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Kim Y, Lee SH, Gade P, Nattermann M, Maltseva N, Endres M, Chen J, Wichmann P, Hu Y, Marchal DG, Yoshikuni Y, Erb TJ, Gonzalez R, Michalska K, Joachimiak A. Revealing reaction intermediates in one-carbon elongation by thiamine diphosphate/CoA-dependent enzyme family. Commun Chem 2024; 7:160. [PMID: 39034323 PMCID: PMC11271303 DOI: 10.1038/s42004-024-01242-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2024] [Accepted: 07/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024] Open
Abstract
2-Hydroxyacyl-CoA lyase/synthase (HACL/S) is a thiamine diphosphate (ThDP)-dependent versatile enzyme originally discovered in the mammalian α-oxidation pathway. HACL/S natively cleaves 2-hydroxyacyl-CoAs and, in its reverse direction, condenses formyl-CoA with aldehydes or ketones. The one-carbon elongation biochemistry based on HACL/S has enabled the use of molecules derived from greenhouse gases as biomanufacturing feedstocks. We investigated several HACL/S family members with high activity in the condensation of formyl-CoA and aldehydes, and distinct chain-length specificities and kinetic parameters. Our analysis revealed the structures of enzymes in complex with acyl-CoA substrates and products, several covalent intermediates, bound ThDP and ADP, as well as the C-terminal active site region. One of these observed states corresponds to the intermediary α-carbanion with hydroxymethyl-CoA covalently attached to ThDP. This research distinguishes HACL/S from related sub-families and identifies key residues involved in substrate binding and catalysis. These findings expand our knowledge of acyloin-condensation biochemistry and offer attractive prospects for biocatalysis using carbon elongation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youngchang Kim
- eBERlight and Structural Biology Center, X-ray Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, USA
- Consortium for Advanced Science and Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Seung Hwan Lee
- Department of Chemical, Biological, and Materials Engineering, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Priyanka Gade
- Consortium for Advanced Science and Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Maren Nattermann
- Department of Biochemistry and Synthetic Metabolism, Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, Marburg, Germany
| | - Natalia Maltseva
- Consortium for Advanced Science and Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Michael Endres
- eBERlight and Structural Biology Center, X-ray Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, USA
| | - Jing Chen
- Department of Chemical, Biological, and Materials Engineering, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Philipp Wichmann
- Department of Biochemistry and Synthetic Metabolism, Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, Marburg, Germany
| | - Yang Hu
- Department of Chemical, Biological, and Materials Engineering, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Daniel G Marchal
- Department of Biochemistry and Synthetic Metabolism, Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, Marburg, Germany
| | - Yasuo Yoshikuni
- The US Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA.
| | - Tobias J Erb
- Department of Biochemistry and Synthetic Metabolism, Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, Marburg, Germany
- Center for Synthetic Microbiology (SYNMIKRO), Marburg, Germany
| | - Ramon Gonzalez
- Department of Chemical, Biological, and Materials Engineering, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA.
| | - Karolina Michalska
- eBERlight and Structural Biology Center, X-ray Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, USA.
- Consortium for Advanced Science and Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
| | - Andrzej Joachimiak
- eBERlight and Structural Biology Center, X-ray Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, USA.
- Consortium for Advanced Science and Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
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2
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Gutiérrez-Rey M, Castellar-Visbal L, Acevedo-Vergara K, Vargas-Manotas J, Rivera-Porras D, Londoño-Juliao G, Castillo-Guerrero B, Perdomo-Jiménez MC, Bermúdez V. The Weight of Bariatric Surgery: Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome after Vertical Sleeve Gastrectomy-A Case Series. J Pers Med 2024; 14:638. [PMID: 38929859 PMCID: PMC11204981 DOI: 10.3390/jpm14060638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2024] [Revised: 06/05/2024] [Accepted: 06/08/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
In this case series, the simultaneous occurrence of Wernicke's encephalopathy (WE) and dry beriberi was reported in three patients who underwent vertical sleeve gastrectomy (VSG) between May 2021 and May 2023. All patients were obese women who underwent vertical sleeve gastrectomy (VSG) without immediate postoperative complications, but two weeks later, hyperemesis and subsequent encephalopathy with ocular movement abnormalities and weakness were observed over the following thirty days. Patients were referred to neurology, where due to the high suspicion of WE, thiamine replacement therapy was initiated; meanwhile, diagnostic neuroimaging and blood tests were conducted. Neurological and psychiatric evaluations and neuroconduction studies were performed to assess the clinical evolution and present sequelae. One year after diagnosis, all patients exhibited affective and behavioral sequelae, anterograde memory impairment, and executive functioning deficits. Two patients met the criteria for Korsakoff syndrome. Additionally, peripheral nervous system sequelae were observed, with all patients presenting with sensorimotor polyneuropathy. In conclusion, Wernicke's encephalopathy requires a high diagnostic suspicion for timely intervention and prevention of irreversible sequelae, which can be devastating. Therefore, raising awareness among medical professionals regarding the significance of this disease is essential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Gutiérrez-Rey
- Universidad Simón Bolívar, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Barranquilla 080001, Colombia; (M.G.-R.); (L.C.-V.); (J.V.-M.); (G.L.-J.); (B.C.-G.); (M.-C.P.-J.)
| | - Lily Castellar-Visbal
- Universidad Simón Bolívar, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Barranquilla 080001, Colombia; (M.G.-R.); (L.C.-V.); (J.V.-M.); (G.L.-J.); (B.C.-G.); (M.-C.P.-J.)
| | | | - José Vargas-Manotas
- Universidad Simón Bolívar, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Barranquilla 080001, Colombia; (M.G.-R.); (L.C.-V.); (J.V.-M.); (G.L.-J.); (B.C.-G.); (M.-C.P.-J.)
| | - Diego Rivera-Porras
- Universidad Simón Bolívar, Facultad de Ciencias Jurídicas y Sociales, Centro de Investigación en Estudios Fronterizos, Cúcuta 540001, Colombia;
| | - Gloria Londoño-Juliao
- Universidad Simón Bolívar, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Barranquilla 080001, Colombia; (M.G.-R.); (L.C.-V.); (J.V.-M.); (G.L.-J.); (B.C.-G.); (M.-C.P.-J.)
| | - Brenda Castillo-Guerrero
- Universidad Simón Bolívar, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Barranquilla 080001, Colombia; (M.G.-R.); (L.C.-V.); (J.V.-M.); (G.L.-J.); (B.C.-G.); (M.-C.P.-J.)
| | - María-Camila Perdomo-Jiménez
- Universidad Simón Bolívar, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Barranquilla 080001, Colombia; (M.G.-R.); (L.C.-V.); (J.V.-M.); (G.L.-J.); (B.C.-G.); (M.-C.P.-J.)
| | - Valmore Bermúdez
- Universidad Simón Bolívar, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Barranquilla 080001, Colombia; (M.G.-R.); (L.C.-V.); (J.V.-M.); (G.L.-J.); (B.C.-G.); (M.-C.P.-J.)
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3
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Mooney R, Giammarini E, Corbett E, Thomson S, McKinley K, Sinisterra Sebastian P, Rodgers K, O’Donnell J, McGinness C, Roberts CW, Ramaesh K, Henriquez FL. Sodium Metabisulfite Inhibits Acanthamoeba Trophozoite Growth through Thiamine Depletion. Pathogens 2024; 13:431. [PMID: 38921729 PMCID: PMC11206890 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens13060431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2024] [Revised: 05/13/2024] [Accepted: 05/19/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Acanthamoeba keratitis (AK) is a severe infection of the cornea. Prevention and treatment are difficult due to the inefficacy of currently available compounds. The impact of many commonly used compounds for routine examinations of Acanthamoeba is unexplored but might offer insight useful in combatting AK. In this study, we demonstrate that sodium metabisulfite, a common preservation constituent of eye care solutions, was found to be active against Acanthamoeba trophozoites at concentrations lower than that commonly found in eye drops (IC50 0.03 mg/mL). We demonstrate that sodium metabisulfite depletes thiamine from growth medium and that Acanthamoeba is a thiamine auxotroph, requiring thiamine salvage for growth. The inhibitory effects of sodium metabisulfite can be overcome by thiamine supplementation. These results are consistent with the lack of key enzymes for thiamine biosynthesis in the genome of Acanthamoeba, an area which might prove exploitable using new or existing compounds. Indeed, this study highlights sodium metabisulfite as a useful inhibitor of Acanthamoeba castellanii trophozoites in vitro and that it acts, at least in part, by limiting available thiamine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronnie Mooney
- School of Health and Life Sciences, University of the West of Scotland Lanarkshire, Glasgow G72 0LH, UK; (R.M.)
| | - Elisa Giammarini
- School of Health and Life Sciences, University of the West of Scotland Lanarkshire, Glasgow G72 0LH, UK; (R.M.)
| | - Erin Corbett
- School of Health and Life Sciences, University of the West of Scotland Lanarkshire, Glasgow G72 0LH, UK; (R.M.)
| | - Scott Thomson
- School of Health and Life Sciences, University of the West of Scotland Lanarkshire, Glasgow G72 0LH, UK; (R.M.)
| | - Kevin McKinley
- School of Health and Life Sciences, University of the West of Scotland Lanarkshire, Glasgow G72 0LH, UK; (R.M.)
| | - Paula Sinisterra Sebastian
- School of Health and Life Sciences, University of the West of Scotland Lanarkshire, Glasgow G72 0LH, UK; (R.M.)
| | - Kiri Rodgers
- School of Health and Life Sciences, University of the West of Scotland Lanarkshire, Glasgow G72 0LH, UK; (R.M.)
| | - Jana O’Donnell
- School of Health and Life Sciences, University of the West of Scotland Lanarkshire, Glasgow G72 0LH, UK; (R.M.)
| | - Charles McGinness
- School of Computing, Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of the West of Scotland Paisley, Glasgow PA1 2BE, UK
| | - Craig W. Roberts
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G4 0RE, UK
| | - Kanna Ramaesh
- NHS Greater Glasgow and Clyde, Gartnavel Hospital, Department of Ophthalmology, Glasgow G12 0YN, UK
| | - Fiona L. Henriquez
- School of Health and Life Sciences, University of the West of Scotland Lanarkshire, Glasgow G72 0LH, UK; (R.M.)
