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Pothlichet J, Rose T, Bugault F, Jeammet L, Meola A, Haouz A, Saul F, Geny D, Alcami J, Ruiz-Mateos E, Teyton L, Lambeau G, Thèze J. PLA2G1B is involved in CD4 anergy and CD4 lymphopenia in HIV-infected patients. J Clin Invest 2021; 130:2872-2887. [PMID: 32436864 DOI: 10.1172/jci131842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The precise mechanism leading to profound immunodeficiency of HIV-infected patients is still only partially understood. Here, we show that more than 80% of CD4+ T cells from HIV-infected patients have morphological abnormalities. Their membranes exhibited numerous large abnormal membrane microdomains (aMMDs), which trap and inactivate physiological receptors, such as that for IL-7. In patient plasma, we identified phospholipase A2 group IB (PLA2G1B) as the key molecule responsible for the formation of aMMDs. At physiological concentrations, PLA2G1B synergized with the HIV gp41 envelope protein, which appears to be a driver that targets PLA2G1B to the CD4+ T cell surface. The PLA2G1B/gp41 pair induced CD4+ T cell unresponsiveness (anergy). At high concentrations in vitro, PLA2G1B acted alone, independently of gp41, and inhibited the IL-2, IL-4, and IL-7 responses, as well as TCR-mediated activation and proliferation, of CD4+ T cells. PLA2G1B also decreased CD4+ T cell survival in vitro, likely playing a role in CD4 lymphopenia in conjunction with its induced IL-7 receptor defects. The effects on CD4+ T cell anergy could be blocked by a PLA2G1B-specific neutralizing mAb in vitro and in vivo. The PLA2G1B/gp41 pair constitutes what we believe is a new mechanism of immune dysfunction and a compelling target for boosting immune responses in HIV-infected patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Thierry Rose
- Center for Innovation and Technological Research
| | | | | | | | - Ahmed Haouz
- Plate-forme Cristallographie, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Frederick Saul
- Plate-forme Cristallographie, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - David Geny
- INSERM U1266, NeurImag Facility, Institute of Psychiatry and Neurosciences of Paris, Paris, France
| | - José Alcami
- Unidad de Immunopatología del SIDA, Centro Nacional de Microbiologia, Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain.,Hospital Clinic, Institut d'investigations Biomèdiques August I Sunyer (IDIBASPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ezequiel Ruiz-Mateos
- Clinic Unit of Infectious Diseases, Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBiS), Virgen del Rocío University Hospital, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), and University of Seville, Seville, Spain
| | - Luc Teyton
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Gérard Lambeau
- Université Côte d'Azur (UCA), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IPMC), UMR7275, Valbonne Sophia Antipolis, France
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Goonetilleke N, Clutton G, Swanstrom R, Joseph SB. Blocking Formation of the Stable HIV Reservoir: A New Perspective for HIV-1 Cure. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1966. [PMID: 31507594 PMCID: PMC6714000 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies demonstrate that the stable HIV-1 reservoir in resting CD4+ T cells is mostly formed from viruses circulating when combination antiretroviral therapy (ART) is initiated. Here we explore the immunological basis for these observations. Untreated HIV-1 infection is characterized by a progressive depletion of memory CD4+ T cells which mostly express CD127, the α chain of the IL-7 receptor (IL-7R). Depletion results from both direct infection and bystander loss of memory CD4+ T cells in part attributed to dysregulated IL-7/IL-7R signaling. While IL-7/IL7R signaling is not essential for the generation of effector CD4+ T cells from naïve cells, it is essential for the further transition of effectors to memory CD4+ T cells and their subsequent homeostatic maintenance. HIV-1 infection therefore limits the transition of CD4+ T cells from an effector to long-lived memory state. With the onset of ART, virus load (VL) levels rapidly decrease and the frequency of CD127+ CD4+ memory T cells increases, indicating restoration of effector to memory transition in CD4+ T cells. Collectively these data suggest that following ART initiation, HIV-1 infected effector CD4+ T cells transition to long-lived, CD127+ CD4+ T cells forming the majority of the stable HIV-1 reservoir. We propose that combining ART initiation with inhibition of IL-7/IL-7R signaling to block CD4+ T cell memory formation will limit the generation of long-lived HIV-infected CD4+ T cells and reduce the overall size of the stable HIV-1 reservoir.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nilu Goonetilleke
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
- UNC HIV-1 Cure Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Genevieve Clutton
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
- UNC HIV-1 Cure Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Ron Swanstrom
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
- Lineberger Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Sarah B. Joseph
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
- Lineberger Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
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3
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HIV-1 infection increases microRNAs that inhibit Dicer1, HRB and HIV-EP2, thereby reducing viral replication. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0211111. [PMID: 30682089 PMCID: PMC6347224 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0211111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 is the causative agent of AIDS (Autoimmune Deficiency Syndrome). HIV-1 infection results in systemic CD4+ T cell depletion, thereby impairing cell-mediated immunity. MicroRNAs are short (~22 nucleotides long), endogenous single-stranded RNA molecules that regulate gene expression by binding to the 3' untranslated regions (3' UTR) of mRNA transcripts. The relation between HIV-1 infection and human miRNA expression profile has been previously investigated, and studies have shown that the virus can alter miRNA expression and vice versa. Here, we broaden the understanding of the HIV-1 infection process, and show that miRNA-186, 210 and 222 are up-regulated following HIV-1 infection of human Sup-T1 cells. As a result, the host miRNA target genes: Dicer1 (Double-Stranded RNA-Specific Endoribonuclease), HRB (HIV-1 Rev-binding protein) and HIV-EP2 (Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type I Enhancer Binding Protein 2), are down-regulated. Moreover, testing the miRNA-gene anti- correlation on the Jurkat and the HeLa-MAGI cell lines demonstrated the ability of the miRNAs to down-regulate viral expression as well. To conclude, we found that human miR-186, 210 and 222 directly regulate the human genes Dicer1, HRB and HIV-EP2, thus may be filling key roles during HIV-1 replication and miRNA biogenesis. This finding may contribute to the development of new therapeutic strategies.
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Liang G, Wang H, Chong H, Cheng S, Jiang X, He Y, Wang C, Liu K. An effective conjugation strategy for designing short peptide-based HIV-1 fusion inhibitors. Org Biomol Chem 2016; 14:7875-82. [PMID: 27454320 DOI: 10.1039/c6ob01334a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Lengthy peptides corresponding to the C-terminal heptad repeat (C-peptides) of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) gp41 are potent inhibitors against virus-cell fusion. Designing short C-peptide-based HIV-1 fusion inhibitors could potentially redress the physicochemical and technical liabilities of a long-peptide therapeutic. However, designing such inhibitors with high potency has been challenging. We generated a conjugated architecture by incorporating small-molecule inhibitors of gp41 into the N-terminus of a panel of truncated C-peptides. Among these small molecule-capped short peptides, the 26-residue peptide Indole-T26 inhibited HIV-1 Env-mediated cell-cell fusion and viral replication at low nanomolar levels, reaching the potency of the only clinically used 36-residue peptide T20 (enfuvirtide). Collectively, our work opens up a new avenue for developing short peptide-based HIV-1 fusion inhibitors, and may have broad applicability to the development of modulators of other class I fusion proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guodong Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology & Toxicology, 27 Tai-Ping Road, Beijing, 100850, China.
| | - Huixin Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Huihui Chong
- MOH Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens and AIDS Research Center, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, No. 9, Dong Dan San Tiao, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Siqi Cheng
- School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Xifeng Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology & Toxicology, 27 Tai-Ping Road, Beijing, 100850, China.
| | - Yuxian He
- MOH Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens and AIDS Research Center, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, No. 9, Dong Dan San Tiao, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Chao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology & Toxicology, 27 Tai-Ping Road, Beijing, 100850, China.
| | - Keliang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology & Toxicology, 27 Tai-Ping Road, Beijing, 100850, China.
