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Sheibak N, Zandieh Z, Amjadi F, Aflatoonian R. How sperm protects itself: A journey in the female reproductive system. J Reprod Immunol 2024; 163:104222. [PMID: 38489929 DOI: 10.1016/j.jri.2024.104222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2023] [Revised: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 02/25/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
Sperm must pass a complex route in the female reproductive tract (FRT) to reach the fertilization site and join the oocyte. Thus, it should employ several mechanisms to survive against the female immune system, fertilize the oocyte, and successfully transmit paternal genes to the next generation. In addition to self-protection, sperm may be involved in the immune tolerance to the developing embryo and regulating the FRT for embryo implantation and subsequent pregnancy. Hence, this review intends to summarize the mechanisms that protect sperm in the FRT: including immunomodulatory factors that are carried by seminal plasma, cell-to-cell and molecular interaction of sperm with epithelial and immune cells of the FRT, high regulated secretions of inflammatory factors such as cytokines, chemokines, and growth factors, inducing immune tolerance to paternal antigens, and specialized expression of cell receptors and binding proteins. In most of these events sperm induces the FRT to protect itself by modulating immune responses for its own benefit. However, not all sperm in the semen are able to trigger the survival mechanisms and only high-quality sperm will overcome this challenge. A clear understanding of the molecular mechanisms that maintain sperm viability and function in the FRT can lead to new knowledge about infertility etiology and a new approach in assisted reproductive technologies for the preparation and selection of the best sperm based on the criteria that physiologically happen in-vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Sheibak
- Reproductive Sciences and Technology Research Center, Department of Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Zandieh
- Reproductive Sciences and Technology Research Center, Department of Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Shahid Akbarabadi Clinical Research Development Unit (ShACRDU), Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemehsadat Amjadi
- Reproductive Sciences and Technology Research Center, Department of Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Shahid Akbarabadi Clinical Research Development Unit (ShACRDU), Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Reza Aflatoonian
- Department of Endocrinology and Female Infertility, Reproductive Biomedicine Research Center, Royan Institute for Reproductive Biomedicine, ACECR, Tehran, Iran.
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2
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Azimi FC, Dean TT, Minari K, Basso LGM, Vance TDR, Serrão VHB. A Frame-by-Frame Glance at Membrane Fusion Mechanisms: From Viral Infections to Fertilization. Biomolecules 2023; 13:1130. [PMID: 37509166 PMCID: PMC10377500 DOI: 10.3390/biom13071130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Revised: 07/09/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Viral entry and fertilization are distinct biological processes that share a common mechanism: membrane fusion. In viral entry, enveloped viruses attach to the host cell membrane, triggering a series of conformational changes in the viral fusion proteins. This results in the exposure of a hydrophobic fusion peptide, which inserts into the host membrane and brings the viral and host membranes into close proximity. Subsequent structural rearrangements in opposing membranes lead to their fusion. Similarly, membrane fusion occurs when gametes merge during the fertilization process, though the exact mechanism remains unclear. Structural biology has played a pivotal role in elucidating the molecular mechanisms underlying membrane fusion. High-resolution structures of the viral and fertilization fusion-related proteins have provided valuable insights into the conformational changes that occur during this process. Understanding these mechanisms at a molecular level is essential for the development of antiviral therapeutics and tools to influence fertility. In this review, we will highlight the biological importance of membrane fusion and how protein structures have helped visualize both common elements and subtle divergences in the mechanisms behind fusion; in addition, we will examine the new tools that recent advances in structural biology provide researchers interested in a frame-by-frame understanding of membrane fusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farshad C. Azimi
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada;
| | - Trevor T. Dean
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA;
| | - Karine Minari
- Biomolecular Cryo-Electron Microscopy Facility, University of California-Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA;
| | - Luis G. M. Basso
- Laboratório de Ciências Físicas, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Campos dos Goytacazes, Rio de Janeiro 28013-602, Brazil;
| | - Tyler D. R. Vance
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada;
| | - Vitor Hugo B. Serrão
- Biomolecular Cryo-Electron Microscopy Facility, University of California-Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA;
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California-Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
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3
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Zhang J, Kanoatov M, Jarvi K, Gauthier-Fisher A, Moskovtsev SI, Librach C, Drabovich AP. Germ cell-specific proteins AKAP4 and ASPX facilitate identification of rare spermatozoa in non-obstructive azoospermia. Mol Cell Proteomics 2023; 22:100556. [PMID: 37087050 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcpro.2023.100556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/16/2023] [Indexed: 04/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-obstructive azoospermia (NOA), the most severe form of male infertility, could be treated with intra-cytoplasmic sperm injection, providing spermatozoa were retrieved with the microdissection testicular sperm extraction (mTESE). We hypothesized that testis- and germ cell-specific proteins would facilitate flow cytometry-assisted identification of rare spermatozoa in semen cell pellets of NOA patients, thus enabling non-invasive diagnostics prior to mTESE. Data mining, targeted proteomics, and immunofluorescent microscopy identified and verified a panel of highly testis-specific proteins expressed at the continuum of germ cell differentiation. Late germ cell-specific proteins AKAP4_HUMAN and ASPX_HUMAN (ACRV1 gene) revealed exclusive localization in spermatozoa tails and acrosomes, respectively. A multiplex imaging flow cytometry assay facilitated fast and unambiguous identification of rare but morphologically intact AKAP4+/ASPX+/Hoechst+ spermatozoa within debris-laden semen pellets of NOA patients. While the previously suggested markers for spermatozoa retrieval suffered from low diagnostic specificity, the multi-step gating strategy and visualization of AKAP4+/ASPX+/Hoechst+ cells with elongated tails and acrosome-capped nuclei facilitated fast and unambiguous identification of the mature intact spermatozoa. AKAP4+/ASPX+/Hoechst+ assay may emerge as a non-invasive test to predict retrieval of morphologically intact spermatozoa by mTESE, thus improving diagnostics and treatment of severe forms of male infertility.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mirzo Kanoatov
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Keith Jarvi
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Surgery, Division of Urology, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | | - Sergey I Moskovtsev
- CReATe Fertility Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Clifford Librach
- CReATe Fertility Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Andrei P Drabovich
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.
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4
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Italiya JM, Patel MR, Golaviya AV, Patel SS, Thakkar BK, Jakhesara SJ, Joshi CG, Koringa PG. RNA-sequencing attest increased sperm motility in bovine spermatozoa treated with ethanolic extract of Putranjiva roxburghii. 3 Biotech 2023; 13:33. [PMID: 36619823 PMCID: PMC9810775 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-022-03452-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
In the course of time, scientific communities have a growing interest in understanding ethano medicines. The Putranjiva roxburghii, a native plant of the Indian Subcontinent is described as a "Child amulet tree" in Ayurveda. Based on the fact that this herbal medicine has an indispensable component of integrative medicine, the present study was planned to assess the effect of ethanolic dried extract of Putranjiva seeds on the motility of X and Y-bearing bovine spermatozoa. The in-vitro effect of seed extract diluted in S-TALP medium on bull semen has been evaluated by Computer Assisted Semen Analysis (CASA) shows a marked increase in the motility of spermatozoa. Motile and non-motile spermatozoa have been separated by glass wool column from the control as well as treated group. The X and Y-bearing sperm quantification have been carried out by droplet digital polymerase chain reaction (ddPCR). The extract didn't exert any differential effect on the motility and viability of X and Y chromosome-bearing spermatozoa. The transcriptome profiling (RNA-Seq) identified 93 differentially expressed genes between the extract treated and control group. It unveils the up-regulation of CATSPER, AKAP3, SPAG, ADAM1B, ADAM2 and ADAM32 genes that are involved in increasing sperm motility. Transcriptome profile also unveil the expression of ZAR1, CYP17A1, APPL2, HOXB4 and SP9 genes involved with embryonic development processes in Putranjiva extract-treated motile spermatozoa. The results envisaged the medicinal value of Putranjiva herb on increased fertility due to combinatory effect like increased sperm motility and favourableness on embryogenesis. The study ruled out the possibility of herbs having any biased effect on the selection of either male or female-bearing spermatozoa in the bull. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13205-022-03452-4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jignesh M. Italiya
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Anand Agricultural University, Anand, Gujarat India
- Centre for Infectious Animal Diseases, Faculty of Tropical AgriSciences, Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Mayank R. Patel
- Department of Animal Genetics and Breeding, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Anand Agricultural University, Anand, Gujarat India
| | - Akash V. Golaviya
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Anand Agricultural University, Anand, Gujarat India
| | - Shiven S. Patel
- Department of Animal Genetics and Breeding, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Anand Agricultural University, Anand, Gujarat India
| | - Bhumi K. Thakkar
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Anand Agricultural University, Anand, Gujarat India
| | - Subhash J. Jakhesara
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Anand Agricultural University, Anand, Gujarat India
| | - Chaitanya G. Joshi
- Gujarat Biotechnology Research Centre (GBRC), Gandhinagar, Gujarat 382010 India
| | - Prakash G. Koringa
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Anand Agricultural University, Anand, Gujarat India
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5
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Distribution of tetraspanins in bovine ovarian tissue and fresh/vitrified oocytes. Histochem Cell Biol 2023; 159:163-183. [PMID: 36242635 PMCID: PMC9922244 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-022-02155-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Tetraspanin proteins are mostly known as organizers of molecular complexes on cell membranes, widely expressed on the surface of most nucleated cells. Although tetraspanins participate in many physiological processes of mammals, including reproduction, their relevance to the processes of folliculogenesis and oogenesis has not yet been fully elucidated. We bring new information regarding the distribution of tetraspanins CD9, CD81, CD151, CD82, and CD63 at different stages of follicular development in cattle. The found distribution of tetraspanin CD9, CD63, and integrin alpha V in similar areas of ovarian tissue outlined their possible cooperation. We also describe yet-unknown distribution patterns of CD151, CD82, and CD63 on immature and mature bovine oocytes. The unique localization of tetraspanins CD63 and CD82 in the zona pellucida of bovine oocytes suggested their involvement in transzonal projections. Furthermore, we present an unchanged distribution pattern of the studied tetraspanins in vitrified mature bovine oocytes. The immunofluorescent analysis was supplemented by in silico data addressing tetraspanins expression in the ovarian cells and oocytes across several species. The obtained results suggest that in the study of the oocyte development and potentially the fertilization process of cattle, the role of tetraspanins and integrins should also be taken into account.
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6
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Tetraspanin Cd9b plays a role in fertility in zebrafish. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0277274. [DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0277274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In mice, CD9 expression on the egg is required for efficient sperm-egg fusion and no effects on ovulation or male fertility are observed in CD9 null animals. Here we show that cd9b knockout zebrafish also appear to have fertility defects. In contrast to mice, fewer eggs were laid by cd9b knockout zebrafish pairs and, of the eggs laid, a lower percentage were fertilised. These effects could not be linked to primordial germ cell numbers or migration as these were not altered in the cd9b mutants. The decrease in egg numbers could be rescued by exchanging either cd9b knockout partner, male or female, for a wildtype partner. However, the fertilisation defect was only rescued by crossing a cd9b knockout female with a wildtype male. To exclude effects of mating behaviour we analysed clutch size and fertilisation using in vitro fertilisation techniques. Number of eggs and fertilisation rates were significantly reduced in the cd9b mutants suggesting the fertility defects are not solely due to courtship behaviours. Our results indicate that CD9 plays a more complex role in fish fertility than in mammals, with effects in both males and females.
