1
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Inci OK, Basırlı H, Can M, Yanbul S, Seyrantepe V. Gangliosides as Therapeutic Targets for Neurodegenerative Diseases. J Lipids 2024; 2024:4530255. [PMID: 38623278 PMCID: PMC11018381 DOI: 10.1155/2024/4530255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Gangliosides, sialic acid-containing glycosphingolipids, are abundant in cell membranes and primarily involved in controlling cell signaling and cell communication. The altered ganglioside pattern has been demonstrated in several neurodegenerative diseases, characterized during early-onset or infancy, emphasizing the significance of gangliosides in the brain. Enzymes required for the biosynthesis of gangliosides are linked to several devastating neurological disorders, including Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), Huntington's disease (HD), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), hereditary spastic paraplegia (HSP). In this review, we summarized not only the critical roles of biosynthetic enzymes and their inhibitors in ganglioside metabolism but also the efficacy of treatment strategies of ganglioside to address their significance in those diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orhan Kerim Inci
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Izmir Institute of Technology, Gulbahce Campus, Urla, 35430 Izmir, Türkiye
| | - Hande Basırlı
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Izmir Institute of Technology, Gulbahce Campus, Urla, 35430 Izmir, Türkiye
| | - Melike Can
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Izmir Institute of Technology, Gulbahce Campus, Urla, 35430 Izmir, Türkiye
| | - Selman Yanbul
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Izmir Institute of Technology, Gulbahce Campus, Urla, 35430 Izmir, Türkiye
| | - Volkan Seyrantepe
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Izmir Institute of Technology, Gulbahce Campus, Urla, 35430 Izmir, Türkiye
- Izmir Institute of Technology, IYTEDEHAM, Gulbahce Campus, Urla, 35430 Izmir, Türkiye
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2
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Zhang J, Ruiz M, Bergh PO, Henricsson M, Stojanović N, Devkota R, Henn M, Bohlooly-Y M, Hernández-Hernández A, Alsheimer M, Borén J, Pilon M, Shibuya H. Regulation of meiotic telomere dynamics through membrane fluidity promoted by AdipoR2-ELOVL2. Nat Commun 2024; 15:2315. [PMID: 38485951 PMCID: PMC10940294 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-46718-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024] Open
Abstract
The cellular membrane in male meiotic germ cells contains a unique class of phospholipids and sphingolipids that is required for male reproduction. Here, we show that a conserved membrane fluidity sensor, AdipoR2, regulates the meiosis-specific lipidome in mouse testes by promoting the synthesis of sphingolipids containing very-long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (VLC-PUFAs). AdipoR2 upregulates the expression of a fatty acid elongase, ELOVL2, both transcriptionally and post-transcriptionally, to synthesize VLC-PUFA. The depletion of VLC-PUFAs and subsequent accumulation of palmitic acid in AdipoR2 knockout testes stiffens the cellular membrane and causes the invagination of the nuclear envelope. This condition impairs the nuclear peripheral distribution of meiotic telomeres, leading to errors in homologous synapsis and recombination. Further, the stiffened membrane impairs the formation of intercellular bridges and the germ cell syncytium, which disrupts the orderly arrangement of cell types within the seminiferous tubules. According to our findings we propose a framework in which the highly-fluid membrane microenvironment shaped by AdipoR2-ELOVL2 underpins meiosis-specific chromosome dynamics in testes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, 41390, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Mario Ruiz
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, 41390, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Per-Olof Bergh
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine/Wallenberg Laboratory, Institute of Medicine, University of Gothenburg, 41467, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Marcus Henricsson
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine/Wallenberg Laboratory, Institute of Medicine, University of Gothenburg, 41467, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Nena Stojanović
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, 41390, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ranjan Devkota
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, 41390, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Marius Henn
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | | | - Abrahan Hernández-Hernández
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- National Genomics Infrastructure, Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Manfred Alsheimer
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Jan Borén
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine/Wallenberg Laboratory, Institute of Medicine, University of Gothenburg, 41467, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Marc Pilon
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, 41390, Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Hiroki Shibuya
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, 41390, Gothenburg, Sweden.
- Laboratory for Gametogenesis, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research (BDR), Kobe, Japan.
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3
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Furukawa K, Takamiya K, Ohmi Y, Bhuiyan RH, Tajima O, Furukawa K. Disordered testosterone transport in mice lacking the ganglioside GM2/GD2 synthase gene. FEBS Open Bio 2023; 13:1615-1624. [PMID: 36999634 PMCID: PMC10476564 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.13603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 04/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Genetic disruption of glycosyltransferases has provided clear information on the roles of their reaction products in the body. Our group has studied the function of glycosphingolipids by genetic engineering of glycosyltransferases in cell culture and in mice, which has demonstrated both expected and unexpected results. Among these findings, aspermatogenesis in ganglioside GM2/GD2 synthase knockout mice was one of the most surprising and intriguing results. There were no sperms in testis, and multinuclear giant cells were detected instead of spermatids. Although serum levels of testosterone in the male mice were extremely low, testosterone accumulated in the interstitial tissues, including Leydig cells, and seemed not to be transferred into the seminiferous tubules or vascular cavity from Leydig cells. This was considered to be the cause of aspermatogenesis and low serum levels of testosterone. Patients with a mutant GM2/GD2 synthase gene (SPG26) showed similar clinical signs, not only in terms of the neurological aspects, but also in the male reproductive system. The mechanisms for testosterone transport by gangliosides are discussed here based on our own results and reports from other laboratories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koichi Furukawa
- Department of Biomedical SciencesChubu University College of Life and Health SciencesKasugaiJapan
- Department of Molecular Biology and BiochemistryNagoya University Graduate School of MedicineJapan
| | - Kogo Takamiya
- Department of NeuroscienceUniversity of Miyazaki Faculty of MedicineJapan
| | - Yuhsuke Ohmi
- Department of Clinical EngineeringChubu University College of Life and Health SciencesKasugaiJapan
| | - Robiul H. Bhuiyan
- Department of Biomedical SciencesChubu University College of Life and Health SciencesKasugaiJapan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyUniversity of ChittagongChittagongBangladesh
| | - Orie Tajima
- Department of Biomedical SciencesChubu University College of Life and Health SciencesKasugaiJapan
| | - Keiko Furukawa
- Department of Biomedical SciencesChubu University College of Life and Health SciencesKasugaiJapan
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4
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Wang D, Tang Y, Wang Z. Role of sphingolipid metabolites in the homeostasis of steroid hormones and the maintenance of testicular functions. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1170023. [PMID: 37008929 PMCID: PMC10065405 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1170023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023] Open
Abstract
With the acceleration of life pace and the increase of work pressure, the problem of male infertility has become a social problem of general concern. Sphingolipids are important regulators of many cellular processes like cell differentiation and apoptosis, which are ubiquitously expressed in all mammalian cells. Various sphingolipid catabolic enzymes can generate multiple sphingolipids like sphingosine-1-phosphate and sphingomyelin. Present studies have already demonstrated the role of steroid hormones in the physiological processes of reproduction and development through hypothalamus-pituitary-gonad axis, while recent researches also found not only sphingolipids can modulate steroid hormone secretion, but also steroid hormones can control sphingolipid metabolites, indicating the role of sphingolipid metabolites in the homeostasis of steroid hormones. Furthermore, sphingolipid metabolites not only contribute to the regulation of gametogenesis, but also mediate damage-induced germ apoptosis, implying the role of sphingolipid metabolites in the maintenance of testicular functions. Together, sphingolipid metabolites are involved in impaired gonadal function and infertility in males, and further understanding of these bioactive sphingolipids will help us develop new therapeutics for male infertility in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Defan Wang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Reproductive Health Research, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Yedong Tang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Reproductive Health Research, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Developmental Biology and Neurosciences, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Zhengchao Wang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Developmental Biology and Neurosciences, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Dr. Zhengchao Wang,
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5
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Attenuation of Bone Formation through a Decrease in Osteoblasts in Mutant Mice Lacking the GM2/GD2 Synthase Gene. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23169044. [PMID: 36012308 PMCID: PMC9409452 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23169044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2022] [Revised: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The ganglioside GD1a has been reported to promote the differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells to osteoblasts in cell culture systems. However, the involvement of gangliosides, including GD1a, in bone formation in vivo remains unknown; therefore, we herein investigated their roles in GM2/GD2 synthase-knockout (GM2/GD2S KO) mice without GD1a. The femoral cancellous bone mass was analyzed using three-dimensional micro-computed tomography. A histomorphometric analysis of bone using hematoxylin and eosin (HE) and tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase was performed to examine bone formation and resorption, respectively. Calcein double labeling was also conducted to evaluate bone formation. Although no significant differences were observed in bone mass or resorption between GM2/GD2S KO mice and wild-type (WT) mice, analyses of the parameters of bone formation using HE staining and calcein double labeling revealed less bone formation in GM2/GD2S KO mice than in WT mice. These results suggest that gangliosides play roles in bone formation.