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de Lastours V, LeGoff J, Brière J, Agbalika F, Boulet T, Lévy Y, Simon F, Aboulker JP, Molina JM. Lymphoma and Epstein−Barr virus DNA in blood during interleukin-2 therapy in antiretroviral-naïve HIV-1-infected patients: a substudy of the ANRS 119 trial. HIV Med 2013; 15:23-9. [DOI: 10.1111/hiv.12077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- V de Lastours
- Department of Infectious Diseases; Saint-Louis Hospital; Paris France
- University Paris Diderot; Sorbonne Paris Cité; Paris France
| | - J LeGoff
- University Paris Diderot; Sorbonne Paris Cité; Paris France
- Department of Microbiology; Saint-Louis Hospital; Paris France
- INSERM U941; Paris France
| | - J Brière
- University Paris Diderot; Sorbonne Paris Cité; Paris France
- Department of Pathology; Saint-Louis Hospital; Paris France
| | - F Agbalika
- University Paris Diderot; Sorbonne Paris Cité; Paris France
- Department of Microbiology; Saint-Louis Hospital; Paris France
| | - T Boulet
- Institut National Recherche Médicale (INSERM) SC10; Villejuif France
| | - Y Lévy
- INSERM U955; Creteil France
| | - F Simon
- University Paris Diderot; Sorbonne Paris Cité; Paris France
- Department of Microbiology; Saint-Louis Hospital; Paris France
- INSERM U941; Paris France
| | - J-P Aboulker
- Institut National Recherche Médicale (INSERM) SC10; Villejuif France
| | - J-M Molina
- Department of Infectious Diseases; Saint-Louis Hospital; Paris France
- University Paris Diderot; Sorbonne Paris Cité; Paris France
- INSERM U941; Paris France
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Landires I, Núñez-Samudio V, Thèze J. Short communication: nuclear JAK3 and its involvement in CD4 activation in HIV-infected patients. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2013; 29:784-7. [PMID: 23298197 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2012.0249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The subcellular localization of JAK3 was examined by quantitative image analysis. For the first time, JAK3 was found to be located in the nuclei of primary CD4 lymphocytes. A comparable quantity of JAK3 was recovered in CD4 lymphocytes from healthy donors and HIV-infected patients. By contrast, far more phosphorylated JAK3 (pJAK3) was found in the nuclei of CD4 lymphocytes from HIV-infected patients than from healthy donors. The correlation detected between the quantity of pJAK3 in the nuclei of CD4 lymphocytes and the increase in HLA-DR at their surface suggests that pJAK3 may play a role in the deleterious immune activation characterizing HIV-infected patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Landires
- Unité d'Immunogénétique Cellulaire, Département Infection et Epidémiologie et Département d'Immunologie, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Virginia Núñez-Samudio
- Unidad de Microbiología y Salud Pública, Instituto de Ciencias Médicas, Las Tablas, Panamá
| | - Jacques Thèze
- Unité d'Immunogénétique Cellulaire, Département Infection et Epidémiologie et Département d'Immunologie, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
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Characteristics of plasmacytoid dendritic cell and CD4+ T cell in HIV elite controllers. Clin Dev Immunol 2012; 2012:869505. [PMID: 23243424 PMCID: PMC3517220 DOI: 10.1155/2012/869505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2012] [Revised: 10/22/2012] [Accepted: 10/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Despite variability, the majority of HIV-1-infected individuals progress to AIDS characterized by high viral load and massive CD4+ T-cell depletion. However, there is a subset of HIV-1-positive individuals that does not progress and spontaneously maintains an undetectable viral load. This infrequent patient population is defined as HIV-1 controllers (HIV controllers), and represents less than 1% of HIV-1-infected patients. HIV-1-specific CD4+ T cells and the pool of central memory CD4+ T cells are also preserved despite immune activation due to HIV-1 infection. The majority of HIV controllers are also defined by the absence of massive CD4+ T-cell depletion, even after 10 years of infection. However, the mechanisms involved in protection against HIV-1 disease progression have not been elucidated yet. Controllers represent a heterogeneous population; we describe in this paper some common characteristics concerning innate immune response and CD4+ T cells of HIV controllers.
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Xu H, Wang X, Pahar B, Alvarez X, Rasmussen KK, Lackner AA, Veazey RS. Rapid down-regulation of γc on T cells in early SIV infection correlates with impairment of T-cell function. FASEB J 2012; 26:2294-305. [PMID: 22375017 DOI: 10.1096/fj.11-195180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The common γ(c) subunit molecule is shared among all γ(c) cytokines and clearly involved in T-cell function, but its role in HIV infection and immunity is not well understood. Here, we examined expression and function of γ(c) on T cells during SIV infection in Rhesus macaques. Surface γ(c) distribution was differentially expressed on CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells, and CD4(+) naive/memory cell populations in various lymphoid tissues of normal macaques. However, surface γ(c) expression was rapidly and significantly down-regulated on T cells in acute infection with pathogenic SIV, compared to infection with a less virulent SHIV or controls and did not recover on CD8(+) T cells in the chronic stage. Moreover, the peripheral and CD4(+)T cell loss was inversely correlated with γ(c)(+) CD8(+) T cells in individual tissues. γ(c)(+) T cells were mainly functional as evidenced by higher cytokine secretion and proliferative capacity. Further in vitro experiments found that surface γ(c) expression could be down-regulated following high level of IL-7 treatment by both internalization and shedding. Down-regulation of γ(c) during early HIV/SIV infection may inhibit T-cell function, particularly of CD8(+) T cells, and, may be linked with immune failure and loss of viral containment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huanbin Xu
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Division of Comparative Pathology, 18703 Three Rivers Rd., Covington, LA 70433, USA
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9
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Petrara MR, Cattelan AM, Zanchetta M, Sasset L, Freguja R, Gianesin K, Cecchetto MG, Carmona F, De Rossi A. Epstein-Barr virus load and immune activation in human immunodeficiency virus type 1-infected patients. J Clin Virol 2011; 53:195-200. [PMID: 22209290 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2011.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2011] [Revised: 12/06/2011] [Accepted: 12/09/2011] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients infected with HIV-1 are at high risk of developing Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV)-related diseases. Chronic immune activation is a hallmark of HIV-1 pathogenesis and may play a role in B-cell stimulation and expansion of EBV-infected cells. OBJECTIVES The aim of the study was to define the relationship between parameters of immune activation and EBV load in HIV-1-infected subjects. STUDY DESIGN A total of 156 HIV-1-infected patients were studied. EBV types 1 and 2 were quantified on peripheral blood mononuclear cells by multiplex real-time PCR. Plasma levels of cytokines and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) were determined by immunoenzymatic assays. B-cell activation was analyzed by flow cytometry. RESULTS EBV-DNA was detected in 114 patients, and in all but 3 was EBV type 1. The median [interquartile] EBV-DNA load was 43[1-151] copies/10(5) PBMC. EBV-DNA load was higher in patients with detectable HIV-1 plasma viremia, despite good immunological status (CD4>500 cells/μl), than in patients with undetectable HIV-1 plasma viremia regardless of immunological status (46[5-136] copies/10(5) cells vs 17[1-56] copies/10(5) cells, p=0.008). Patients with high EBV-DNA load (>median value) had higher levels of LPS and proinflammatory cytokines (IL-6, IL-10 and TNF-α) than patients with low EBV load. Furthermore, percentages of activated B-cells correlated with EBV-DNA load (r(s)=0.754; p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS Overall, these findings indicate a strong association between HIV-1 viremia, markers of immune activation and EBV load and suggest that persistence of HIV-1 viremia and immune activation, regardless of peripheral CD4 cell depletion/repopulation, may favor expansion of EBV-infected cells and onset of EBV-related malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Raffaella Petrara
- Department of Oncology and Surgical Sciences, Section of Oncology, AIDS Reference Centre, University of Padova, Italy
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Young CD, Angel JB. HIV infection of thymocytes inhibits IL-7 activity without altering CD127 expression. Retrovirology 2011; 8:72. [PMID: 21920046 PMCID: PMC3182983 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4690-8-72] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2011] [Accepted: 09/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Thymic function is altered in HIV infection and characterized by dysregulation of the thymic epithelial network, reduced thymic output and ultimately an impaired naïve T-cell pool. The IL-7/IL-7 receptor (IL-7R) signalling pathway is critical for the maturation and differentiation of thymocytes. HIV infection is associated with a decrease in IL-7Rα (CD127) expression and impaired CD127 signalling in circulating CD8+ T-cells; however, little is known about the effect of HIV on CD127 expression and IL-7 activity in the thymus. Therefore, the effect of in vitro HIV infection on CD127 expression and IL-7-mediated function in thymocytes was investigated. FINDINGS In vitro HIV infection of thymocytes did not affect CD127 expression on either total thymocytes or on single positive CD4 or single positive CD8 subsets. However, HIV infection resulted in a decrease in the level of IL-7-induced STAT-5 phosphorylation and Bcl-2 expression in unfractionated thymocytes. CONCLUSION These findings indicate that HIV infection alters IL-7 responsiveness of thymocytes by a mechanism other than CD127 downregulation and potentially explain the disruption in thymopoiesis observed in HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlene D Young
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, 501 Smyth Rd, Ottawa, Canada
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Thèze J, Chakrabarti LA, Vingert B, Porichis F, Kaufmann DE. HIV controllers: a multifactorial phenotype of spontaneous viral suppression. Clin Immunol 2011; 141:15-30. [PMID: 21865089 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2011.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2011] [Revised: 07/23/2011] [Accepted: 07/26/2011] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
A small minority of HIV-infected individuals, known as HIV controllers, is able to exert long-term control over HIV replication in the absence of treatment. Increasing evidence suggests that the adaptive immune system plays a critical role in this control but also that a combination of several host and/or viral factors, rather than a single cause, leads to this rare phenotype. Here, we review recent advances in the study of these remarkable individuals. We summarize the epidemiology and clinical characteristics of HIV controllers, and subsequently describe contributing roles of host genetic factors, innate and adaptive immune responses, and viral factors to this phenotype. We emphasize distinctive characteristics of HIV-specific CD4 T cell responses and of CD4 T cell subpopulations that are frequently found in HIV controllers. We discuss major controversies in the field and the relevance of the study of HIV controllers for the development of novel therapeutic strategies and vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacques Thèze
- Unité d'Immunogénétique Cellulaire, Institut Pasteur, 75015, Paris, France.