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Santos MF, Rappa G, Fontana S, Karbanová J, Aalam F, Tai D, Li Z, Pucci M, Alessandro R, Morimoto C, Corbeil D, Lorico A. Anti-Human CD9 Fab Fragment Antibody Blocks the Extracellular Vesicle-Mediated Increase in Malignancy of Colon Cancer Cells. Cells 2022; 11:2474. [PMID: 36010551 PMCID: PMC9406449 DOI: 10.3390/cells11162474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Revised: 08/06/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Intercellular communication between cancer cells themselves or with healthy cells in the tumor microenvironment and/or pre-metastatic sites plays an important role in cancer progression and metastasis. In addition to ligand-receptor signaling complexes, extracellular vesicles (EVs) are emerging as novel mediators of intercellular communication both in tissue homeostasis and in diseases such as cancer. EV-mediated transfer of molecular activities impacting morphological features and cell motility from highly metastatic SW620 cells to non-metastatic SW480 cells is a good in vitro example to illustrate the increased malignancy of colorectal cancer leading to its transformation and aggressive behavior. In an attempt to intercept the intercellular communication promoted by EVs, we recently developed a monovalent Fab fragment antibody directed against human CD9 tetraspanin and showed its effectiveness in blocking the internalization of melanoma cell-derived EVs and the nuclear transfer of their cargo proteins into recipient cells. Here, we employed the SW480/SW620 model to investigate the anti-cancer potential of the anti-CD9 Fab antibody. We first demonstrated that most EVs derived from SW620 cells contain CD9, making them potential targets. We then found that the anti-CD9 Fab antibody, but not the corresponding divalent antibody, prevented internalization of EVs from SW620 cells into SW480 cells, thereby inhibiting their phenotypic transformation, i.e., the change from a mesenchymal-like morphology to a rounded amoeboid-like shape with membrane blebbing, and thus preventing increased cell migration. Intercepting EV-mediated intercellular communication in the tumor niche with an anti-CD9 Fab antibody, combined with direct targeting of cancer cells, could lead to the development of new anti-cancer therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark F. Santos
- Department of Basic Sciences, Touro University College of Medicine, Henderson, NV 89014, USA
| | - Germana Rappa
- Department of Basic Sciences, Touro University College of Medicine, Henderson, NV 89014, USA
| | - Simona Fontana
- Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostics, University of Palermo, 90133 Palermo, Italy
| | - Jana Karbanová
- Tissue Engineering Laboratories, Biotechnology Center (BIOTEC) and Center for Molecular and Cellular Bioengineering, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Feryal Aalam
- Department of Basic Sciences, Touro University College of Medicine, Henderson, NV 89014, USA
| | - Derek Tai
- Department of Basic Sciences, Touro University College of Medicine, Henderson, NV 89014, USA
| | - Zhiyin Li
- Department of Basic Sciences, Touro University College of Medicine, Henderson, NV 89014, USA
| | - Marzia Pucci
- Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostics, University of Palermo, 90133 Palermo, Italy
| | - Riccardo Alessandro
- Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostics, University of Palermo, 90133 Palermo, Italy
- Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation (IRIB), National Research Council (CNR), 90146 Palermo, Italy
| | - Chikao Morimoto
- Department of Therapy Development and Innovation for Immune Disorders and Cancers, Graduate School of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Denis Corbeil
- Tissue Engineering Laboratories, Biotechnology Center (BIOTEC) and Center for Molecular and Cellular Bioengineering, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Aurelio Lorico
- Department of Basic Sciences, Touro University College of Medicine, Henderson, NV 89014, USA
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8
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Sysoeva AP, Makarova NP, Silachev DN, Lobanova NN, Shevtsova YA, Bragina EE, Kalinina EA, Sukhikh GT. Influence of Extracellular Vesicles of the Follicular Fluid on Morphofunctional Characteristics of Human Sperm. Bull Exp Biol Med 2021; 172:254-262. [PMID: 34855079 DOI: 10.1007/s10517-021-05372-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
We studied the effect of extracellular vesicles of the follicular fluid on morphofunctional characteristics of human spermatozoa using CASA (computer-assisted sperm analysis) analytical system. The vesicles were obtained by sequential centrifugation at different rotational speeds and frozen at -80°C in the Sydney IVF Gamete Buffer medium. The sperm fraction was isolated from the seminal fluid of 21 patients aged 27-36 years by differential centrifugation in a density gradient. The precipitate was suspended in Sydney IVF Gamete Buffer to a concentration of 106/ml and incubated with vesicles (1:2) at 37°C in a CO2 incubator for 30 min and 1 h. Sperm fraction incubated without vesicles served as the control. After incubation, some sperm samples were centrifuged at 700g for 5 min and fixed in 2.5% glutaraldehyde in 0.1 M buffer for transmission electron microscopy. After 30-min and 1-h incubation, the progressive and total sperm motility improved, the curvilinear and linear velocity of spermatozoa did not change significantly. Incubation with vesicles significantly changed the trajectory of sperm movement, which can attest to an increase in their hyperactivation and, probably, fertilizing capacity. Analysis of the effect of extracellular vesicles of follicular fluid on sperm motility will help to improve the effectiveness of assisted reproductive technology programs with male infertility factor by improving sperm characteristics in patients with asthenozoospermia and increasing the fertilizing ability of the sperm.
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Affiliation(s)
- A P Sysoeva
- V. I. Kulakov National Medical Research Center for Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Perinatology, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia.
| | - N P Makarova
- V. I. Kulakov National Medical Research Center for Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Perinatology, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
| | - D N Silachev
- V. I. Kulakov National Medical Research Center for Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Perinatology, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia.,A. N. Belozersky Research Institute of Physical and Chemical Biology, M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - N N Lobanova
- V. I. Kulakov National Medical Research Center for Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Perinatology, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
| | - Yu A Shevtsova
- V. I. Kulakov National Medical Research Center for Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Perinatology, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
| | - E E Bragina
- A. N. Belozersky Research Institute of Physical and Chemical Biology, M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - E A Kalinina
- V. I. Kulakov National Medical Research Center for Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Perinatology, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
| | - G T Sukhikh
- V. I. Kulakov National Medical Research Center for Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Perinatology, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
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9
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Merc V, Frolikova M, Komrskova K. Role of Integrins in Sperm Activation and Fertilization. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:11809. [PMID: 34769240 PMCID: PMC8584121 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222111809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In mammals, integrins are heterodimeric transmembrane glycoproteins that represent a large group of cell adhesion receptors involved in cell-cell, cell-extracellular matrix, and cell-pathogen interactions. Integrin receptors are an important part of signalization pathways and have an ability to transmit signals into and out of cells and participate in cell activation. In addition to somatic cells, integrins have also been detected on germ cells and are known to play a crucial role in complex gamete-specific physiological events, resulting in sperm-oocyte fusion. The main aim of this review is to summarize the current knowledge on integrins in reproduction and deliver novel perspectives and graphical interpretations presenting integrin subunits localization and their dynamic relocation during sperm maturation in comparison to the oocyte. A significant part of this review is devoted to discussing the existing view of the role of integrins during sperm migration through the female reproductive tract; oviductal reservoir formation; sperm maturation processes ensuing capacitation and the acrosome reaction, and their direct and indirect involvement in gamete membrane adhesion and fusion leading to fertilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronika Merc
- Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, Institute of Biotechnology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, BIOCEV, Prumyslova 595, 252 50 Vestec, Czech Republic; (V.M.); (M.F.)
| | - Michaela Frolikova
- Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, Institute of Biotechnology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, BIOCEV, Prumyslova 595, 252 50 Vestec, Czech Republic; (V.M.); (M.F.)
| | - Katerina Komrskova
- Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, Institute of Biotechnology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, BIOCEV, Prumyslova 595, 252 50 Vestec, Czech Republic; (V.M.); (M.F.)
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Vinicna 7, 128 44 Prague, Czech Republic
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10
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Le Foll N, Pont JC, L’Hostis A, Guilbert T, Bouillaud F, Wolf JP, Ziyyat A. Cyclic FEE Peptide Improves Human Sperm Movement Parameters without Modification of Their Energy Metabolism. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222011263. [PMID: 34681924 PMCID: PMC8539654 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222011263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cyclic fertilin peptide (cFEE: phenylalanine, glutamic acid; glutamic acid) improves gamete interaction in humans. We investigate whether it could be via improvement of sperm movement parameters and their mitochondrial ATP production. Sperm movement parameters were studied using computer-assisted sperm analysis (CASA) in sperm samples from 38 patients with normal sperm in medium supplemented with cyclic fertilin against a control group. Sperm mitochondrial functions were studied using donor’s sperm, incubated or not with cFEE. It was evaluated by the measurement of their ATP production using bioluminescence, their respiration by high resolution oxygraphy, and of mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) using potentiometric dyes and flow cytometry. cFEE significantly improved sperm movement parameters and percentage of hyperactivated sperm. Impact of inhibitors showed OXPHOS as the predominant energy source for sperm movement. However, cFEE had no significant impact on any of the analyzed mitochondrial bioenergetic parameters, suggesting that it could act via a more efficient use of its energy resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Le Foll
- Institut Cochin, Université de Paris, INSERM, CNRS, 75014 Paris, France; (N.L.F.); (J.-C.P.); (A.L.); (T.G.); (F.B.); (A.Z.)
- Service D’histologie, D’embryologie, Biologie de la Reproduction, AP-HP, Hôpital Cochin, 75014 Paris, France
| | - Jean-Christophe Pont
- Institut Cochin, Université de Paris, INSERM, CNRS, 75014 Paris, France; (N.L.F.); (J.-C.P.); (A.L.); (T.G.); (F.B.); (A.Z.)
| | - Audrey L’Hostis
- Institut Cochin, Université de Paris, INSERM, CNRS, 75014 Paris, France; (N.L.F.); (J.-C.P.); (A.L.); (T.G.); (F.B.); (A.Z.)
- Service D’histologie, D’embryologie, Biologie de la Reproduction, AP-HP, Hôpital Cochin, 75014 Paris, France
| | - Thomas Guilbert
- Institut Cochin, Université de Paris, INSERM, CNRS, 75014 Paris, France; (N.L.F.); (J.-C.P.); (A.L.); (T.G.); (F.B.); (A.Z.)
| | - Frédéric Bouillaud
- Institut Cochin, Université de Paris, INSERM, CNRS, 75014 Paris, France; (N.L.F.); (J.-C.P.); (A.L.); (T.G.); (F.B.); (A.Z.)
| | - Jean-Philippe Wolf
- Institut Cochin, Université de Paris, INSERM, CNRS, 75014 Paris, France; (N.L.F.); (J.-C.P.); (A.L.); (T.G.); (F.B.); (A.Z.)
- Service D’histologie, D’embryologie, Biologie de la Reproduction, AP-HP, Hôpital Cochin, 75014 Paris, France
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-(1)-58-41-37-31
| | - Ahmed Ziyyat
- Institut Cochin, Université de Paris, INSERM, CNRS, 75014 Paris, France; (N.L.F.); (J.-C.P.); (A.L.); (T.G.); (F.B.); (A.Z.)