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6
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Yesmin F, Bhuiyan RH, Ohmi Y, Ohkawa Y, Tajima O, Okajima T, Furukawa K, Furukawa K. Aminoglycosides are efficient reagents to induce readthrough of premature termination codon in mutant B4GALNT1 genes found in families of hereditary spastic paraplegia. J Biochem 2020; 168:103-112. [PMID: 32282910 DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvaa041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The readthrough of premature termination codon (PTC) by ribosome sometimes produces full-length proteins. We previously reported a readthrough of PTC of glycosyltransferase gene B4GALNT1 with hereditary spastic paraplegia (HSP). Here we featured the readthrough of B4GALNT1 of two mutants, M4 and M2 with PTC by immunoblotting and flow cytometry after transfection of B4GALNT1 cDNAs into cells. Immunoblotting showed a faint band of full-length mutant protein of M4 but not M2 at a similar position with that of wild-type B4GALNT1. AGC sequences at immediately before and after the PTC in M4 were critical for the readthrough. Treatment of cells transfected with mutant M4 cDNA with aminoglycosides resulted in increased readthrough of PTC. Furthermore, treatment of transfectants of mutant M2 cDNA with G418 also resulted in the induction of readthrough of PTC. Both M4 and M2 cDNA transfectants showed increased/induced bands in immunoblotting and GM2 expression in a dose-dependent manner of aminoglycosides. Results of mass spectrometry supported this effect. Here, we showed for the first time the induction and/or enhancement of the readthrough of PTCs of B4GALNT1 by aminoglycoside treatment, suggesting that aminoglycosides are efficient for patients with HSP caused by PTC of B4GALNT1, in which gradual neurological disorders emerged with aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farhana Yesmin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Chubu University College of Life and Health Sciences, 1200 Matsumoto, Kasugai 487-8501, Japan.,Department of Biochemistry II, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-0065, Japan
| | - Robiul H Bhuiyan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Chubu University College of Life and Health Sciences, 1200 Matsumoto, Kasugai 487-8501, Japan.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Chittagong, Chittagong 4331, Bangladesh
| | - Yuhsuke Ohmi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Chubu University College of Life and Health Sciences, 1200 Matsumoto, Kasugai 487-8501, Japan
| | - Yuki Ohkawa
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Chubu University College of Life and Health Sciences, 1200 Matsumoto, Kasugai 487-8501, Japan
| | - Orie Tajima
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Chubu University College of Life and Health Sciences, 1200 Matsumoto, Kasugai 487-8501, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Okajima
- Department of Biochemistry II, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-0065, Japan
| | - Keiko Furukawa
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Chubu University College of Life and Health Sciences, 1200 Matsumoto, Kasugai 487-8501, Japan
| | - Koichi Furukawa
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Chubu University College of Life and Health Sciences, 1200 Matsumoto, Kasugai 487-8501, Japan.,Department of Biochemistry II, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-0065, Japan
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7
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Furukawa K, Ohmi Y, Yesmin F, Tajima O, Kondo Y, Zhang P, Hashimoto N, Ohkawa Y, Bhuiyan RH, Furukawa K. Novel Molecular Mechanisms of Gangliosides in the Nervous System Elucidated by Genetic Engineering. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21061906. [PMID: 32168753 PMCID: PMC7139306 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21061906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 02/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Acidic glycosphingolipids, i.e., gangliosides, are predominantly and consistently expressed in nervous tissues of vertebrates at high levels. Therefore, they are considered to be involved in the development and function of nervous systems. Recent studies involving genetic engineering of glycosyltransferase genes have revealed novel aspects of the roles of gangliosides in the regulation of nervous tissues. In this review, novel findings regarding ganglioside functions and their modes of action elucidated mainly by studies of gene knockout mice are summarized. In particular, the roles of gangliosides in the regulation of lipid rafts to maintain the integrity of nervous systems are reported with a focus on the roles in the regulation of neuro-inflammation and neurodegeneration via complement systems. In addition, recent advances in studies of congenital neurological disorders due to genetic mutations of ganglioside synthase genes and also in the techniques for the analysis of ganglioside functions are introduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koichi Furukawa
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Chubu University College of Life and Health Sciences, 1200 Matsumoto, Kasugai, Aichi 487-8501, Japan; (F.Y.); (O.T.); (P.Z.); (R.H.B.); (K.F.)
- Department of Biochemistry II, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-0065, Japan;
- Correspondence: ; Tel./Fax: +81-568-51-9512
| | - Yuhsuke Ohmi
- Department of Medical Technology, Chubu University College of Life and Health Sciences, 1200 Matsumoto, Kasugai, Aichi 487-8501, Japan;
| | - Farhana Yesmin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Chubu University College of Life and Health Sciences, 1200 Matsumoto, Kasugai, Aichi 487-8501, Japan; (F.Y.); (O.T.); (P.Z.); (R.H.B.); (K.F.)
- Department of Biochemistry II, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-0065, Japan;
| | - Orie Tajima
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Chubu University College of Life and Health Sciences, 1200 Matsumoto, Kasugai, Aichi 487-8501, Japan; (F.Y.); (O.T.); (P.Z.); (R.H.B.); (K.F.)
| | - Yuji Kondo
- Department of Biochemistry II, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-0065, Japan;
| | - Pu Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Chubu University College of Life and Health Sciences, 1200 Matsumoto, Kasugai, Aichi 487-8501, Japan; (F.Y.); (O.T.); (P.Z.); (R.H.B.); (K.F.)
- Department of Biochemistry II, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-0065, Japan;
| | - Noboru Hashimoto
- Department of Tissue Regeneration, Tokushima University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 3-18-5, Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima 770-8504, Japan;
| | - Yuki Ohkawa
- Department of Glycooncology, Osaka International Cancer Institute, Osaka 541-8567, Japan;
| | - Robiul H. Bhuiyan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Chubu University College of Life and Health Sciences, 1200 Matsumoto, Kasugai, Aichi 487-8501, Japan; (F.Y.); (O.T.); (P.Z.); (R.H.B.); (K.F.)
| | - Keiko Furukawa
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Chubu University College of Life and Health Sciences, 1200 Matsumoto, Kasugai, Aichi 487-8501, Japan; (F.Y.); (O.T.); (P.Z.); (R.H.B.); (K.F.)
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8
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N-Butyldeoxygalactonojirimycin Induces Reversible Infertility in Male CD Rats. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 21:ijms21010301. [PMID: 31906257 PMCID: PMC6982022 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21010301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Revised: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
This study shows for the first time that an iminosugar exerts anti-spermiogenic effect, inducing reversible infertility in a species that is not related to C57BL/6 male mice. In CD rats, N-butyldeoxygalactonojirimycin (NB-DGJ) caused reversible infertility at 150 mg/kg/day when administered daily as single oral dose. NB-DGJ inhibited CD rat-derived testicular β-glucosidase 2 (GBA2) activity at 10 µM but did not inhibit CD rat-derived testicular ceramide-specific glucosyltransferase (CGT) at doses up to 1000 µM. Pharmacokinetic studies revealed that sufficient plasma levels of NB-DGJ (50 µM) were achieved to inhibit the enzyme. Fertility was blocked after 35 days of treatment and reversed one week after termination of treatment. The rapid return of fertility indicates that the major effect of NB-DGJ may be epididymal rather than testicular. Collectively, our in vitro and in vivo studies in rats suggest that iminosugars should continue to be pursued as potential lead compounds for development of oral, non-hormonal male contraceptives. The study also adds evidence that GBA2, and not CGT, is the major target for the contraceptive effect of iminosugars.
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9
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Kim BH, Ju WS, Kim JS, Kim SU, Park SJ, Ward SM, Lyu JH, Choo YK. Effects of Gangliosides on Spermatozoa, Oocytes, and Preimplantation Embryos. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 21:E106. [PMID: 31877897 PMCID: PMC6982094 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21010106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Gangliosides are sialic acid-containing glycosphingolipids, which are the most abundant family of glycolipids in eukaryotes. Gangliosides have been suggested to be important lipid molecules required for the control of cellular procedures, such as cell differentiation, proliferation, and signaling. GD1a is expressed in interstitial cells during ovarian maturation in mice and exogenous GD1a is important to oocyte maturation, monospermic fertilization, and embryonic development. In this context, GM1 is known to influence signaling pathways in cells and is important in sperm-oocyte interactions and sperm maturation processes, such as capacitation. GM3 is expressed in the vertebrate oocyte cytoplasm, and exogenously added GM3 induces apoptosis and DNA injury during in vitro oocyte maturation and embryogenesis. As a consequence of this, ganglioside GT1b and GM1 decrease DNA fragmentation and act as H2O2 inhibitors on germ cells and preimplantation embryos. This review describes the functional roles of gangliosides in spermatozoa, oocytes, and early embryonic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Hyun Kim
- CHA Fertility Center, 5455 Wilshire Blvd. Los Angeles, CA 90036, USA;
| | - Won Seok Ju
- Department of Biological Science, College of Natural Sciences, Wonkwang University, 460, Iksan-daero, Iksan-si, Jeollabuk-do 54538, Korea; (W.S.J.); (S.J.P.)
| | - Ji-Su Kim
- Primate Resources Center (PRC), Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Neongme-gil, Ibam-myeon, Jeongup-si, Jeonvuk 56216, Korea;
| | - Sun-Uk Kim
- National Primate Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, 30, Yeonggudanji-ro, Ochang-eup, Cheongwon-gu, Cheongju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do 28116, Korea;
| | - Soon Ju Park
- Department of Biological Science, College of Natural Sciences, Wonkwang University, 460, Iksan-daero, Iksan-si, Jeollabuk-do 54538, Korea; (W.S.J.); (S.J.P.)
| | - Sean M. Ward
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada, Reno School of Medicine, Reno, NV 89557, USA; (S.M.W.); (J.H.L.)
| | - Ju Hyeong Lyu
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada, Reno School of Medicine, Reno, NV 89557, USA; (S.M.W.); (J.H.L.)
| | - Young-Kug Choo
- Department of Biological Science, College of Natural Sciences, Wonkwang University, 460, Iksan-daero, Iksan-si, Jeollabuk-do 54538, Korea; (W.S.J.); (S.J.P.)
