Halle, Germany; Department of Neurology, General Hospital Vall d’Hebron University, Barcelona; Department of Anatomical Pathology, Meixoeiro Hospital, Vigo, Spain; Division of Medical Genetics and Department of Neurology, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland; Department of Anthropology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park; Department of Clinical Chemistry and Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, University of Helsinki, and Research Program of Molecular Medicine, Biomedicum Helsinki, Helsinki; Human Cancer Genetics Program, Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology and Medical Genetics, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ohio State University, Columbus; and Department of Biostatistics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill
| | - Andre Kohler
- Section of Cancer Genetics, Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston; Department of Neurology, Vaasa Central Hospital, Vaasa, Finland; Department of Neurology, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland; Department of Neurology, San Donato Hospital, Milan; Department of Pathology, Henri Mondor University Hospital, Créteil, France; Myology Institute, Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris; Department of Neurology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY; Institute of Medical Genetics, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff; Department of Applied Physiology, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany; Department of Neurology, University of Halle, Halle, Germany; Department of Neurology, General Hospital Vall d’Hebron University, Barcelona; Department of Anatomical Pathology, Meixoeiro Hospital, Vigo, Spain; Division of Medical Genetics and Department of Neurology, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland; Department of Anthropology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park; Department of Clinical Chemistry and Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, University of Helsinki, and Research Program of Molecular Medicine, Biomedicum Helsinki, Helsinki; Human Cancer Genetics Program, Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology and Medical Genetics, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ohio State University, Columbus; and Department of Biostatistics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill
| | - Mark D. Shriver
- Section of Cancer Genetics, Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston; Department of Neurology, Vaasa Central Hospital, Vaasa, Finland; Department of Neurology, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland; Department of Neurology, San Donato Hospital, Milan; Department of Pathology, Henri Mondor University Hospital, Créteil, France; Myology Institute, Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris; Department of Neurology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY; Institute of Medical Genetics, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff; Department of Applied Physiology, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany; Department of Neurology, University of Halle, Halle, Germany; Department of Neurology, General Hospital Vall d’Hebron University, Barcelona; Department of Anatomical Pathology, Meixoeiro Hospital, Vigo, Spain; Division of Medical Genetics and Department of Neurology, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland; Department of Anthropology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park; Department of Clinical Chemistry and Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, University of Helsinki, and Research Program of Molecular Medicine, Biomedicum Helsinki, Helsinki; Human Cancer Genetics Program, Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology and Medical Genetics, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ohio State University, Columbus; and Department of Biostatistics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill
| | - Riitta Sallinen
- Section of Cancer Genetics, Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston; Department of Neurology, Vaasa Central Hospital, Vaasa, Finland; Department of Neurology, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland; Department of Neurology, San Donato Hospital, Milan; Department of Pathology, Henri Mondor University Hospital, Créteil, France; Myology Institute, Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris; Department of Neurology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY; Institute of Medical Genetics, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff; Department of Applied Physiology, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany; Department of Neurology, University of Halle, Halle, Germany; Department of Neurology, General Hospital Vall d’Hebron University, Barcelona; Department of Anatomical Pathology, Meixoeiro Hospital, Vigo, Spain; Division of Medical Genetics and Department of Neurology, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland; Department of Anthropology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park; Department of Clinical Chemistry and Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, University of Helsinki, and Research Program of Molecular Medicine, Biomedicum Helsinki, Helsinki; Human Cancer Genetics Program, Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology and Medical Genetics, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ohio State University, Columbus; and Department of Biostatistics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill
| | - Maija Wessman
- Section of Cancer Genetics, Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston; Department of Neurology, Vaasa Central Hospital, Vaasa, Finland; Department of Neurology, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland; Department of Neurology, San Donato Hospital, Milan; Department of Pathology, Henri Mondor University Hospital, Créteil, France; Myology Institute, Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris; Department of Neurology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY; Institute of Medical Genetics, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff; Department of Applied Physiology, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany; Department of Neurology, University of Halle, Halle, Germany; Department of Neurology, General Hospital Vall d’Hebron University, Barcelona; Department of Anatomical Pathology, Meixoeiro Hospital, Vigo, Spain; Division of Medical Genetics and Department of Neurology, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland; Department of Anthropology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park; Department of Clinical Chemistry and Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, University of Helsinki, and Research Program of Molecular Medicine, Biomedicum Helsinki, Helsinki; Human Cancer Genetics Program, Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology and Medical Genetics, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ohio State University, Columbus; and Department of Biostatistics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill
| | - Shanxiang Zhang
- Section of Cancer Genetics, Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston; Department of Neurology, Vaasa Central Hospital, Vaasa, Finland; Department of Neurology, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland; Department of Neurology, San Donato Hospital, Milan; Department of Pathology, Henri Mondor University Hospital, Créteil, France; Myology Institute, Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris; Department of Neurology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY; Institute of Medical Genetics, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff; Department of Applied Physiology, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany; Department of Neurology, University of Halle, Halle, Germany; Department of Neurology, General Hospital Vall d’Hebron University, Barcelona; Department of Anatomical Pathology, Meixoeiro Hospital, Vigo, Spain; Division of Medical Genetics and Department of Neurology, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland; Department of Anthropology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park; Department of Clinical Chemistry and Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, University of Helsinki, and Research Program of Molecular Medicine, Biomedicum Helsinki, Helsinki; Human Cancer Genetics Program, Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology and Medical Genetics, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ohio State University, Columbus; and Department of Biostatistics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill
| | - Fred A. Wright
- Section of Cancer Genetics, Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston; Department of Neurology, Vaasa Central Hospital, Vaasa, Finland; Department of Neurology, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland; Department of Neurology, San Donato Hospital, Milan; Department of Pathology, Henri Mondor University Hospital, Créteil, France; Myology Institute, Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris; Department of Neurology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY; Institute of Medical Genetics, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff; Department of Applied Physiology, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany; Department of Neurology, University of Halle, Halle, Germany; Department of Neurology, General Hospital Vall d’Hebron University, Barcelona; Department of Anatomical Pathology, Meixoeiro Hospital, Vigo, Spain; Division of Medical Genetics and Department of Neurology, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland; Department of Anthropology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park; Department of Clinical Chemistry and Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, University of Helsinki, and Research Program of Molecular Medicine, Biomedicum Helsinki, Helsinki; Human Cancer Genetics Program, Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology and Medical Genetics, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ohio State University, Columbus; and Department of Biostatistics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill
| | - Ralf Krahe
- Section of Cancer Genetics, Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston; Department of Neurology, Vaasa Central Hospital, Vaasa, Finland; Department of Neurology, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland; Department of Neurology, San Donato Hospital, Milan; Department of Pathology, Henri Mondor University Hospital, Créteil, France; Myology Institute, Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris; Department of Neurology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY; Institute of Medical Genetics, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff; Department of Applied Physiology, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany; Department of Neurology, University of Halle, Halle, Germany; Department of Neurology, General Hospital Vall d’Hebron University, Barcelona; Department of Anatomical Pathology, Meixoeiro Hospital, Vigo, Spain; Division of Medical Genetics and Department of Neurology, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland; Department of Anthropology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park; Department of Clinical Chemistry and Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, University of Helsinki, and Research Program of Molecular Medicine, Biomedicum Helsinki, Helsinki; Human Cancer Genetics Program, Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology and Medical Genetics, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ohio State University, Columbus; and Department of Biostatistics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill
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