- Service D’histologie, D’embryologie, Biologie de la Reproduction, AP-HP, Hôpital Cochin, 75014 Paris, France
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11
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Siu KK, Serrão VHB, Ziyyat A, Lee JE. The cell biology of fertilization: Gamete attachment and fusion. J Cell Biol 2021; 220:e202102146. [PMID: 34459848 PMCID: PMC8406655 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202102146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Fertilization is defined as the union of two gametes. During fertilization, sperm and egg fuse to form a diploid zygote to initiate prenatal development. In mammals, fertilization involves multiple ordered steps, including the acrosome reaction, zona pellucida penetration, sperm-egg attachment, and membrane fusion. Given the success of in vitro fertilization, one would think that the mechanisms of fertilization are understood; however, the precise details for many of the steps in fertilization remain a mystery. Recent studies using genetic knockout mouse models and structural biology are providing valuable insight into the molecular basis of sperm-egg attachment and fusion. Here, we review the cell biology of fertilization, specifically summarizing data from recent structural and functional studies that provide insights into the interactions involved in human gamete attachment and fusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen K. Siu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Vitor Hugo B. Serrão
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ahmed Ziyyat
- Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Paris, France
- Service d’Histologie, d’Embryologie, Biologie de la Reproduction, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Cochin, Paris, France
| | - Jeffrey E. Lee
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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12
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Oyama S, Yamamoto T, Yamayoshi A. Recent Advances in the Delivery Carriers and Chemical Conjugation Strategies for Nucleic Acid Drugs. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:3881. [PMID: 34359781 PMCID: PMC8345803 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13153881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
With the development of new anticancer medicines, novel modalities are being explored for cancer treatment. For many years, conventional modalities, such as small chemical drugs and antibody drugs, have worked by "inhibiting the function" of target proteins. In recent years, however, nucleic acid drugs, such as ASOs and siRNAs, have attracted attention as a new modality for cancer treatment because nucleic acid drugs can directly promote the "loss of function" of target genes. Recently, nucleic acid drugs for use in cancer therapy have been extensively developed and some of them have currently been under investigation in clinical trials. To develop novel nucleic acid drugs for cancer treatment, it is imperative that cancer researchers, including ourselves, cover and understand those latest findings. In this review, we introduce and provide an overview of various DDSs and ligand modification technologies that are being employed to improve the success and development of nucleic acid drugs, then we also discuss the future of nucleic acid drug developments for cancer therapy. It is our belief this review will increase the awareness of nucleic acid drugs worldwide and build momentum for the future development of new cancer-targeted versions of these drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shota Oyama
- Chemistry of Functional Molecules, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, 1-14 Bunkyo-machi, Nagasaki-shi, Nagasaki 852-8521, Japan; (S.O.); (T.Y.)
| | - Tsuyoshi Yamamoto
- Chemistry of Functional Molecules, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, 1-14 Bunkyo-machi, Nagasaki-shi, Nagasaki 852-8521, Japan; (S.O.); (T.Y.)
| | - Asako Yamayoshi
- Chemistry of Functional Molecules, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, 1-14 Bunkyo-machi, Nagasaki-shi, Nagasaki 852-8521, Japan; (S.O.); (T.Y.)
- PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
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13
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Al-Shabebi A, Althnaian T, Alkhodair K. Localization and expression of ADAM2 in the dromedary camel testis, epididymis and sperm during rutting season. Anim Reprod 2021; 18:e20200241. [PMID: 33936295 PMCID: PMC8078865 DOI: 10.1590/1984-3143-ar2020-0241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
ADAM2 (fertilin β) is a sperm surface protein reported in several mammalian species. However, the presence of ADAM2 in the male reproductive system and sperm of the camel is not well known. The present study was to clarify the localization and expression of ADAM2 in the dromedary camel testis, epididymis and spermatozoa during rutting season using immunohistochemistry (IHC) and the quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). Tissue samples were obtained from the testis (proximal and distal) and epididymis (caput, corpus, and cauda) from eight mature male camels. Epididymal and ejaculated sperms were collected from four other fertile camels. IHC analysis clearly showed the localization of ADAM2 protein in the spermatocytes and the round and elongated spermatids of the testis, in the epithelial cells along the epididymis tract, on the posterior head of the sperm within the cauda epididymis, and on the acrosomal cap of both the epididymal and ejaculated sperm. The expression of camel ADAM2 mRNA was significantly higher (P < 0.05) in the testis when compared with the epididymis. These findings may suggest an important role of ADAM2 in the fertility of male dromedary camels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdulkarem Al-Shabebi
- Department of Anatomy, College of Veterinary Medicine, king Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Thamar University, Dhamar, Yemen
| | - Thnaian Althnaian
- Department of Anatomy, College of Veterinary Medicine, king Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khalid Alkhodair
- Department of Anatomy, College of Veterinary Medicine, king Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia
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14
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Lorico A, Lorico-Rappa M, Karbanová J, Corbeil D, Pizzorno G. CD9, a tetraspanin target for cancer therapy? Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2021; 246:1121-1138. [PMID: 33601913 DOI: 10.1177/1535370220981855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present minireview, we intend to provide a brief history of the field of CD9 involvement in oncogenesis and in the metastatic process of cancer, considering its potential value as a tumor-associated antigenic target. Over the years, CD9 has been identified as a favorable prognostic marker or predictor of metastatic potential depending on the cancer type. To understand its implications in cancer beside its use as an antigenic biomarker, it is essential to know its physiological functions, including its molecular partners in a given cell system. Moreover, the discovery that CD9 is one of the most specific and broadly expressed markers of extracellular membrane vesicles, nanometer-sized entities that are released into extracellular space and various physiological body fluids and play a role in intercellular communication under physiological and pathological conditions, notably the establishment of cancer metastases, has added a new dimension to our knowledge of CD9 function in cancer. Here, we will discuss these issues as well as the possible cancer therapeutic implications of CD9, their limitations, and pitfalls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurelio Lorico
- Touro University College of Medicine, Henderson, NV 89014, USA.,Mediterranean Institute of Oncology, Viagrande 95029, Italy
| | | | - Jana Karbanová
- Biotechnology Center and Center for Molecular and Cellular Bioengineering, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden 01307, Germany
| | - Denis Corbeil
- Biotechnology Center and Center for Molecular and Cellular Bioengineering, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden 01307, Germany
| | - Giuseppe Pizzorno
- University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA.,Erlanger Health System, Chattanooga, TN 37403 , USA
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15
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Hall A, Fontelonga T, Wright A, Bugda Gwilt K, Widrick J, Pasut A, Villa F, Miranti CK, Gibbs D, Jiang E, Meng H, Lawlor MW, Gussoni E. Tetraspanin CD82 is necessary for muscle stem cell activation and supports dystrophic muscle function. Skelet Muscle 2020; 10:34. [PMID: 33243288 PMCID: PMC7693590 DOI: 10.1186/s13395-020-00252-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Tetraspanins are a family of proteins known to assemble protein complexes at the cell membrane. They are thought to play diverse cellular functions in tissues by modifying protein-binding partners, thus bringing complexity and diversity in their regulatory networks. Previously, we identified the tetraspanin KAI/CD82 as a prospective marker for human muscle stem cells. CD82 expression appeared decreased in human Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) muscle, suggesting a functional link to muscular dystrophy, yet whether this decrease is a consequence of dystrophic pathology or a compensatory mechanism in an attempt to rescue muscle from degeneration is currently unknown. Methods We studied the consequences of loss of CD82 expression in normal and dystrophic skeletal muscle and examined the dysregulation of downstream functions in mice aged up to 1 year. Results Expression of CD82 is important to sustain satellite cell activation, as in its absence there is decreased cell proliferation and less efficient repair of injured muscle. Loss of CD82 in dystrophic muscle leads to a worsened phenotype compared to control dystrophic mice, with decreased pulmonary function, myofiber size, and muscle strength. Mechanistically, decreased myofiber size in CD82−/− dystrophic mice is not due to altered PTEN/AKT signaling, although increased phosphorylation of mTOR at Ser2448 was observed. Conclusion Basal CD82 expression is important to dystrophic muscle, as its loss leads to significantly weakened myofibers and impaired muscle function, accompanied by decreased satellite cell activity that is unable to protect and repair myofiber damage. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13395-020-00252-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arielle Hall
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Tatiana Fontelonga
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Alec Wright
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Katlynn Bugda Gwilt
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Jeffrey Widrick
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Alessandra Pasut
- Laboratory of Angiogenesis and Vascular metabolism, Center for Cancer Biology, VIB and KU Leuven, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Francesco Villa
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Cynthia K Miranti
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ, 85724, USA
| | - Devin Gibbs
- Molecular Biology Institute, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Evan Jiang
- The University of Pennsylvania, College of Arts and Sciences, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Hui Meng
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and Neuroscience Research Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA
| | - Michael W Lawlor
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and Neuroscience Research Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA
| | - Emanuela Gussoni
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA. .,The Stem Cell Program at Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
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16
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Ichida K, Kawamura W, Miwa M, Iwasaki Y, Kubokawa T, Hayashi M, Yazawa R, Yoshizaki G. Specific visualization of live type A spermatogonia of Pacific bluefin tuna using fluorescent dye-conjugated antibodies†. Biol Reprod 2020; 100:1637-1647. [PMID: 30934056 DOI: 10.1093/biolre/ioz047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Revised: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 03/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
During our previous work toward establishing surrogate broodstock that can produce donor-derived gametes by germ cell transplantation, we found that only type A spermatogonia (ASGs) have the potency to colonize recipient gonads. Therefore, the ability to visualize ASGs specifically would allow the sequential analysis of donor cell behavior in the recipient gonads. Here we produced monoclonal antibodies that could recognize the cell surface antigens of ASGs in Pacific bluefin tuna (Thunnus orientalis), with the aim of visualizing live ASGs. We generated monoclonal antibodies by inoculating Pacific bluefin tuna testicular cells containing ASGs into mice and then screened them using cell-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), immunocytochemistry, flow cytometry (FCM), and immunohistochemistry, which resulted in the selection of two antibodies (Nos. 152 and 180) from a pool of 1152 antibodies. We directly labeled these antibodies with fluorescent dye, which allowed ASG-like cells to be visualized in a one-step procedure using immunocytochemistry. Molecular marker analyses against the FCM-sorted fluorescent cells confirmed that ASGs were highly enriched in the antibody-positive fraction. To evaluate the migratory capability of the ASGs, we transplanted visualized cells into the peritoneal cavity of nibe croaker (Nibea mitsukurii) larvae. This resulted in incorporated fluorescent cells labeled with antibody No. 152 being detected in the recipient gonads, suggesting that the visualized ASGs possessed migratory and incorporation capabilities. Thus, the donor germ cell visualization method that was developed in this study will facilitate and simplify Pacific bluefin tuna germ cell transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kensuke Ichida
- Department of Marine Biosciences, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Wataru Kawamura
- Department of Marine Biosciences, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Misako Miwa
- Department of Marine Biosciences, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshiko Iwasaki
- Department of Marine Biosciences, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tsubasa Kubokawa
- Department of Marine Biosciences, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Makoto Hayashi
- Life Science Center for Survival Dynamics, Tsukuba Advanced Research Alliance, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Yazawa
- Department of Marine Biosciences, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Goro Yoshizaki
- Department of Marine Biosciences, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
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17
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Jankovičová J, Neuerová Z, Sečová P, Bartóková M, Bubeníčková F, Komrsková K, Postlerová P, Antalíková J. Tetraspanins in mammalian reproduction: spermatozoa, oocytes and embryos. Med Microbiol Immunol 2020; 209:407-425. [PMID: 32424440 DOI: 10.1007/s00430-020-00676-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 05/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
It is known that tetraspanin proteins are involved in many physiological somatic cell mechanisms. Additionally, research has indicated they also have a role in various infectious diseases and cancers. This review focuses on the molecular interactions underlying the tetraspanin web formation in gametes. Primarily, tetraspanins act in the reproductive tract as organizers of membrane complexes, which include the proteins involved in the contact and association of sperm and oocyte membranes. In addition, recent data shows that tetraspanins are likely to be involved in these processes in a complex way. In mammalian fertilization, an important role is attributed to CD molecules belonging to the tetraspanin superfamily, particularly CD9, CD81, CD151, and also CD63; mostly as part of extracellular vesicles, the significance of which and their potential in reproduction is being intensively investigated. In this article, we reviewed the existing knowledge regarding the expression of tetraspanins CD9, CD81, CD151, and CD63 in mammalian spermatozoa, oocytes, and embryos and their involvement in reproductive processes, including pathological events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Jankovičová
- Laboratory of Reproductive Physiology, Center of Biosciences, Institute of Animal Biochemistry and Genetics, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Zdeňka Neuerová
- Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, Institute of Biotechnology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, BIOCEV, Vestec, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Králové, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Petra Sečová
- Laboratory of Reproductive Physiology, Center of Biosciences, Institute of Animal Biochemistry and Genetics, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Michaela Bartóková
- Laboratory of Reproductive Physiology, Center of Biosciences, Institute of Animal Biochemistry and Genetics, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Filipa Bubeníčková
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Kateřina Komrsková
- Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, Institute of Biotechnology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, BIOCEV, Vestec, Czech Republic
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Pavla Postlerová
- Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, Institute of Biotechnology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, BIOCEV, Vestec, Czech Republic
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Antalíková
- Laboratory of Reproductive Physiology, Center of Biosciences, Institute of Animal Biochemistry and Genetics, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovak Republic.