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Zhang X, Wei HX, Rui S, Wei H, Tian Z. Opposite effects of high and low doses of interleukin-2 on T cell-mediated hepatitis in mice (interleukin-2 on hepatitis). Hepatol Int 2010; 4:641-8. [PMID: 21063489 DOI: 10.1007/s12072-010-9196-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2009] [Accepted: 07/09/2010] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Concanavalin A (Con A)-induced hepatitis is an extensively used animal model of T cell-mediated acute hepatitis. A variety of cytokines, including interleukin 4 (IL-4), interferon gamma (IFN-γ), and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), have been shown to play important roles in Con A-induced liver injury. However, the role of IL-2, a critical cytokine in the development and function of T cells and a clinical therapeutics for virus infection and tumor, has not been carefully examined in this model. METHODS In this study, we investigated the function of IL-2 in Con A-induced hepatitis by using various strategies of rhIL-2 pretreatment. We treated mice with two rhIL-2 administration strategies: a single injection of high dose of rhIL-2 (IL-2(hi), 50 × 10(3) U/mouse) and four injections of low dose of rhIL-2 (IL-2(4lo), 5 × 10(3) U/mouse). RESULTS IL-2(hi) pretreatment ameliorated Con A-induced liver injury, while IL-2(4lo) aggravated Con A-induced liver injury. IL-2(hi) pretreatment reduced Con A-induced elevation of serum TNF-α while IL-2(4lo) pretreatment did not. Serum IL-4 and TNF-α were high 6 h after Con A injection in IL-2(4lo) mice, while it was undetectable in IL-2(hi) and non-pretreated mice. IL-2(hi) pretreatment reduced Con A-induced accumulation of T cells in liver while IL-2(4lo) pretreatment increased accumulation of NK cells. CONCLUSION Various strategies of rhIL-2 administration play different roles in Con A-induced hepatitis, suggesting the importance of IL-2 administrative regime in clinical liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoang Zhang
- Institute of Immunology, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale and School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027 China
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Gougeon ML, Chiodi F. Impact of gamma-chain cytokines on T cell homeostasis in HIV-1 infection: therapeutic implications. J Intern Med 2010; 267:502-14. [PMID: 20433577 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2796.2010.02221.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
CD4(+) T cell lymphocytes are a major target for human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1) infection. During this chronic infection, CD4(+) T cell loss (induced through direct viral replication), generalized immune activation and increased susceptibility to apoptosis result in impaired T cell homeostasis with subsequent development of opportunistic infections and cancers. Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) has a well-defined, beneficial effect on HIV-1-related clinical outcome; however, it does not lead to normalization of immune dysregulation. In order to boost both CD4(+) T cell restoration and HIV-1 specific immunity, immunotherapy with gamma-chain cytokines has been used in HIV-1-infected patients during concomitant HAART. In this review, we summarize the role of gamma-chain cytokines, especially interleukin (IL)-2 and IL-7, in influencing T cell homeostasis and proliferation, and discuss how immunotherapy with these cytokines may be beneficial to reconstitute the T cell compartment in the context of HIV-1 infection. The intriguing results of two large trials evaluating the efficacy of IL-2 in restoring immune function during HIV-1 infection are also discussed. In addition, we consider the promises and caveats of the first phase I/II clinical trials with IL-7 in HIV-1-infected patients and the knowledge that is still lacking in the field of T cell reconstitution through gamma-chain cytokines.
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14
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Hogg AE, Bowick GC, Herzog NK, Cloyd MW, Endsley JJ. Induction of granulysin in CD8+ T cells by IL-21 and IL-15 is suppressed by human immunodeficiency virus-1. J Leukoc Biol 2009; 86:1191-203. [PMID: 19687290 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0409222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunosuppression following infection with HIV-1 predisposes patients to a myriad of opportunistic pathogens, one of the most important of which is Mtb. Granulysin, expressed by NK cells and CTL, exhibits potent antimicrobial activity against Mtb and several other opportunistic pathogens associated with HIV-1 infection. The immune signals that promote granulysin expression in human CTL are not fully understood. Using primary human CD8+ T cells, in this study, we identify IL-21 as a strong inducer of granulysin, demonstrate that IL-21 and IL-15 activate granulysin expression within CD8+ CD45RO+ T cells, and establish a role for Jak/STAT signaling in the regulation of granulysin within CD8+ T cells. We show that infection of PBMC from healthy donors in vitro with HIV-1 suppresses granulysin expression by CD8+ T cells, concomitant with reduced p-STAT3 and p-STAT5, following activation with IL-15 and IL-21. Of note, simultaneous signaling through IL-15 and IL-21 could partially overcome the immunosuppressive effects of HIV-1 on granulysin expression by CD8+ T cells. These results suggest that HIV-1 infection of PBMC may reduce the antimicrobial profile of activated CD8+ T cells by disrupting signaling events that are critical for the induction of granulysin. Understanding the effects of HIV-1 on CD8+ T cell activation is essential to understanding the physiological basis for inadequate cytotoxic lymphocyte activity in HIV+ patients and for informed guidance of cytokine-based therapy to restore T cell function.