- Institute for Glycoscience, Wonkwang University, 460, Iksan-daero, Iksan-si, Jeollabuk-do 54538, Korea
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10
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Iwamori M, Adachi S, Lin B, Tanaka K, Aoki D, Nomura T. Spermatogenesis-associated changes of fucosylated glycolipids in murine testis. Hum Cell 2019; 33:23-28. [PMID: 31784953 DOI: 10.1007/s13577-019-00304-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
By targeted deletion of either the FUT1- or FUT2-gene for α1,2-fucosyltransferase, expression of FGM1 and FGA1, in murine testis was revealed to be sustained through unique interchangeability of the genes, indicating their significant roles for spermatogenesis. Accordingly, we examined the amounts of FGM1 and FGA1 in the testes of mice at 1-42 days after birth in comparison to those of several glycolipids including seminolipid. Although Forssman antigen and GM1 were present in relatively constant amounts during the period examined, GM3, which was the major one at 1 day, quickly decreased during development and had completely disappeared at 4 weeks. The following glycolipids were expressed in stage-specific manners, FGM1 for primary spermatocytes at 1 week, a seminolipid for secondary spermatocytes at 2 weeks, and GM3 lactone and FGA1 for spermatids and spermatozoa at 3 weeks. In fact, immunohistochemical staining with anti-FGM1 and anti-FGA1 antibodies demonstrated that FGM1 and FGA1 were distributed in the spermatocytes, and the spermatids and spermatozoa, respectively, and FGA1, together with seminolipid, were the immunogenic markers of spermatozoa. Thus, the fucosylation of glycolipids is a spermatogenesis-associated event, which should occur even with use of either the FUT1- or FUT2-gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masao Iwamori
- Animal and Human Model Project for Healthcare and Drug Development (Nomura Project), National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition (NIBIOHN), 7-6-8 Asagi-Saito, Ibaraki, Osaka, 567-0085, Japan.
| | - Shigeki Adachi
- Animal and Human Model Project for Healthcare and Drug Development (Nomura Project), National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition (NIBIOHN), 7-6-8 Asagi-Saito, Ibaraki, Osaka, 567-0085, Japan
| | - Bei Lin
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110004, People's Republic of China
| | - Kyoko Tanaka
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ohashi Hospital, Toho University, 2-22-36 Ohashi, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 153-8515, Japan
| | - Daisuke Aoki
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Keio University, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Taisei Nomura
- Animal and Human Model Project for Healthcare and Drug Development (Nomura Project), National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition (NIBIOHN), 7-6-8 Asagi-Saito, Ibaraki, Osaka, 567-0085, Japan
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11
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Hara-Yokoyama M, Kurihara H, Ichinose S, Matsuda H, Ichinose S, Kurosawa M, Tada N, Iwahara C, Terasawa K, Podyma-Inoue KA, Furukawa K, Iwabuchi K. KIF11 as a Potential Marker of Spermatogenesis Within Mouse Seminiferous Tubule Cross-sections. J Histochem Cytochem 2019; 67:813-824. [PMID: 31424977 DOI: 10.1369/0022155419871027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The arrangement of immature germ cells changes regularly and periodically along the axis of the seminiferous tubule, and is used to describe the progression of spermatogenesis. This description is based primarily on the changes in the acrosome and the nuclear morphology of haploid spermatids. However, such criteria cannot be applied under pathological conditions with arrested spermatid differentiation. In such settings, the changes associated with the differentiation of premeiotic germ cells must be analyzed. Here, we found that the unique bipolar motor protein, KIF11 (kinesin-5/Eg5), which functions in spindle formation during mitosis and meiosis in oocytes and early embryos, is expressed in premeiotic germ cells (spermatogonia and spermatocytes). Thus, we aimed to investigate whether KIF11 could be used to describe the progression of incomplete spermatogenesis. Interestingly, KIF11 expression was barely observed in haploid spermatids and Sertoli cells. The KIF11 staining allowed us to evaluate the progression of meiotic processes, by providing the time axis of spindle formation in both normal and spermatogenesis-arrested mutant mice. Accordingly, KIF11 has the potential to serve as an excellent marker to describe spermatogenesis, even in the absence of spermatid development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miki Hara-Yokoyama
- Department of Biochemistry, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences,Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hidetake Kurihara
- Department of Anatomy and Life Structure, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,Faculty of Health Science, Aino University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shozo Ichinose
- Institute for Environmental and Gender-Specific Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
| | - Hironori Matsuda
- Institute for Environmental and Gender-Specific Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
| | - Shizuko Ichinose
- Plastic Reconstructive & Regenerative Surgery, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masaru Kurosawa
- Institute for Environmental and Gender-Specific Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
| | - Norihiro Tada
- Atopy Research Center, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Chihiro Iwahara
- Institute for Environmental and Gender-Specific Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
| | - Kazue Terasawa
- Department of Biochemistry, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Katarzyna A Podyma-Inoue
- Department of Biochemistry, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Koichi Furukawa
- Department of Biochemistry II, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Chubu University, Aichi, Japan
| | - Kazuhisa Iwabuchi
- Institute for Environmental and Gender-Specific Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
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12
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Deficiency of GD3 Synthase in Mice Resulting in the Attenuation of Bone Loss with Aging. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20112825. [PMID: 31185614 PMCID: PMC6600367 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20112825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Revised: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 06/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Gangliosides are widely expressed in almost all tissues and cells and are also considered to be essential in the development and maintenance of various organs and tissues. However, little is known about their roles in bone metabolism. In this study, we investigated the effects of genetic deletion of ganglioside D3 (GD3) synthase, which is responsible for the generation of all b-series gangliosides, on bone metabolism. Although b-series gangliosides were not expressed in osteoblasts, these gangliosides were expressed in pre-osteoclasts. However, the expression of these gangliosides was decreased after induction of osteoclastogenesis by receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand (RANKL). Three-dimensional micro-computed tomography (3D-μCT) analysis revealed that femoral cancellous bone mass in GD3 synthase-knockout (GD3S KO) mice was higher than that in wild type (WT) mice at the age of 40 weeks, although there were no differences in that between GD3S KO and WT mice at 15 weeks old. Whereas bone formation parameters (osteoblast numbers/bone surface and osteoblast surface/bone surface) in GD3S KO mice did not differ from WT mice, bone resorption parameters (osteoclast numbers/bone surface and osteoclast surface/bone surface) in GD3S KO mice became significantly lower than those in WT mice at 40 weeks of age. Collectively, this study demonstrates that deletion of GD3 synthase attenuates bone loss that emerges with aging.
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13
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Akintayo A, Stanley P. Roles for Golgi Glycans in Oogenesis and Spermatogenesis. Front Cell Dev Biol 2019; 7:98. [PMID: 31231650 PMCID: PMC6566014 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2019.00098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycosylation of proteins by N- and O-glycans or glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) mostly begins in the endoplasmic reticulum and is further orchestrated in the Golgi compartment via the action of >100 glycosyltransferases that reside in this complex organelle. The synthesis of glycolipids occurs in the Golgi, also by resident glycosyltransferases. A defect in the glycosylation machinery may impair the functions of glycoproteins and other glycosylated molecules, and lead to a congenital disorder of glycosylation (CDG). Spermatogenesis in the male and oogenesis in the female are tightly regulated differentiation events leading to the production of functional gametes. Insights into roles for glycans in gamete production have been obtained from mutant mice following deletion or inactivation of genes that encode a glycosylation activity. In this review, we will summarize the effects of altering the synthesis of N-glycans, O-glycans, proteoglycans, glycophosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchored proteins, and glycolipids during gametogenesis in the mouse. Glycosylation genes whose deletion causes embryonic lethality have been investigated following conditional deletion using various Cre recombinase transgenes with a cell-type specific promoter. The potential effects of mutations in corresponding glycosylation genes of humans will be discussed in relation to consequences to fertility and potential for use in contraception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayodele Akintayo
- Department of Cell Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Pamela Stanley
- Department of Cell Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
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14
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Ilic K, Auer B, Mlinac-Jerkovic K, Herrera-Molina R. Neuronal Signaling by Thy-1 in Nanodomains With Specific Ganglioside Composition: Shall We Open the Door to a New Complexity? Front Cell Dev Biol 2019; 7:27. [PMID: 30899760 PMCID: PMC6416198 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2019.00027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Thy-1 is a small membrane glycoprotein and member of the immunoglobulin superfamily of cell adhesion molecules. It is abundantly expressed in many cell types including neurons and is anchored to the outer membrane leaflet via a glycosyl phosphatidylinositol tail. Thy-1 displays a number of interesting properties such as fast lateral diffusion, which allows it to get in and out of membrane nanodomains with different lipid composition. Thy-1 displays a broad expression in different cell types and plays confirmed roles in cell development, adhesion and differentiation. Here, we explored the functions of Thy-1 in neuronal signaling, initiated by extracellular binding of αVβ3 integrin, may strongly dependent on the lipid content of the cell membrane. Also, we assort literature suggesting the association of Thy-1 with specific components of lipid rafts such as sialic acid containing glycosphingolipids, called gangliosides. Furthermore, we argue that Thy-1 positioning in nanodomains may be influenced by gangliosides. We propose that the traditional conception of Thy-1 localization in rafts should be reconsidered and evaluated in detail based on the potential diversity of neuronal nanodomains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarina Ilic
- Croatian Institute for Brain Research, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Benedikt Auer
- Laboratory of Neuronal and Synaptic Signals, Department of Neurochemistry and Molecular Biology, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Kristina Mlinac-Jerkovic
- Croatian Institute for Brain Research, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Rodrigo Herrera-Molina
- Laboratory of Neuronal and Synaptic Signals, Department of Neurochemistry and Molecular Biology, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Magdeburg, Germany.,Centro Integrativo de Biología y Química Aplicada, Universidad Bernardo O'Higgins, Santiago, Chile
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15
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Miura K, Harikae K, Nakaguchi M, Imaimatsu K, Hiramatsu R, Tomita A, Hirate Y, Kanai-Azuma M, Kurohmaru M, Ogura A, Kanai Y. Molecular and genetic characterization of partial masculinization in embryonic ovaries grafted into male nude mice. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0212367. [PMID: 30840652 PMCID: PMC6402656 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0212367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
In most of mammalian embryos, gonadal sex differentiation occurs inside the maternal uterus before birth. In several fetal ovarian grafting experiments using male host mice, an experimental switch from the maternal intrauterine to male-host environment gradually induces partial masculinization of the grafted ovaries even under the wild-type genotype. However, either host-derived factors causing or molecular basis underlying this masculinization of the fetal ovaries are not clear. Here, we demonstrate that ectopic appearance of SOX9-positive Sertoli cell-like cells in grafted ovaries was mediated by the testosterone derived from the male host. Neither Sox8 nor Amh activity in the ovarian tissues is essential for such ectopic appearance of SOX9-positive cells. The transcriptome analyses of the grafted ovaries during this masculinization process showed early downregulation of pro-ovarian genes such as Irx3, Nr0b1/Dax1, Emx2, and Fez1/Lzts1 by days 7-10 post-transplantation, and subsequent upregulation of several pro-testis genes, such as Bhlhe40, Egr1/2, Nr4a2, and Zc3h12c by day 20, leading to a partial sex reversal with altered expression profiles in one-third of the total numbers of the sex-dimorphic pre-granulosa and Sertoli cell-specific genes at 12.5 dpc. Our data imply that the paternal testosterone exposure is partially responsible for the sex-reversal expression profiles of certain pro-ovarian and pro-testis genes in the fetal ovaries in a temporally dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kento Miura