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18
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D'Occhio MJ, Campanile G, Zicarelli L, Visintin JA, Baruselli PS. Adhesion molecules in gamete transport, fertilization, early embryonic development, and implantation-role in establishing a pregnancy in cattle: A review. Mol Reprod Dev 2020; 87:206-222. [PMID: 31944459 DOI: 10.1002/mrd.23312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Cell-cell adhesion molecules have critically important roles in the early events of reproduction including gamete transport, sperm-oocyte interaction, embryonic development, and implantation. Major adhesion molecules involved in reproduction include cadherins, integrins, and disintegrin and metalloprotease domain-containing (ADAM) proteins. ADAMs on the surface of sperm adhere to integrins on the oocyte in the initial stages of sperm-oocyte interaction and fusion. Cadherins act in early embryos to organize the inner cell mass and trophectoderm. The trophoblast and uterine endometrial epithelium variously express cadherins, integrins, trophinin, and selectin, which achieve apposition and attachment between the elongating conceptus and uterine epithelium before implantation. An overview of the major cell-cell adhesion molecules is presented and this is followed by examples of how adhesion molecules help shape early reproductive events. The argument is made that a deeper understanding of adhesion molecules and reproduction will inform new strategies that improve embryo survival and increase the efficiency of natural mating and assisted breeding in cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J D'Occhio
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Giuseppe Campanile
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Luigi Zicarelli
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - José A Visintin
- Department of Animal Reproduction, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Pietro S Baruselli
- Department of Animal Reproduction, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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19
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Trebichalská Z, Holubcová Z. Perfect date-the review of current research into molecular bases of mammalian fertilization. J Assist Reprod Genet 2020; 37:243-256. [PMID: 31909446 PMCID: PMC7056734 DOI: 10.1007/s10815-019-01679-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Fertilization is a multistep process during which two terminally differentiated haploid cells, an egg and a sperm, combine to produce a totipotent diploid zygote. In the early 1950s, it became possible to fertilize mammalian eggs in vitro and study the sequence of cellular and molecular events leading to embryo development. Despite all the achievements of assisted reproduction in the last four decades, remarkably little is known about the molecular aspects of human conception. Current fertility research in animal models is casting more light on the complexity of the process all our lives start with. This review article provides an update on the investigation of mammalian fertilization and highlights the practical implications of scientific discoveries in the context of human reproduction and reproductive medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuzana Trebichalská
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Histology and Embryology, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Zuzana Holubcová
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Histology and Embryology, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, Brno, Czech Republic. .,Reprofit International, Clinic of Reproductive Medicine, Brno, Czech Republic.
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20
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Yan J, Yang X, Jiao X, Yang X, Guo M, Chen Y, Zhan L, Chen W. Integrative transcriptomic and proteomic analysis reveals CD9/ITGA4/PI3K-Akt axis mediates trabecular meshwork cell apoptosis in human glaucoma. J Cell Mol Med 2019; 24:814-829. [PMID: 31680442 PMCID: PMC6933396 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.14792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Revised: 08/31/2019] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Glaucoma has been the leading cause of irreversible blindness worldwide. High intraocular pressure (IOP) is a high‐risk factor of glaucoma, repression of which has been the important treatment of glaucoma in clinic. Trabecular meshwork is crucial for maintaining IOP in aqueous humour out‐flow system. It is urgent to reveal the molecular mechanism of trabecular meshwork in glaucoma. Previous studies found that some pathways were related to glaucoma, such as extracellular matrix (ECM)‐receptor interaction, phosphatidylinositol 3‐kinase (PI3K)‐protein kinase B (Akt) and apoptosis. To identify novel molecules in glaucoma, we performed high‐throughput transcriptome and proteome analysis to immortal human trabecular meshwork cells (iHTM) and glaucomatous human trabecular meshwork cells (GTM3), respectively. Twenty‐six up‐regulated genes/proteins and 59 down‐regulated genes/proteins were identified as the high‐risk factors based on differential analysis, including some known factors of glaucoma. Furthermore, a glaucoma‐related protein‐protein interaction (PPI) network was constructed for investigating the function roles of risk factors. Some genes were identified as potential regulator in the pathogenesis of glaucoma based on the topology analysis and module analysis to the network. Importantly, we identified and demonstrated that CD9 played key roles in glaucoma by biological experiment. CD9 is down‐regulated in glaucoma, overexpression of CD9 can active integrin α4 (ITGA4), PI3K and Akt, which lead to the decreased apoptosis and attenuate glaucoma. All these results provide a novel molecular therapy of glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junwei Yan
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xuejiao Yang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xuefei Jiao
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xian Yang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Mingjin Guo
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yunqing Chen
- Department of Pathology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Lu Zhan
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Wenshi Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
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21
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Ferraz MDAMM, Carothers A, Dahal R, Noonan MJ, Songsasen N. Oviductal extracellular vesicles interact with the spermatozoon's head and mid-piece and improves its motility and fertilizing ability in the domestic cat. Sci Rep 2019; 9:9484. [PMID: 31263184 PMCID: PMC6603010 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-45857-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Accepted: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Fertilization and early embryo development are regulated by a unique maternal-gamete/embryo cross-talk within the oviduct. Recent studies have shown that extracellular vesicles (EVs) within the oviduct play important roles in mediating this developmental process. Here, we examined the influence of oviductal EVs on sperm function in the domestic cat. We demonstrated that (1) EVs are enriched in proteins related to energy metabolism, membrane modification, and reproductive function; (2) EVs bound and fused with the membranes of the acrosome and mid piece; and (3) incubating sperm with EVs improved motility, fertilizing capacity of cat spermatozoa and prevented acrosomal exocytosis in vitro. These findings indicated that oviductal EVs mediate sperm function and fertilization in the cat and provides new insights to improve sperm cryopreservation and in vitro fertilization in the domestic and wild felids and human.
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Affiliation(s)
- M de A M M Ferraz
- Center for Species Survival, Smithsonian National Zoo and Conservation Biology Institute, 1500 Remount Road, Front Royal, Virginia, 22630, USA.
| | - A Carothers
- Center for Species Survival, Smithsonian National Zoo and Conservation Biology Institute, 1500 Remount Road, Front Royal, Virginia, 22630, USA
| | - R Dahal
- Center for Species Survival, Smithsonian National Zoo and Conservation Biology Institute, 1500 Remount Road, Front Royal, Virginia, 22630, USA
| | - M J Noonan
- Smithsonian National Zoo and Conservation Biology Institute, 1500 Remount Road, Front Royal, Virginia, 22630, USA
- Department of Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, 20742, USA
| | - N Songsasen
- Center for Species Survival, Smithsonian National Zoo and Conservation Biology Institute, 1500 Remount Road, Front Royal, Virginia, 22630, USA
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22
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Vyas P, Balakier H, Librach CL. Ultrastructural identification of CD9 positive extracellular vesicles released from human embryos and transported through the zona pellucida. Syst Biol Reprod Med 2019; 65:273-280. [PMID: 31136209 DOI: 10.1080/19396368.2019.1619858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are highly specific and multi-purpose vesicular structures that are released by various cell and tissue types in the body. However, the secretion of EVs from mammalian embryos, especially human, has not been well characterized. Thus, the aim of this study was to 1) identify EVs in human preimplantation embryos at different stages of their development using scanning and electron microscopy, and 2) investigate whether EVs can cross the zona pellucida (ZP) and be released from human embryos cultured in vitro. Human oocytes, zygotes, cleavage embryos and blastocysts donated for research were labeled with the tetraspanin EV marker CD9 and analyzed by scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Embryo culture conditioned media collected 3- and 5-days post fertilization were examined for the presence of EVs using electron microscopy. We detected numerous CD9 positive vesicles released from all embryos examined. They were observed on the surface of the plasma membrane, within the perivitelline space as well as throughout the zona pellucida. Interestingly, EVs were not seen in the ZP of all mature metaphase II oocytes, however, were detected just after fertilization in the ZP of zygotes and embryos. Electron microscopy using negative staining, and nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA) of embryo conditioned culture media also showed the presence of vesicles of various sizes, which were round shaped, and had a lipid bilayer. Their size ranged from 30 to 500 nm, consistent with the sizes of exosomes and microvesicles. In conclusion, the results of the study provide evidence that human preimplantation embryos at all developmental stages secrete EVs into the perivitelline space, which then traverse through the ZP, and are then released into the surrounding culture medium. Abbreviations: EVs: extracellular vesicles; ZP: zona pellucida; CD9, CD63, and CD81: tetraspanin EV markers; NTA: nanoparticle tracking analysis; ESCRT: endosomal sorting complexes required for transport; SEM: scanning electron microscopy; TEM: transmission electron microscopy; TE: trophectoderm; ICM: inner cell mass; PVS: perivitelline space; MI: metaphase I; MII: metaphase II; GV: germinal vesicle; MVs/EXs: microvesicles/exosomes; hCG: human chorionic gonadotrophin; GnRH: gonadogrophin releasing hormone; ICSI: intracytoplasmic sperm injection; SPS: serum protein substitute; 1PN: one pronuclear zygote; 3PN: tri-pronuclear zygote; IgG: immunoglobulin G; PBS: phosphate buffer saline; ETHO: ethanol; ESED: Environmental Secondary Electron Detector; BSA: bovine serum albumin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parshvi Vyas
- a CReATe Fertility Centre , Toronto , Canada.,b Department of Physiology , University of Toronto , Toronto , Canada
| | | | - Clifford L Librach
- a CReATe Fertility Centre , Toronto , Canada.,b Department of Physiology , University of Toronto , Toronto , Canada.,c Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology , University of Toronto , Toronto , Canada.,d Department of Gynecology , Women's College Hospital , Toronto , Canada
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23
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Santos MF, Rappa G, Karbanová J, Vanier C, Morimoto C, Corbeil D, Lorico A. Anti-human CD9 antibody Fab fragment impairs the internalization of extracellular vesicles and the nuclear transfer of their cargo proteins. J Cell Mol Med 2019; 23:4408-4421. [PMID: 30982221 PMCID: PMC6533511 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.14334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Revised: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The intercellular communication mediated by extracellular vesicles (EVs) has gained international interest during the last decade. Interfering with the mechanisms regulating this cellular process might find application particularly in oncology where cancer cell‐derived EVs play a role in tumour microenvironment transformation. Although several mechanisms were ascribed to explain the internalization of EVs, little is our knowledge about the fate of their cargos, which are crucial to mediate their function. We recently demonstrated a new intracellular pathway in which a fraction of endocytosed EV‐associated proteins is transported into the nucleoplasm of the host cell via a subpopulation of late endosomes penetrating into the nucleoplasmic reticulum. Silencing tetraspanin CD9 both in EVs and recipient cells strongly decreased the endocytosis of EVs and abolished the nuclear transfer of their cargos. Here, we investigated whether monovalent Fab fragments derived from 5H9 anti‐CD9 monoclonal antibody (referred hereafter as CD9 Fab) interfered with these cellular processes. To monitor the intracellular transport of proteins, we used fluorescent EVs containing CD9‐green fluorescent protein fusion protein and various melanoma cell lines and bone marrow‐derived mesenchymal stromal cells as recipient cells. Interestingly, CD9 Fab considerably reduced EV uptake and the nuclear transfer of their proteins in all examined cells. In contrast, the divalent CD9 antibody stimulated both events. By impeding intercellular communication in the tumour microenvironment, CD9 Fab‐mediated inhibition of EV uptake, combined with direct targeting of cancerous cells could lead to the development of novel anti‐melanoma therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark F Santos
- College of Medicine, Touro University Nevada, Henderson, Nevada
| | - Germana Rappa
- College of Medicine, Touro University Nevada, Henderson, Nevada
| | - Jana Karbanová
- Biotechnology Center and Center for Molecular and Cellular Bioengineering, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Cheryl Vanier
- College of Medicine, Touro University Nevada, Henderson, Nevada
| | - Chikao Morimoto
- Department of Therapy Development and Innovation for Immune Disorders and Cancers, Graduate School of Medicine, Juntendo University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Denis Corbeil
- Biotechnology Center and Center for Molecular and Cellular Bioengineering, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Aurelio Lorico
- College of Medicine, Touro University Nevada, Henderson, Nevada.,Mediterranean Institute of Oncology, Viagrande, Italy
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24
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Jankovicova J, Secova P, Manaskova-Postlerova P, Simonik O, Frolikova M, Chmelikova E, Horovska L, Michalkova K, Dvorakova-Hortova K, Antalikova J. Detection of CD9 and CD81 tetraspanins in bovine and porcine oocytes and embryos. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 123:931-938. [PMID: 30452988 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.11.161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Revised: 11/15/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Tetraspanins are multifunctional molecules located in specific microdomains on the plasma membrane. Thanks to their ability to form networks with other proteins they can participate in many cellular functions. Tetraspanins are part of the interactive network in gametes; however, their precise role in fertilization is not yet clear. The aim of this study was to compare the localization of CD9 and CD81 tetraspanins during oocyte maturation and early development of the embryos in bovine and porcine model. CD9 was detected on the oocyte plasma membrane and vesicles in the perivitelline space of bovine oocytes and embryos. We suggest that CD9 could be a component involved in transzonal projections. Based on the results of in vitro fertilization assay, CD9 and CD81 seem to be part of a more complex fusion network on the plasma membrane of bovine oocytes. On the other hand, both tetraspanins showed a clustered expression pattern on the plasma membrane and inner margin of zona pellucida (ZP) in porcine oocytes and embryos. We found a new species-specific pattern of CD9 and CD81 distribution in ZP which could reflect their specialized role in processes associated with cell adhesion and intercellular communication upon fertilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Jankovicova
- Laboratory of Reproductive Physiology, Institute of Animal Biochemistry and Genetics, Centre of Biosciences, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Petra Secova
- Laboratory of Reproductive Physiology, Institute of Animal Biochemistry and Genetics, Centre of Biosciences, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Pavla Manaskova-Postlerova
- Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, Institute of Biotechnology CAS, v.v.i., BIOCEV, Vestec, Czech Republic; Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Ondrej Simonik
- Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, Institute of Biotechnology CAS, v.v.i., BIOCEV, Vestec, Czech Republic; Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Michaela Frolikova
- Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, Institute of Biotechnology CAS, v.v.i., BIOCEV, Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Eva Chmelikova
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Lubica Horovska
- Laboratory of Reproductive Physiology, Institute of Animal Biochemistry and Genetics, Centre of Biosciences, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Katarina Michalkova
- Laboratory of Reproductive Physiology, Institute of Animal Biochemistry and Genetics, Centre of Biosciences, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Katerina Dvorakova-Hortova
- Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, Institute of Biotechnology CAS, v.v.i., BIOCEV, Vestec, Czech Republic; Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Jana Antalikova
- Laboratory of Reproductive Physiology, Institute of Animal Biochemistry and Genetics, Centre of Biosciences, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovak Republic.