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Affiliation(s)
- A E Hogg
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
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Zheng CF, Jones GJ, Shi M, Wiseman JCD, Marr KJ, Berenger BM, Huston SM, Gill MJ, Krensky AM, Kubes P, Mody CH. Late expression of granulysin by microbicidal CD4+ T cells requires PI3K- and STAT5-dependent expression of IL-2Rbeta that is defective in HIV-infected patients. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 180:7221-9. [PMID: 18490721 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.180.11.7221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Granulysin is a cytolytic effector molecule used by lymphocytes to kill tumor and microbial cells. Regulation of granulysin production is complex. A significant delay (5 days) following stimulation of CD4(+) T cells with IL-2 occurs before granulysin is produced. Unfortunately, the mechanisms responsible for this delay are unknown. We have recently demonstrated that granulysin-mediated killing of Cryptococcus neoformans by CD4(+) T cells is defective during HIV infection. This is because CD4(+) T cells from HIV-infected patients fail to produce granulysin in response to IL-2 activation. The present studies examined the mechanism of delayed production of granulysin and the mechanism of the defect in HIV patients. We demonstrate that IL-2 initially requires both STAT5 and PI3K activation to increase expression of IL-2Rbeta, produce granulysin, and kill C. neoformans. The increased expression of IL-2Rbeta precedes granulysin, and preventing the increased expression of IL-2Rbeta using small interfering RNA knockdown abrogates granulysin expression. Moreover, following the increased expression of IL-2Rbeta, blocking subsequent signaling by IL-2 using IL-2Rbeta-specific blocking Abs abrogates expression of granulysin. Finally, CD4(+) T cells from HIV-infected patients, who are defective in both STAT5 and PI3K signaling, fail to express IL-2Rbeta and fail to produce granulysin. These results suggest that IL-2 signals via PI3K and STAT5 to increase expression of IL-2Rbeta, which in turn is required for production of granulysin. These results provide a mechanism to explain the "late" production of granulysin during normal T cell responses, as well as for defective granulysin production by CD4(+) T cells in HIV-infected patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun Fu Zheng
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Disease, University of Galgary, Alberta, Canada
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16
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Sirskyj D, Thèze J, Kumar A, Kryworuchko M. Disruption of the gamma c cytokine network in T cells during HIV infection. Cytokine 2008; 43:1-14. [PMID: 18417356 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2008.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2007] [Revised: 02/05/2008] [Accepted: 03/03/2008] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The common gamma chain (gammac)-sharing cytokines (IL's-2, 4, 7, 9, 15, and 21) play a vital role in the survival, proliferation, differentiation and function of T lymphocytes. As such, disruption of their signaling pathways would be expected to have severe consequences on the integrity of the immune system. Indeed, it appears that the signaling network of these cytokines is both disrupted and exploited by HIV at various stages of infection. IL-2 secretion and signaling downstream of its receptor are impaired in T cells from chronically-infected HIV+ patients. Elevated plasma IL-7 levels and decreased IL-7Ralpha expression in patient T cells results in significantly decreased responsiveness to this critical cytokine. Interestingly, IL-2 and IL-15 are also able to render CD4+ T cells permissive to HIV infection through their influence on the activity of the APOBEC3G deaminase enzyme. Herein, we describe the current state of knowledge on how the gammac cytokine network is affected during HIV infection, with a focus on how this impairs CD4+ and CD8+ T cell function while also benefiting the virus itself. We also address the use of cytokines as adjuncts to highly active antiretroviral therapy to bolster immune reconstitution in infected patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danylo Sirskyj
- Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research Centre, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario (CHEO)-Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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17
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Wu JQ, Dyer WB, Chrisp J, Belov L, Wang B, Saksena NK. Longitudinal microarray analysis of cell surface antigens on peripheral blood mononuclear cells from HIV+ individuals on highly active antiretroviral therapy. Retrovirology 2008; 5:24. [PMID: 18315888 PMCID: PMC2276515 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4690-5-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2007] [Accepted: 03/04/2008] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The efficacy of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) determined by simultaneous monitoring over 100 cell-surface antigens overtime has not been attempted. We used an antibody microarray to analyze changes in the expression of 135 different cell-surface antigens overtime on PBMC from HIV+ patients on HAART. Two groups were chosen, one (n = 6) achieved sustainable response by maintaining below detectable plasma viremia and the other (n = 6) responded intermittently. Blood samples were collected over an average of 3 years and 5–8 time points were selected for microarray assay and statistical analysis. Results Significant trends over time were observed for the expression of 7 cell surface antigens (CD2, CD3epsilon, CD5, CD95, CD36, CD27 and CD28) for combined patient groups. Between groups, expression levels of 10 cell surface antigens (CD11a, CD29, CD38, CD45RO, CD52, CD56, CD57, CD62E, CD64 and CD33) were found to be differential. Expression levels of CD9, CD11a, CD27, CD28 and CD52, CD44, CD49d, CD49e, CD11c strongly correlated with CD4+ and CD8+ T cell counts, respectively. Conclusion Our findings not only detected markers that may have potential prognostic/diagnostic values in evaluating HAART efficacy, but also showed how density of cell surface antigens could be efficiently exploited in an array-like manner in relation to HAART and HIV-infection. The antigens identified in this study should be further investigated by other methods such as flow cytometry for confirmation as biological analysis of these antigens may help further clarify their role during HAART and HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Qin Wu
- Retroviral Genetics Division, Center for Virus Research, Westmead Millennium Institute, University of Sydney, Darcy Road, Westmead, NSW 2145, Sydney, Australia.
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18
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Amato R, Menniti M, Agosti V, Boito R, Costa N, Bond HM, Barbieri V, Tagliaferri P, Venuta S, Perrotti N. IL-2 signals through Sgk1 and inhibits proliferation and apoptosis in kidney cancer cells. J Mol Med (Berl) 2007; 85:707-21. [PMID: 17571248 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-007-0205-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2007] [Revised: 03/14/2007] [Accepted: 04/16/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The interleukin-2 is a cytokine that is essential for lymphocytic survival and function. Ectopic expression of the IL-2 receptor in epithelial tissues has been reported previously, although the functional significance of this expression is still being investigated. We provided novel structural and functional information on the expression of the IL-2 receptor in kidney cancer cells and in other normal and neoplastic human epithelial tissues. In A-498 kidney cancer cells, we showed that IL-2 binding to its own receptor triggers a signal transduction pathway leading to the inhibition of proliferation and apoptosis. We found that the inhibition of proliferation is associated with Erk1/2 dephosphorylation, whereas the survival signals appear to be mediated by Sgk1 activation. This investigation focuses on the IL-2 induced regulation of Sgk1 and describes a role of the IL-2 receptor and Sgk1 in the regulation of epithelial tumor cell death and survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosario Amato
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine G. Salvatore, University Magna Graecia, Campus Biomedico, Località Germaneto, Viale Europa, Catanzaro, 88100, Italy
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19
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Colle JH, Moreau JL, Fontanet A, Lambotte O, Delfraissy JF, Thèze J. The correlation between levels of IL-7Ralpha expression and responsiveness to IL-7 is lost in CD4 lymphocytes from HIV-infected patients. AIDS 2007; 21:101-3. [PMID: 17148974 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0b013e3280115b6a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Measurements of Bcl-2 and CD25 expression suggested that IL-7R function is modified in CD4 lymphocytes of untreated viraemic patients. The extent of IL-7R function restoration post-HAART was analysed. A positive linear relationship was demonstrated between IL-7Ralpha expression and the magnitude of IL-7-induced responses in healthy individuals, whereas this relationship is lost in HIV-infected patients, suggesting that viraemic patients suffer a receptor signaling transduction defect in IL-7R function. IL-7 responsiveness is only partly restored by HAART.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Hervé Colle
