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Mah MSM, Cao E, Anderson D, Escott A, Tegegne S, Gracia G, Schmitz J, Brodesser S, Zaph C, Creek DJ, Hong J, Windsor JA, Phillips ARJ, Trevaskis NL, Febbraio MA, Turpin-Nolan SM. High-fat feeding drives the intestinal production and assembly of C 16:0 ceramides in chylomicrons. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eadp2254. [PMID: 39178255 PMCID: PMC11343029 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adp2254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 07/19/2024] [Indexed: 08/25/2024]
Abstract
Consumption of a diet rich in saturated fat increases lipid absorption from the intestine, assembly into chylomicrons, and delivery to metabolic tissues via the lymphatic and circulatory systems. Accumulation of ceramide lipids, composed of sphingosine and a fatty acid, in metabolic tissues contributes to the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases, type 2 diabetes mellitus and cancer. Using a mesenteric lymph duct cannulated rat model, we showed that ceramides are generated by the intestine and assembled into chylomicrons, which are transported via the mesenteric lymphatic system. A lipidomic screen of intestinal-derived chylomicrons identified a diverse range of fatty acid, sphingolipid, and glycerolipid species that have not been previously detected in chylomicrons, including the metabolically deleterious C16:0 ceramide that increased in response to high-fat feeding in rats and human high-lipid meal replacement enteral feeding. In conclusion, high-fat feeding increases the export of intestinal-derived C16:0 ceramide in chylomicrons, identifying a potentially unknown mechanism through which ceramides are transported systemically to contribute to metabolic dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael SM Mah
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Enyuan Cao
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Dovile Anderson
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Alistair Escott
- Surgical and Translational Research Centre, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- HBP/Upper GI Unit, Department of General Surgery, Auckland City Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Surafel Tegegne
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Gracia Gracia
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Joel Schmitz
- Max Planck Institute for Metabolism and Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging Associated Diseases (CECAD), Cologne, Germany
| | - Susanne Brodesser
- University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital of Cologne, Cluster of Excellence Cellular Stress Responses in Aging associated Diseases (CECAD), Cologne, Germany
| | - Colby Zaph
- Biomedical Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Darren J. Creek
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Jiwon Hong
- Surgical and Translational Research Centre, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Applied Surgery and Metabolism Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - John A. Windsor
- Surgical and Translational Research Centre, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- HBP/Upper GI Unit, Department of General Surgery, Auckland City Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Anthony RJ Phillips
- Surgical and Translational Research Centre, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Applied Surgery and Metabolism Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Natalie L. Trevaskis
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Mark A. Febbraio
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Sarah M. Turpin-Nolan
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
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2
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El-Amouri S, Karakashian A, Bieberich E, Nikolova-Karakashian M. Regulated translocation of neutral sphingomyelinase-2 to the plasma membrane drives insulin resistance in steatotic hepatocytes. J Lipid Res 2023; 64:100435. [PMID: 37640282 PMCID: PMC10550728 DOI: 10.1016/j.jlr.2023.100435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Revised: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity-associated diabetes is linked to the accumulation of ceramide in various organs, including the liver. The exact mechanisms by which ceramide contributes to diabetic pathology are unclear, but one proposed scenario is that ceramide accumulation may inhibit insulin signaling pathways. It is unknown however whether the excess ceramide is generated proximal to the insulin receptor, that is, at the plasma membrane (PM), where it could affect the insulin signaling pathway directly, or the onset of insulin resistance is due to ceramide-induced mitochondrial dysfunction and/or lipotoxicity. Using hepatic cell lines and primary cultures, gain- and loss- of function approach, and state-of-the art lipid imaging, this study shows that PM-associated neutral sphingomyelinase 2 (nSMase2) regulates ceramide homeostasis in fat-loaded hepatocytes and drives the onset of insulin resistance. Our results provide evidence of a regulated translocation of nSMase2 to the PM which leads to local generation of ceramide and insulin resistance in cells treated with palmitic acid (PAL), a type of fat commonly found in diabetogenic diets. Oleic acid, which also causes accumulation of lipid droplets, does not induce nSMase2 translocation and insulin resistance. Experiments using the acyl-biotin exchange method to quantify protein palmitoylation show that cellular PAL abundance regulates the rate of nSMase2 palmitoylation. Furthermore, while inhibition of nSMase2 with GW4869 prevents PAL-induced insulin resistance, the overexpression of wild type nSMase2 but not palmitoylation-defective mutant protein potentiates the suppressive effect of PAL on insulin signaling. Overall, this study identifies nSMase2 as a novel component of the mechanism of insulin resistance onset in fat-loaded hepatocytes, that is, cell-autonomous and driven by PAL.
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Affiliation(s)
- S El-Amouri
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - A Karakashian
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - E Bieberich
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - M Nikolova-Karakashian
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, USA.