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25
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Brosseau C, Colas L, Magnan A, Brouard S. CD9 Tetraspanin: A New Pathway for the Regulation of Inflammation? Front Immunol 2018; 9:2316. [PMID: 30356731 PMCID: PMC6189363 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
CD9 belongs to the tetraspanin superfamily. Depending on the cell type and associated molecules, CD9 has a wide variety of biological activities such as cell adhesion, motility, metastasis, growth, signal transduction, differentiation, and sperm-egg fusion. This review focuses on CD9 expression by hematopoietic cells and its role in modulating cellular processes involved in the regulation of inflammation. CD9 is functionally very important in many diseases and is involved either in the regulation or in the mediation of the disease. The role of CD9 in various diseases, such as viral and bacterial infections, cancer and chronic lung allograft dysfunction, is discussed. This review focuses also on its interest as a biomarker in diseases. Indeed CD9 is primarily known as a specific exosome marker however, its expression is now recognized as an anti-inflammatory marker of monocytes and macrophages. It was also described as a marker of murine IL-10-competent Breg cells and IL-10-secreting CD9+ B cells were associated with better allograft outcome in lung transplant patients, and identified as a new predictive biomarker of long-term survival. In the field of cancer, CD9 was both identified as a favorable prognostic marker or as a predictor of metastatic potential depending on cancer types. Finally, this review discusses strategies to target CD9 as a therapeutic tool. Because CD9 can have opposite effects depending on the situation, the environment and the pathology, modulating CD9 expression or blocking its effects seem to be a new promising therapeutic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carole Brosseau
- Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie UMR 1064, INSERM, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France.,Institut de Transplantation Urologie Néphrologie, CHU Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Luc Colas
- Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie UMR 1064, INSERM, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France.,Institut du Thorax, Plateforme Transversale d'Allergologie, CHU de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Antoine Magnan
- Institut du Thorax, Plateforme Transversale d'Allergologie, CHU de Nantes, Nantes, France.,Institut du thorax, Inserm UMR 1087, CNRS UMR 6291, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Sophie Brouard
- Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie UMR 1064, INSERM, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France.,Institut de Transplantation Urologie Néphrologie, CHU Nantes, Nantes, France
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26
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Schiza C, Korbakis D, Panteleli E, Jarvi K, Drabovich AP, Diamandis EP. Discovery of a Human Testis-specific Protein Complex TEX101-DPEP3 and Selection of Its Disrupting Antibodies. Mol Cell Proteomics 2018; 17:2480-2495. [PMID: 30097533 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.ra118.000749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Revised: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
TEX101 is a testis-specific protein expressed exclusively in male germ cells and is a validated biomarker of male infertility. Studies in mice suggest that TEX101 is a cell-surface chaperone which regulates, through protein-protein interactions, the maturation of proteins involved in spermatozoa transit and oocyte binding. Male TEX101-null mice are sterile. Here, we identified by co-immunoprecipitation-mass spectrometry the interactome of human TEX101 in testicular tissues and spermatozoa. The testis-specific cell-surface dipeptidase 3 (DPEP3) emerged as the top hit. We further validated the TEX101-DPEP3 complex by using hybrid immunoassays. Combinations of antibodies recognizing different epitopes of TEX101 and DPEP3 facilitated development of a simple immunoassay to screen for disruptors of TEX101-DPEP3 complex. As a proof-of-a-concept, we demonstrated that anti-TEX101 antibody T4 disrupted the native TEX101-DPEP3 complex. Disrupting antibodies may be used to study the human TEX101-DPEP3 complex, and to develop modulators for male fertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Schiza
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Canada
| | - Dimitrios Korbakis
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada; Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Canada
| | - Efstratia Panteleli
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | - Keith Jarvi
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Canada; Department of Surgery, Division of Urology, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Canada
| | - Andrei P Drabovich
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Canada; Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | - Eleftherios P Diamandis
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Canada; Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Canada; Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada.
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27
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Pérez-Cerezales S, Ramos-Ibeas P, Acuña OS, Avilés M, Coy P, Rizos D, Gutiérrez-Adán A. The oviduct: from sperm selection to the epigenetic landscape of the embryo†. Biol Reprod 2017; 98:262-276. [DOI: 10.1093/biolre/iox173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Serafín Pérez-Cerezales
- Departmento de Reproducción Animal, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Madrid, Spain
| | - Priscila Ramos-Ibeas
- School of Agriculture, Food Science and Veterinary Medicine, College of Life Sciences, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Omar Salvador Acuña
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa, Culiacán, Mexico
| | - Manuel Avilés
- Departamento de Biología Celular e Histología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
- Departamento de Biología de la Reproducción, Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Virgen de la Arrixaca Murcia, Spain
| | - Pilar Coy
- Departamento de Biología de la Reproducción, Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Virgen de la Arrixaca Murcia, Spain
- Physiology of Reproduction Group, Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Murcia-Campus Mare Nostrum, Murcia, Spain
| | - Dimitrios Rizos
- Departmento de Reproducción Animal, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alfonso Gutiérrez-Adán
- Departmento de Reproducción Animal, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Madrid, Spain
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28
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Budna J, Bryja A, Celichowski P, Kahan R, Kranc W, Ciesiółka S, Rybska M, Borys S, Jeseta M, Bukowska D, Antosik P, Brüssow KP, Bruska M, Nowicki M, Zabel M, Kempisty B. Genes of cellular components of morphogenesis in porcine oocytes before and after IVM. Reproduction 2017; 154:535-545. [PMID: 28733345 DOI: 10.1530/rep-17-0367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2017] [Revised: 07/04/2017] [Accepted: 07/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Proper oocyte maturation in mammals produces an oocyte capable of monospermic fertilization and embryo preimplantation. The cumulus-oocyte complexes (COCs), surrounding an oocyte, play a significant role in oocyte maturation. During this process, when the COCs undergo cumulus expansion wherein tightly compact cumulus cells (CCs) form a dispersed structure, permanent biochemical and molecular modifications occur in the maturing oocytes, indicating that the gene expression between immature and mature oocytes differs significantly. This study focuses on the genes responsible for the cellular components of morphogenesis within the developing oocyte. Brilliant cresyl blue (BCB) was used to determine the developmental capability of porcine oocytes. The immature oocytes (GV stage) were compared with matured oocytes (MII stage), using microarray and qRT-PCR analysis to track changes in the genetic expression profile of transcriptome genes. The data showed substantial upregulation of genes influencing oocyte's morphology, cellular migration and adhesion, intracellular communication, as well as plasticity of nervous system. Conversely, downregulation involved genes related to microtubule reorganization, regulation of adhesion, proliferation, migration and cell differentiation processes in oocytes. This suggests that most genes recruited in morphogenesis in porcine oocyte in vitro, may have cellular maturational capability, since they have a higher level of expression before the oocyte's matured form. It shows the process of oocyte maturation and developmental capacity is orchestrated by significant cellular modifications during morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Budna
- Department of Histology and EmbryologyPoznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Artur Bryja
- Department of AnatomyPoznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Piotr Celichowski
- Department of Histology and EmbryologyPoznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Rotem Kahan
- Department of AnatomyPoznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Wiesława Kranc
- Department of AnatomyPoznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Sylwia Ciesiółka
- Department of Histology and EmbryologyPoznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Marta Rybska
- Institute of Veterinary SciencesPoznan University of Life Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Sylwia Borys
- Department of AnatomyPoznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Michal Jeseta
- Department of Obstetrics and GynecologyUniversity Hospital and Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Dorota Bukowska
- Institute of Veterinary SciencesPoznan University of Life Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Paweł Antosik
- Institute of Veterinary SciencesPoznan University of Life Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Klaus P Brüssow
- Department of AnatomyPoznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Bruska
- Department of AnatomyPoznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Michał Nowicki
- Department of Histology and EmbryologyPoznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Maciej Zabel