- Unité Immunogénétique Cellulaire, Département Infection et Epidémiologie, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
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20
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Creery D, Weiss W, Graziani-Bowering G, Kumar R, Aziz Z, Angel JB, Kumar A. Differential Regulation of CXCR4 and CCR5 Expression by Interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-13 Is Associated with Inhibition of Chemotaxis and Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Type 1 Replication But Not HIV Entry into Human Monocytes. Viral Immunol 2006; 19:409-23. [PMID: 16987060 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2006.19.409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemokine receptors CXCR4 and CCR5 play a key role in Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) entry into CD4+ monocytic cells. Alteration in the expression levels of these receptors by immunoregulatory cytokines may influence viral entry and hence susceptibility to HIV infection, viral tropism, and disease progression. Helper T cell type 2 (Th2) cytokines interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-13, which share a subunit of their receptor components and exhibit similar biological effects, have been shown to play a key role in HIV infection and disease progression. In this study, we investigated the effects of IL-4 and IL-13 on the expression of CXCR4 and CCR5, and the biological implications of alteration of CXCR4 and CCR5 regulation on monocytic cells with respect to their migration in response to chemokines, HIV entry, and its replication. The results suggest that both IL-4 and IL-13 inhibited the expression of CXCR4, in contrast to CCR5, which was inhibited by IL-13 alone. The downregulation of CXCR4 and CCR5 was correspondingly associated with the inhibition of their respective ligand-induced chemotaxis. Although IL-13 inhibited the expression of both CXCR4 and CCR5, this downregulation of chemokine receptor expression was not sufficient to prevent virus entry. Furthermore, both IL-4 and IL-13 inhibited viral replication in monocytic cells, suggesting that inhibition of chemokine receptor expression per se by these cytokines may not be sufficient to prevent virus entry, and indicating these cytokines may be inhibiting viral replication by targeting pathways subsequent to virus entry.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Creery
- Department of Pediatrics, Research Institute, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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21
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Colle JH, Moreau JL, Fontanet A, Lambotte O, Joussemet M, Jacod S, Delfraissy JF, Thèze J. Regulatory Dysfunction of the Interleukin-7 Receptor in CD4 and CD8 Lymphocytes From HIV-Infected Patients-Effects of Antiretroviral Therapy. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2006; 42:277-85. [PMID: 16810123 DOI: 10.1097/01.qai.0000214823.11034.4e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Despite an increase in plasma IL-7 levels, the CD4 T-cell pool decrease progressively in HIV-infected patients. Here we report on our tests to check the hypothesis that defects in the IL-7 receptor system might be involved in this phenomenon. The cell surface expression of CD127 was measured ex vivo in CD4 and CD8 T lymphocytes drawn from 3 groups of HIV patients. IL-7 function was also followed in vitro by measuring IL-7-driven T-cell proliferation, the induction of the CD25 activation marker, and overexpression of the antiapoptotic molecule Bcl-2. Untreated viremic patients showed a slight but significant decrease in CD127 expression on the surface of their CD4 lymphocytes. By contrast, CD127 expression was substantially altered on the surface of CD8 T lymphocytes taken from untreated viremic patients. IL-7-induced overexpression of the antiapoptotic molecule Bcl-2 was dramatically altered in viremic patients, whereas IL-7-dependent CD25 induction and T-cell proliferation were reduced. Highly active antiretroviral therapy partially corrected these defects in patients with an undetectable viral load and CD4 counts of more than 400 cells/microL. The effects of HAART were less pronounced in patients with undetectable VL but low CD4 counts (<250 cells/microL). The IL-7 receptor is dysfunctional in the CD4 and CD8 lymphocytes of HIV-infected patients. This may be due to abnormal activation of the immune system in HIV-infected patients and may contribute to the reduced CD4 count and the altered function of the CD8 compartment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Hervé Colle
- Unité Immunogénétique Cellulaire, Département de Médecine Moléculaire, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
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22
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Do H, Vasilescu A, Diop G, Hirtzig T, Coulonges C, Labib T, Heath SC, Spadoni JL, Therwath A, Lathrop M, Matsuda F, Zagury JF. Associations of the IL2Ralpha, IL4Ralpha, IL10Ralpha, and IFN (gamma) R1 cytokine receptor genes with AIDS progression in a French AIDS cohort. Immunogenetics 2006; 58:89-98. [PMID: 16491350 DOI: 10.1007/s00251-005-0072-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2005] [Accepted: 11/28/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
We have performed an extensive analysis of Th1/Th2 cytokine receptors IL2Ralpha, IL4Ralpha, IL10Ralpha, and IFNgammaR1 gene polymorphisms to evaluate their impact on AIDS progression. The coding regions and promoters of these genes were sequenced in the genetics of resistance to immunodeficiency virus cohort, composed of 327 HIV-1-positive patients with extreme progression phenotypes, slow and rapid progressors, and of 446 healthy control subjects, all of them of Caucasian descent. Overall, 104 single nucleotide polymorphisms and four insertions/deletions with a minor allelic frequency higher than 1% were identified, 21 of them being newly characterized. We observed weak associations for 13 polymorphisms of IL2Ralpha, IL4Ralpha, IL10Ralpha, and IFNgammaR1, and 11 haplotypes of IL2Ralpha, IL4Ralpha, and IFNgammaR1. However, we could not relate these positive signals to any relevant biological information on the gene function. To affirm these putative associations in AIDS, further confirmation on other AIDS cohorts will be needed. This complete catalog of polymorphisms in IL2Ralpha, IL4Ralpha, IL10Ralpha, and IFNgammaR1 cytokine receptor genes should also be useful for investigating associations in other immune-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hervé Do
- Equipe génomique, bioinformatique et pathologies du système immunitaire, INSERM U736, 15 rue de l'Ecole de Médecine, 75006, Paris, France
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23
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Colle JH, Moreau JL, Fontanet A, Lambotte O, Joussemet M, Delfraissy JF, Thèze J. CD127 expression and regulation are altered in the memory CD8 T cells of HIV-infected patients--reversal by highly active anti-retroviral therapy (HAART). Clin Exp Immunol 2006; 143:398-403. [PMID: 16487237 PMCID: PMC1809599 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2006.03022.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV infection activates abnormally the immune system and the chronic phase is accompanied by marked alterations in the CD8 compartment. The expression of CD127 (IL-7R alpha chain) by memory CD8 T lymphocytes in HIV-infected patients is analysed and reported. The memory CD8 T cell subset was characterized by expression of CD45RA and CD27 markers, and CD127 cell surface expression was measured ex vivo by four-colour flow cytometry. HIV infection was associated with a fall in the proportion of CD127(+) cells among memory CD8 lymphocytes that resulted in a higher CD127(-) CD45RA(-)CD27(+) CD8 T cell count in HIV-infected patients. Diminished CD127 cell surface expression [mean fluorescence intensity (MFI)] by positive cells was also observed in this subset. The data suggest that these defects were reversed by highly active anti-retroviral therapy (HAART). The regulation of CD127 expression was also studied in vitro. Down-regulation of CD127 by interleukin (IL)-7 was observed in memory CD8 lymphocytes from healthy donors and HAART patients. Expression of CD127 by memory CD8 lymphocytes cultured in the absence of IL-7 confirmed that IL-7R regulation is altered in viraemic patients. Under the same experimental conditions, memory CD8 lymphocytes from HAART patients were shown to express CD127 at levels comparable to cells from healthy individuals. Altered CD127 cell surface expression and defective CD127 regulation in the memory CD8 T lymphocytes of HIV-infected patients are potential mechanisms by which these cells may be impeded in their physiological response to endogenous IL-7 stimulatory signals. Our data suggest that these defects are reversed during the immune reconstitution that follows HAART.