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Li R, Fu R, Li M, Song Y, Li J, Chen C, Gu Y, Liang X, Nie W, Ma L, Wang X, Zhang H, Zhang H. Transcriptome profiling reveals multiple regulatory pathways of Tamarix chinensis in response to salt stress. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2023; 42:1809-1824. [PMID: 37733273 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-023-03067-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/03/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Abstract
KEY MESSAGE Multiple regulatory pathways of T. chinensis to salt stress were identified through transcriptome data analysis. Tamarix chinensis (Tamarix chinensis Lour.) is a typical halophyte capable of completing its life cycle in soils with medium to high salinity. However, the mechanisms underlying its resistance to high salt stress are still largely unclear. In this study, transcriptome profiling analyses in different organs of T. chinensis plants in response to salt stress were carried out. A total number of 2280, 689, and 489 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were, respectively, identified in roots, stems, and leaves, with more DEGs detected in roots than in stems and leaves. Gene Ontology (GO) term analysis revealed that they were significantly enriched in "biological processes" and "molecular functions". Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis revealed that "Beta-alanine metabolism" was the most differentially enriched pathway in roots, stems, and leaves. In pair-to-pair comparison of the most differentially enriched pathways, a total of 14 pathways, including 5 pathways in roots and leaves, 6 pathways in roots and stems, and 3 pathways in leaves and stems, were identified. Furthermore, genes encoding transcription factor, such as bHLH, bZIP, HD-Zip, MYB, NAC, WRKY, and genes associated with oxidative stress, starch and sucrose metabolism, and ion homeostasis, were differentially expressed with distinct organ specificity in roots, stems, and leaves. Our findings in this research provide a novel approach for exploring the salt tolerance mechanism of halophytes and identifying new gene targets for the genetic breeding of new plant cultivars with improved resistance to salt stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruxia Li
- Yantai Engineering Research Center for Plant Stem Cell Targeted Breeding, Shandong Institute of Sericulture, 21 Zhichubei Road, Yantai, 264001, Shandong Province, China
- Yantai Key Laboratory for Evaluation and Utilization of Silkworm Functional Substances, Shandong Institute of Sericulture, 21 Zhichubei Road, Yantai, 264001, Shandong Province, China
| | - Rao Fu
- Yantai Engineering Research Center for Plant Stem Cell Targeted Breeding, Shandong Institute of Sericulture, 21 Zhichubei Road, Yantai, 264001, Shandong Province, China
- Yantai Key Laboratory for Evaluation and Utilization of Silkworm Functional Substances, Shandong Institute of Sericulture, 21 Zhichubei Road, Yantai, 264001, Shandong Province, China
| | - Meng Li
- Yantai Engineering Research Center for Plant Stem Cell Targeted Breeding, Shandong Institute of Sericulture, 21 Zhichubei Road, Yantai, 264001, Shandong Province, China
- Yantai Key Laboratory for Evaluation and Utilization of Silkworm Functional Substances, Shandong Institute of Sericulture, 21 Zhichubei Road, Yantai, 264001, Shandong Province, China
| | - Yanjing Song
- Yantai Engineering Research Center for Plant Stem Cell Targeted Breeding, Shandong Institute of Sericulture, 21 Zhichubei Road, Yantai, 264001, Shandong Province, China
- Yantai Key Laboratory for Evaluation and Utilization of Silkworm Functional Substances, Shandong Institute of Sericulture, 21 Zhichubei Road, Yantai, 264001, Shandong Province, China
| | - Junlin Li
- Yantai Engineering Research Center for Plant Stem Cell Targeted Breeding, Shandong Institute of Sericulture, 21 Zhichubei Road, Yantai, 264001, Shandong Province, China
- Yantai Key Laboratory for Evaluation and Utilization of Silkworm Functional Substances, Shandong Institute of Sericulture, 21 Zhichubei Road, Yantai, 264001, Shandong Province, China
| | - Chuanjie Chen
- Yantai Engineering Research Center for Plant Stem Cell Targeted Breeding, Shandong Institute of Sericulture, 21 Zhichubei Road, Yantai, 264001, Shandong Province, China
- Yantai Key Laboratory for Evaluation and Utilization of Silkworm Functional Substances, Shandong Institute of Sericulture, 21 Zhichubei Road, Yantai, 264001, Shandong Province, China
| | - Yinyu Gu
- Yantai Engineering Research Center for Plant Stem Cell Targeted Breeding, Shandong Institute of Sericulture, 21 Zhichubei Road, Yantai, 264001, Shandong Province, China
- Yantai Key Laboratory for Evaluation and Utilization of Silkworm Functional Substances, Shandong Institute of Sericulture, 21 Zhichubei Road, Yantai, 264001, Shandong Province, China
| | - Xiaoyan Liang
- Yantai Engineering Research Center for Plant Stem Cell Targeted Breeding, Shandong Institute of Sericulture, 21 Zhichubei Road, Yantai, 264001, Shandong Province, China
- Yantai Key Laboratory for Evaluation and Utilization of Silkworm Functional Substances, Shandong Institute of Sericulture, 21 Zhichubei Road, Yantai, 264001, Shandong Province, China
| | - Wenjing Nie
- Yantai Engineering Research Center for Plant Stem Cell Targeted Breeding, Shandong Institute of Sericulture, 21 Zhichubei Road, Yantai, 264001, Shandong Province, China
- Yantai Key Laboratory for Evaluation and Utilization of Silkworm Functional Substances, Shandong Institute of Sericulture, 21 Zhichubei Road, Yantai, 264001, Shandong Province, China
| | - Lan Ma
- Yantai Engineering Research Center for Plant Stem Cell Targeted Breeding, Shandong Institute of Sericulture, 21 Zhichubei Road, Yantai, 264001, Shandong Province, China
- Yantai Key Laboratory for Evaluation and Utilization of Silkworm Functional Substances, Shandong Institute of Sericulture, 21 Zhichubei Road, Yantai, 264001, Shandong Province, China
| | - Xiangyu Wang
- Yantai Engineering Research Center for Plant Stem Cell Targeted Breeding, Shandong Institute of Sericulture, 21 Zhichubei Road, Yantai, 264001, Shandong Province, China
- Yantai Key Laboratory for Evaluation and Utilization of Silkworm Functional Substances, Shandong Institute of Sericulture, 21 Zhichubei Road, Yantai, 264001, Shandong Province, China
| | - Haiyang Zhang
- Yantai Engineering Research Center for Plant Stem Cell Targeted Breeding, Shandong Institute of Sericulture, 21 Zhichubei Road, Yantai, 264001, Shandong Province, China.
- Yantai Key Laboratory for Evaluation and Utilization of Silkworm Functional Substances, Shandong Institute of Sericulture, 21 Zhichubei Road, Yantai, 264001, Shandong Province, China.
| | - Hongxia Zhang
- Yantai Engineering Research Center for Plant Stem Cell Targeted Breeding, Shandong Institute of Sericulture, 21 Zhichubei Road, Yantai, 264001, Shandong Province, China.
- Yantai Key Laboratory for Evaluation and Utilization of Silkworm Functional Substances, Shandong Institute of Sericulture, 21 Zhichubei Road, Yantai, 264001, Shandong Province, China.
- 3The Engineering Research Institute of Agriculture and Forestry, Ludong University, 186 Hongqizhong Road, Yantai, 264025, Shandong Province, China.
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Mrowicka M, Mrowicki J, Dragan G, Majsterek I. The importance of thiamine (vitamin B1) in humans. Biosci Rep 2023; 43:BSR20230374. [PMID: 37389565 PMCID: PMC10568373 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20230374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Revised: 06/11/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Thiamine (thiamin, B1) is a vitamin necessary for proper cell function. It exists in a free form as a thiamine, or as a mono-, di- or triphosphate. Thiamine plays a special role in the body as a coenzyme necessary for the metabolism of carbohydrates, fats and proteins. In addition, it participates in the cellular respiration and oxidation of fatty acids: in malnourished people, high doses of glucose result in acute thiamine deficiency. It also participates in energy production in the mitochondria and protein synthesis. In addition, it is also needed to ensure the proper functioning of the central and peripheral nervous system, where it is involved in neurotransmitter synthesis. Its deficiency leads to mitochondrial dysfunction, lactate and pyruvate accumulation, and consequently to focal thalamic degeneration, manifested as Wernicke's encephalopathy or Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome. It can also lead to severe or even fatal neurologic and cardiovascular complications, including heart failure, neuropathy leading to ataxia and paralysis, confusion, or delirium. The most common risk factor for thiamine deficiency is alcohol abuse. This paper presents current knowledge of the biological functions of thiamine, its antioxidant properties, and the effects of its deficiency in the body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata Mrowicka
- Małgorzata Mrowicka, Jerzy Mrowicki, Grzegorz Dragan, Ireneusz Majsterek, Department of Clinical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Medical University of Lodz, Mazowiecka 5, 92-215 Lodz, Poland
| | - Jerzy Mrowicki
- Małgorzata Mrowicka, Jerzy Mrowicki, Grzegorz Dragan, Ireneusz Majsterek, Department of Clinical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Medical University of Lodz, Mazowiecka 5, 92-215 Lodz, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Dragan
- Małgorzata Mrowicka, Jerzy Mrowicki, Grzegorz Dragan, Ireneusz Majsterek, Department of Clinical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Medical University of Lodz, Mazowiecka 5, 92-215 Lodz, Poland
| | - Ireneusz Majsterek
- Małgorzata Mrowicka, Jerzy Mrowicki, Grzegorz Dragan, Ireneusz Majsterek, Department of Clinical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Medical University of Lodz, Mazowiecka 5, 92-215 Lodz, Poland
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6
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Mori K, Naganuma T, Kihara A. Role of 2-hydroxy acyl-CoA lyase HACL2 in odd-chain fatty acid production via α-oxidation in vivo. Mol Biol Cell 2023; 34:ar85. [PMID: 37285239 PMCID: PMC10398889 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e23-02-0042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Revised: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Although most fatty acids (FAs) are even chain, certain tissues, including brain, contain relatively large quantities of odd-chain FAs in their sphingolipids. One of the pathways producing odd-chain FAs is the α-oxidation of 2-hydroxy (2-OH) FAs, where 2-OH acyl-CoA lyases (HACL1 and HACL2) catalyze the key cleavage reaction. However, the contribution of each HACL to odd-chain FA production in vivo remains unknown. Here, we found that HACL2 and HACL1 play major roles in the α-oxidation of 2-OH FAs (especially very-long-chain types) and 3-methyl FAs (other α-oxidation substrates), respectively, using ectopic expression systems of human HACL2 and HACL1 in yeast and analyzing Hacl1 and/or Hacl2 knockout (KO) CHO-K1 cells. We then generated Hacl2 KO mice and measured the quantities of odd-chain and 2-OH lipids (free FAs and sphingolipids [ceramides, sphingomyelins, and monohexosylceramides]) in 17 tissues. We observed fewer odd-chain lipids and more 2-OH lipids in many tissues of Hacl2 KO mice than in wild-type mice, and of these differences the reductions were most prominent for odd-chain monohexosylceramides in the brain and ceramides in the stomach. These results indicate that HACL2-involved α-oxidation of 2-OH FAs is mainly responsible for odd-chain FA production in the brain and stomach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Mori
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Tatsuro Naganuma
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Akio Kihara
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
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Bettendorff L. Synthetic Thioesters of Thiamine: Promising Tools for Slowing Progression of Neurodegenerative Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:11296. [PMID: 37511056 PMCID: PMC10379298 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241411296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Thiamine (vitamin B1) is essential for the brain. This is attributed to the coenzyme role of thiamine diphosphate (ThDP) in glucose and energy metabolism. The synthetic thiamine prodrug, the thioester benfotiamine (BFT), has been extensively studied and has beneficial effects both in rodent models of neurodegeneration and in human clinical studies. BFT has no known adverse effects and improves cognitive outcomes in patients with mild Alzheimer's disease. In cell culture and animal models, BFT has antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties that seem to be mediated by a mechanism independent of the coenzyme function of ThDP. Recent in vitro studies show that another thiamine thioester, O,S-dibenzoylthiamine (DBT), is even more efficient than BFT, especially with respect to its anti-inflammatory potency, and is effective at lower concentrations. Thiamine thioesters have pleiotropic properties linked to an increase in circulating thiamine concentrations and possibly in hitherto unidentified open thiazole ring derivatives. The identification of the active neuroprotective metabolites and the clarification of their mechanism of action open extremely promising perspectives in the field of neurodegenerative, neurodevelopmental, and psychiatric conditions. The present review aims to summarize existing data on the neuroprotective effects of thiamine thioesters and give a comprehensive account.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucien Bettendorff
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology, GIGA Neurosciences, University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium
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8
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Cheng N, Paris V, Rao X, Wang X, Nakata PA. A conserved oxalyl-coenzyme A decarboxylase in oxalate catabolism. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2022; 17:2062555. [PMID: 35510715 PMCID: PMC9090294 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2022.2062555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The ability to biosynthesize oxalic acid can provide beneficial functions to plants; however, uncontrolled or prolonged exposure to this strong organic acid results in multiple physiological problems. Such problems include a disruption of membrane integrity, mitochondrial function, metal chelation, and free radical formation. Recent work suggests that a CoA-dependent pathway of oxalate catabolism plays a critical role in regulating tissue oxalate concentrations in plants. Although this CoA-dependent pathway of oxalate catabolism is important, large gaps in our knowledge of the enzymes catalyzing each step remain. Evidence that an oxalyl-CoA decarboxylase (OXC) catalyzes the second step in this pathway, accelerating the conversion of oxalyl-CoA to formyl-CoA, has been reported. Induction studies revealed that OXC gene expression was upregulated in response to an exogenous oxalate supply. Phylogenetic analysis indicates that OXCs are conserved across plant species. Evolutionarily the plant OXCs can be separated into dicot and monocot classes. Multiple sequence alignments and molecular modeling suggest that OXCs have similar functionality with three conserved domains, the N-terminal PYR domain, the middle R domain, and the C-terminal PP domain. Further study of this CoA-dependent pathway of oxalate degradation would benefit efforts to develop new strategies to improve the nutrition quality of crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ninghui Cheng