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
- RIKEN BioResovurce Research Center, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Kyoko Harikae
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mayu Nakaguchi
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kenya Imaimatsu
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryuji Hiramatsu
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ayako Tomita
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshikazu Hirate
- Center for Experimental Animals, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masami Kanai-Azuma
- Center for Experimental Animals, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masamichi Kurohmaru
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Atsuo Ogura
- RIKEN BioResovurce Research Center, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
- RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, Wako, Saitama, Japan
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Yoshiakira Kanai
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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16
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FURUKAWA K, OHMI Y, KONDO Y, BHUIYAN RH, TAJIMA O, ZHANG P, OHKAWA Y, FURUKAWA K. Elucidation of the enigma of glycosphingolipids in the regulation of inflammation and degeneration - Great progress over the last 70 years. PROCEEDINGS OF THE JAPAN ACADEMY. SERIES B, PHYSICAL AND BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES 2019; 95:136-149. [PMID: 30853699 PMCID: PMC6541724 DOI: 10.2183/pjab.95.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Since globotetraosylceramide was defined as a major glycosphingolipid in human erythrocytes, various glycolipids have been found in normal cells and diseased organs. However, the implications of their polymorphic structures in the function of individual cells and tissues have not been clarified. Genetic manipulation of glycosphingolipids in cultured cells and experimental animals has enabled us to substantially elucidate their roles. In fact, great progress has been achieved in the last 70 years in revealing that glycolipids are essential in the maintenance of integrity of nervous tissues and other organs. Furthermore, the correct composition of glycosphingolipids has been shown to be critical for the protection against inflammation and degeneration. Here, we summarized historic information and current knowledge about glycosphingolipids, with a focus on their involvement in inflammation and degeneration. This topic is significant for understanding the biological responses to various stresses, because glycosphingolipids play roles in the interaction with various intrinsic and extrinsic factors. These findings are also important for the application of therapeutic interventions of various diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koichi FURUKAWA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Chubu University College of Life and Health Sciences, Kasugai, Japan
- Department of Biochemistry II, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yuhsuke OHMI
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Chubu University College of Life and Health Sciences, Kasugai, Japan
| | - Yuji KONDO
- Department of Biochemistry II, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Robiul H. BHUIYAN
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Chubu University College of Life and Health Sciences, Kasugai, Japan
| | - Orie TAJIMA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Chubu University College of Life and Health Sciences, Kasugai, Japan
| | - Pu ZHANG
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Chubu University College of Life and Health Sciences, Kasugai, Japan
- Department of Biochemistry II, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yuki OHKAWA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Chubu University College of Life and Health Sciences, Kasugai, Japan
| | - Keiko FURUKAWA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Chubu University College of Life and Health Sciences, Kasugai, Japan
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17
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Loss of Enzyme Activity in Mutated B4GALNT1 Gene Products in Patients with Hereditary Spastic Paraplegia Results in Relatively Mild Neurological Disorders: Similarity with Phenotypes of B4galnt1 Knockout Mice. Neuroscience 2018; 397:94-106. [PMID: 30521973 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2018.11.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Revised: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 11/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
B4GALNT1 is an enzyme essential for the synthesis of complex gangliosides, whose absence leads to progressive neurodegeneration with aging in mice. Recently, eleven cases of hereditary spastic paraplegia with mutation in the coding region of B4GALNT1 were reported. However, changes in the enzymatic activity of their products have never been studied. We have constructed expression vectors for individual mutant cDNAs, and examined their activities by cell-free in vitro enzyme assays, and flow cytometry of cells transfected with their expression vectors. Among them, almost all mutant genes showed the complete loss of B4GALNT1 activity in both the in vitro enzyme assays and flow cytometry. Two mutants exceptionally showed weak activity. One of them, M4, had a mutation at amino acid 228 with a premature termination codon. Interestingly, the intensity of fluorescence of GM2 measured by flow cytometry was equivalent between the WT and M4 mutant, although the positive cell population was relatively small in M4. Western immunoblotting of cell lysates from transfectants with cDNA plasmids revealed 67-kDa bands except those containing premature termination codons or frame-shift mutation. Taken together with the clinical findings of patients, loss of enzyme activity may be responsible for the clinical features of hereditary spastic paraplegia, whereas the intensity of neurological disorders was relatively milder than expected. These clinical features of patients including those with male hypogonadism are very similar to the abnormal phenotypes detected in B4galnt1-deficient mice.
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18
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Sandhoff R, Schulze H, Sandhoff K. Ganglioside Metabolism in Health and Disease. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2018; 156:1-62. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2018.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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19
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Abstract
Gangliosides are sialic acid containing glycosphingolipids, which are abundant in mammalian brain tissue. Several fatal human diseases are caused by defects in glycolipid metabolism. Defects in their degradation lead to an accumulation of metabolites upstream of the defective reactions, whereas defects in their biosynthesis lead to diverse problems in a large number of organs.Gangliosides are primarily positioned with their ceramide anchor in the neuronal plasma membrane and the glycan head group exposed on the cell surface. Their biosynthesis starts in the endoplasmic reticulum with the formation of the ceramide anchor, followed by sequential glycosylation reactions, mainly at the luminal surface of Golgi and TGN membranes, a combinatorial process, which is catalyzed by often promiscuous membrane-bound glycosyltransferases.Thereafter, the gangliosides are transported to the plasma membrane by exocytotic membrane flow. After endocytosis, they are degraded within the endolysosomal compartments by a complex machinery of degrading enzymes, lipid-binding activator proteins, and negatively charged lipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernadette Breiden
- LIMES Institute, Membrane Biology & Lipid Biochemistry Unit, Kekulé-Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie, Universität Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Konrad Sandhoff
- LIMES Institute, Membrane Biology & Lipid Biochemistry Unit, Kekulé-Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie, Universität Bonn, Bonn, Germany.
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20
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Goh SK, Gold G, Christophi C, Muralidharan V. Serum carbohydrate antigen 19-9 in pancreatic adenocarcinoma: a mini review for surgeons. ANZ J Surg 2017; 87:987-992. [PMID: 28803454 DOI: 10.1111/ans.14131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2017] [Accepted: 05/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The optimal management of oncological conditions is reflected by the careful interpretation of investigations for screening, diagnosis, staging, prognostication and surveillance. Serum tumour markers are examples of commonly requested tests in conjunction with other imaging and endoscopic tests that are used to help clinicians to stratify therapeutic decisions. Serum carbohydrate antigen 19-9 (CA19-9) is a key biomarker for pancreatic cancers. Although this biomarker is considered clinically useful and informative, clinicians are often challenged by the accurate interpretation of elevated serum CA19-9 levels. Recognizing the pitfalls of normal and abnormal serum CA19-9 concentrations will facilitate its appropriate use. In this review, we appraised the biomarker, serum CA19-9, and highlighted the clinical utility and limitations of serum CA19-9 in the investigation and management of pancreatic cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su Kah Goh
- Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary and Transplant Unit, Austin Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Surgery, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Grace Gold
- Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary and Transplant Unit, Austin Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Surgery, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Christopher Christophi
- Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary and Transplant Unit, Austin Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Surgery, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Vijayaragavan Muralidharan
- Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary and Transplant Unit, Austin Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Surgery, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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21
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Wittmann A, Grimm MOW, Scherthan H, Horsch M, Beckers J, Fuchs H, Gailus-Durner V, Hrabě de Angelis M, Ford SJ, Burton NC, Razansky D, Trümbach D, Aichler M, Walch AK, Calzada-Wack J, Neff F, Wurst W, Hartmann T, Floss T. Sphingomyelin Synthase 1 Is Essential for Male Fertility in Mice. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0164298. [PMID: 27788151 PMCID: PMC5082796 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0164298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2016] [Accepted: 09/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Sphingolipids and the derived gangliosides have critical functions in spermatogenesis, thus mutations in genes involved in sphingolipid biogenesis are often associated with male infertility. We have generated a transgenic mouse line carrying an insertion in the sphingomyelin synthase gene Sms1, the enzyme which generates sphingomyelin species in the Golgi apparatus. We describe the spermatogenesis defect of Sms1-/- mice, which is characterized by sloughing of spermatocytes and spermatids, causing progressive infertility of male homozygotes. Lipid profiling revealed a reduction in several long chain unsaturated phosphatidylcholins, lysophosphatidylcholins and sphingolipids in the testes of mutants. Multi-Spectral Optoacoustic Tomography indicated blood-testis barrier dysfunction. A supplementary diet of the essential omega-3 docosahexaenoic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid diminished germ cell sloughing from the seminiferous epithelium and restored spermatogenesis and fertility in 50% of previously infertile mutants. Our findings indicate that SMS1 has a wider than anticipated role in testis polyunsaturated fatty acid homeostasis and for male fertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anke Wittmann
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, Institute of Developmental Genetics, Ingolstädter Landstrasse 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Marcus O. W. Grimm
- Saarland University, Experimentelle Neurologie, 66424 Homburg/Saar; Germany
| | - Harry Scherthan
- Institut für Radiobiologie der Bundeswehr in Verb. mit der Univ. Ulm, 80937 Munich, Germany
| | - Marion Horsch
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Mouse Clinic, Institute of Experimental Genetics, Ingolstädter Landstrasse 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Johannes Beckers
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Mouse Clinic, Institute of Experimental Genetics, Ingolstädter Landstrasse 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- Technische Universität München, Co Helmholtz-Zentrum München
| | - Helmut Fuchs
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Mouse Clinic, Institute of Experimental Genetics, Ingolstädter Landstrasse 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Valerie Gailus-Durner
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Mouse Clinic, Institute of Experimental Genetics, Ingolstädter Landstrasse 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Martin Hrabě de Angelis
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Mouse Clinic, Institute of Experimental Genetics, Ingolstädter Landstrasse 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- Technische Universität München, Co Helmholtz-Zentrum München
| | - Steven J. Ford
- Institute for Biological and Medical Imaging, Helmholtz Zentrum München and Technische Universität München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Neal C. Burton
- Institute for Biological and Medical Imaging, Helmholtz Zentrum München and Technische Universität München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Daniel Razansky