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Affiliation(s)
- J-H Colle
- Unité Immunogénétique Cellulaire, Département de Médecine Moléculaire, Institut Pasteur, 25-28 rue du Dr. Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France
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24
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Kryworuchko M, Thèze J. Interleukin-2: from T cell growth and homeostasis to immune reconstitution of HIV patients. VITAMINS AND HORMONES 2006; 74:531-47. [PMID: 17027529 DOI: 10.1016/s0083-6729(06)74021-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-2 was initially described as a major stimulant of T lymphocytes in vitro. Later, the characterization of IL-2 knockout animals showed that the ability to stimulate T cells could be replaced by other cytokines. In vivo, IL-2 plays a unique role in controlling lymphoproliferation. This is partly explained by its role in the generation and maintenance of T regulatory cells (Treg). In HIV-infected patients, the IL-2/IL-2 receptor (IL-2R) system is dysregulated. The fact that IL-2 is underproduced along with defective IL-2R signaling detected in patient lymphocytes, may explain the progressive impairment of the immune system that occurs during chronic infection with this virus. These defects are partly reversed by highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). However, in some patients IL-2R defects persist and the CD4 counts remain low despite good control of the viral load. These patients benefit from HAART given in conjunction with IL-2 therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marko Kryworuchko
- Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research Centre, Division of Virology, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Ottawa, Canada
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25
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Apoil PA, Puissant B, Roubinet F, Abbal M, Massip P, Blancher A. FOXP3 mRNA levels are decreased in peripheral blood CD4+ lymphocytes from HIV-positive patients. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2005; 39:381-5. [PMID: 16010156 DOI: 10.1097/01.qai.0000169662.30783.2d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The impact of HIV infection on regulatory CD4(+)CD25(high) (Treg) lymphocyte subpopulations was evaluated by FOXP3 quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction and by flow cytometry. FOXP3 mRNA was quantified in peripheral blood mononuclear cells or purified CD4(+) lymphocytes from HIV(+) lymphopenic patients. Patients were distributed among clinical stages A, B, and C and received highly active antiretroviral therapy. The frequency of CD4(+)CD25(high) lymphocytes, measured by flow cytometry, was decreased in HIV patients (n = 38) compared with the group of uninfected subjects (n = 39). FOXP3 mRNA levels were found decreased in HIV patients (n = 25) compared with controls (n = 17) when expression of CD3gamma or beta-actin but not that of TATA box binding protein 1 was used for data normalization. Our results are compatible with a decrease of the Treg lymphocytes during HIV infection. The consequences of a Treg decrease are discussed in the context of immunologic anomalies observed during HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pol André Apoil
- Laboratoire d'Immunogénétique Moléculaire, Faculté de Médecine de Rangueil, Toulouse, France.
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26
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Je JH, Lee JY, Jung KJ, Sung B, Go EK, Yu BP, Chung HY. NF-kappaB activation mechanism of 4-hydroxyhexenal via NIK/IKK and p38 MAPK pathway. FEBS Lett 2004; 566:183-9. [PMID: 15147892 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2004.04.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2004] [Revised: 03/29/2004] [Accepted: 04/06/2004] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
4-Hydroxyhexenal (HHE) is known to affect redox balance during aging, included are vascular dysfunctions. To better understand vascular abnormality through the molecular alterations resulting from HHE accumulation in aging processes, we set out to determine whether up-regulation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) by HHE is mediated through nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kappaB) activation in endothelial cells. HHE induced NF-kappaB activation by inhibitor of kappaB (IkappaB) phosphorylation via the IkappaB kinase (IKK)/NF-kappaB inducing kinase (NIK) pathway. HHE increased the activity of p38 MAPK and extracellular signal regulated kinase (ERK), but not c-jun NH(2)-terminal kinase, indicating that p38 MAPK and ERK are closely involved in HHE-induced NF-kappaB transactivation. Pretreatment with ERK inhibitor PD98059, and p38 MAPK inhibitor SB203580, attenuated the induction of p65 translocation, IkappaB phosphorylation, and NF-kappaB luciferase activity. These findings strongly suggest that HHE induces NF-kappaB activation through IKK/NIK pathway and/or p38 MAPK and ERK activation associated with oxidative stress in endothelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong Hwan Je
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan 609-735, Republic of Korea
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27
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Kryworuchko M, Pasquier V, Keller H, David D, Goujard C, Gilquin J, Viard JP, Joussemet M, Delfraissy JF, Thèze J. Defective interleukin-2-dependent STAT5 signalling in CD8 T lymphocytes from HIV-positive patients: restoration by antiretroviral therapy. AIDS 2004; 18:421-6. [PMID: 15090793 DOI: 10.1097/00002030-200402200-00007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND CD8 T lymphocytes are critical in the control of HIV replication and disease progression. Our previous studies demonstrated that CD8 T cells from chronically infected patients with high virus load proliferated poorly in response to interleukin-2 (IL-2), a cytokine critical in CD8 T cell growth and differentiation, even though relatively high levels of IL-2 receptor (IL-2R) were expressed. This suggested that signal transduction defects in response to IL-2 might be involved. The STAT5 transcription factor is important in IL-2-dependent biological responses and it is known that there are defects in unstimulated CD3 and CD4 cells in HIV-infected patients. OBJECTIVE To investigate whether the induction of STAT5 by IL-2 is altered in the CD8 T cells from HIV-positive individuals and the impact of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) on its status. METHODS CD8 T lymphocytes were purified from the peripheral blood mononuclear cells of HIV-positive patients before and after HAART. Ex vivo IL-2-induced STAT5 activation was evaluated by immunoblotting and electrophoretic mobility shift assays. RESULTS CD8 T cells from a subset of untreated HIV-positive patients were unable to activate STAT5a and STAT5b proteins functionally in response to IL-2. This defect was not a result of alterations in IL-2R expression but correlated with an impaired activation of the upstream kinase Jak-3, known to mediate STAT5 activation. Overall, HAART restored Jak/STAT signalling in such patients. CONCLUSIONS These results further uncover a potential mechanism by which CD8 T cell function is impaired in HIV-infected patients.
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28
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Sieg SF, Bazdar DA, Lederman MM. Impaired TCR-mediated induction of Ki67 by naive CD4+ T cells is only occasionally corrected by exogenous IL-2 in HIV-1 infection. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2004; 171:5208-14. [PMID: 14607921 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.171.10.5208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Perturbations in naive T cell homeostasis and function may play a major role in the immunodeficiency that accompanies HIV infection. By examining naive CD4(+) T cell function on a single cell basis, we provide evidence that these cells have significant qualitative defects in HIV disease. Ki67, a molecule expressed during cell cycle progression, is induced less efficiently among naive CD4(+) T cells from HIV-infected individuals following activation with anti-TCR Ab. The impairment in Ki67 expression is evident even when a separate function, CD62L down-modulation, is within normal ranges. Moreover, the defects in Ki67 induction are only sometimes corrected by the addition of rIL-2 to cell cultures. An initial assessment of IL-2 unresponsiveness in cells from selected HIV-infected individuals suggests that the defect is not a consequence of impaired IL-2R expression or IL-2R signaling capability. Qualitative defects in naive T cells that cannot be routinely corrected by IL-2 have significant implications for disease pathogenesis and for strategies using IL-2 as a vaccine adjuvant in HIV disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott F Sieg
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Case Western Reserve University and University Hospitals of Cleveland, Center For AIDS Research, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.