- USDA-ARS Children’s Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas, United States
| | - Vincent Paris
- Department of Biological Sciences, BioDiscovery Institute, University of North Texas, Texas, United States
| | - Xiaolan Rao
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoqiang Wang
- Department of Biological Sciences, BioDiscovery Institute, University of North Texas, Texas, United States
| | - Paul A. Nakata
- USDA-ARS Children’s Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas, United States
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9
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Chen CT, Shao Z, Fu Z. Dysfunctional peroxisomal lipid metabolisms and their ocular manifestations. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:982564. [PMID: 36187472 PMCID: PMC9524157 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.982564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Retina is rich in lipids and dyslipidemia causes retinal dysfunction and eye diseases. In retina, lipids are not only important membrane component in cells and organelles but also fuel substrates for energy production. However, our current knowledge of lipid processing in the retina are very limited. Peroxisomes play a critical role in lipid homeostasis and genetic disorders with peroxisomal dysfunction have different types of ocular complications. In this review, we focus on the role of peroxisomes in lipid metabolism, including degradation and detoxification of very-long-chain fatty acids, branched-chain fatty acids, dicarboxylic acids, reactive oxygen/nitrogen species, glyoxylate, and amino acids, as well as biosynthesis of docosahexaenoic acid, plasmalogen and bile acids. We also discuss the potential contributions of peroxisomal pathways to eye health and summarize the reported cases of ocular symptoms in patients with peroxisomal disorders, corresponding to each disrupted peroxisomal pathway. We also review the cross-talk between peroxisomes and other organelles such as lysosomes, endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuck T. Chen
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Zhuo Shao
- Post-Graduate Medical Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Division of Clinical and Metabolic Genetics, the Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- The Genetics Program, North York General Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Zhongjie Fu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- *Correspondence: Zhongjie Fu,
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10
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Palmieri F, Monné M, Fiermonte G, Palmieri L. Mitochondrial transport and metabolism of the vitamin B-derived cofactors thiamine pyrophosphate, coenzyme A, FAD and NAD + , and related diseases: A review. IUBMB Life 2022; 74:592-617. [PMID: 35304818 PMCID: PMC9311062 DOI: 10.1002/iub.2612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Revised: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Multiple mitochondrial matrix enzymes playing key roles in metabolism require cofactors for their action. Due to the high impermeability of the mitochondrial inner membrane, these cofactors need to be synthesized within the mitochondria or be imported, themselves or one of their precursors, into the organelles. Transporters belonging to the protein family of mitochondrial carriers have been identified to transport the coenzymes: thiamine pyrophosphate, coenzyme A, FAD and NAD+ , which are all structurally similar to nucleotides and derived from different B-vitamins. These mitochondrial cofactors bind more or less tightly to their enzymes and, after having been involved in a specific reaction step, are regenerated, spontaneously or by other enzymes, to return to their active form, ready for the next catalysis round. Disease-causing mutations in the mitochondrial cofactor carrier genes compromise not only the transport reaction but also the activity of all mitochondrial enzymes using that particular cofactor and the metabolic pathways in which the cofactor-dependent enzymes are involved. The mitochondrial transport, metabolism and diseases of the cofactors thiamine pyrophosphate, coenzyme A, FAD and NAD+ are the focus of this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ferdinando Palmieri
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, Bari, Italy.,CNR Institute of Biomembranes, Bioenergetics and Molecular Biotechnologies (IBIOM), Bari, Italy
| | - Magnus Monné
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, Bari, Italy.,Department of Sciences, University of Basilicata, Potenza, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Fiermonte
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, Bari, Italy.,CNR Institute of Biomembranes, Bioenergetics and Molecular Biotechnologies (IBIOM), Bari, Italy
| | - Luigi Palmieri
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, Bari, Italy.,CNR Institute of Biomembranes, Bioenergetics and Molecular Biotechnologies (IBIOM), Bari, Italy
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11
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Yang W, Gutbrod P, Gutbrod K, Peisker H, Song X, Falz AL, Meyer AJ, Dörmann P. 2-Hydroxy-phytanoyl-CoA lyase (AtHPCL) is involved in phytol metabolism in Arabidopsis. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 109:1290-1304. [PMID: 34902195 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Revised: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
During chlorophyll degradation, large amounts of the isoprenoid alcohol phytol are released. The pathway of phytol catabolism has been studied in humans, because chlorophyll is part of the human diet, but little is known for plants. In humans, phytanoyl-CoA derived from phytol is degraded via α-oxidation by phytanoyl-CoA hydroxylase (PAHX) and 2-hydroxy-phytanoyl-CoA lyase (HPCL). Arabidopsis contains two sequences homologous to the human proteins AtPAHX and AtHPCL. Insertional mutants of Arabidopsis (pahx, hpcl) were grown under N deprivation to stimulate chlorophyll breakdown or supplemented with phytol to increase the endogenous amount of phytol. During N deprivation, chlorophyll, phytol, phytenal, upstream metabolites of phytol breakdown, and tocopherol and fatty acid phytyl esters, alternative phytol-derived lipids, accumulated in pahx and hpcl mutants, in line with the scenario that the mutations interfere with phytol degradation. AtHPCL was localized to the peroxisomes. Expression analysis of the AtHPCL sequence in the yeast Δpxp1 or Δmpo1 mutants followed by supplementation with 2-hydroxy-palmitic acid and enzyme assays of peroxisomal proteins from Col-0 and hpcl plants with 2-hydroxy-stearoyl-CoA revealed that AtHPCL harbors 2-hydroxy-acyl-CoA lyase activity. The α-dioxygenases αDOX1 and αDOX2 are involved in α-oxidation of fatty acids and could be involved in an alternative pathway of phytol degradation. However, phytol-related lipids in the αdox1, αdox2, or αdox1 αdox2 mutants were not altered compared with Col-0, indicating that αDOX1 and αDOX2 are not involved in phytol degradation. These results demonstrate that phytol degradation in Arabidopsis involves α-oxidation by AtPAHX and AtHPCL, but that it is independent of αDOX1/αDOX2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wentao Yang
- Institute of Molecular Physiology and Biotechnology of Plants (IMBIO), University of Bonn, Karlrobert-Kreiten-Straße 13, 53115, Bonn, Germany
| | - Philipp Gutbrod
- Institute of Molecular Physiology and Biotechnology of Plants (IMBIO), University of Bonn, Karlrobert-Kreiten-Straße 13, 53115, Bonn, Germany
| | - Katharina Gutbrod
- Institute of Molecular Physiology and Biotechnology of Plants (IMBIO), University of Bonn, Karlrobert-Kreiten-Straße 13, 53115, Bonn, Germany
| | - Helga Peisker
- Institute of Molecular Physiology and Biotechnology of Plants (IMBIO), University of Bonn, Karlrobert-Kreiten-Straße 13, 53115, Bonn, Germany
| | - Xiaoning Song
- Institute of Molecular Physiology and Biotechnology of Plants (IMBIO), University of Bonn, Karlrobert-Kreiten-Straße 13, 53115, Bonn, Germany
| | - Anna-Lena Falz
- Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation (INRES), University of Bonn, Friedrich-Ebert-Allee 144, 53113, Bonn, Germany
| | - Andreas J Meyer
- Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation (INRES), University of Bonn, Friedrich-Ebert-Allee 144, 53113, Bonn, Germany
| | - Peter Dörmann
- Institute of Molecular Physiology and Biotechnology of Plants (IMBIO), University of Bonn, Karlrobert-Kreiten-Straße 13, 53115, Bonn, Germany
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12
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Helf MJ, Fox BW, Artyukhin AB, Zhang YK, Schroeder FC. Comparative metabolomics with Metaboseek reveals functions of a conserved fat metabolism pathway in C. elegans. Nat Commun 2022; 13:782. [PMID: 35145075 PMCID: PMC8831614 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-28391-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Untargeted metabolomics via high-resolution mass spectrometry can reveal more than 100,000 molecular features in a single sample, many of which may represent unidentified metabolites, posing significant challenges to data analysis. We here introduce Metaboseek, an open-source analysis platform designed for untargeted comparative metabolomics and demonstrate its utility by uncovering biosynthetic functions of a conserved fat metabolism pathway, α-oxidation, using C. elegans as a model. Metaboseek integrates modules for molecular feature detection, statistics, molecular formula prediction, and fragmentation analysis, which uncovers more than 200 previously uncharacterized α-oxidation-dependent metabolites in an untargeted comparison of wildtype and α-oxidation-defective hacl-1 mutants. The identified metabolites support the predicted enzymatic function of HACL-1 and reveal that α-oxidation participates in metabolism of endogenous β-methyl-branched fatty acids and food-derived cyclopropane lipids. Our results showcase compound discovery and feature annotation at scale via untargeted comparative metabolomics applied to a conserved primary metabolic pathway and suggest a model for the metabolism of cyclopropane lipids. Untargeted mass spectrometry-based metabolomics can reveal new biochemistry, but data analysis is challenging. Here, the authors develop Metaboseek, an open-source software that facilitates metabolite discovery, and apply it to characterize fatty acid alpha-oxidation in C. elegans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian J Helf
- Boyce Thompson Institute and Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Bennett W Fox
- Boyce Thompson Institute and Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Alexander B Artyukhin
- Chemistry Department, College of Environmental Science and Forestry, State University of New York, Syracuse, NY, 13210, USA
| | - Ying K Zhang
- Boyce Thompson Institute and Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Frank C Schroeder
- Boyce Thompson Institute and Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA.
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13
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Zahn M, König G, Cuong Pham HV, Seroka B, Lazny R, Yang G, Ouerfelli O, Lotowski Z, Rohwerder T. Mechanistic details of the actinobacterial lyase-catalyzed degradation reaction of 2-hydroxyisobutyryl-CoA. J Biol Chem 2021; 298:101522. [PMID: 34952003 PMCID: PMC8760513 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.101522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Revised: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Actinobacterial 2-hydroxyacyl-CoA lyase reversibly catalyzes the thiamine diphosphate-dependent cleavage of 2-hydroxyisobutyryl-CoA to formyl-CoA and acetone. This enzyme has great potential for use in synthetic one-carbon assimilation pathways for sustainable production of chemicals, but lacks details of substrate binding and reaction mechanism for biochemical reengineering. We determined crystal structures of the tetrameric enzyme in the closed conformation with bound substrate, covalent postcleavage intermediate, and products, shedding light on active site architecture and substrate interactions. Together with molecular dynamics simulations of the covalent precleavage complex, the complete catalytic cycle is structurally portrayed, revealing a proton transfer from the substrate acyl Cβ hydroxyl to residue E493 that returns it subsequently to the postcleavage Cα-carbanion intermediate. Kinetic parameters obtained for mutants E493A, E493Q, and E493K confirm the catalytic role of E493 in the WT enzyme. However, the 10- and 50-fold reduction in lyase activity in the E493A and E493Q mutants, respectively, compared with WT suggests that water molecules may contribute to proton transfer. The putative catalytic glutamate is located on a short α-helix close to the active site. This structural feature appears to be conserved in related lyases, such as human 2-hydroxyacyl-CoA lyase 2. Interestingly, a unique feature of the actinobacterial 2-hydroxyacyl-CoA lyase is a large C-terminal lid domain that, together with active site residues L127 and I492, restricts substrate size to ≤C5 2-hydroxyacyl residues. These details about the catalytic mechanism and determinants of substrate specificity pave the ground for designing tailored catalysts for acyloin condensations for one-carbon and short-chain substrates in biotechnological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Zahn
- Centre for Enzyme Innovation, School of Biological Sciences, Institute of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth PO1 2DT, United Kingdom.
| | - Gerhard König
- Centre for Enzyme Innovation, School of Biological Sciences, Institute of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth PO1 2DT, United Kingdom
| | - Huy Viet Cuong Pham
- Department of Environmental Microbiology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Barbara Seroka
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Bialystok, K. Ciolkowskiego 1K, 15-245 Bialystok, Poland
| | - Ryszard Lazny
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Bialystok, K. Ciolkowskiego 1K, 15-245 Bialystok, Poland
| | - Guangli Yang
- Organic Synthesis Core Facility, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC), New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Ouathek Ouerfelli
- Organic Synthesis Core Facility, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC), New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Zenon Lotowski
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Bialystok, K. Ciolkowskiego 1K, 15-245 Bialystok, Poland
| | - Thore Rohwerder
- Department of Environmental Microbiology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Leipzig, Germany.