- Institute for Biological and Medical Imaging, Helmholtz Zentrum München and Technische Universität München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Dietrich Trümbach
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, Institute of Developmental Genetics, Ingolstädter Landstrasse 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Michaela Aichler
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, Research Unit Analytical Pathology, Institute of Pathology, Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Axel Karl Walch
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, Research Unit Analytical Pathology, Institute of Pathology, Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Julia Calzada-Wack
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Mouse Clinic, Institute of Pathology, Ingolstädter Landstrasse 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Frauke Neff
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Mouse Clinic, Institute of Pathology, Ingolstädter Landstrasse 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Wurst
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, Institute of Developmental Genetics, Ingolstädter Landstrasse 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- Technische Universität München, Co Helmholtz-Zentrum München
- Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen e.V. (DZNE), Site Munich, Schillerstrasse 44, 80336 München, Germany
- Max-Planck-Institute of Psychiatry, Kraepelinstr. 2–10, 80804 München, Germany
| | - Tobias Hartmann
- Saarland University, Experimentelle Neurologie, 66424 Homburg/Saar; Germany
| | - Thomas Floss
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, Institute of Developmental Genetics, Ingolstädter Landstrasse 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- Technische Universität München, Co Helmholtz-Zentrum München
- * E-mail:
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22
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Yamaguchi T, Yamauchi Y, Furukawa K, Ohmi Y, Ohkawa Y, Zhang Q, Okajima T, Furukawa K. Expression of B4GALNT1, an essential glycosyltransferase for the synthesis of complex gangliosides, suppresses BACE1 degradation and modulates APP processing. Sci Rep 2016; 6:34505. [PMID: 27687691 PMCID: PMC5043288 DOI: 10.1038/srep34505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2016] [Accepted: 09/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most prevalent form of dementia characterized by the extracellular accumulation of amyloid β (Aβ) peptides, which are produced by proteolytic cleavages of amyloid precursor protein (APP). Gangliosides are involved in AD pathophysiology including Aβ deposition and APP processing, yet the detailed mechanisms are not fully understood. Here we examined how changes in the carbohydrate moiety of gangliosides alter APP processing in human melanoma cells, neuroectoderm-derived cells. We showed that forced expression of GD2, GM2 or GM1 (by introducing B4GALNT1 cDNA into cells not expressing this glycosyltransferase) results in increases of α- and β-site cleavages of APP with a prominent increase in β-cleavage. We also showed that β-site APP cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE1) protein is highly protected from the degradation in cells expressing these gangliosides, thereby increasing the expression of this protein. Unexpectedly, adding gangliosides exogenously altered neither BACE1 levels nor β-site cleavage. The stabilisation of BACE1 protein led to the increase of this protein in lipid rafts, where BACE1 processes APP. Based on the current results, we propose a hitherto undisclosed link between ganglioside expression and AD; the expression of B4GALNT1 positively regulates the β-site cleavage by mainly inhibiting the lysosomal degradation of BACE1 protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tokiaki Yamaguchi
- Department of Biochemistry II, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Yoshio Yamauchi
- Department of Biochemistry II, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Keiko Furukawa
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Chubu University College of Life and Health Science, Kasugai 487-8501, Japan
| | - Yuhsuke Ohmi
- Department of Biochemistry II, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Yuki Ohkawa
- Department of Biochemistry II, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Chubu University College of Life and Health Science, Kasugai 487-8501, Japan
| | - Qing Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry II, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Okajima
- Department of Biochemistry II, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Koichi Furukawa
- Department of Biochemistry II, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Chubu University College of Life and Health Science, Kasugai 487-8501, Japan
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23
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Raft-based interactions of gangliosides with a GPI-anchored receptor. Nat Chem Biol 2016; 12:402-10. [PMID: 27043189 DOI: 10.1038/nchembio.2059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2015] [Accepted: 02/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Gangliosides, glycosphingolipids containing one or more sialic acid(s) in the glyco-chain, are involved in various important physiological and pathological processes in the plasma membrane. However, their exact functions are poorly understood, primarily because of the scarcity of suitable fluorescent ganglioside analogs. Here, we developed methods for systematically synthesizing analogs that behave like their native counterparts in regard to partitioning into raft-related membrane domains or preparations. Single-fluorescent-molecule imaging in the live-cell plasma membrane revealed the clear but transient colocalization and codiffusion of fluorescent ganglioside analogs with a fluorescently labeled glycosylphosphatidylinisotol (GPI)-anchored protein, human CD59, with lifetimes of 12 ms for CD59 monomers, 40 ms for CD59's transient homodimer rafts in quiescent cells, and 48 ms for engaged-CD59-cluster rafts, in cholesterol- and GPI-anchoring-dependent manners. The ganglioside molecules were always mobile in quiescent cells. These results show that gangliosides continually and dynamically exchange between raft domains and the bulk domain, indicating that raft domains are dynamic entities.
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24
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Sultana S, Truong NY, Vieira DB, Wigger JGD, Forrester AM, Veinotte CJ, Berman JN, van der Spoel AC. Characterization of the Zebrafish Homolog of β-Glucosidase 2: A Target of the Drug Miglustat. Zebrafish 2016; 13:177-87. [PMID: 26909767 DOI: 10.1089/zeb.2015.1152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The small-molecular compound miglustat (N-butyldeoxynojirimycin, Zavesca(®)) has been approved for clinical use in type 1 Gaucher disease and Niemann-Pick type C disease, which are disorders caused by dysfunction of the endosomal-autophagic-lysosomal system. Miglustat inhibits a number of enzymes involved in glycoconjugate and glycan metabolism, including β-glucosidase 2 (GBA2), which is exceptionally sensitive to inhibition by miglustat. GBA2 is a glucosylceramide-degrading enzyme that is located on the plasma membrane/endoplasmic reticulum, and is distinct from the lysosomal enzyme glucocerebrosidase (GBA). Various strands of evidence suggest that inhibition of GBA2 contributes to the therapeutic benefits of miglustat. To further explore the pharmacology and biology of GBA2, we investigated whether the zebrafish homolog of GBA2 has similar enzymatic properties and pharmacological sensitivities to its human counterpart. We established that zebrafish has endogenous β-glucosidase activity toward lipid- and water-soluble GBA2 substrates, which can be inhibited by miglustat, N-butyldeoxygalactonojirimycin, and conduritol B epoxide. β-Glucosidase activities with highly similar characteristics were expressed in cells transfected with the zebrafish gba2 cDNA and in cells transfected with the human GBA2 cDNA. These results provide a foundation for the use of zebrafish in screening GBA2-targeting molecules, and for wider studies investigating GBA2 biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saki Sultana
- 1 Department of Pediatrics, Atlantic Research Centre, Dalhousie University , Halifax, Canada .,2 Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Atlantic Research Centre, Dalhousie University , Halifax, Canada
| | - Nhu Y Truong
- 1 Department of Pediatrics, Atlantic Research Centre, Dalhousie University , Halifax, Canada
| | - Douglas B Vieira
- 1 Department of Pediatrics, Atlantic Research Centre, Dalhousie University , Halifax, Canada
| | - Jasper G D Wigger
- 1 Department of Pediatrics, Atlantic Research Centre, Dalhousie University , Halifax, Canada
| | - A Michael Forrester
- 3 Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University , Halifax, Canada
| | - Chansey J Veinotte
- 3 Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University , Halifax, Canada
| | - Jason N Berman
- 3 Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University , Halifax, Canada .,4 Department of Pediatrics, IWK Health Centre, Dalhousie University , Halifax, Canada .,5 Department of Pathology, Dalhousie University , Halifax, Canada
| | - Aarnoud C van der Spoel
- 1 Department of Pediatrics, Atlantic Research Centre, Dalhousie University , Halifax, Canada .,2 Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Atlantic Research Centre, Dalhousie University , Halifax, Canada
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25
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Tecle E, Gagneux P. Sugar-coated sperm: Unraveling the functions of the mammalian sperm glycocalyx. Mol Reprod Dev 2015; 82:635-50. [PMID: 26061344 PMCID: PMC4744710 DOI: 10.1002/mrd.22500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2014] [Accepted: 04/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Mammalian spermatozoa are coated with a thick glycocalyx that is assembled during sperm development, maturation, and upon contact with seminal fluid. The sperm glycocalyx is critical for sperm survival in the female reproductive tract and is modified during capacitation. The complex interplay among the various glycoconjugates generates numerous signaling motifs that may regulate sperm function and, as a result, fertility. Nascent spermatozoa assemble their own glycans while the cells still possess a functional endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi in the seminiferous tubule, but once spermatogenesis is complete, they lose the capacity to produce glycoconjugates de novo. Sperm glycans continue to be modified, during epididymal transit by extracellular glycosidases and glycosyltransferases. Furthermore, epididymal cells secrete glycoconjugates (glycophosphatidylinositol-anchored glycoproteins and glycolipids) and glycan-rich microvesicles that can fuse with the maturing sperm membrane. The sperm glycocalyx mediates numerous functions in the female reproductive tract, including the following: inhibition of premature capacitation; passage through the cervical mucus; protection from innate and adaptive female immunity; formation of the sperm reservoir; and masking sperm proteins involved in fertilization. The immense diversity in sperm-associated glycans within and between species forms a remarkable challenge to our understanding of essential sperm glycan functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eillen Tecle
- Division of Comparative Pathology and Medicine, Department of Pathology, Glycobiology Research and Training Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Pascal Gagneux
- Division of Comparative Pathology and Medicine, Department of Pathology, Glycobiology Research and Training Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
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26
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Rabionet M, Bayerle A, Jennemann R, Heid H, Fuchser J, Marsching C, Porubsky S, Bolenz C, Guillou F, Gröne HJ, Gorgas K, Sandhoff R. Male meiotic cytokinesis requires ceramide synthase 3-dependent sphingolipids with unique membrane anchors. Hum Mol Genet 2015; 24:4792-808. [DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddv204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2015] [Accepted: 05/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
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27
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Regulatory function of glycosphingolipids in the inflammation and degeneration. Arch Biochem Biophys 2015; 571:58-65. [PMID: 25688919 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2015.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2014] [Revised: 01/19/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Recent progress in the biological sciences has revealed that a number of extrinsic and intrinsic environmental factors may cause chronic inflammation. When these insults are persistent or intermittently repeated, regardless of extrinsic or intrinsic origins, homeostasis of our bodies would be disturbed and undergo long-term impact. These situations might give rise to chronic inflammation, leading to various diseases as results of accumulative effects of various inflammatory reactions. Complex carbohydrates expressed mainly on the cell surface have been demonstrated to play roles in fine-tuning of various biological processes to maintain homeostasis of cells, organs and our bodies. When abnormal physicochemical insults and harmful pathogens invade, the fine-tuning including modification of the glycosylation patterns is continuously exerted. Therefore, defects in the proper response with proper glycosylation lead to chronic inflammation and subsequent deterioration of individual tissues and organs. Genetic depletion of sialic acid-containing glycolipids, gangliosides resulted in the inflammation of CNS and neurodegeneration. Lactosylceramide was also reported to mediate neuroinflammation, leading to chronic inflammatory diseases. Defects of globoseries glycolipids resulted in the increased sensitivity to LPS toxicity. Thus, possibilities that manipulation of synthesis and expression of glycosphingolipids may be applicable for the disease control are now proposed.