- Department of Histology and EmbryologyPoznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland.,Department of Histology and EmbryologyWroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Bartosz Kempisty
- Department of Histology and EmbryologyPoznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland .,Department of AnatomyPoznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland.,Department of Obstetrics and GynecologyUniversity Hospital and Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
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29
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Selvaraju S, Parthipan S, Somashekar L, Kolte AP, Krishnan Binsila B, Arangasamy A, Ravindra JP. Occurrence and functional significance of the transcriptome in bovine (Bos taurus) spermatozoa. Sci Rep 2017; 7:42392. [PMID: 28276431 PMCID: PMC5343582 DOI: 10.1038/srep42392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammalian spermatozoa deliver various classes of RNAs to the oocyte during fertilization, and many of them may regulate fertility. The objective of the present study was to determine the composition and abundance of spermatozoal transcripts in fresh bull semen. The entire transcriptome of the spermatozoa from bulls (n = 3) was sequenced using two different platforms (Ion Proton and Illumina) to identify the maximum number of genes present in the spermatozoa. The bovine spermatozoa contained transcripts for 13,833 genes (transcripts per million, TPM > 10). Both intact and fragmented transcripts were found. These spermatozoal transcripts were associated with various stages of spermatogenesis, spermatozoal function, fertilization, and embryo development. The presence of intact transcripts of pregnancy-associated glycoproteins (PAGs) in the spermatozoa suggest a possible influence of sperm transcripts beyond early embryonic development. The specific regions (exon, intron, and exon-intron) of the particular spermatozoal transcripts might help regulate fertilization. This study demonstrates that the use of two different RNA-seq platforms provides a comprehensive profile of bovine spermatozoal RNA. Spermatozoal RNA profiling may be useful as a non-invasive method to delineate possible causes of male infertility and to predict fertility in a manner that is more effective than the conventional methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sellappan Selvaraju
- Reproductive Physiology Laboratory, Animal Physiology Division, ICAR- National Institute of Animal Nutrition and Physiology, Adugodi, Bengaluru-560030, India
| | - Sivashanmugam Parthipan
- Reproductive Physiology Laboratory, Animal Physiology Division, ICAR- National Institute of Animal Nutrition and Physiology, Adugodi, Bengaluru-560030, India
| | - Lakshminarayana Somashekar
- Reproductive Physiology Laboratory, Animal Physiology Division, ICAR- National Institute of Animal Nutrition and Physiology, Adugodi, Bengaluru-560030, India
| | - Atul P Kolte
- Omics Laboratory, Animal Nutrition Division, ICAR-National Institute of Animal Nutrition and Physiology, Adugodi, Bengaluru-560030, India
| | - B Krishnan Binsila
- Reproductive Physiology Laboratory, Animal Physiology Division, ICAR- National Institute of Animal Nutrition and Physiology, Adugodi, Bengaluru-560030, India
| | - Arunachalam Arangasamy
- Reproductive Physiology Laboratory, Animal Physiology Division, ICAR- National Institute of Animal Nutrition and Physiology, Adugodi, Bengaluru-560030, India
| | - Janivara Parameshwaraiah Ravindra
- Reproductive Physiology Laboratory, Animal Physiology Division, ICAR- National Institute of Animal Nutrition and Physiology, Adugodi, Bengaluru-560030, India
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30
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Georgadaki K, Khoury N, Spandidos DA, Zoumpourlis V. The molecular basis of fertilization (Review). Int J Mol Med 2016; 38:979-86. [PMID: 27599669 PMCID: PMC5029953 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2016.2723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2016] [Accepted: 08/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Fertilization is the fusion of the male and female gamete. The process involves the fusion of an oocyte with a sperm, creating a single diploid cell, the zygote, from which a new individual organism will develop. The elucidation of the molecular mechanisms of fertilization has fascinated researchers for many years. In this review, we focus on this intriguing process at the molecular level. Several molecules have been identified to play a key role in each step of this intriguing process (the sperm attraction from the oocyte, the sperm maturation, the sperm and oocyte fusion and the two gamete pronuclei fusion leading to the zygote). Understanding the molecular mechanisms of the cell-cell interactions will provide a better understanding of the causes of fertility issues due to fertilization defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katerina Georgadaki
- Institute of Biology, Medical Chemistry and Biotechnology, National Hellenic Research Foundation, Athens 116 35, Greece
| | - Nikolas Khoury
- Institute of Biology, Medical Chemistry and Biotechnology, National Hellenic Research Foundation, Athens 116 35, Greece
| | - Demetrios A Spandidos
- Laboratory of Clinical Virology, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion 71003, Greece
| | - Vasilis Zoumpourlis
- Institute of Biology, Medical Chemistry and Biotechnology, National Hellenic Research Foundation, Athens 116 35, Greece
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31
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Rappa G, Green TM, Karbanová J, Corbeil D, Lorico A. Tetraspanin CD9 determines invasiveness and tumorigenicity of human breast cancer cells. Oncotarget 2016; 6:7970-91. [PMID: 25762645 PMCID: PMC4480729 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.3419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2014] [Accepted: 02/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Interaction of breast cancer cells (BCCs) with stromal components is critical for tumor growth and metastasis. Here, we assessed the role of CD9 in adhesion, migration and invasiveness of BCCs. We used co-cultures of BCCs and bone marrow-derived multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs), and analyzed their behavior and morphology by dynamic total internal reflection fluorescence, confocal and scanning electron microscopy. 83, 16 and 10% of contacts between MDA-MB-231 (MDA), MA-11 or MCF-7 cells and MSCs, respectively, resulted in MSC invasion. MDA cells developed long magnupodia, lamellipodia and dorsal microvilli, whereas long microvilli emerged from MA-11 cells. MCF-7 cells displayed large dorsal ruffles. CD9 knockdown and antibody blockage in MDA cells inhibited MSC invasion by 95 and 70%, respectively, suggesting that CD9 is required for this process. Remarkably, CD9-deficient MDA cells displayed significant alteration of their plasma membrane, harboring numerous peripheral and dorsal membrane ruffles instead of intact magnupodium/lamellipodium and microvillus, respectively. Such modification might explain the delayed adhesion, and hence MSC invasion. In agreement with this hypothesis, CD9-knockdown suppressed the metastatic capacity of MDA cells in mouse xenografts. Our data indicate that CD9 is implicated in BCC invasiveness and metastases by cellular mechanisms that involve specific CD9+ plasma membrane protrusions of BCCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Germana Rappa
- Cancer Research Center, Roseman University of Health Sciences with Roseman University College of Medicine, Las Vegas, Nevada, USA
| | - Toni M Green
- Cancer Research Center, Roseman University of Health Sciences with Roseman University College of Medicine, Las Vegas, Nevada, USA
| | - Jana Karbanová
- Tissue Engineering Laboratories (BIOTEC) and DFG Research Center and Cluster of Excellence for Regenerative Therapies Dresden, Technische Universität Dresden, Tatzberg, Dresden, Germany
| | - Denis Corbeil
- Tissue Engineering Laboratories (BIOTEC) and DFG Research Center and Cluster of Excellence for Regenerative Therapies Dresden, Technische Universität Dresden, Tatzberg, Dresden, Germany
| | - Aurelio Lorico
- Cancer Research Center, Roseman University of Health Sciences with Roseman University College of Medicine, Las Vegas, Nevada, USA
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32
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Identification of an anti-sperm auto-monoclonal antibody (Ts4)-recognized molecule in the mouse sperm acrosomal region and its inhibitory effect on fertilization in vitro. J Reprod Immunol 2016; 115:6-13. [PMID: 27064211 DOI: 10.1016/j.jri.2016.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2015] [Revised: 03/26/2016] [Accepted: 04/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
We previously established an anti-mouse sperm auto-monoclonal antibody, Ts4, which shows immunoreactivity against several kinds of glycoproteins in the acrosomal region of epididymal spermatozoa, testicular germ cells, and early embryo, via binding to an epitope containing a common N-linked oligosaccharide (OS) chain on the molecules. In mice, we have already demonstrated that the OS chain in the epitope for Ts4 is a fucosylated agalacto-complex-type biantennary glycan carrying bisecting N-acetylglucosamine. In the testis, one of the specific OS chain-conjugated molecules is TEX101, a germ cell-marker glycoprotein, which is expressed in spermatocytes, spermatids, and testicular spermatozoa, but not in epididymal spermatozoa. In this study, we identified a Ts4-reactive glycoprotein in mouse cauda epididymal sperm. An immunoprecipitation method together with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry showed that alpha-N-acetylglucosaminidase (Naglu; a degradation enzyme of heparan sulfate) is one of the glycoproteins recognized by Ts4 in the epididymal spermatozoa. Western blot and immunohistochemical analyses revealed that mouse Naglu exists in two forms (82 and 77kDa) and is expressed in the acrosomal region and the flagellum of cauda epididymal sperm. Of the two Naglu-forms expressed in sperm, Ts4 immunoreacted against only the 82-kDa form located on the acrosomal region. The Ts4 mAb and anti-Naglu pAb negatively affected mouse fertilization in vitro. In addition, Ts4 inhibited sperm acrosome reaction induced by heparan sulfate. The Ts4-recognized fucosylated agalactobiantennary complex-type glycan with bisecting N-acetylglucosamine and Naglu on cauda epididymal spermatozoa may play a role in the process of fertilization.