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14
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Li C, Qi Y, Zhao C, Wang X, Zhang Q. Transcriptome Profiling of the Salt Stress Response in the Leaves and Roots of Halophytic Eutrema salsugineum. Front Genet 2021; 12:770742. [PMID: 34868259 PMCID: PMC8637539 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.770742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Eutrema salsugineum can grow in natural harsh environments; however, the underlying mechanisms for salt tolerance of Eutrema need to be further understood. Herein, the transcriptome profiling of Eutrema leaves and roots exposed to 300 mM NaCl is investigated, and the result emphasized the role of genes involved in lignin biosynthesis, autophagy, peroxisome, and sugar metabolism upon salt stress. Furthermore, the expression of the lignin biosynthesis and autophagy-related genes, as well as 16 random selected genes, was validated by qRT-PCR. Notably, the transcript abundance of a large number of lignin biosynthesis genes such as CCoAOMT, C4H, CCR, CAD, POD, and C3′H in leaves was markedly elevated by salt shock. And the examined lignin content in leaves and roots demonstrated salt stress led to lignin accumulation, which indicated the enhanced lignin level could be an important mechanism for Eutrema responding to salt stress. Additionally, the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) assigned in the autophagy pathway including Vac8, Atg8, and Atg4, as well as DEGs enriched in the peroxisome pathway such as EsPEX7, EsCAT, and EsSOD2, were markedly induced in leaves and/or roots. In sugar metabolism pathways, the transcript levels of most DEGs associated with the synthesis of sucrose, trehalose, raffinose, and xylose were significantly enhanced. Furthermore, the expression of various stress-related transcription factor genes including WRKY, AP2/ERF-ERF, NAC, bZIP, MYB, C2H2, and HSF was strikingly improved. Collectively, the increased expression of biosynthesis genes of lignin and soluble sugars, as well as the genes in the autophagy and peroxisome pathways, suggested that Eutrema encountering salt shock possibly possess a higher capacity to adjust osmotically and facilitate water transport and scavenge reactive oxidative species and oxidative proteins to cope with the salt environment. Thus, this study provides a new insight for exploring the salt tolerance mechanism of halophytic Eutrema and discovering new gene targets for the genetic improvement of crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanshun Li
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Stress Research, College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
| | - Yuting Qi
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Stress Research, College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
| | - Chuanzhi Zhao
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Stress Research, College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China.,Bio-Tech Research Center, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Ecology and Physiology, Jinan, China
| | - Xingjun Wang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Stress Research, College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China.,Bio-Tech Research Center, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Ecology and Physiology, Jinan, China
| | - Quan Zhang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Stress Research, College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
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15
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Chornyi S, IJlst L, van Roermund CWT, Wanders RJA, Waterham HR. Peroxisomal Metabolite and Cofactor Transport in Humans. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 8:613892. [PMID: 33505966 PMCID: PMC7829553 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.613892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Peroxisomes are membrane-bound organelles involved in many metabolic pathways and essential for human health. They harbor a large number of enzymes involved in the different pathways, thus requiring transport of substrates, products and cofactors involved across the peroxisomal membrane. Although much progress has been made in understanding the permeability properties of peroxisomes, there are still important gaps in our knowledge about the peroxisomal transport of metabolites and cofactors. In this review, we discuss the different modes of transport of metabolites and essential cofactors, including CoA, NAD+, NADP+, FAD, FMN, ATP, heme, pyridoxal phosphate, and thiamine pyrophosphate across the peroxisomal membrane. This transport can be mediated by non-selective pore-forming proteins, selective transport proteins, membrane contact sites between organelles, and co-import of cofactors with proteins. We also discuss modes of transport mediated by shuttle systems described for NAD+/NADH and NADP+/NADPH. We mainly focus on current knowledge on human peroxisomal metabolite and cofactor transport, but also include knowledge from studies in plants, yeast, fruit fly, zebrafish, and mice, which has been exemplary in understanding peroxisomal transport mechanisms in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serhii Chornyi
- Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Amsterdam UMC Location AMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Lodewijk IJlst
- Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Amsterdam UMC Location AMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Carlo W T van Roermund
- Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Amsterdam UMC Location AMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Ronald J A Wanders
- Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Amsterdam UMC Location AMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Hans R Waterham
- Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Amsterdam UMC Location AMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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16
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Rohwerder T, Rohde MT, Jehmlich N, Purswani J. Actinobacterial Degradation of 2-Hydroxyisobutyric Acid Proceeds via Acetone and Formyl-CoA by Employing a Thiamine-Dependent Lyase Reaction. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:691. [PMID: 32351493 PMCID: PMC7176365 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The tertiary branched short-chain 2-hydroxyisobutyric acid (2-HIBA) has been associated with several metabolic diseases and lysine 2-hydroxyisobutyrylation seems to be a common eukaryotic as well as prokaryotic post-translational modification in proteins. In contrast, the underlying 2-HIBA metabolism has thus far only been detected in a few microorganisms, such as the betaproteobacterium Aquincola tertiaricarbonis L108 and the Bacillus group bacterium Kyrpidia tusciae DSM 2912. In these strains, 2-HIBA can be specifically activated to the corresponding CoA thioester by the 2-HIBA-CoA ligase (HCL) and is then isomerized to 3-hydroxybutyryl-CoA in a reversible and B12-dependent mutase reaction. Here, we demonstrate that the actinobacterial strain Actinomycetospora chiangmaiensis DSM 45062 degrades 2-HIBA and also its precursor 2-methylpropane-1,2-diol via acetone and formic acid by employing a thiamine pyrophosphate-dependent lyase. The corresponding gene is located directly upstream of hcl, which has previously been found only in operonic association with the 2-hydroxyisobutyryl-CoA mutase genes in other bacteria. Heterologous expression of the lyase gene from DSM 45062 in E. coli established a 2-hydroxyisobutyryl-CoA lyase activity in the latter. In line with this, analysis of the DSM 45062 proteome reveals a strong induction of the lyase-HCL gene cluster on 2-HIBA. Acetone is likely degraded via hydroxylation to acetol catalyzed by a MimABCD-related binuclear iron monooxygenase and formic acid appears to be oxidized to CO2 by selenium-dependent dehydrogenases. The presence of the lyase-HCL gene cluster in isoprene-degrading Rhodococcus strains and Pseudonocardia associated with tropical leafcutter ant species points to a role in degradation of biogenic short-chain ketones and highly branched organic compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thore Rohwerder
- Department of Environmental Microbiology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Maria-Teresa Rohde
- Institut für Chemie - Biophysikalische Chemie, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Nico Jehmlich
- Department of Molecular Systems Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jessica Purswani
- Institute of Water Research, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
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17
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Parets S, Irigoyen Á, Ordinas M, Cabot J, Miralles M, Arbona L, Péter M, Balogh G, Fernández-García P, Busquets X, Lladó V, Escribá PV, Torres M. 2-Hydroxy-Docosahexaenoic Acid Is Converted Into Heneicosapentaenoic Acid via α-Oxidation: Implications for Alzheimer's Disease Therapy. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:164. [PMID: 32292781 PMCID: PMC7122748 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease with as yet no efficient therapies, the pathophysiology of which is still largely unclear. Many drugs and therapies have been designed and developed in the past decade to stop or slow down this neurodegenerative process, although none has successfully terminated a phase-III clinical trial in humans. Most therapies have been inspired by the amyloid cascade hypothesis, which has more recently come under question due to the almost complete failure of clinical trials of anti-amyloid/tau therapies to date. To shift the perspective for the design of new AD therapies, membrane lipid therapy has been tested, which assumes that brain lipid alterations lie upstream in the pathophysiology of AD. A hydroxylated derivative of docosahexaenoic acid was used, 2-hydroxy-docosahexaenoic acid (DHA-H), which has been tested in a number of animal models and has shown efficacy against hallmarks of AD pathology. Here, for the first time, DHA-H is shown to undergo α-oxidation to generate the heneicosapentaenoic acid (HPA, C21:5, n-3) metabolite, an odd-chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid that accumulates in cell cultures, mouse blood plasma and brain tissue upon DHA-H treatment, reaching higher concentrations than those of DHA-H itself. Interestingly, DHA-H does not share metabolic routes with its natural analog DHA (C22:6, n-3) but rather, DHA-H and DHA accumulate distinctly, both having different effects on cell fatty acid composition. This is partly explained because DHA-H α-hydroxyl group provokes steric hindrance on fatty acid carbon 1, which in turn leads to diminished incorporation into cell lipids and accumulation as free fatty acid in cell membranes. Finally, DHA-H administration to mice elevated the brain HPA levels, which was directly and positively correlated with cognitive spatial scores in AD mice, apparently in the absence of DHA-H and without any significant change in brain DHA levels. Thus, the evidence presented in this work suggest that the metabolic conversion of DHA-H into HPA could represent a key event in the therapeutic effects of DHA-H against AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastià Parets
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biomedicine, Department of Biology, University of the Balearic Islands, Palma de Mallorca, Spain.,Department of Neurosciences and Neurology, Laminar Pharmaceuticals SL, Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Ángel Irigoyen
- Instrumental Techniques Laboratory, DDUNAV-Drug Development Unit-University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Margarita Ordinas
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biomedicine, Department of Biology, University of the Balearic Islands, Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Joan Cabot
- Department of Neurosciences and Neurology, Laminar Pharmaceuticals SL, Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Marc Miralles
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biomedicine, Department of Biology, University of the Balearic Islands, Palma de Mallorca, Spain.,Department of Neurosciences and Neurology, Laminar Pharmaceuticals SL, Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Laura Arbona
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biomedicine, Department of Biology, University of the Balearic Islands, Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Mária Péter
- Institute of Biochemistry, Biological Research Centre, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Gábor Balogh
- Institute of Biochemistry, Biological Research Centre, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Paula Fernández-García
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biomedicine, Department of Biology, University of the Balearic Islands, Palma de Mallorca, Spain.,Department of Neurosciences and Neurology, Laminar Pharmaceuticals SL, Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Xavier Busquets
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biomedicine, Department of Biology, University of the Balearic Islands, Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Victoria Lladó
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biomedicine, Department of Biology, University of the Balearic Islands, Palma de Mallorca, Spain.,Department of Neurosciences and Neurology, Laminar Pharmaceuticals SL, Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Pablo V Escribá
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biomedicine, Department of Biology, University of the Balearic Islands, Palma de Mallorca, Spain.,Department of Neurosciences and Neurology, Laminar Pharmaceuticals SL, Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Manuel Torres
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biomedicine, Department of Biology, University of the Balearic Islands, Palma de Mallorca, Spain.,Department of Neurosciences and Neurology, Laminar Pharmaceuticals SL, Palma de Mallorca, Spain
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18
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Engelhardt J, Frisell O, Gustavsson H, Hansson T, Sjöberg R, Collier TK, Balk L. Severe thiamine deficiency in eastern Baltic cod (Gadus morhua). PLoS One 2020; 15:e0227201. [PMID: 31895939 PMCID: PMC6939936 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0227201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 12/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The eastern Baltic cod (Gadus morhua) population has been decreasing in the Baltic Sea for at least 30 years. Condition indices of the Baltic cod have decreased, and previous studies have suggested that this might be due to overfishing, predation, lower dissolved oxygen or changes in salinity. However, numerous studies from the Baltic Sea have demonstrated an ongoing thiamine deficiency in several animal classes, both invertebrates and vertebrates. The thiamine status of the eastern Baltic cod was investigated to determine if thiamine deficiency might be a factor in ongoing population declines. Thiamine concentrations were determined by chemical analyses of thiamine, thiamine monophosphate and thiamine diphosphate (combined SumT) in the liver using high performance liquid chromatography. Biochemical analyses measured the activity of the thiamine diphosphate-dependent enzyme transketolase to determine the proportion of apoenzymes in both liver and brain tissue. These biochemical analyses showed that 77% of the cod were thiamine deficient in the liver, of which 13% had a severe thiamine deficiency (i.e. 25% transketolase enzymes lacked thiamine diphosphate). The brain tissue of 77% of the cod showed thiamine deficiency, of which 64% showed severe thiamine deficiency. The thiamine deficiency biomarkers were investigated to find correlations to different biological parameters, such as length, weight, otolith weight, age (annuli counting) and different organ weights. The results suggested that thiamine deficiency increased with age. The SumT concentration ranged between 2.4–24 nmol/g in the liver, where the specimens with heavier otoliths had lower values of SumT (P = 0.0031). Of the cod sampled, only 2% of the specimens had a Fulton’s condition factor indicating a healthy specimen, and 49% had a condition factor below 0.8, indicating poor health status. These results, showing a severe thiamine deficiency in eastern Baltic cod from the only known area where spawning presently occurs for this species, are of grave concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josefin Engelhardt
- Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
- * E-mail: (JE); (LB)
| | - Oscar Frisell
- Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Hanna Gustavsson
- Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tomas Hansson
- Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Rajlie Sjöberg
- Institute of Marine Research, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Lysekil, Sweden
| | - Tracy K. Collier
- Huxley College of the Environment, Western Washington University, Bellingham, Washington, United States of America
| | - Lennart Balk
- Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
- * E-mail: (JE); (LB)
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Functional analysis of the third identified SLC25A19 mutation causative for the thiamine metabolism dysfunction syndrome 4. J Hum Genet 2019; 64:1075-1081. [PMID: 31506564 DOI: 10.1038/s10038-019-0666-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Revised: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 08/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Thiamine metabolism dysfunction syndrome-4 (THMD4) includes episodic encephalopathy, often associated with a febrile illness, causing transient neurologic dysfunction and a slowly progressive axonal polyneuropathy. Until now only two mutations (G125S and S194P) have been reported in the SLC25A19 gene as causative for this disease and a third mutation (G177A) as related to the Amish lethal microcephaly. In this work, we describe the clinical and molecular features of a patient carrying a novel mutation (c.576G>C; Q192H) on SLC25A19 gene. Functional studies on this mutation were performed explaining the pathogenetic role of c.576G>C in affecting the translational efficiency and/or stability of hMTPPT protein instead of the mRNA expression. These findings support the pathogenetic role of Q192H (c.576G>C) mutation on SLC25A19 gene. Moreover, despite in other patients the thiamine supplementation leaded to a substantial improvement of peripheral neuropathy, our patient did not show a clinical improvement.