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28
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Valbuena G, Madrid JF, Martínez de Ubago M, Gómez-Santos L, Alonso E, Díaz-Flores L, Sáez FJ. N-Glycans in Xenopus laevis testis characterised by lectin histochemistry. Reprod Fertil Dev 2014; 28:337-48. [PMID: 25482090 DOI: 10.1071/rd14077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2014] [Accepted: 06/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Analysis of glycan chains of glycoconjugates is difficult because of their considerable variety. Despite this, several functional roles for these glycans have been reported. N-Glycans are oligosaccharides linked to asparagine residues of proteins. They are synthesised in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) in a unique way, and later modified in both the ER and Golgi apparatus, developing different oligosaccharide chains. An essential role for complex N-glycans in mammalian spermatogenesis has been reported. The aim of the present study was to analyse the N-glycans of the Xenopus laevis testis by means of lectin histochemistry. Five lectins were used that specifically recognise mannose-containing and complex glycans, namely Galanthus nivalis agglutinin (GNA) from snowdrops, concanavalin A (Con A) from the Jack bean, Lens culinaris agglutinin (LCA) from lentils and Phaseolus vulgaris erythroagglutinin (PHA-E) and P. vulgaris leukoagglutinin (PHA-L) from the common bean. GNA and Con A labelled the interstitium and most of the germ cell types, whereas LCA and PHA-E showed affinity only for the interstitium. A granular cytoplasmic region was labelled in spermatogonia and spermatocytes by GNA and PHA-L, whereas GNA and LCA labelled a spermatid region that is probably associated with the centriolar basal body of the nascent flagellum. There was no specific labelling in the acrosome. Some unexpected results were found when deglycosylative pretreatments were used: pre-incubation of tissue sections with peptide N glycosidase F, which removes N-linked glycans, reduced or removed labelling with most lectins, as expected. However, after this pretreatment, the intensity of labelling remained or increased for Con A in the follicle (Sertoli) and post-meiotic germ cells. The β-elimination procedure, which removes O-linked glycans, revealed new labelling patterns with GNA, LCA and PHA-L, suggesting that some N-glycans were masked by O-glycans, and thus they became accessible to these lectins only after removal of the O-linked oligosaccharides. The functional role of the glycan chains identified could be related to the role of N-glycans involved in mammalian spermatogenesis reported previously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Galder Valbuena
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, B° Sarriena s/n, E-48940 Leioa, Vizcaya, Spain
| | - Juan Francisco Madrid
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, School of Medicine, Regional Campus of International Excellence 'Campus Mare Nostrum', University of Murcia, E-30100 Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
| | - María Martínez de Ubago
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, B° Sarriena s/n, E-48940 Leioa, Vizcaya, Spain
| | - Laura Gómez-Santos
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, B° Sarriena s/n, E-48940 Leioa, Vizcaya, Spain
| | - Edurne Alonso
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, B° Sarriena s/n, E-48940 Leioa, Vizcaya, Spain
| | - Lucio Díaz-Flores
- Department of Anatomy, Pathology, Histology and Radiology, University of La Laguna, Ofra-La Cuesta s/n, La Laguna, E-38071 Tenerife, Spain
| | - Francisco J Sáez
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, B° Sarriena s/n, E-48940 Leioa, Vizcaya, Spain
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29
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Allende ML, Proia RL. Simplifying complexity: genetically resculpting glycosphingolipid synthesis pathways in mice to reveal function. Glycoconj J 2014; 31:613-22. [PMID: 25351657 PMCID: PMC4245496 DOI: 10.1007/s10719-014-9563-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2014] [Accepted: 10/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Glycosphingolipids (GSLs) are a group of plasma-membrane lipids notable for their extremely diverse glycan head groups. The metabolic pathways for GSLs, including the identity of the biosynthetic enzymes needed for synthesis of their glycans, are now well understood. Many of their cellular functions, which include plasma-membrane organization, regulation of cell signaling, endocytosis, and serving as binding sites for pathogens and endogenous receptors, have also been established. However, an understanding of their functions in vivo had been lagging. Studies employing genetic manipulations of the GSL synthesis pathways in mice have been used to systematically reduce the large numbers and complexity of GSL glycan structures, allowing the in vivo functions of GSLs to be revealed from analysis of the resulting phenotypes. Findings from these studies have produced a clearer picture of the role of GSLs in mammalian physiology, which is the topic of this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Laura Allende
- Genetics of Development and Disease Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Building 10, Room 9D-06; 10 Center DR MSC 1821, Bethesda, MD, 20892-1821, USA
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30
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Smith LB, Walker WH. The regulation of spermatogenesis by androgens. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2014; 30:2-13. [PMID: 24598768 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2014.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 484] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2013] [Revised: 02/20/2014] [Accepted: 02/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Testosterone is essential for maintaining spermatogenesis and male fertility. However, the molecular mechanisms by which testosterone acts have not begun to be revealed until recently. With the advances obtained from the use of transgenic mice lacking or overexpressing the androgen receptor, the cell specific targets of testosterone action as well as the genes and signaling pathways that are regulated by testosterone are being identified. In this review, the critical steps of spermatogenesis that are regulated by testosterone are discussed as well as the intracellular signaling pathways by which testosterone acts. We also review the functional information that has been obtained from the knock out of the androgen receptor from specific cell types in the testis and the genes found to be regulated after altering testosterone levels or androgen receptor expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee B Smith
- MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, University of Edinburgh, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK.
| | - William H Walker
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 204 Craft Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA.
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31
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D'Angelo G, Capasso S, Sticco L, Russo D. Glycosphingolipids: synthesis and functions. FEBS J 2013; 280:6338-53. [PMID: 24165035 DOI: 10.1111/febs.12559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2013] [Revised: 09/27/2013] [Accepted: 09/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Glycosphingolipids (GSLs) comprise a heterogeneous group of membrane lipids formed by a ceramide backbone covalently linked to a glycan moiety. Hundreds of different glycans can be linked to tens of different ceramide molecules, giving rise to an astonishing variety of structurally different compounds, each of which has the potential for a specific biological function. GSLs have been suggested to modulate membrane-protein function and to contribute to cell-cell communication. Although GSLs are dispensable for cellular life, they are indeed collectively required for the development of multicellular organisms, and are thus considered to be key molecules in 'cell sociology'. Consequently, the GSL make-up of individual cells is highly dynamic and is strictly linked to the cellular developmental and environmental state. In the present review, we discuss some of the available knowledge, open questions and future perspectives relating to the study of GSL biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni D'Angelo
- Institute of Protein Biochemistry, National Research Council, Naples, Italy
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32
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Alteration of ganglioside biosynthesis responsible for complex hereditary spastic paraplegia. Am J Hum Genet 2013; 93:118-23. [PMID: 23746551 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2013.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2013] [Revised: 05/06/2013] [Accepted: 05/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Hereditary spastic paraplegias (HSPs) form a heterogeneous group of neurological disorders. A whole-genome linkage mapping effort was made with three HSP-affected families from Spain, Portugal, and Tunisia and it allowed us to reduce the SPG26 locus interval from 34 to 9 Mb. Subsequently, a targeted capture was made to sequence the entire exome of affected individuals from these three families, as well as from two additional autosomal-recessive HSP-affected families of German and Brazilian origins. Five homozygous truncating (n = 3) and missense (n = 2) mutations were identified in B4GALNT1. After this finding, we analyzed the entire coding region of this gene in 65 additional cases, and three mutations were identified in two subjects. All mutated cases presented an early-onset spastic paraplegia, with frequent intellectual disability, cerebellar ataxia, and peripheral neuropathy as well as cortical atrophy and white matter hyperintensities on brain imaging. B4GALNT1 encodes β-1,4-N-acetyl-galactosaminyl transferase 1 (B4GALNT1), involved in ganglioside biosynthesis. These findings confirm the increasing interest of lipid metabolism in HSPs. Interestingly, although the catabolism of gangliosides is implicated in a variety of neurological diseases, SPG26 is only the second human disease involving defects of their biosynthesis.