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29
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Abou-Zeid LA, El-Mowafy AM. Differential recognition of resveratrol isomers by the human estrogen receptor-?: Molecular dynamics evidence for stereoselective ligand binding. Chirality 2004; 16:190-5. [PMID: 14770416 DOI: 10.1002/chir.20007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Resveratrol (RSVL) is a phytoestrogen that occurs naturally in two forms (trans- (E) and cis- (Z)). We have conducted molecular dynamics (MD) studies to differentially characterize the estrogen receptor-alpha (ER-alpha) binding profiles of RSVL stereoisomers. Favorable orientations for RSVL isomers at the ER-alpha pocket were first inferred from (1) alignment with pharmacophoric elements of the pure ER-alpha agonists estradiol (E2) and (2) assessment of ligand recognition by the ER-alpha binding domain. Subsequently, these orientations for RSVL isomers were subjected to MD analyses versus E2. A 100-picosecond MD simulation revealed that E2 contributed four stable hydrogen bonds with the key ER-alpha pocket residue: Arg394, Glu353, His524, and Leu525. Further, E2 displayed favorable binding energy, conformational energy change (DeltaE), and movement of the binding pocket residues (RMSd). Compared to E2, (E)-RSVL lacked a hydrogen bond (HB) with His524 but formed three additional bonds with Gly521, Phe404, and Met343 of the ER-alpha pocket. Further, (E)-RSVL conferred more favorable energy of interaction, less favorable DeltaE, but comparable RMSd values. In contrast, (Z)-RSVL orientations missed hydrogen bonding (HB) with His524 and Leu525, two essential ligand binding residues, and/or produced considerably less favorable-binding energy, -DeltaE, and -RMSd values than did (E)-RSVL. In conclusion, the present study demonstrates the utility of this MD model in distinguishing between RSVL stereoisomers. The weak binding of (Z)-RSVL by the human ER-alpha binding is congruent with its inferior ligand profiles in ER-endowed biological systems. Further, evidence is provided for a considerable variation in the mode of recognition of the mixed agonist/antagonist (E)-RSVL, and the pure agonist E2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laila A Abou-Zeid
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
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Moir S, Ogwaro KM, Malaspina A, Vasquez J, Donoghue ET, Hallahan CW, Liu S, Ehler LA, Planta MA, Kottilil S, Chun TW, Fauci AS. Perturbations in B cell responsiveness to CD4+ T cell help in HIV-infected individuals. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2003; 100:6057-62. [PMID: 12730375 PMCID: PMC156325 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0730819100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV infection induces a wide array of B cell dysfunctions. We have characterized the effect of plasma viremia on the responsiveness of B cells to CD4(+) T cell help in HIV-infected patients. In HIV-negative donors, B cell proliferation correlated with CD154 expression on activated CD4(+) T cells and with the availability of IL-2, whereas in HIV-infected viremic patients, reduced B cell proliferation was observed despite normal CD154 expression on activated CD4(+) T cells. Reduced triggering of B cells by activated CD4(+) T cells was clearly observed in HIV-infected viremic patients compared with aviremic patients with comparable CD4(+) T cell counts, and a dramatic improvement in B cell function was observed in patients whose plasma viremia was controlled by effective antiretroviral therapy. The degree of B cell dysfunction in viremic patients correlated strongly with the inability of B cells to express CD25 in response to activated CD4(+) T cells, resulting in an inability to mount a normal proliferative response to IL-2. Similar defects in responsiveness to IL-2 were observed in the B cells of HIV-infected viremic patients in the context of B cell receptor stimulation. These data provide new insight into the mechanisms associated with ineffective humoral responses in HIV disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Moir
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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Franchini G. Modeling immune intervention strategies for HIV-1 infection of humans in the macaque model. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s1529-1049(02)00122-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Kryworuchko M, Pasquier V, Thèze J. Human immunodeficiency virus-1 envelope glycoproteins and anti-CD4 antibodies inhibit interleukin-2-induced Jak/STAT signalling in human CD4 T lymphocytes. Clin Exp Immunol 2003; 131:422-7. [PMID: 12605694 PMCID: PMC1808643 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2249.2003.02065.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection leads to a profound T cell dysfunction well before the clinical onset of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). We have been accumulating evidence that one of the mechanisms responsible for this T cell deficiency may be the dysregulation of signal transduction via the interleukin (IL)-2/IL-2 receptor (R) complex. In CD4 T cells, we have observed previously that viral envelope (env) glycoproteins induce IL-2 unresponsiveness and the down-regulation of the three chains making up the IL-2R (alpha, beta, gamma) in vitro. We have now established further that this disruption of the IL-2/IL-2R system manifests itself in defective signal propagation via the Janus kinase (Jak)/signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) pathway in response to IL-2. The treatment of CD4 T cells with HIV env or surface ligation of CD4 with anti-CD4 monoclonal antibodies inhibited the IL-2-induced activation of Jak-1 and Jak-3, as well as their targets, STAT5a and STAT5b. This Jak/STAT deficiency may contribute to the crippling of CD4 T cell responses to a cytokine central to the immune response by HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kryworuchko
- Unité d'Immunogénétique Cellulaire, Département de Medecine Moleculaire, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
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Franchini G, Nacsa J, Hel Z, Tryniszewska E. Immune intervention strategies for HIV-1 infection of humans in the SIV macaque model. Vaccine 2002; 20 Suppl 4:A52-60. [PMID: 12477429 DOI: 10.1016/s0264-410x(02)00388-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Studies in the SIVmac macaque model have demonstrated that the extent of virus-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell responses induced by vaccination prior to virus-challenge exposure correlate with viremia containment following establishment of infection. These findings led to the hypothesis that active immunization with vaccines able to induce virus-specific T-cell responses following the establishment of infection could also ameliorate the virological outcome. Here, we will review the relative effect of ART and vaccination during primary SIVmac infection of macaques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genoveffa Franchini
- National Cancer Institute, Basic Research Laboratory, 41/D804, Bethesda, MD 20892-5055, USA.
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Reuben JM, Lee BN, Paul M, Kline MW, Cron SG, Abramson S, Lewis D, Kozinetz CA, Shearer WT. Magnitude of IFN-gamma production in HIV-1-infected children is associated with virus suppression. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2002; 110:255-61. [PMID: 12170266 DOI: 10.1067/mai.2002.125979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Little is known about the cytokine production by peripheral blood cells of pediatric patients who have suppressed HIV-1 replication after highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). OBJECTIVE We sought to determine the effect of HAART on the production of T(H)1 and T(H)2 cytokines by HIV-infected children who have suppressed HIV replication. METHODS At 3- to 6-month intervals over a 5-year period, CD4(+) T cells were enumerated, plasma HIV-1 RNA was measured, and levels of cytokine production by whole blood cultures were determined in 21 HIV-1-infected children. RESULTS Ten patients achieved an HIV-1 RNA level of less than 3000 copies/mL of plasma and maintained that level for at least 15 months (virus-suppressed [VS] group). Eleven patients had a mean HIV-1 RNA level of greater than 10(4) copies/mL of plasma and a mean CD4(+) T-cell count of less than 500/microL of blood (active infection group). The median levels of anti-CD3-induced IL-2, IFN-gamma, and IL-10 in the active infection group were significantly lower than those in the VS group after suppression of the virus. The median slope of IFN-gamma production by means of PHA-stimulated culture after achieving VS status (4.04) was significantly higher than the level before VS status (-1.31, P =.004). The difference in the median slopes for IL-10 production by anti-CD3-stimulated cultures before (0.21) and after (-0.16) achieving VS status was statistically different (P =.027). CONCLUSION The immune restoration of HIV-1-infected children receiving HAART might be related to an increase in IFN-gamma production and a decrease in the rate of IL-10 production after virus suppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- James M Reuben
- Department of Hematopathology, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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David D, Keller H, Naït-Ighil L, Treilhou MP, Joussemet M, Dupont B, Gachot B, Maral J, Thèze J. Involvement of Bcl-2 and IL-2R in HIV-positive patients whose CD4 cell counts fail to increase rapidly with highly active antiretroviral therapy. AIDS 2002; 16:1093-101. [PMID: 12004267 DOI: 10.1097/00002030-200205240-00002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Combination antiretroviral therapy in a subset of HIV-infected patients, here called CD4-low responders (CD4-LR), fails to produce a rapid rise in CD4 cell counts despite effective control of plasma viral load (< 50 copies/ml). The mechanism responsible for this failure was investigated. DESIGN AND METHODS CD4-LR patients (n = 13) included in the study had been receiving stable antiretroviral therapy for > 9 months, resulting in undetectable viral load, but nontheless showed a CD4 cell count of < 200 x 106 cells/l. Samples from these patients were analysed for intracellular expression of the anti-apoptotic molecule Bcl-2 and the in vitro apoptosis of their CD4 lymphocytes. Since interleukin-2 (IL-2) induces Bcl-2 and participates in the control of lymphocyte apoptosis, we also investigated the IL-2/IL-2 receptor (IL-2R) system in these CD4-LR patients. All these investigations were performed before and after the CD4-LR patients received IL-2 therapy. RESULTS CD4 T lymphocytes from these patients underexpressed the anti-apoptotic molecule Bcl-2 and were more susceptible to spontaneous apoptosis. Peripheral CD4 T lymphocytes from the CD4-LR patients showed a regulatory dysfunction in the IL-2R system that resulted in a lack of reactivity to IL-2. Overall, the results obtained with CD4-LR patients differed radically from those in patients undergoing successful antiretroviral therapy. Finally, an increase in Bcl-2 expression and IL-2 reactivity was observed in the CD4 T lymphocytes of CD4-LR patients receiving IL-2 immunotherapy. This correlated with a reduction in their apoptosis. CONCLUSION Our study characterizes the defective maintenance of peripheral CD4 T lymphocytes in CD4-LR patients, probably resulting from Bcl-2 underexpression and dysregulation of the IL-2R system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denis David