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20
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2-Hydroxyacyl-CoA lyase catalyzes acyloin condensation for one-carbon bioconversion. Nat Chem Biol 2019; 15:900-906. [PMID: 31383974 DOI: 10.1038/s41589-019-0328-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Despite the potential of biotechnological processes for one-carbon (C1) bioconversion, efficient biocatalysts required for their implementation are yet to be developed. To address intrinsic limitations of native C1 biocatalysts, here we report that 2-hydroxyacyl CoA lyase (HACL), an enzyme involved in mammalian α-oxidation, catalyzes the ligation of carbonyl-containing molecules of different chain lengths with formyl-coenzyme A (CoA) to produce C1-elongated 2-hydroxyacyl-CoAs. We discovered and characterized a prokaryotic variant of HACL and identified critical residues for this newfound activity, including those supporting the hypothesized thiamine pyrophosphate-dependent acyloin condensation mechanism. The use of formyl-CoA as a C1 donor provides kinetic advantages and enables C1 bioconversion to multi-carbon products, demonstrated here by engineering an Escherichia coli whole-cell biotransformation system for the synthesis of glycolate and 2-hydroxyisobutyrate from formaldehyde and formaldehyde plus acetone, respectively. Our work establishes a new approach for C1 bioconversion and the potential for HACL-based pathways to support synthetic methylotrophy.
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Dhir S, Tarasenko M, Napoli E, Giulivi C. Neurological, Psychiatric, and Biochemical Aspects of Thiamine Deficiency in Children and Adults. Front Psychiatry 2019; 10:207. [PMID: 31019473 PMCID: PMC6459027 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Thiamine (vitamin B1) is an essential nutrient that serves as a cofactor for a number of enzymes, mostly with mitochondrial localization. Some thiamine-dependent enzymes are involved in energy metabolism and biosynthesis of nucleic acids whereas others are part of the antioxidant machinery. The brain is highly vulnerable to thiamine deficiency due to its heavy reliance on mitochondrial ATP production. This is more evident during rapid growth (i.e., perinatal periods and children) in which thiamine deficiency is commonly associated with either malnutrition or genetic defects. Thiamine deficiency contributes to a number of conditions spanning from mild neurological and psychiatric symptoms (confusion, reduced memory, and sleep disturbances) to severe encephalopathy, ataxia, congestive heart failure, muscle atrophy, and even death. This review discusses the current knowledge on thiamine deficiency and associated morbidity of neurological and psychiatric disorders, with special emphasis on the pediatric population, as well as the putative beneficial effect of thiamine supplementation in autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and other neurological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shibani Dhir
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Maya Tarasenko
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Eleonora Napoli
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Cecilia Giulivi
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
- Medical Investigations of Neurodevelopmental Disorders (MIND) Institute, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
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Yang J, Fu M, Ji C, Huang Y, Wu Y. Maize Oxalyl-CoA Decarboxylase1 Degrades Oxalate and Affects the Seed Metabolome and Nutritional Quality. THE PLANT CELL 2018; 30:2447-2462. [PMID: 30201823 PMCID: PMC6241262 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.18.00266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2018] [Revised: 08/15/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The organic acid oxalate occurs in microbes, animals, and plants; however, excessive oxalate accumulation in vivo is toxic to cell growth and decreases the nutritional quality of certain vegetables. However, the enzymes and functions required for oxalate degradation in plants remain largely unknown. Here, we report the cloning of a maize (Zea mays) opaque endosperm mutant that encodes oxalyl-CoA decarboxylase1 (EC4.1.1.8; OCD1). Ocd1 is generally expressed and is specifically induced by oxalate. The ocd1 mutant seeds contain a significantly higher level of oxalate than the wild type, indicating that the ocd1 mutants have a defect in oxalate catabolism. The maize classic mutant opaque7 (o7) was initially cloned for its high lysine trait, although the gene function was not understood until its homolog in Arabidopsis thaliana was found to encode an oxalyl-CoA synthetase (EC 6.2.1.8), which ligates oxalate and CoA to form oxalyl-CoA. Our enzymatic analysis showed that ZmOCD1 catalyzes oxalyl-CoA, the product of O7, into formyl-CoA and CO2 for degradation. Mutations in ocd1 caused dramatic alterations in the metabolome in the endosperm. Our findings demonstrate that ZmOCD1 acts downstream of O7 in oxalate degradation and affects endosperm development, the metabolome, and nutritional quality in maize seeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Yang
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Miaomiao Fu
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Chen Ji
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yongcai Huang
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yongrui Wu
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
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Kocarnik JM, Richard M, Graff M, Haessler J, Bien S, Carlson C, Carty CL, Reiner AP, Avery CL, Ballantyne CM, LaCroix AZ, Assimes TL, Barbalic M, Pankratz N, Tang W, Tao R, Chen D, Talavera GA, Daviglus ML, Chirinos-Medina DA, Pereira R, Nishimura K, Bůžková P, Best LG, Ambite JL, Cheng I, Crawford DC, Hindorff LA, Fornage M, Heiss G, North KE, Haiman CA, Peters U, Le Marchand L, Kooperberg C. Discovery, fine-mapping, and conditional analyses of genetic variants associated with C-reactive protein in multiethnic populations using the Metabochip in the Population Architecture using Genomics and Epidemiology (PAGE) study. Hum Mol Genet 2018; 27:2940-2953. [PMID: 29878111 PMCID: PMC6077792 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddy211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Revised: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
C-reactive protein (CRP) is a circulating biomarker indicative of systemic inflammation. We aimed to evaluate genetic associations with CRP levels among non-European-ancestry populations through discovery, fine-mapping and conditional analyses. A total of 30 503 non-European-ancestry participants from 6 studies participating in the Population Architecture using Genomics and Epidemiology study had serum high-sensitivity CRP measurements and ∼200 000 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) genotyped on the Metabochip. We evaluated the association between each SNP and log-transformed CRP levels using multivariate linear regression, with additive genetic models adjusted for age, sex, the first four principal components of genetic ancestry, and study-specific factors. Differential linkage disequilibrium patterns between race/ethnicity groups were used to fine-map regions associated with CRP levels. Conditional analyses evaluated for multiple independent signals within genetic regions. One hundred and sixty-three unique variants in 12 loci in overall or race/ethnicity-stratified Metabochip-wide scans reached a Bonferroni-corrected P-value <2.5E-7. Three loci have no (HACL1, OLFML2B) or only limited (PLA2G6) previous associations with CRP levels. Six loci had different top hits in race/ethnicity-specific versus overall analyses. Fine-mapping refined the signal in six loci, particularly in HNF1A. Conditional analyses provided evidence for secondary signals in LEPR, IL1RN and HNF1A, and for multiple independent signals in CRP and APOE. We identified novel variants and loci associated with CRP levels, generalized known CRP associations to a multiethnic study population, refined association signals at several loci and found evidence for multiple independent signals at several well-known loci. This study demonstrates the benefit of conducting inclusive genetic association studies in large multiethnic populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan M Kocarnik
- Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Institute of Translational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Melissa Richard
- Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Misa Graff
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Jeffrey Haessler
- Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Stephanie Bien
- Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Chris Carlson
- Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Alexander P Reiner
- Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Christy L Avery
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Christie M Ballantyne
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Andrea Z LaCroix
- Department of Epidemiology, University of San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | | | - Maja Barbalic
- Division of Epidemiology, Human Genetics & Environmental Sciences, The University of Texas, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Nathan Pankratz
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Weihong Tang
- Division of Epidemiology & Community Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Ran Tao
- Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Dongquan Chen
- Division of Preventive Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Gregory A Talavera
- Division of Health Promotion and Behavioral Science, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Martha L Daviglus
- Institute for Minority Health Research, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Diana A Chirinos-Medina
- Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Rocio Pereira
- Division of Endocrinology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Katie Nishimura
- Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Petra Bůžková
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Lyle G Best
- Missouri Breaks Industries Research, Inc., Eagle Butte, SD, USA
| | - José Luis Ambite
- Information Sciences Institute, University of Southern California, Marina del Rey, CA, USA
| | - Iona Cheng
- Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Dana C Crawford
- Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | | | - Myriam Fornage
- Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX, USA
- Human Genetics Center, School of Public Health, The University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Gerardo Heiss
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Kari E North
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Christopher A Haiman
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Ulrike Peters
- Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Charles Kooperberg
- Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
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24
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Mezzar S, De Schryver E, Asselberghs S, Meyhi E, Morvay PL, Baes M, Van Veldhoven PP. Phytol-induced pathology in 2-hydroxyacyl-CoA lyase (HACL1) deficient mice. Evidence for a second non-HACL1-related lyase. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2017. [PMID: 28629946 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2017.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
2-Hydroxyacyl-CoA lyase (HACL1) is a key enzyme of the peroxisomal α-oxidation of phytanic acid. To better understand its role in health and disease, a mouse model lacking HACL1 was investigated. Under normal conditions, these mice did not display a particular phenotype. However, upon dietary administration of phytol, phytanic acid accumulated in tissues, mainly in liver and serum of KO mice. As a consequence of phytanic acid (or a metabolite) toxicity, KO mice displayed a significant weight loss, absence of abdominal white adipose tissue, enlarged and mottled liver and reduced hepatic glycogen and triglycerides. In addition, hepatic PPARα was activated. The central nervous system of the phytol-treated mice was apparently not affected. In addition, 2OH-FA did not accumulate in the central nervous system of HACL1 deficient mice, likely due to the presence in the endoplasmic reticulum of an alternate HACL1-unrelated lyase. The latter may serve as a backup system in certain tissues and account for the formation of pristanic acid in the phytol-fed KO mice. As the degradation of pristanic acid is also impaired, both phytanoyl- and pristanoyl-CoA levels are increased in liver, and the ω-oxidized metabolites are excreted in urine. In conclusion, HACL1 deficiency is not associated with a severe phenotype, but in combination with phytanic acid intake, the normal situation in man, it might present with phytanic acid elevation and resemble a Refsum like disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serena Mezzar
- LIPIT, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Belgium
| | - Evelyn De Schryver
- LIPIT, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Belgium
| | - Stanny Asselberghs
- LIPIT, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Belgium
| | - Els Meyhi
- LIPIT, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Belgium
| | - Petruta L Morvay
- LIPIT, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Belgium
| | - Myriam Baes
- Laboratory for Cell Metabolism, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, Belgium
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25
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Phytosphingosine degradation pathway includes fatty acid α-oxidation reactions in the endoplasmic reticulum. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:E2616-E2623. [PMID: 28289220 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1700138114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Although normal fatty acids (FAs) are degraded via β-oxidation, unusual FAs such as 2-hydroxy (2-OH) FAs and 3-methyl-branched FAs are degraded via α-oxidation. Phytosphingosine (PHS) is one of the long-chain bases (the sphingolipid components) and exists in specific tissues, including the epidermis and small intestine in mammals. In the degradation pathway, PHS is converted to 2-OH palmitic acid and then to pentadecanoic acid (C15:0-COOH) via FA α-oxidation. However, the detailed reactions and genes involved in the α-oxidation reactions of the PHS degradation pathway have yet to be determined. In the present study, we reveal the entire PHS degradation pathway: PHS is converted to C15:0-COOH via six reactions [phosphorylation, cleavage, oxidation, CoA addition, cleavage (C1 removal), and oxidation], in which the last three reactions correspond to the α-oxidation. The aldehyde dehydrogenase ALDH3A2 catalyzes both the first and second oxidation reactions (fatty aldehydes to FAs). In Aldh3a2-deficient cells, the unmetabolized fatty aldehydes are reduced to fatty alcohols and are incorporated into ether-linked glycerolipids. We also identify HACL2 (2-hydroxyacyl-CoA lyase 2) [previous name, ILVBL; ilvB (bacterial acetolactate synthase)-like] as the major 2-OH acyl-CoA lyase involved in the cleavage (C1 removal) reaction in the FA α-oxidation of the PHS degradation pathway. HACL2 is localized in the endoplasmic reticulum. Thus, in addition to the already-known FA α-oxidation in the peroxisomes, we have revealed the existence of FA α-oxidation in the endoplasmic reticulum in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maria Daniela D'Agostino