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Bernabò N, Ordinelli A, Di Agostino R, Mattioli M, Barboni B. Network analyses of sperm-egg recognition and binding: ready to rethink fertility mechanisms? OMICS-A JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE BIOLOGY 2015; 18:740-53. [PMID: 25454512 DOI: 10.1089/omi.2014.0128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The rapid growth of published literature makes biomedical text mining increasingly invaluable for unpacking implicit knowledge hidden in unstructured text. We employed biomedical text mining and biological networks analyses to research the process of sperm egg recognition and binding (SERB). We selected from the literature the molecules expressed either on spermatozoa or on oocytes thought to be involved in SERB and, using an automated literature search software (Agilent Literature Search), we realized a network, SERBN, characterized by a hierarchical scale free and a small world topology. We used an integrated approach, either based on selection of hubs or by a cluster analysis, to discern the key molecules of SERB. We found that in most cases some of them are not directly situated on spermatozoa and oocyte, but are dispersed in oviductal fluid or embedded in exosomes present in the perivitelline space. To confirm and validate our results, we performed further analyses using STRING and Reactome FI software. Our findings underscore that the fertility is not a property of gametes in isolation, but rather depends on the functional integrity of the entire reproductive system. These observations collectively underscore the importance of integrative biology in exploring biological systems and in rethinking of fertility mechanisms in the light of this innovative approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Bernabò
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo , Teramo, Italy
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Skaar K, Korza HJ, Tarry M, Sekyrova P, Högbom M. Expression and Subcellular Distribution of GFP-Tagged Human Tetraspanin Proteins in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. PLoS One 2015. [PMID: 26218426 PMCID: PMC4517926 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0134041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Tetraspanins are integral membrane proteins that function as organizers of multimolecular complexes and modulate function of associated proteins. Mammalian genomes encode approximately 30 different members of this family and remotely related eukaryotic species also contain conserved tetraspanin homologs. Tetraspanins are involved in a number of fundamental processes such as regulation of cell migration, fusion, immunity and signaling. Moreover, they are implied in numerous pathological states including mental disorders, infectious diseases or cancer. Despite the great interest in tetraspanins, the structural and biochemical basis of their activity is still largely unknown. A major bottleneck lies in the difficulty of obtaining stable and homogeneous protein samples in large quantities. Here we report expression screening of 15 members of the human tetraspanin superfamily and successful protocols for the production in S. cerevisiae of a subset of tetraspanins involved in human cancer development. We have demonstrated the subcellular localization of overexpressed tetraspanin-green fluorescent protein fusion proteins in S. cerevisiae and found that despite being mislocalized, the fusion proteins are not degraded. The recombinantly produced tetraspanins are dispersed within the endoplasmic reticulum membranes or localized in granule-like structures in yeast cells. The recombinantly produced tetraspanins can be extracted from the membrane fraction and purified with detergents or the poly (styrene-co-maleic acid) polymer technique for use in further biochemical or biophysical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Skaar
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Henryk J. Korza
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Michael Tarry
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Petra Sekyrova
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Högbom
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
- * E-mail:
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Gupta SK, Malik A, Arukha AP. Ovarian and oocyte targets for development of female contraceptives. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2015; 19:1433-46. [DOI: 10.1517/14728222.2015.1051305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Abstract
It is imperative to understand the molecular basis of various steps involved during fertilization. In the manuscript by Bianchi et al.1 a novel protein, Juno on egg membrane (oolemma) has been characterized that binds to sperm specific protein, Izumo-1. Monoclonal antibodies against Juno inhibited in vitro fertilization. Juno knock-out female mice failed to deliver litters on mating. It is rapidly shed from oolemma after fertilization, suggesting its role in preventing polyspermy. Taken together these studies will help in our understanding of sperm-egg recognition mechanisms and also facilitate development of new fertility treatment regimens and novel contraceptives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satish K Gupta
- Reproductive Cell Biology Lab, National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi 110067, India
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Reyes R, Monjas A, Yánez-Mó M, Cardeñes B, Morlino G, Gilsanz A, Machado-Pineda Y, Lafuente E, Monk P, Sánchez-Madrid F, Cabañas C. Different states of integrin LFA-1 aggregation are controlled through its association with tetraspanin CD9. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2015; 1853:2464-80. [PMID: 26003300 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2015.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2014] [Revised: 05/11/2015] [Accepted: 05/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The tetraspanin CD9 has been shown to interact with different members of the β1 and β3 subfamilies of integrins, regulating through these interactions cell adhesion, migration and signaling. Based on confocal microscopy co-localization and on co-immunoprecipitation results, we report here that CD9 associates with the β2 integrin LFA-1 in different types of leukocytes including T, B and monocytic cells. This association is resistant to stringent solubilization conditions which, together with data from chemical crosslinking, in situ Proximity Ligation Assays and pull-down experiments, suggest a primary/direct type of interaction mediated by the Large Extracellular Loop of the tetraspanin. CD9 exerts inhibitory effects on the adhesive function of LFA-1 and on LFA-1-dependent leukocyte cytotoxic activity. The mechanism responsible for this negative regulation exerted by CD9 on LFA-1 adhesion does not involve changes in the affinity state of this integrin but seems to be related to alterations in its state of aggregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Reyes
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CSIC-UAM), 28049 Madrid, Spain; Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Alicia Monjas
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CSIC-UAM), 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - María Yánez-Mó
- Unidad de Investigación, Hospital Santa Cristina, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Princesa (IIS-IP), 28006 Madrid, Spain; Departamento de Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Beatriz Cardeñes
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CSIC-UAM), 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Giulia Morlino
- Departamento de Biología Vascular e Inflamación, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Alvaro Gilsanz
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CSIC-UAM), 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Esther Lafuente
- Departamento de Microbiología I, Area de Inmunología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Peter Monk
- University of Sheffield Medical School, Sheffield S10 2RX, UK
| | - Francisco Sánchez-Madrid
- Departamento de Biología Vascular e Inflamación, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), 28029 Madrid, Spain; Servicio de Inmunología, Hospital de la Princesa, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Princesa (IIS-IP), 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Carlos Cabañas
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CSIC-UAM), 28049 Madrid, Spain; Departamento de Microbiología I, Area de Inmunología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
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ADAM12-directed ectodomain shedding of E-cadherin potentiates trophoblast fusion. Cell Death Differ 2015; 22:1970-84. [PMID: 25909890 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2015.44] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2014] [Revised: 03/02/2015] [Accepted: 03/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Trophoblasts, placental cells of epithelial lineage, undergo extensive differentiation to form the cellular components of the placenta. Trophoblast progenitor cell differentiation into the multinucleated syncytiotrophoblast is a key developmental process required for placental function, where defects in syncytiotrophoblast formation and turnover associate with placental pathologies and link to poor pregnancy outcomes. The cellular and molecular processes governing syncytiotrophoblast formation are poorly understood, but require the activation of pathways that direct cell fusion. The protease, A Disintegrin and Metalloproteinase 12 (ADAM12), controls cell fusion in myoblasts and is highly expressed in the placenta localizing to multiple trophoblast populations. However, the importance of ADAM12 in regulating trophoblast fusion is unknown. Here, we describe a function for ADAM12 in regulating trophoblast fusion. Using two distinct trophoblast models of cell fusion, we show that ADAM12 is dynamically upregulated and is under the transcriptional control of protein kinase A. siRNA-directed loss of ADAM12 impedes spontaneous fusion of primary cytotrophoblasts, whereas overexpression of the secreted variant, ADAM12S, potentiates cell fusion in the Bewo trophoblast cell line. Mechanistically, both ectopic and endogenous levels of ADAM12 were shown to control trophoblast fusion through E-cadherin ectodomain shedding and remodeling of intercellular boundaries. This study describes a novel role for ADAM12 in placental development, specifically highlighting its importance in controlling the differentiation of villous cytotrophoblasts into multinucleated cellular structures. Moreover, this work identifies E-cadherin as a novel ADAM12 substrate, and highlights the significance that cell adhesion molecule ectodomain shedding has in normal development.
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Otsuka-Kanazawa S, Ichii O, Kon Y. Testicular oocytes in MRL/MpJ mice possess similar morphological, genetic, and functional characteristics to ovarian oocytes. Mech Dev 2015; 137:23-32. [PMID: 25892298 DOI: 10.1016/j.mod.2015.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2014] [Revised: 04/03/2015] [Accepted: 04/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
In general, mammalian males produce only spermatozoa in their testes and females produce only oocytes in their ovaries. However, newborn MRL/MpJ male mice produce oocytes within their testes. In this study, we examined the initiation and progression of oogenesis in fetal and neonatal MRL/MpJ mouse testes and evaluated the characteristics of testicular oocytes. Germ cells with positive reactions to oogenesis markers such as NOBOX oogenesis homeobox and synaptonemal complex protein 3 were observed in the MRL/MpJ fetal testes on embryonic day 18.5. These fetal testicular oocytes possessed maternal-specific methylation patterns of histone and DNA. The level of DNA methylation was still low in postnatal testicular oocytes at day 14 after birth. Additionally, the postnatal testicular oocytes contained both X and Y chromosomes and had the ability to fuse with sperm. These results suggest that some XY germ cells in fetal testes of MRL/MpJ mice enter meiosis prematurely, undergo oogenesis, and differentiate into oocytes. In addition, MRL/MpJ testicular oocytes have the ability to carry on oogenesis before and shortly after birth until they obtain some of the morphological, epigenetic, and functional characteristics of oocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saori Otsuka-Kanazawa
- Laboratory of Anatomy, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.
| | - Osamu Ichii
- Laboratory of Anatomy, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Kon
- Laboratory of Anatomy, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
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Antalíková J, Jankovičová J, Simon M, Cupperová P, Michalková K, Horovská Ľ. Localization of CD9 Molecule on Bull Spermatozoa: Its Involvement in the Sperm-Egg Interaction. Reprod Domest Anim 2015; 50:423-30. [DOI: 10.1111/rda.12508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2014] [Accepted: 02/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J Antalíková
- Department of Immunogenetics; Institute of Animal Biochemistry and Genetics Slovak Academy of Sciences; Ivanka pri Dunaji Slovakia
| | - J Jankovičová
- Department of Immunogenetics; Institute of Animal Biochemistry and Genetics Slovak Academy of Sciences; Ivanka pri Dunaji Slovakia
| | - M Simon
- Department of Immunogenetics; Institute of Animal Biochemistry and Genetics Slovak Academy of Sciences; Ivanka pri Dunaji Slovakia
| | - P Cupperová
- Department of Immunogenetics; Institute of Animal Biochemistry and Genetics Slovak Academy of Sciences; Ivanka pri Dunaji Slovakia
| | - K Michalková
- Department of Immunogenetics; Institute of Animal Biochemistry and Genetics Slovak Academy of Sciences; Ivanka pri Dunaji Slovakia
| | - Ľ Horovská
- Department of Immunogenetics; Institute of Animal Biochemistry and Genetics Slovak Academy of Sciences; Ivanka pri Dunaji Slovakia
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Pastén K, Bastian Y, Roa-Espitia AL, Maldonado-García D, Mendoza-Hernández G, Ortiz-García CI, Mújica A, Hernández-González EO. ADAM15 participates in fertilization through a physical interaction with acrogranin. Reproduction 2014; 148:623-34. [DOI: 10.1530/rep-14-0179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Mammalian fertilization is completed by direct interaction between sperm and egg. This process is primarily mediated by both adhesion and membrane-fusion proteins found on the gamete surface. ADAM1, 2, and 3 are members of the ADAMs protein family, and have been involved in sperm–egg binding. In this study, we demonstrate the proteolytic processing of ADAM15 during epididymal maturation of guinea pig spermatozoa to produce a mature form a size of 45 kDa. We find that the size of the mature ADAM15, 45 kDa, in cauda epididymal spermatozoa indicates that the pro-domain and metalloprotease domain are absent. In addition, using indirect immunofluorescence, ADAM15 was found throughout the acrosome, at the equatorial region and along the flagellum of guinea pig spermatozoa. After acrosome reaction, ADAM15 is lost from the acrosomal region and retained in the equatorial region and flagellum. In this study, we also report the first evidence of a complex between ADAM15 and acrogranin. By immunoprecipitation, we detected a protein band of 65 kDa which co-immunoprecipated together ADAM15. Analysis of the N-terminal sequence of this 65 kDa protein has revealed its identity as acrogranin. In addition, using cell-surface labeling, ADAM15 was found to be present on the cell surface. Assays of heterologous fertilization showed that the antibody against acrogranin inhibited the sperm–egg adhesion. Interestingly, ADAM15 and acrogranin were also found associated in two breast cancer cell lines. In conclusion, our results demonstrated that ADAM15 and acrogranin are present on and associated with the surface of guinea pig spermatozoa; besides both proteins may play a role during sperm–egg binding.
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Inoue S, Kondo S, Parichy DM, Watanabe M. Tetraspanin 3c requirement for pigment cell interactions and boundary formation in zebrafish adult pigment stripes. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2014; 27:190-200. [PMID: 24734316 DOI: 10.1111/pcmr.12192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Skin pigment pattern formation in zebrafish requires pigment-cell autonomous interactions between melanophores and xanthophores, yet the molecular bases for these interactions remain largely unknown. Here, we examined the dali mutant that exhibits stripes in which melanophores are intermingled abnormally with xanthophores. By in vitro cell culture, we found that melanophores of dali mutants have a defect in motility and that interactions between melanophores and xanthophores are defective as well. Positional cloning and rescue identified dali as tetraspanin 3c (tspan3c), encoding a transmembrane scaffolding protein expressed by melanophores and xanthophores. We further showed that dali mutant Tspan3c expressed in HeLa cell exhibits a defect in N-glycosylation and is retained inappropriately in the endoplasmic reticulum. Our results are the first to identify roles for a tetraspanin superfamily protein in skin pigment pattern formation and suggest new mechanisms for the establishment and maintenance of zebrafish stripe boundaries.