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33
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Fujiwara Y, Ogonuki N, Inoue K, Ogura A, Handel MA, Noguchi J, Kunieda T. t-SNARE Syntaxin2 (STX2) is implicated in intracellular transport of sulfoglycolipids during meiotic prophase in mouse spermatogenesis. Biol Reprod 2013; 88:141. [PMID: 23595907 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.112.107110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Syntaxin2 (STX2), also known as epimorphin, is a member of the SNARE family of proteins, with expression in various types of cells. We previously identified an ENU-induced mutation, repro34, in the mouse Stx2 gene. The Stx2(repro34) mutation causes male-restricted infertility due to syncytial multinucleation of spermatogenic cells during meiotic prophase. A similar phenotype is also observed in mice with targeted inactivation of Stx2, as well as in mice lacking enzymes involved in sulfoglycolipid synthesis. Herein we analyzed expression and subcellular localization of STX2 and sulfoglycolipids in spermatogenesis. The STX2 protein localizes to the cytoplasm of germ cells at the late pachytene stage. It is found in a distinct subcellular pattern, presumably in the Golgi apparatus of pachytene/diplotene spermatocytes. Sulfoglycolipids are produced in the Golgi apparatus and transported to the plasma membrane. In Stx2(repro34) mutants, sulfoglycolipids are aberrantly localized in both pachytene/diplotene spermatocytes and in multinucleated germ cells. These results suggest that STX2 plays roles in transport and/or subcellular distribution of sulfoglycolipids. STX2 function in the Golgi apparatus and sulfoglycolipids may be essential for maintenance of the constriction between neighboring developing spermatocytes, which ensures ultimate individualization of germ cells in later stages of spermatogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Fujiwara
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Okayama, Okayama, Japan
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34
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Sotnikov I, Veremeyko T, Starossom SC, Barteneva N, Weiner HL, Ponomarev ED. Platelets recognize brain-specific glycolipid structures, respond to neurovascular damage and promote neuroinflammation. PLoS One 2013; 8:e58979. [PMID: 23555611 PMCID: PMC3608633 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0058979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2012] [Accepted: 02/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Platelets respond to vascular damage and contribute to inflammation, but their role in the neurodegenerative diseases is unknown. We found that the systemic administration of brain lipid rafts induced a massive platelet activation and degranulation resulting in a life-threatening anaphylactic-like response in mice. Platelets were engaged by the sialated glycosphingolipids (gangliosides) integrated in the rigid structures of astroglial and neuronal lipid rafts. The brain-abundant gangliosides GT1b and GQ1b were specifically recognized by the platelets and this recognition involved multiple receptors with P-selectin (CD62P) playing the central role. During the neuroinflammation, platelets accumulated in the central nervous system parenchyma, acquired an activated phenotype and secreted proinflammatory factors, thereby triggering immune response cascades. This study determines a new role of platelets which directly recognize a neuronal damage and communicate with the cells of the immune system in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilya Sotnikov
- Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Division of Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Tatyana Veremeyko
- Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Sarah C. Starossom
- Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Natalia Barteneva
- The Immune Disease Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Howard L. Weiner
- Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail: (EDP); (HLW)
| | - Eugene D. Ponomarev
- Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- School for Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong
- * E-mail: (EDP); (HLW)
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35
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Jennemann R, Gröne HJ. Cell-specific in vivo functions of glycosphingolipids: lessons from genetic deletions of enzymes involved in glycosphingolipid synthesis. Prog Lipid Res 2013; 52:231-48. [PMID: 23473748 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2013.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2012] [Revised: 02/20/2013] [Accepted: 02/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Glycosphingolipids (GSLs) are believed to be involved in many cellular events including trafficking, signaling and cellular interactions. Over the past decade considerable progress was made elucidating the function of GSLs by generating and exploring animal models with GSL-deficiency. Initial studies focused on exploring the role of complex sialic acid containing GSLs (gangliosides) in neuronal tissue. Although complex gangliosides were absent, surprisingly, the phenotype observed was rather mild. In subsequent studies, several mouse models with combinations of gene-deletions encoding GSL-synthesizing enzymes were developed. The results indicated that reduction of GSL-complexity correlated with severity of phenotypes. However, in these mice, accumulation of precursor GSLs or neobiosynthesized GSL-series seemed to partly compensate the loss of GSLs. Thus, UDP-glucose:ceramide glucosyltransferase (Ugcg), catalyzing the basic step of the glucosylceramide-based GSL-biosynthesis, was genetically disrupted. A total systemic deletion of Ugcg caused early embryonic lethality. Therefore, Ugcg was eliminated in a cell-specific manner using the cre/loxP-system. New insights into the cellular function of GSLs were gained. It was demonstrated that neurons require GSLs for differentiation and maintenance. In keratinocytes, preservation of the skin barrier depends on GSL synthesis and in enterocytes of the small intestine GSLs are involved in endocytosis and vesicular transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Jennemann
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pathology, German Cancer Research Center, Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
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36
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Kitatani T, Takahashi S, Ikenoya S. [Pharmacological and clinical profiles of miglustat (Brazaves(®)) for the treatment of Niemann-Pick type C disease]. Nihon Yakurigaku Zasshi 2013; 141:160-167. [PMID: 23470482 DOI: 10.1254/fpj.141.160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
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37
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Kolter T. Ganglioside biochemistry. ISRN BIOCHEMISTRY 2012; 2012:506160. [PMID: 25969757 PMCID: PMC4393008 DOI: 10.5402/2012/506160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2012] [Accepted: 10/09/2012] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Gangliosides are sialic acid-containing glycosphingolipids. They occur especially on the cellular surfaces of neuronal cells, where they form a complex pattern, but are also found in many other cell types. The paper provides a general overview on their structures, occurrence, and metabolism. Key functional, biochemical, and pathobiochemical aspects are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Kolter
- Program Unit Membrane Biology & Lipid Biochemistry, LiMES, University of Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk Straße 1, 53121 Bonn, Germany
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Mohammed EEA, Snella EM, Rutz-Mendicino MM, Echevarria FD, Awedikian R, Whitley EM, Ellinwood NM. Accelerated clinical disease and pathology in mucopolysaccharidosis type IIIB and GalNAc transferase double knockout mice. Mol Genet Metab 2012; 107:129-35. [PMID: 22867887 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2012.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2012] [Revised: 07/15/2012] [Accepted: 07/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Mucopolysaccharidosis type IIIB (MPS IIIB) is a neuropathic lysosomal storage disorder (LSD) resulting from an inherited deficiency of N-acetyl-α-D-glucosaminidase (Naglu) activity, an enzyme required to degrade the glycosaminoglycan heparan sulfate (HS). A deficiency in Naglu activity leads to lysosomal accumulation of HS as a primary storage substrate, and the gangliosides GM2 and GM3 as secondary accumulation products. To test the effect on neuropathogenesis of ganglioside accumulation, we bred mice deficient in both Naglu and GalNaAcT activities. The latter is the enzyme required for synthesis of GM2 and other complex gangliosides. Contrary to our expectation and to double knockout (DKO) studies where GalNAcT was knocked out in combination with other LSDs, our DKO mice showed a drastically shortened lifespan (24.5±1.4 weeks, versus 50.5±0.9 weeks (MPS IIIB), and 38.6±1.2 weeks (GalNAcT)). To confirm that HS storage was the primary element resulting in the accelerated disease in our DKO mice, and not a locus tightly linked to the Naglu gene, we replicated our study with MPS IIIA mice, and found a virtually identical result (27.5±1.8 weeks, versus 53.8±1.6 weeks). All DKO mice showed motor signs of hind limb ataxia and hyper-extension, which were not seen in single KO or normal mice. At approximately 5 months of age, the MPS IIIB-DKO showed a unique pattern of vacuolization and nerve fiber degeneration in the corpus callosum, seen only in the DKO mice, as well as the relatively early intracytoplasmic vacuolation of many neurons and glia characteristic of the MPS IIIB mice. We analyzed motor performance on a rocking Rota-Rod beginning at 3 months of age. The MPS IIIA-DKO and MPS IIIB-DKO mice showed impaired performance and were statistically different from all parental lines. In particular, the MPS IIIB-DKO mice were significantly different from the parent MPS IIIB strains at 3, 5, and 6 months (p≤0.0245). In conclusion we identified an accelerated phenotype associated with MPS IIIB within a DKO model system which showed white matter changes, with attendant performance deficits and a drastically shortened lifespan. This was in stark contrast to our expectations of a salutary response to the elimination of GM2. Despite this, the accelerated pathology and clinical signs represent a potentially improved system to study MPS IIIB neuropathogenesis as well as the role of complex gangliosides in normal CNS function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eman E A Mohammed
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
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Valbuena G, Alonso E, de Ubago MM, Madrid JF, Díaz-Flores L, Sáez FJ. Histochemical identification of sialylated glycans in Xenopus laevis testis. J Anat 2012; 221:318-30. [PMID: 22881213 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-7580.2012.01548.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Carbohydrate chains of glycoprotein and glycosphingolipids are highly diverse molecules involved in many cell functions, including cell recognition, adhesion and signalling. Sialylated glycans are of special interest because the terminal position of sialic acid (NeuAc) in glycans linked by different ways to subterminal monosaccharides has been shown to be involved in several biological processes, as occurs with gangliosides, which have been reported as being essential in spermatogenesis in mammals. Some glycan-binding proteins, the lectins, which specifically recognize glycan sequences, have been extensively used to characterize tissue and cell carbohydrates by means of cytochemical techniques. The aim of the present work was to determine the presence of NeuAc by means of histochemical techniques in the testis of Xenopus laevis, an animal model widely used in cell and molecular biology research. However, considering that some NeuAc-binding lectins are capable of binding to N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc), other GlcNAc-binding lectins were also assayed. The results showed that NeuAc is mainly expressed in the interstitium, and only a weak labelling in the male germ cells was observed. Most NeuAc was located in O-linked oligosaccharides, but some masked NeuAc in N-glycans were identified in primary and secondary spermatogonia and spermatocytes. By contrast, GlcNAc was widely expressed in all germ cell types. Deglycosylative pre-treatments suggest that both N- and O-glycans and/or glycolipids could be responsible for this labelling. In addition, GlcNAc in O-linked oligosaccharides has been identified in spermatogonial cells. The acrosome of spermatids was always negative. Variations of glycan expression have been found in different cell types, suggesting that glycosylation is modified during spermatogenetic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Galder Valbuena