- McGill University Department of Human Genetics and McGill University Health Center, Department of Medical Genetics, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Nancy Braverman
- McGill University Department of Human Genetics and Pediatrics, and The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
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27
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Li S, Li B, Cheng C, Xiong Z, Liu Q, Lai J, Carey HV, Zhang Q, Zheng H, Wei S, Zhang H, Chang L, Liu S, Zhang S, Yu B, Zeng X, Hou Y, Nie W, Guo Y, Chen T, Han J, Wang J, Wang J, Chen C, Liu J, Stambrook PJ, Xu M, Zhang G, Gilbert MTP, Yang H, Jarvis ED, Yu J, Yan J. Genomic signatures of near-extinction and rebirth of the crested ibis and other endangered bird species. Genome Biol 2015; 15:557. [PMID: 25496777 PMCID: PMC4290368 DOI: 10.1186/s13059-014-0557-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Nearly one-quarter of all avian species is either threatened or nearly threatened. Of these, 73 species are currently being rescued from going extinct in wildlife sanctuaries. One of the previously most critically-endangered is the crested ibis, Nipponia nippon. Once widespread across North-East Asia, by 1981 only seven individuals from two breeding pairs remained in the wild. The recovering crested ibis populations thus provide an excellent example for conservation genomics since every individual bird has been recruited for genomic and demographic studies. Results Using high-quality genome sequences of multiple crested ibis individuals, its thriving co-habitant, the little egret, Egretta garzetta, and the recently sequenced genomes of 41 other avian species that are under various degrees of survival threats, including the bald eagle, we carry out comparative analyses for genomic signatures of near extinction events in association with environmental and behavioral attributes of species. We confirm that both loss of genetic diversity and enrichment of deleterious mutations of protein-coding genes contribute to the major genetic defects of the endangered species. We further identify that genetic inbreeding and loss-of-function genes in the crested ibis may all constitute genetic susceptibility to other factors including long-term climate change, over-hunting, and agrochemical overuse. We also establish a genome-wide DNA identification platform for molecular breeding and conservation practices, to facilitate sustainable recovery of endangered species. Conclusions These findings demonstrate common genomic signatures of population decline across avian species and pave a way for further effort in saving endangered species and enhancing conservation genomic efforts. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13059-014-0557-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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28
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Wanders RJA, Ferdinandusse S, Ebberink MS, Waterham HR. Phytanoyl-CoA Hydroxylase: A 2-Oxoglutarate-Dependent Dioxygenase Crucial for Fatty Acid Alpha-Oxidation in Humans. 2-OXOGLUTARATE-DEPENDENT OXYGENASES 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/9781782621959-00338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Phytanoyl-CoA hydroxylase belongs to the family of 2-oxoglutarate-dependent dioxygenases and plays a crucial role in the α-oxidation of fatty acids. The complete α-oxidation pathway involves five different enzymes localized in peroxisomes. Thus far, phytanoyl-CoA hydroxylase deficiency has remained the only genetically determined inborn error of metabolism affecting the α-oxidation pathway. In this chapter we describe the current state of knowledge on fatty acid α-oxidation with special emphasis on phytanoyl-CoA hydroxylase and its deficiency in Refsum disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald J. A. Wanders
- Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Departments of Paediatrics, Emma Children’s Hospital, and Clinical Chemistry, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam Meibergdreef 9 1105 AZ Amsterdam the Netherlands
| | - Sacha Ferdinandusse
- Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Departments of Paediatrics, Emma Children’s Hospital, and Clinical Chemistry, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam Meibergdreef 9 1105 AZ Amsterdam the Netherlands
| | - Merel S. Ebberink
- Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Departments of Paediatrics, Emma Children’s Hospital, and Clinical Chemistry, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam Meibergdreef 9 1105 AZ Amsterdam the Netherlands
| | - Hans R. Waterham
- Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Departments of Paediatrics, Emma Children’s Hospital, and Clinical Chemistry, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam Meibergdreef 9 1105 AZ Amsterdam the Netherlands
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29
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Involvement of Organic Cation Transporters in the Clearance and Milk Secretion of Thiamine in Mice. Pharm Res 2015; 32:2192-204. [DOI: 10.1007/s11095-014-1608-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2014] [Accepted: 12/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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30
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Gabriel F, Accoceberry I, Bessoule JJ, Salin B, Lucas-Guérin M, Manon S, Dementhon K, Noël T. A Fox2-dependent fatty acid ß-oxidation pathway coexists both in peroxisomes and mitochondria of the ascomycete yeast Candida lusitaniae. PLoS One 2014; 9:e114531. [PMID: 25486052 PMCID: PMC4259357 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0114531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2014] [Accepted: 11/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
It is generally admitted that the ascomycete yeasts of the subphylum Saccharomycotina possess a single fatty acid ß-oxidation pathway located exclusively in peroxisomes, and that they lost mitochondrial ß-oxidation early during evolution. In this work, we showed that mutants of the opportunistic pathogenic yeast Candida lusitaniae which lack the multifunctional enzyme Fox2p, a key enzyme of the ß-oxidation pathway, were still able to grow on fatty acids as the sole carbon source, suggesting that C. lusitaniae harbored an alternative pathway for fatty acid catabolism. By assaying 14Cα-palmitoyl-CoA consumption, we demonstrated that fatty acid catabolism takes place in both peroxisomal and mitochondrial subcellular fractions. We then observed that a fox2Δ null mutant was unable to catabolize fatty acids in the mitochondrial fraction, thus indicating that the mitochondrial pathway was Fox2p-dependent. This finding was confirmed by the immunodetection of Fox2p in protein extracts obtained from purified peroxisomal and mitochondrial fractions. Finally, immunoelectron microscopy provided evidence that Fox2p was localized in both peroxisomes and mitochondria. This work constitutes the first demonstration of the existence of a Fox2p-dependent mitochondrial β-oxidation pathway in an ascomycetous yeast, C. lusitaniae. It also points to the existence of an alternative fatty acid catabolism pathway, probably located in peroxisomes, and functioning in a Fox2p-independent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frédéric Gabriel
- Univ. Bordeaux, Microbiologie Fondamentale et Pathogénicité, UMR 5234, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
- CNRS, Microbiologie Fondamentale et Pathogénicité, UMR 5234, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Isabelle Accoceberry
- Univ. Bordeaux, Microbiologie Fondamentale et Pathogénicité, UMR 5234, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
- CNRS, Microbiologie Fondamentale et Pathogénicité, UMR 5234, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Jean-Jacques Bessoule
- Univ. Bordeaux, Laboratoire de Biogenèse Membranaire, UMR 5200, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
- CNRS, Laboratoire de Biogenèse Membranaire, UMR 5200, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Bénédicte Salin
- Univ. Bordeaux, Institut de Biochimie et Génétique Cellulaires, UMR 5095, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
- CNRS, Institut de Biochimie et Génétique Cellulaires, UMR 5095, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Marine Lucas-Guérin
- Univ. Bordeaux, Microbiologie Fondamentale et Pathogénicité, UMR 5234, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
- CNRS, Microbiologie Fondamentale et Pathogénicité, UMR 5234, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Stephen Manon
- Univ. Bordeaux, Institut de Biochimie et Génétique Cellulaires, UMR 5095, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
- CNRS, Institut de Biochimie et Génétique Cellulaires, UMR 5095, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Karine Dementhon
- Univ. Bordeaux, Microbiologie Fondamentale et Pathogénicité, UMR 5234, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
- CNRS, Microbiologie Fondamentale et Pathogénicité, UMR 5234, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Thierry Noël
- Univ. Bordeaux, Microbiologie Fondamentale et Pathogénicité, UMR 5234, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
- CNRS, Microbiologie Fondamentale et Pathogénicité, UMR 5234, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
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Vernau K, Napoli E, Wong S, Ross-Inta C, Cameron J, Bannasch D, Bollen A, Dickinson P, Giulivi C. Thiamine Deficiency-Mediated Brain Mitochondrial Pathology in Alaskan Huskies with Mutation in SLC19A3.1. Brain Pathol 2014; 25:441-53. [PMID: 25117056 DOI: 10.1111/bpa.12188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2014] [Accepted: 08/05/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Alaskan Husky encephalopathy (AHE(1) ) is a fatal brain disease associated with a mutation in SLC19A3.1 (c.624insTTGC, c.625C>A). This gene encodes for a thiamine transporter 2 with a predominately (CNS) central nervous system distribution. Considering that brain is particularly vulnerable to thiamine deficiency because of its reliance on thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP)-dependent metabolic pathways involved in energy metabolism and neurotransmitter synthesis, we characterized the impact of this mutation on thiamine status, brain bioenergetics and the contribution of oxidative stress to this phenotype. In silico modeling of the mutated transporter indicated a significant loss of alpha-helices resulting in a more open protein structure suggesting an impaired thiamine transport ability. The cerebral cortex and thalamus of affected dogs were severely deficient in TPP-dependent enzymes accompanied by decreases in mitochondrial mass and oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) capacity, and increases in oxidative stress. These results along with the behavioral and pathological findings indicate that the phenotype associated with AHE is consistent with a brain-specific thiamine deficiency, leading to brain mitochondrial dysfunction and increased oxidative stress. While some of the biochemical deficits, neurobehavior and affected brain areas in AHE were shared by Wernicke's and Korsakoff's syndromes, several differences were noted likely arising from a tissue-specific vs. that from a whole-body thiamine deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Vernau
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, University of California Davis, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Eleonora Napoli
- Molecular Biosciences, University of California Davis, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sarah Wong
- Molecular Biosciences, University of California Davis, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Catherine Ross-Inta
- Molecular Biosciences, University of California Davis, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jessie Cameron
- Department of Genetics and Genome Biology, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Danika Bannasch
- Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA
| | - Andrew Bollen
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California San Francisco
| | - Peter Dickinson
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, University of California Davis, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Cecilia Giulivi
- Molecular Biosciences, University of California Davis, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Medical Investigation of Neurodevelopmental Disorders (MIND) Institute, Sacramento, CA
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Mezzar S, de Schryver E, Van Veldhoven PP. RP-HPLC-fluorescence analysis of aliphatic aldehydes: application to aldehyde-generating enzymes HACL1 and SGPL1. J Lipid Res 2013; 55:573-82. [PMID: 24323699 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.d044230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Long-chain aldehydes are commonly produced in various processes, such as peroxisomal α-oxidation of long-chain 3-methyl-branched and 2-hydroxy fatty acids and microsomal breakdown of phosphorylated sphingoid bases. The enzymes involved in the aldehyde-generating steps of these processes are 2-hydroxyacyl-CoA lyase (HACL1) and sphingosine-1-phosphate lyase (SGPL1), respectively. In the present work, nonradioactive assays for these enzymes were developed employing the Hantzsch reaction. Tridecanal (C13-al) and heptadecanal (C17-al) were selected as model compounds and cyclohexane-1,3-dione as 1,3-diketone, and the fluorescent derivatives were analyzed by reversed phase (RP)-HPLC. Assay mixture composition, as well as pH and heating, were optimized for C13-al and C17-al. Under optimized conditions, these aldehydes could be quantified in picomolar range and different long-chain aldehyde derivatives were well resolved with a linear gradient elution by RP-HPLC. Aldehydes generated by recombinant enzymes could easily be detected via this method. Moreover, the assay allowed to document activity or deficiency in tissue homogenates and fibroblast lysates without an extraction step. In conclusion, a simple, quick, and cheap assay for the study of HACL1 and SGPL1 activities was developed, without relying on expensive mass spectrometric detectors or radioactive substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serena Mezzar