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Smadja DM, Guerin CL, Boscolo E, Bieche I, Mulliken JB, Bischoff J. α6-Integrin is required for the adhesion and vasculogenic potential of hemangioma stem cells. Stem Cells 2014; 32:684-93. [PMID: 24022922 DOI: 10.1002/stem.1539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2013] [Revised: 07/31/2013] [Accepted: 08/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Infantile hemangioma (IH) is the most common tumor of infancy. Hemangioma stem cells (HemSC) are a mesenchymal subpopulation isolated from IH CD133+ cells. HemSC can differentiate into endothelial and pericyte/smooth muscle cells and form vascular networks when injected in immune-deficient mice. α6-Integrin subunit has been implicated in the tumorgenicity of glioblastoma stem cells and the homing properties of hematopoietic, endothelial, and mesenchymal progenitor cells. Therefore, we investigated the possible function(s) of α6-integrin in HemSC. We documented α6-integrin expression in IH tumor specimens and HemSC by RT-qPCR and flow cytometry. We examined the effect of blocking or silencing α6-integrin on the adhesive and proliferative properties of HemSC in vitro and the vasculogenic and homing properties of HemSC in vivo. Targeting α6-integrin in cultured HemSC inhibited adhesion to laminin but had no effect on proliferation. Vessel-forming ability in Matrigel implants and hepatic homing after i.v. delivery were significantly decreased in α6-integrin siRNA-transfected HemSC. In conclusion, α6-integrin is required for HemSC adherence to laminin, vessel formation in vivo, and for homing to the liver. Thus, we uncovered an important role for α6 integrin in the vasculogenic properties of HemSC. Our results suggest that α6-integrin expression on HemSC could be a new target for antihemangioma therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Smadja
- Vascular Biology Program and Department of Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cite, Paris, France; AP-HP, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Department of Hematology, Paris, France
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Chalbi M, Barraud-Lange V, Ravaux B, Howan K, Rodriguez N, Soule P, Ndzoudi A, Boucheix C, Rubinstein E, Wolf JP, Ziyyat A, Perez E, Pincet F, Gourier C. Binding of sperm protein Izumo1 and its egg receptor Juno drives Cd9 accumulation in the intercellular contact area prior to fusion during mammalian fertilization. Development 2014; 141:3732-9. [PMID: 25209248 DOI: 10.1242/dev.111534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Little is known about the molecular mechanisms that induce gamete fusion during mammalian fertilization. After initial contact, adhesion between gametes only leads to fusion in the presence of three membrane proteins that are necessary, but insufficient, for fusion: Izumo1 on sperm, its receptor Juno on egg and Cd9 on egg. What happens during this adhesion phase is a crucial issue. Here, we demonstrate that the intercellular adhesion that Izumo1 creates with Juno is conserved in mouse and human eggs. We show that, along with Izumo1, egg Cd9 concomitantly accumulates in the adhesion area. Without egg Cd9, the recruitment kinetics of Izumo1 are accelerated. Our results suggest that this process is conserved across species, as the adhesion partners, Izumo1 and its receptor, are interchangeable between mouse and human. Our findings suggest that Cd9 is a partner of Juno, and these discoveries allow us to propose a new model of the molecular mechanisms leading to gamete fusion, in which the adhesion-induced membrane organization assembles all key players of the fusion machinery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myriam Chalbi
- Laboratoire de Physique Statistique, Ecole Normale Supérieure, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Université Paris Diderot, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR8550, 24 rue Lhomond, Paris 75005, France
| | - Virginie Barraud-Lange
- Université Paris Descartes, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1016, Génomique, Epigénétique et Physiopathologie de la Reproduction, Service d'Histologie Embryologie Biologie de la Reproduction-CECOS, Hopital Cochin, AP-HP24 rue du Faubourg Saint-Jacques, Paris 75014, France
| | - Benjamin Ravaux
- Laboratoire de Physique Statistique, Ecole Normale Supérieure, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Université Paris Diderot, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR8550, 24 rue Lhomond, Paris 75005, France
| | - Kevin Howan
- Laboratoire de Physique Statistique, Ecole Normale Supérieure, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Université Paris Diderot, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR8550, 24 rue Lhomond, Paris 75005, France
| | - Nicolas Rodriguez
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie Laboratoire des biomolécules, Paris 75005, France
| | - Pierre Soule
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie Laboratoire des biomolécules, Paris 75005, France
| | - Arnaud Ndzoudi
- Université Paris Descartes, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1016, Génomique, Epigénétique et Physiopathologie de la Reproduction, Service d'Histologie Embryologie Biologie de la Reproduction-CECOS, Hopital Cochin, AP-HP24 rue du Faubourg Saint-Jacques, Paris 75014, France
| | - Claude Boucheix
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1004, 14 avenue Paul Vaillant Couturier, Villejuif 94800, France Université Paris-Sud, Institut André Lwoff, Villejuif 94800, France
| | - Eric Rubinstein
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1004, 14 avenue Paul Vaillant Couturier, Villejuif 94800, France Université Paris-Sud, Institut André Lwoff, Villejuif 94800, France
| | - Jean Philippe Wolf
- Université Paris Descartes, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1016, Génomique, Epigénétique et Physiopathologie de la Reproduction, Service d'Histologie Embryologie Biologie de la Reproduction-CECOS, Hopital Cochin, AP-HP24 rue du Faubourg Saint-Jacques, Paris 75014, France
| | - Ahmed Ziyyat
- Université Paris Descartes, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1016, Génomique, Epigénétique et Physiopathologie de la Reproduction, Service d'Histologie Embryologie Biologie de la Reproduction-CECOS, Hopital Cochin, AP-HP24 rue du Faubourg Saint-Jacques, Paris 75014, France
| | - Eric Perez
- Laboratoire de Physique Statistique, Ecole Normale Supérieure, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Université Paris Diderot, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR8550, 24 rue Lhomond, Paris 75005, France
| | - Frédéric Pincet
- Laboratoire de Physique Statistique, Ecole Normale Supérieure, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Université Paris Diderot, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR8550, 24 rue Lhomond, Paris 75005, France
| | - Christine Gourier
- Laboratoire de Physique Statistique, Ecole Normale Supérieure, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Université Paris Diderot, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR8550, 24 rue Lhomond, Paris 75005, France
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Molecular and cellular mechanisms of sperm-oocyte interactions opinions relative to in vitro fertilization (IVF). Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:12972-97. [PMID: 25054321 PMCID: PMC4139886 DOI: 10.3390/ijms150712972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2014] [Revised: 06/07/2014] [Accepted: 06/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the biggest prerequisites for pregnancy is the fertilization step, where a human haploid spermatozoon interacts and penetrates one haploid oocyte in order to produce the diploid zygote. Although fertilization is defined by the presence of two pronuclei and the extraction of the second polar body the process itself requires preparation of both gametes for fertilization to take place at a specific time. These preparations include a number of consecutive biochemical and molecular events with the help of specific molecules and with the consequential interaction between the two gametes. These events take place at three different levels and in a precise order, where the moving spermatozoon penetrates (a) the outer vestments of the oocyte, known as the cumulus cell layer; (b) the zona pellucida (ZP); where exocytosis of the acrosome contents take place and (c) direct interaction of the spermatozoon with the plasma membrane of the oocyte, which involves a firm adhesion of the head of the spermatozoon with the oocyte plasma membrane that culminates with the fusion of both sperm and oocyte membranes (Part I). After the above interactions, a cascade of molecular signal transductions is initiated which results in oocyte activation. Soon after the entry of the first spermatozoon into the oocyte and oocyte activation, the oocyte’s coat (the ZP) and the oocyte’s plasma membrane seem to change quickly in order to initiate a fast block to a second spermatozoon (Part II). Sometimes, two spermatozoa fuse with one oocyte, an incidence of 1%–2%, resulting in polyploid fetuses that account for up to 10%–20% of spontaneously aborted human conceptuses. The present review aims to focus on the first part of the human sperm and oocyte interactions, emphasizing the latest molecular and cellular mechanisms controlling this process.
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Xu Y, Liu M, Gu YH, Jia XF, Chen YM, Santos M, Wu AZ, Zhang XD, Shi HJ, Chen CLC. cDNA cloning and localization of Sp3111 (also called Ms4a14) in the rat testis. Reproduction 2014; 148:81-6. [DOI: 10.1530/rep-14-0087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
With tetraspanning topology, members of the membrane-spanning four-domain subfamily A (MS4A) may facilitate signaling or ion channel functions in many tissues. In this study, we report the cloning of a full-length cDNA from rat testis, designatedMs4a14(Sp3111), which encodes the MS4A protein with 1139 amino acid residues.In situhybridization and immunohistochemical analyses indicate thatMs4a14is predominantly expressed from round spermatids to spermatozoa at specific stages in the rat testis at both the mRNA and protein level. Immunofluorescence analysis revealed that MS4A14 (SP3111) is located in the acrosome and the midpiece of the flagellum in mature sperm. Previously, we explored and reported the involvement of MS4A14 in reproductive functions, using antibody blockage during IVF and a transgenic RNA interference method in a mouse model. Our results suggested that MS4A14 is involved in fertilization and zygote division. As MS4A14 protein exists in mammals, such as humans, cows, dogs, and rodents, MS4A14 may play a ubiquitous role in mammalian reproduction.
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Abstract
Despite numerous studies on mammalian fertilization, the mechanisms of
fertilization—including the timing of acrosome reaction—remain largely unknown; more
accurately described, the classical theory built upon years of layered experimental data
is being challenged by recent conflicting evidence provided by gene-manipulated animals.
Although in vitro fertilization remains our central research tool, the
classical theory’s decline reminds us of the importance of in vivo
observations. Here, I describe the essential roles of gene-manipulated animals in
elucidating the mechanism of fertilization and the pitfalls of in vitro
fertilization studies trapping many researchers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaru Okabe
- Center for Genetic Analysis for Biological Responses, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Yamadaoka 3-1, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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Klinovska K, Sebkova N, Dvorakova-Hortova K. Sperm-egg fusion: a molecular enigma of mammalian reproduction. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:10652-68. [PMID: 24933635 PMCID: PMC4100174 DOI: 10.3390/ijms150610652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2014] [Revised: 05/13/2014] [Accepted: 05/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanism of gamete fusion remains largely unknown on a molecular level despite its indisputable significance. Only a few of the molecules required for membrane interaction are known, among them IZUMO1, which is present on sperm, tetraspanin CD9, which is present on the egg, and the newly found oolema protein named Juno. A concept of a large multiprotein complex on both membranes forming fusion machinery has recently emerged. The Juno and IZUMO1, up to present, is the only known extracellular receptor pair in the process of fertilization, thus, facilitating the essential binding of gametes. However, neither IZUMO1 nor Juno appears to be the fusogenic protein. At the same time, the tetraspanin is expected to play a role in organizing the egg membrane order and to interact laterally with other factors. This review summarizes, to present, the known molecules involved in the process of sperm-egg fusion. The complexity and expected redundancy of the involved factors makes the process an intricate and still poorly understood mechanism, which is difficult to comprehend in its full distinction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Klinovska
- BIOCEV Group, Department of Zoology, Charles University in Prague, Vinicna 7, Prague 2 128 44, Czech Republic.
| | - Natasa Sebkova
- BIOCEV Group, Department of Zoology, Charles University in Prague, Vinicna 7, Prague 2 128 44, Czech Republic.
| | - Katerina Dvorakova-Hortova
- BIOCEV Group, Department of Zoology, Charles University in Prague, Vinicna 7, Prague 2 128 44, Czech Republic.
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Claw KG, George RD, Swanson WJ. Detecting coevolution in mammalian sperm-egg fusion proteins. Mol Reprod Dev 2014; 81:531-8. [PMID: 24644026 DOI: 10.1002/mrd.22321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2013] [Accepted: 03/07/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Interactions between sperm and egg proteins can occur physically between gamete surface-binding proteins, and genetically between gamete proteins that work in complementary pathways in which they may not physically interact. Physically interacting sperm-egg proteins have been functionally identified in only a few species, and none have been verified within mammals. Candidate genes on both the sperm and egg surfaces exist, but gene deletion studies do not support functional interactions between these sperm-egg proteins; interacting sperm-egg proteins thus remain elusive. Cooperative gamete proteins undergo rapid evolution, and it is predicted that these sperm-egg proteins will also have correlated evolutionary rates due to compensatory changes on both the sperm and egg. To explore potential physical and genetic interactions in sperm-egg proteins, we sequenced four candidate genes from diverse primate species, and used regression and likelihood methods to test for signatures of coevolution between sperm-egg gene pairs. With both methods, we found that the egg protein CD9 coevolves with the sperm protein IZUMO1, suggesting a physical or genetic interaction occurs between them. With regression analysis, we found that CD9 and CRISP2 have correlated rates of evolution, and with likelihood analysis, that CD9 and CRISP1 have correlated rates. This suggests that the different tests may reflect different levels of interaction, be it physical or genetic. Coevolution tests thus provide an exploratory method for detecting potentially interacting sperm-egg protein pairs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrina G Claw
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
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