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, UFI11/44, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Leioa, Spain
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Batista F, Lu L, Williams SA, Stanley P. Complex N-glycans are essential, but core 1 and 2 mucin O-glycans, O-fucose glycans, and NOTCH1 are dispensable, for mammalian spermatogenesis. Biol Reprod 2012; 86:179. [PMID: 22492969 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.111.098103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
To identify roles in spermatogenesis for major subclasses of N- and O-glycans and Notch signaling, male mice carrying floxed C1galt1, Pofut1, Notch1 or Mgat1 alleles and a testis-specific Cre recombinase transgene were generated. T-synthase (C1GALT1) transfers Gal to generate core 1 and core 2 mucin O-glycans; POFUT1 transfers O-fucose to particular epidermal growth factor-like repeats and is essential for canonical Notch signaling; and MGAT1 (GlcNAcT-I) transfers GlcNAc to initiate hybrid and complex N-glycan synthesis. Cre recombinase transgenes driven by various promoters were investigated, including Stra8-iCre expressed in spermatogonia, Sycp1-Cre expressed in spermatocytes, Prm1-Cre expressed in spermatids, and AMH-Cre expressed in Sertoli cells. All Cre transgenes deleted floxed alleles, but efficiencies varied widely. Stra8-iCre was the most effective, deleting floxed Notch1 and Mgat1 alleles with 100% efficiency and floxed C1galt1 and Pofut1 alleles with ~80% efficiency, based on transmission of deleted alleles. Removal of C1galt1, Pofut1, or Notch1 in spermatogonia had no effect on testicular weight, histology, or fertility. However, males in which the synthesis of complex N-glycans was blocked by deletion of Mgat1 in spermatogonia did not produce sperm. Spermatogonia, spermatocytes, and spermatids were generated, but most spermatids formed giant multinucleated cells or symplasts, and apoptosis was increased. Therefore, although core 1 and 2 mucin O-glycans, NOTCH1, POFUT1, O-fucose glycans, and Notch signaling are dispensable, MGAT1 and complex N-glycans are essential for spermatogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Batista
- Department of Cell Biology, Albert Einstein College Medicine, New York, New York, USA
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Garofalo K, Penno A, Schmidt BP, Lee HJ, Frosch MP, von Eckardstein A, Brown RH, Hornemann T, Eichler FS. Oral L-serine supplementation reduces production of neurotoxic deoxysphingolipids in mice and humans with hereditary sensory autonomic neuropathy type 1. J Clin Invest 2012; 121:4735-45. [PMID: 22045570 DOI: 10.1172/jci57549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2011] [Accepted: 09/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathy type 1 (HSAN1) causes sensory loss that predominantly affects the lower limbs, often preceded by hyperpathia and spontaneous shooting or lancinating pain. It is caused by several missense mutations in the genes encoding 2 of the 3 subunits of the enzyme serine palmitoyltransferase (SPT). The mutant forms of the enzyme show a shift from their canonical substrate L-serine to the alternative substrate L-alanine. This shift leads to increased formation of neurotoxic deoxysphingolipids (dSLs). Our initial analysis showed that in HEK cells transfected with SPTLC1 mutants, dSL generation was modulated in vitro in the presence of various amino acids. We therefore examined whether in vivo specific amino acid substrate supplementation influenced dSL levels and disease severity in HSAN1. In mice bearing a transgene expressing the C133W SPTLC1 mutant linked to HSAN1, a 10% L-serine–enriched diet reduced dSL levels. L-serine supplementation also improved measures of motor and sensory performance as well as measures of male fertility. In contrast, a 10% L-alanine–enriched diet increased dSL levels and led to severe peripheral neuropathy. In a pilot study with 14 HSAN1 patients, L-serine supplementation similarly reduced dSL levels. These observations support the hypothesis that an altered substrate selectivity of the mutant SPT is key to the pathophysiology of HSAN1 and raise the prospect of l-serine supplementation as a first treatment option for this disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Garofalo
- MGH Neuroscience Center, Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Valbuena G, Alonso E, Madrid JF, DíAz-Flores L, SáEz FJ. Galactosides in glycoconjugates of Xenopus laevis testis shown by lectin histochemistry. Microsc Res Tech 2011; 74:778-87. [DOI: 10.1002/jemt.21011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2011] [Accepted: 03/03/2011] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Valbuena G, Alonso E, Díaz-Flores L, Madrid JF, Sáez FJ. Identification of N-Acetylgalactosamine in Carbohydrates of Xenopus laevis Testis. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2010; 294:363-71. [DOI: 10.1002/ar.21316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2010] [Revised: 10/29/2010] [Accepted: 11/03/2010] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Valbuena G, Madrid JF, Hernández F, Sáez FJ. Identification of fucosylated glycoconjugates in Xenopus laevis testis by lectin histochemistry. Histochem Cell Biol 2010; 134:215-25. [DOI: 10.1007/s00418-010-0722-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/24/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Hermo L, Pelletier RM, Cyr DG, Smith CE. Surfing the wave, cycle, life history, and genes/proteins expressed by testicular germ cells. Part 5: intercellular junctions and contacts between germs cells and Sertoli cells and their regulatory interactions, testicular cholesterol, and genes/proteins associated with more than one germ cell generation. Microsc Res Tech 2010; 73:409-94. [PMID: 19941291 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.20786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
In the testis, cell adhesion and junctional molecules permit specific interactions and intracellular communication between germ and Sertoli cells and apposed Sertoli cells. Among the many adhesion family of proteins, NCAM, nectin and nectin-like, catenins, and cadherens will be discussed, along with gap junctions between germ and Sertoli cells and the many members of the connexin family. The blood-testis barrier separates the haploid spermatids from blood borne elements. In the barrier, the intercellular junctions consist of many proteins such as occludin, tricellulin, and claudins. Changes in the expression of cell adhesion molecules are also an essential part of the mechanism that allows germ cells to move from the basal compartment of the seminiferous tubule to the adluminal compartment thus crossing the blood-testis barrier and well-defined proteins have been shown to assist in this process. Several structural components show interactions between germ cells to Sertoli cells such as the ectoplasmic specialization which are more closely related to Sertoli cells and tubulobulbar complexes that are processes of elongating spermatids embedded into Sertoli cells. Germ cells also modify several Sertoli functions and this also appears to be the case for residual bodies. Cholesterol plays a significant role during spermatogenesis and is essential for germ cell development. Lastly, we list genes/proteins that are expressed not only in any one specific generation of germ cells but across more than one generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louis Hermo
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3A 2B2.
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Sandhoff R. Very long chain sphingolipids: Tissue expression, function and synthesis. FEBS Lett 2009; 584:1907-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2009.12.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2009] [Accepted: 12/18/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Weinbauer GF, Wessels J. ‘Paracrine’ control of spermatogenesis. Andrologia 2009. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0272.1999.tb01421.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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Leitner G, Krifucks O, Jacoby S, Lavi Y, Silanikove N. Concentrations of ganglioside type M1 and immunoglobulin G in colostrum are inversely related to bacterial infection at early lactation in cows. J Dairy Sci 2008; 91:3337-42. [PMID: 18765592 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2008-1010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The levels of IgG and ganglioside type M1 in the colostrum of cows and heifers were analyzed to examine their utility in predicting acquisition of intramammary infection (IMI) during the first weeks postpartum. In general, high levels of IgG and ganglioside type M1 in cows were associated with lower new incidence of IMI, and linear discriminate analysis based on these 2 variables yielded 69.4% successful classification into cows that did or did not acquire new IMI. This analysis was less successful in heifers because a high proportion of them joined the herd when already infected with bacteria in their udders. It is suggested that application of a wider range of measures that reflect the immune status would enable the identification of most cows prone to new IMI.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Leitner
- National Mastitis Reference Center, Kimron Veterinary Institute, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, PO Box 12, Bet Dagan 50250, Israel.
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Kopp C, Ijäs R, Flyckt A, Taponen J, Parvinen M, Andersson M. Morphometric evaluations of testicular tissues from azoospermic boars in Finnish Yorkshire and Landrace breeds. Theriogenology 2008; 70:1129-35. [PMID: 18640712 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2008.06.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2008] [Revised: 06/04/2008] [Accepted: 06/08/2008] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
In 1996-2005, ejaculates of 2048 boars were collected. All boars were intended for use in artificial insemination or natural breeding and had two descended testes. Azoospermia was present in 16 of the 1097 Yorkshire boars (1.5%) and in 2 of the 951 Landrace boars (0.2%). The two most frequent diagnoses of azoospermia were arrested spermatogenesis at the pachytene spermatocyte stage (n=8) and segmental aplasia of the Wolffian ducts (n=7). Morphometric evaluations of testicular tissues of azoospermic boars were performed using an image analyzer. The morphometric evaluations revealed decreased portions and diameter of seminiferous tubule in tissue slides from the studied azoospermic boars compared with normal boars. The use of an image analyzer for morphometric evaluations of testicular tissues proved to be a good tool to characterize findings in testicular slides of azoospermic boars.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Kopp
- Department of Production Animal Medicine, University of Helsinki, Pohjoinen pikatie 800, 04920 Saarentaus, Finland
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