- Department Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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Gerdes S, Lerma-Ortiz C, Frelin O, Seaver SMD, Henry CS, de Crécy-Lagard V, Hanson AD. Plant B vitamin pathways and their compartmentation: a guide for the perplexed. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2012; 63:5379-95. [PMID: 22915736 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ers208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The B vitamins and the cofactors derived from them are essential for life. B vitamin synthesis in plants is consequently as crucial to plants themselves as it is to humans and animals, whose B vitamin nutrition depends largely on plants. The synthesis and salvage pathways for the seven plant B vitamins are now broadly known, but certain enzymes and many transporters have yet to be identified, and the subcellular locations of various reactions are unclear. Although very substantial, what is not known about plant B vitamin pathways is regrettably difficult to discern from the literature or from biochemical pathway databases. Nor do databases accurately represent all that is known about B vitamin pathways-above all their compartmentation-because the facts are scattered throughout the literature, and thus hard to piece together. These problems (i) deter discoveries because newcomers to B vitamins cannot see which mysteries still need solving; and (ii) impede metabolic reconstruction and modelling of B vitamin pathways because genes for reactions or transport steps are missing. This review therefore takes a fresh approach to capture current knowledge of B vitamin pathways in plants. The synthesis pathways, key salvage routes, and their subcellular compartmentation are surveyed in depth, and encoded in the SEED database (http://pubseed.theseed.org/seedviewer.cgi?page=PlantGateway) for Arabidopsis and maize. The review itself and the encoded pathways specifically identify enigmatic or missing reactions, enzymes, and transporters. The SEED-encoded B vitamin pathway collection is a publicly available, expertly curated, one-stop resource for metabolic reconstruction and modeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svetlana Gerdes
- Mathematics and Computer Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Argonne, IL 60439 USA
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Frelin O, Agrimi G, Laera VL, Castegna A, Richardson LGL, Mullen RT, Lerma-Ortiz C, Palmieri F, Hanson AD. Identification of mitochondrial thiamin diphosphate carriers from Arabidopsis and maize. Funct Integr Genomics 2012; 12:317-26. [DOI: 10.1007/s10142-012-0273-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2012] [Revised: 02/17/2012] [Accepted: 03/02/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Ganot P, Moya A, Magnone V, Allemand D, Furla P, Sabourault C. Adaptations to endosymbiosis in a cnidarian-dinoflagellate association: differential gene expression and specific gene duplications. PLoS Genet 2011; 7:e1002187. [PMID: 21811417 PMCID: PMC3141003 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1002187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2010] [Accepted: 06/01/2011] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Trophic endosymbiosis between anthozoans and photosynthetic dinoflagellates forms the key foundation of reef ecosystems. Dysfunction and collapse of symbiosis lead to bleaching (symbiont expulsion), which is responsible for the severe worldwide decline of coral reefs. Molecular signals are central to the stability of this partnership and are therefore closely related to coral health. To decipher inter-partner signaling, we developed genomic resources (cDNA library and microarrays) from the symbiotic sea anemone Anemonia viridis. Here we describe differential expression between symbiotic (also called zooxanthellate anemones) or aposymbiotic (also called bleached) A. viridis specimens, using microarray hybridizations and qPCR experiments. We mapped, for the first time, transcript abundance separately in the epidermal cell layer and the gastrodermal cells that host photosynthetic symbionts. Transcriptomic profiles showed large inter-individual variability, indicating that aposymbiosis could be induced by different pathways. We defined a restricted subset of 39 common genes that are characteristic of the symbiotic or aposymbiotic states. We demonstrated that transcription of many genes belonging to this set is specifically enhanced in the symbiotic cells (gastroderm). A model is proposed where the aposymbiotic and therefore heterotrophic state triggers vesicular trafficking, whereas the symbiotic and therefore autotrophic state favors metabolic exchanges between host and symbiont. Several genetic pathways were investigated in more detail: i) a key vitamin K-dependant process involved in the dinoflagellate-cnidarian recognition; ii) two cnidarian tissue-specific carbonic anhydrases involved in the carbon transfer from the environment to the intracellular symbionts; iii) host collagen synthesis, mostly supported by the symbiotic tissue. Further, we identified specific gene duplications and showed that the cnidarian-specific isoform was also up-regulated both in the symbiotic state and in the gastroderm. Our results thus offer new insight into the inter-partner signaling required for the physiological mechanisms of the symbiosis that is crucial for coral health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Ganot
- Université de Nice-Sophia-Antipolis, Nice, France
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Roscoff, France
- UMR7138 Systématique, Adaptation, Evolution, Nice, France
| | - Aurélie Moya
- Université de Nice-Sophia-Antipolis, Nice, France
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Roscoff, France
- UMR7138 Systématique, Adaptation, Evolution, Nice, France
| | - Virginie Magnone
- Université de Nice-Sophia-Antipolis, Nice, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Roscoff, France
- Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, UMR 6097, Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Denis Allemand
- Université de Nice-Sophia-Antipolis, Nice, France
- Centre Scientifique de Monaco, Monaco, Monaco
| | - Paola Furla
- Université de Nice-Sophia-Antipolis, Nice, France
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Roscoff, France
- UMR7138 Systématique, Adaptation, Evolution, Nice, France
| | - Cécile Sabourault
- Université de Nice-Sophia-Antipolis, Nice, France
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Roscoff, France
- UMR7138 Systématique, Adaptation, Evolution, Nice, France
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Role of thiamine pyrophosphate in oligomerisation, functioning and import of peroxisomal 2-hydroxyacyl-CoA lyase. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2011; 1814:1226-33. [PMID: 21708296 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2011.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2010] [Revised: 05/26/2011] [Accepted: 06/10/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
During peroxisomal α-oxidation, the CoA-esters of phytanic acid and 2-hydroxylated straight chain fatty acids are cleaved into a (n-1) fatty aldehyde and formyl-CoA by 2-hydroxyacyl-CoA lyase (HACL1). HACL1 is imported into peroxisomes via the PEX5/PTS1 pathway, and so far, it is the only known peroxisomal TPP-dependent enzyme in mammals. In this study, the effect of mutations in the TPP-binding domain of HACL1 on enzyme activity, subcellular localisation and oligomerisation was investigated. Mutations of the aspartate 455 and serine 456 residues within the TPP binding domain of the human HACL1 did not affect the targeting upon expression in transfected CHO cells, although enzyme activity was abolished. Gel filtration of native and mutated N-His(6)-fusions, expressed in yeast, revealed that the mutations did not influence the oligomerisation of the (apo)enzyme. Subcellular fractionation of yeast cells expressing HACL1 showed that the lyase activity sedimented at high density in a Nycodenz gradient. In these fractions TPP could be measured, but not when mutated HACL1 was expressed, although the recombinant enzyme was still targeted to peroxisomes. These findings indicate that the binding of TPP is not required for peroxisomal targeting and correct folding of HACL1, in contrast to other TPP-dependent enzymes, and suggest that transport of TPP into peroxisomes is dependent on HACL1 import, without requirement of a specific solute transporter.
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Wanders RJA, Komen J, Ferdinandusse S. Phytanic acid metabolism in health and disease. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2011; 1811:498-507. [PMID: 21683154 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2011.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2011] [Revised: 05/25/2011] [Accepted: 06/01/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Phytanic acid (3,7,11,15-tetramethylhexadecanoic acid) is a branched-chain fatty acid which cannot be beta-oxidized due to the presence of the first methyl group at the 3-position. Instead, phytanic acid undergoes alpha-oxidation to produce pristanic acid (2,6,10,14-tetramethylpentadecanoic acid) plus CO(2). Pristanic acid is a 2-methyl branched-chain fatty acid which can undergo beta-oxidation via sequential cycles of beta-oxidation in peroxisomes and mitochondria. The mechanism of alpha-oxidation has been resolved in recent years as reviewed in this paper, although some of the individual enzymatic steps remain to be identified. Furthermore, much has been learned in recent years about the permeability properties of the peroxisomal membrane with important consequences for the alpha-oxidation process. Finally, we present new data on the omega-oxidation of phytanic acid making use of a recently generated mouse model for Refsum disease in which the gene encoding phytanoyl-CoA 2-hydroxylase has been disrupted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald J A Wanders
- Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Departments of Clinical Chemistry and Pediatrics, Emma Children's Hospital, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Van Veldhoven PP. Biochemistry and genetics of inherited disorders of peroxisomal fatty acid metabolism. J Lipid Res 2010; 51:2863-95. [PMID: 20558530 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.r005959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 247] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In humans, peroxisomes harbor a complex set of enzymes acting on various lipophilic carboxylic acids, organized in two basic pathways, alpha-oxidation and beta-oxidation; the latter pathway can also handle omega-oxidized compounds. Some oxidation products are crucial to human health (primary bile acids and polyunsaturated FAs), whereas other substrates have to be degraded in order to avoid neuropathology at a later age (very long-chain FAs and xenobiotic phytanic acid and pristanic acid). Whereas total absence of peroxisomes is lethal, single peroxisomal protein deficiencies can present with a mild or severe phenotype and are more informative to understand the pathogenic factors. The currently known single protein deficiencies equal about one-fourth of the number of proteins involved in peroxisomal FA metabolism. The biochemical properties of these proteins are highlighted, followed by an overview of the known diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul P Van Veldhoven
- Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Department of Molecular Cell Biology, LIPIT, Campus Gasthuisberg, Herestraat, Leuven, Belgium.
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Liu P, O'Mara BW, Warrack BM, Wu W, Huang Y, Zhang Y, Zhao R, Lin M, Ackerman MS, Hocknell PK, Chen G, Tao L, Rieble S, Wang J, Wang-Iverson DB, Tymiak AA, Grace MJ, Russell RJ. A tris (2-carboxyethyl) phosphine (TCEP) related cleavage on cysteine-containing proteins. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2010; 21:837-844. [PMID: 20189823 DOI: 10.1016/j.jasms.2010.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2009] [Revised: 01/13/2010] [Accepted: 01/14/2010] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Introduced in the late 1980s as a reducing reagent, Tris (2-carboxyethyl) phosphine (TCEP) has now become one of the most widely used protein reductants. To date, only a few studies on its side reactions have been published. We report the observation of a side reaction that cleaves protein backbones under mild conditions by fracturing the cysteine residues, thus generating heterogeneous peptides containing different moieties from the fractured cysteine. The peptide products were analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS). Peptides with a primary amine and a carboxylic acid as termini were observed, and others were found to contain amidated or formamidated carboxy termini, or formylated or glyoxylic amino termini. Formamidation of the carboxy terminus and the formation of glyoxylic amino terminus were unexpected reactions since both involve breaking of carbon-carbon bonds in cysteine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peiran Liu
- Department of Biologics Product and Process Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Technical Operations, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, USA
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Spiegel R, Shaag A, Edvardson S, Mandel H, Stepensky P, Shalev SA, Horovitz Y, Pines O, Elpeleg O. SLC25A19mutation as a cause of neuropathy and bilateral striatal necrosis. Ann Neurol 2009; 66:419-24. [DOI: 10.1002/ana.21752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Wild birds of declining European species are dying from a thiamine deficiency syndrome. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2009; 106:12001-6. [PMID: 19597145 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0902903106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Wild birds of several species are dying in large numbers from an idiopathic paralytic disease in the Baltic Sea area. Here, we demonstrate strong relationships between this disease, breeding failure, and thiamine (vitamin B(1)) deficiency in eggs, pulli, and full-grown individuals. Thiamine is essential for vertebrates, and its diphosphorylated form functions as a cofactor for several life sustaining enzymes, whereas the triphosphorylated form is necessary for the functioning of neuronal membranes. Paralyzed individuals were remedied by thiamine treatment. Moreover, thiamine deficiency and detrimental effects on thiamine-dependent enzymes were demonstrated in the yolk, liver, and brain. We propose that the mortality and breeding failure are part of a thiamine deficiency syndrome, which may have contributed significantly to declines in many bird populations during the last decades.