- Unité d'Immunogénétique Cellulaire, Département d'Immunologie and Centre de Recherche Clinique, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
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Muth H, Elmshauser C, Broad S, Schipke C, Kettenmann H, Beck E, Kann M, Motta I, Chen U. Cell-based delivery of cytokines allows for the differentiation of a doxycycline inducible oligodendrocyte precursor cell line in vitro. J Gene Med 2001; 3:585-98. [PMID: 11778905 DOI: 10.1002/jgm.221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Stem cells, having the property of self renewal, offer the promise of lifelong repair of damaged tissue. However, somatic tissue-committed primary stem cells are rare and difficult to expand in vitro. Genetically modified stem-like cells with the ability to expand conditionally provide a valuable tool with which to study stem cell biology, especially the cellular events of proliferation and differentiation. In addition, stem cells may be appropriate candidates for therapeutic applications. METHODS Double transgenic mice possesing SV40 T antigen (Tag) under the control of the reverse tetracycline-transactivator (rtTA) were used to establish cell lines. One brain cell line was partially characterized by DNA sequencing, morphology, antigen expression using flow cytometry, confocal microscopy, and electrophysiology using the patch clamp technique. Cell cycle analysis was performed using propidium iodide staining; cell viability and H3-thymidine incorporation assays. The ability of this cell line to differentiate was assessed by confocal microscopy following co-culture with stem cells secreting cytokines. RESULTS We report here the establishment and partial characterization of a cell line derived from the brain tissue of rtTA-SV40 Tag transgenic mice. Analysis of the morphology and antigen markers has shown that this cell line mimics some aspects of primary glial precursors. The results of electrophysiology are consistent with this and suggest that the cell line is derived from O2A glial precursor cells. Cell cycle progression of this cell line is doxycycline-dependent. In the absence of doxycycline, cells become apoptotic. Differentiation into mature type 2 astrocytes and (precursor) oligodendrocytes can be induced upon withdrawal of doxycycline and addition of epithelial stem cells secreting cytokine, such as hIL3 (human Interleukine 3) or hIL6 to the culture. In contrast, co-culturing with hCNTF (human Ciliary NeuroTrophic Factor)-secreting epithelial stem cells did not induce them to mature into progeny cell types. CONCLUSION The differentiation of this O2A glial precursor line does not occur automatically in culture. Additional external help is required from the cell-based delivery of appropriate transgenic cytokines. Withdrawal of doxycycline from the culture medium removes the proliferation signals and induces a fatal outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Muth
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Stem Cell Therapy Division, Clinic of the Justus-Liebig-University of Giessen, Germany
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Amirayan-Chevillard N, Tissot-Dupont H, Obadia Y, Gallais H, Mege JL, Capo C. Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) and circulating markers of immune activation: specific effect of HAART on neopterin. CLINICAL AND DIAGNOSTIC LABORATORY IMMUNOLOGY 2000; 7:832-4. [PMID: 10973464 PMCID: PMC95965 DOI: 10.1128/cdli.7.5.832-834.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The circulating levels of immune activation markers, including neopterin, tumor necrosis factor receptor type II, and interleukin-2 receptors, are increased in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients. We show here that highly active antiretroviral therapy significantly decreased neopterin levels. This effect is reversible, since neopterin levels increased after the arrest of treatment. Their determination may be useful in the evaluation of the efficacy of antiretroviral therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Amirayan-Chevillard
- Faculté de Médecine, Unité des Rickettsies, Université de la Méditerranée, CNRS UPRESA 6020, 13385 Marseille Cedex 5, France
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Amendola A, Poccia F, Martini F, Gioia C, Galati V, Pierdominici M, Marziali M, Pandolfi F, Colizzi V, Piacentini M, Girardi E, D'offizi G. Decreased CD95 expression on naive T cells from HIV-infected persons undergoing highly active anti-retroviral therapy (HAART) and the influence of IL-2 low dose administration. Irhan Study Group. Clin Exp Immunol 2000; 120:324-32. [PMID: 10792383 PMCID: PMC1905643 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2249.2000.01223.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The functional recovery of the immune system in HIV-infected persons receiving HAART and the role of adjuvant immune therapy are still matters of intensive investigation. We analysed the effects of HAART combined with cytokines in 22 naive asymptomatic individuals, randomized to receive HAART (n = 6), HAART plus a low dose (1000 000 U/daily) of rIL-2 (n = 8), and HAART plus rIL-2 after previous administration of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (n = 8). After 3 months of therapy, increased CD4+ T cell counts and diminished viral loads were observed in all patients, independently of cytokine addition. A decreased expression of CD95 (Apo 1/Fas) was evident in all groups when compared with values before therapy. The percentages of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) expressing CD95 after therapy decreased by 15%, 22% and 18% in the three treatment groups, respectively (P < 0.05). Analysis of PBMC subsets demonstrated that CD95 expression was significantly reduced on CD45RA+CD62L+ naive T cells (25.3%, 22.4%, and 18.6%, respectively; P < 0.05) in each group, after therapy. Accordingly, all patients showed a reduced rate of in vitro spontaneous apoptosis (P < 0.05). Another effect induced by HAART was a significant increase in IL-2Ralpha expression on total PBMC (P < 0.05), independently of cytokine addition. Altogether, our results suggest that very low dose administration of rIL-2 (1000 000 U/daily) may be not enough to induce a significant improvement in the immune system as regards HAART alone. The employment of higher doses of recombinant cytokines and/or different administration protocols in clinical trials might however contribute to ameliorate the immune reconstitution in patients undergoing HAART.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Amendola
- Laboratory of Electron Microscopy and Cellular Biology, Institute for Infectious Diseases 'L. Spallanzani' I.R.C.C.S., Rome, Italy
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Amirayan-Chevillard N, Tissot-Dupont H, Capo C, Brunet C, Dignat-George F, Obadia Y, Gallais H, Mege JL. Impact of highly active anti-retroviral therapy (HAART) on cytokine production and monocyte subsets in HIV-infected patients. Clin Exp Immunol 2000; 120:107-12. [PMID: 10759771 PMCID: PMC1905601 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2249.2000.01201.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
HIV infection is associated with cytokine production by monocytes and expansion of a monocyte subset that expresses high levels of CD16. Our study was designed to investigate the effects of anti-retroviral therapies on these immune parameters. Four groups of HIV+ patients were included in the study. The first group comprised drug-naive patients (n = 20); the second included patients who received two inhibitors of HIV reverse transcriptase (n = 45); the third group received a therapy combining these two inhibitors and one inhibitor of HIV protease (HAART) (n = 35); the fourth consisted of patients who had stopped their treatment (n = 20). The release of inflammatory cytokines (tumour necrosis factor, IL-1beta, IL-6) and immunoregulatory cytokines such as IL-10 by monocytes was determined by ELISA. The monocyte subsets expressing low or high levels of CD16 were studied by flow cytometry. Monocytes from patients naive of treatment released higher amounts of inflammatory cytokines and IL-10 than HIV- individuals. Each anti-retroviral therapy restored a normal pattern of cytokine secretion. Nevertheless, the release of cytokines increased again after the arrest of the treatment. The expansion of the monocyte subset that expresses high levels of CD16 was significantly decreased by HAART but not by the treatment including two inhibitors of reverse transcriptase. These results suggest that only HAART controls monocyte activation in the treatment of HIV infection.
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Romerio F, Gallo RC. Novel biologic approaches for the treatment of AIDS. THE JOURNAL OF LABORATORY AND CLINICAL MEDICINE 1999; 134:577-84. [PMID: 10595784 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-2143(99)90096-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- F Romerio
- Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland Biotechnology Institute, Baltimore 21201, USA
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David D, Pirès R, Treilhou MP, Dupont B, Joussemet M, Pialoux G, Thèze J, Bouvet JP. Downregulation of the expression of the main immunoglobulin V(H) family in HIV-infected patients: modulation by triple combination therapy. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 1999; 15:315-6. [PMID: 10052764 DOI: 10.1089/088922299311510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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