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Makarchikov AF. Vitamin B1: Metabolism and functions. BIOCHEMISTRY MOSCOW-SUPPLEMENT SERIES B-BIOMEDICAL CHEMISTRY 2009. [DOI: 10.1134/s1990750809020024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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The role of 2-hydroxyacyl-CoA lyase, a thiamin pyrophosphate-dependent enzyme, in the peroxisomal metabolism of 3-methyl-branched fatty acids and 2-hydroxy straight-chain fatty acids. Biochem Soc Trans 2008; 35:876-80. [PMID: 17956236 DOI: 10.1042/bst0350876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
2-Hydroxyphytanoyl-CoA lyase (abbreviated as 2-HPCL), renamed to 2-hydroxyacyl-CoA lyase (abbreviated as HACL1), is the first peroxisomal enzyme in mammals that has been found to be dependent on TPP (thiamin pyrophosphate). It was discovered in 1999, when studying alpha-oxidation of phytanic acid. HACL1 has an important role in at least two pathways: (i) the degradation of 3-methyl-branched fatty acids like phytanic acid and (ii) the shortening of 2-hydroxy long-chain fatty acids. In both cases, HACL1 catalyses the cleavage step, which involves the splitting of a carbon-carbon bond between the first and second carbon atom in a 2-hydroxyacyl-CoA intermediate leading to the production of an (n-1) aldehyde and formyl-CoA. The latter is rapidly converted into formate and subsequently to CO(2). HACL1 is a homotetramer and has a PTS (peroxisomal targeting signal) at the C-terminal side (PTS1). No deficiency of HACL1 has been described yet in human, but thiamin deficiency might affect its activity.
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Mi J, Garcia-Arcos I, Alvarez R, Cristobal S. Age-related subproteomic analysis of mouse liver and kidney peroxisomes. Proteome Sci 2007; 5:19. [PMID: 18042274 PMCID: PMC2231346 DOI: 10.1186/1477-5956-5-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2007] [Accepted: 11/27/2007] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite major recent advances in the understanding of peroxisomal functions and how peroxisomes arise, only scant information is available regarding this organelle in cellular aging. The aim of this study was to characterize the changes in the protein expression profile of aged versus young liver and kidney peroxisome-enriched fractions from mouse and to suggest possible mechanisms underlying peroxisomal aging. Peroxisome-enriched fractions from 10 weeks, 18 months and 24 months C57bl/6J mice were analyzed by quantitative proteomics. RESULTS Peroxisomal proteins were enriched by differential and density gradient centrifugation and proteins were separated by two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE), quantified and identified by mass spectrometry (MS). In total, sixty-five proteins were identified in both tissues. Among them, 14 proteins were differentially expressed in liver and 21 proteins in kidney. The eight proteins differentially expressed in both tissues were involved in beta-oxidation, alpha-oxidation, isoprenoid biosynthesis, amino acid metabolism, and stress response. Quantitative proteomics, clustering methods, and prediction of transcription factors, all indicated that there is a decline in protein expression at 18 months and a recovery at 24 months. CONCLUSION These results indicate that some peroxisomal proteins show a tissue-specific functional response to aging. This response is probably dependent on their differential regeneration capacity. The differentially expressed proteins could lead several cellular effects: such as alteration of fatty acid metabolism that could alert membrane protein functions, increase of the oxidative stress and contribute to decline in bile salt synthesis. The ability to detect age-related variations in the peroxisomal proteome can help in the search for reliable and valid aging biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Mi
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Biomedical Center, Box 596, Uppsala University, SE-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Itsaso Garcia-Arcos
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Biomedical Center, Box 596, Uppsala University, SE-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ruben Alvarez
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, The Arrhenius Laboratories for Natural Sciences, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Susana Cristobal
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Biomedical Center, Box 596, Uppsala University, SE-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, The Arrhenius Laboratories for Natural Sciences, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
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Abstract
In the present paper, we describe the current state of knowledge regarding the enzymology of the phytanic acid α-oxidation pathway. The product of phytanic acid α-oxidation, i.e. pristanic acid, undergoes three cycles of β-oxidation in peroxisomes after which the products, including 4,8-dimethylnonanoyl-CoA, propionyl-CoA and acetyl-CoA, are exported from the peroxisome via one of two routes, including (i) the carnitine-dependent route, mediated by CRAT (carnitine acetyltransferase) and CROT (carnitine O-octanoyltransferase), and (ii) the free acid route, mediated by one or more of the peroxisomal ACOTs (acyl-CoA thioesterases). We also describe our recent data on the ω-oxidation of phytanic acid, especially since pharmacological up-regulation of this pathway may form the basis of a new treatment strategy for ARD (adult Refsum's disease). In patients suffering from ARD, phytanic acid accumulates in tissues and body fluids due to a defect in the α-oxidation system.
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Westin MAK, Hunt MC, Alexson SEH. Peroxisomes contain a specific phytanoyl-CoA/pristanoyl-CoA thioesterase acting as a novel auxiliary enzyme in alpha- and beta-oxidation of methyl-branched fatty acids in mouse. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:26707-26716. [PMID: 17613526 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m703718200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Phytanic acid and pristanic acid are derived from phytol, which enter the body via the diet. Phytanic acid contains a methyl group in position three and, therefore, cannot undergo beta-oxidation directly but instead must first undergo alpha-oxidation to pristanic acid, which then enters beta-oxidation. Both these pathways occur in peroxisomes, and in this study we have identified a novel peroxisomal acyl-CoA thioesterase named ACOT6, which we show is specifically involved in phytanic acid and pristanic acid metabolism. Sequence analysis of ACOT6 revealed a putative peroxisomal targeting signal at the C-terminal end, and cellular localization experiments verified it as a peroxisomal enzyme. Subcellular fractionation experiments showed that peroxisomes contain by far the highest phytanoyl-CoA/pristanoyl-CoA thioesterase activity in the cell, which could be almost completely immunoprecipitated using an ACOT6 antibody. Acot6 mRNA was mainly expressed in white adipose tissue and was co-expressed in tissues with Acox3 (the pristanoyl-CoA oxidase). Furthermore, Acot6 was identified as a target gene of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARalpha) and is up-regulated in mouse liver in a PPARalpha-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria A K Westin
- From the Karolinska Institutet, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Clinical Chemistry, C1-74, Karolinska University Hospital at Huddinge, SE-141 86 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mary C Hunt
- From the Karolinska Institutet, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Clinical Chemistry, C1-74, Karolinska University Hospital at Huddinge, SE-141 86 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Stefan E H Alexson
- From the Karolinska Institutet, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Clinical Chemistry, C1-74, Karolinska University Hospital at Huddinge, SE-141 86 Stockholm, Sweden.
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Presence of thiamine pyrophosphate in mammalian peroxisomes. BMC BIOCHEMISTRY 2007; 8:10. [PMID: 17596263 PMCID: PMC1913525 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2091-8-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2007] [Accepted: 06/27/2007] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Background Thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP) is a cofactor for 2-hydroxyacyl-CoA lyase 1 (HACL1), a peroxisomal enzyme essential for the α-oxidation of phytanic acid and 2-hydroxy straight chain fatty acids. So far, HACL1 is the only known peroxisomal TPP-dependent enzyme in mammals. Little is known about the transport of metabolites and cofactors across the peroxisomal membrane and no peroxisomal thiamine or TPP carrier has been identified in mammals yet. This study was undertaken to get a better insight into these issues and to shed light on the role of TPP in peroxisomal metabolism. Results Because of the crucial role of the cofactor TPP, we reanalyzed its subcellular localization in rat liver. In addition to the known mitochondrial and cytosolic pools, we demonstrated, for the first time, that peroxisomes contain TPP (177 ± 2 pmol/mg protein). Subsequently, we verified whether TPP could be synthesized from its precursor thiamine, in situ, by a peroxisomal thiamine pyrophosphokinase (TPK). However, TPK activity was exclusively recovered in the cytosol. Conclusion Our results clearly indicate that mammalian peroxisomes do contain TPP but that no pyrophosphorylation of thiamine occurs in these organelles, implying that thiamine must enter the peroxisome already pyrophosphorylated. Consequently, TPP entry may depend on a specific transport system or, in a bound form, on HACL1 translocation.
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Ashibe B, Hirai T, Higashi K, Sekimizu K, Motojima K. Dual subcellular localization in the endoplasmic reticulum and peroxisomes and a vital role in protecting against oxidative stress of fatty aldehyde dehydrogenase are achieved by alternative splicing. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:20763-73. [PMID: 17510064 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m611853200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Fatty aldehyde dehydrogenase (FALDH, ALDH3A2) is thought to be involved in the degradation of phytanic acid, a saturated branched chain fatty acid derived from chlorophyll. However, the identity, subcellular distribution, and physiological roles of FALDH are unclear because several variants produced by alternative splicing are present in varying amounts at different subcellular locations. Subcellular fractionation experiments do not provide a clear-cut conclusion because of the incomplete separation of organelles. We established human cell lines heterologously expressing mouse FALDH from each cDNA without tagging under the control of an inducible promoter and detected the variant FALDH proteins using a mouse FALDH-specific antibody. One variant, FALDH-V, was exclusively detected in peroxisomal membranes. Human FALDH-V with an amino-terminal Myc sequence also localized to peroxisomes. The most dominant form, FALDH-N, and other variants examined, however, were distributed in the endoplasmic reticulum. A gas chromatography-mass spectrometry-based analysis of metabolites in FALDH-expressing cells incubated with phytol or phytanic acid showed that FALDH-V, not FALDH-N, is the key aldehyde dehydrogenase in the degradation pathway and that it protects peroxisomes from oxidative stress. In contrast, both FALDHs had a protective effect against oxidative stress induced by a model aldehyde for lipid peroxidation, dodecanal. These results suggest that FALDH variants are produced by alternative splicing and share an important role in protecting against oxidative stress in an organelle-specific manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bunichiro Ashibe
- Department of Biochemistry, Meiji Pharmaceutical University, Noshio 2-522-1, Kiyose, Tokyo 204-8588, Japan
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Abstract
In this review, we describe the current state of knowledge about the biochemistry of mammalian peroxisomes, especially human peroxisomes. The identification and characterization of yeast mutants defective either in the biogenesis of peroxisomes or in one of its metabolic functions, notably fatty acid beta-oxidation, combined with the recognition of a group of genetic diseases in man, wherein these processes are also defective, have provided new insights in all aspects of peroxisomes. As a result of these and other studies, the indispensable role of peroxisomes in multiple metabolic pathways has been clarified, and many of the enzymes involved in these pathways have been characterized, purified, and cloned. One aspect of peroxisomes, which has remained ill defined, is the transport of metabolites across the peroxisomal membrane. Although it is clear that mammalian peroxisomes under in vivo conditions are closed structures, which require the active presence of metabolite transporter proteins, much remains to be learned about the permeability properties of mammalian peroxisomes and the role of the four half ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters therein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald J A Wanders
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Pediatrics, Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Disease, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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