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Lytle KA, Chung JO, Bush NC, Triay JM, Jensen MD. Ceramide concentrations in liver, plasma, and very low-density lipoproteins of humans with severe obesity. Lipids 2023; 58:107-115. [PMID: 36849669 DOI: 10.1002/lipd.12367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2023] [Indexed: 03/01/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the relationships between ceramide species concentrations in liver, plasma and very low-density lipoproteins (VLDL) particles of humans with obesity as well as the relationships between hepatic fat content and hepatic ceramide concentrations and proportional distribution. Twenty-five obese (body mass index >35 kg/m2 ) adults participated in this study. Plasma, VLDL and hepatocellular ceramide concentrations were measured by liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. The proportionate distribution of measured ceramide species differed between liver, whole plasma and the VLDL fraction. We found significant, positive correlations between the proportion of C14:0, C18:0, C20:0 and C24:1 ceramide in the liver and whole plasma (γ = 0.491, p = 0.013; γ = 0.573, p = 0.003; γ = 0.479, p = 0.015; γ = 0.716, p = 0.00006; respectively). In contrast, only the proportional contribution of C24:1 ceramide correlated positively between VLDL and liver (γ = 0.425, p = 0.013). The percent hepatic fat correlated positively with the proportion of C18:1, C18:0 and C20:0 hepatic ceramides (γ = 0.415, p = 0.039; γ = 0.426, p = 0.034; γ = 0.612, p = 0.001; respectively), but not with total hepatic ceramide concentration. The proportions of whole plasma ceramide subspecies, especially C14:0, C18:0, C20:0 and C24:1chain length, are reflective of those of hepatic ceramide subspecies in obese humans; these appear to be markers of hepatic ceramide species composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelli A Lytle
- Endocrine Research Unit, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.,Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Jin Ook Chung
- Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Nikki C Bush
- Department of Nutrition Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | | | - Michael D Jensen
- Endocrine Research Unit, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.,Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
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Berkowitz L, Cabrera-Reyes F, Salazar C, Ryff CD, Coe C, Rigotti A. Sphingolipid Profiling: A Promising Tool for Stratifying the Metabolic Syndrome-Associated Risk. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 8:785124. [PMID: 35097004 PMCID: PMC8795367 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.785124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a multicomponent risk condition that reflects the clustering of individual cardiometabolic risk factors related to abdominal obesity and insulin resistance. MetS increases the risk for cardiovascular diseases (CVD) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). However, there still is not total clinical consensus about the definition of MetS, and its pathophysiology seems to be heterogeneous. Moreover, it remains unclear whether MetS is a single syndrome or a set of diverse clinical conditions conferring different metabolic and cardiovascular risks. Indeed, traditional biomarkers alone do not explain well such heterogeneity or the risk of associated diseases. There is thus a need to identify additional biomarkers that may contribute to a better understanding of MetS, along with more accurate prognosis of its various chronic disease risks. To fulfill this need, omics technologies may offer new insights into associations between sphingolipids and cardiometabolic diseases. Particularly, ceramides –the most widely studied sphingolipid class– have been shown to play a causative role in both T2DM and CVD. However, the involvement of simple glycosphingolipids remains controversial. This review focuses on the current understanding of MetS heterogeneity and discuss recent findings to address how sphingolipid profiling can be applied to better characterize MetS-associated risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loni Berkowitz
- Department of Nutrition, Diabetes and Metabolism & Center of Molecular Nutrition and Chronic Diseases, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- *Correspondence: Loni Berkowitz
| | - Fernanda Cabrera-Reyes
- Department of Gastroenterology, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Cristian Salazar
- Department of Nutrition, Diabetes and Metabolism & Center of Molecular Nutrition and Chronic Diseases, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Carol D. Ryff
- Institute on Aging, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Christopher Coe
- Institute on Aging, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Attilio Rigotti
- Department of Nutrition, Diabetes and Metabolism & Center of Molecular Nutrition and Chronic Diseases, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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Kotlyarov S, Bulgakov A. Lipid Metabolism Disorders in the Comorbid Course of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. Cells 2021; 10:2978. [PMID: 34831201 PMCID: PMC8616072 DOI: 10.3390/cells10112978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is currently among the most common liver diseases. Unfavorable data on the epidemiology of metabolic syndrome and obesity have increased the attention of clinicians and researchers to the problem of NAFLD. The research results allow us to emphasize the systemicity and multifactoriality of the pathogenesis of liver parenchyma lesion. At the same time, many aspects of its classification, etiology, and pathogenesis remain controversial. Local and systemic metabolic disorders are also a part of the pathogenesis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and can influence its course. The present article analyzes the metabolic pathways mediating the links of impaired lipid metabolism in NAFLD and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Free fatty acids, cholesterol, and ceramides are involved in key metabolic and inflammatory pathways underlying the pathogenesis of both diseases. Moreover, inflammation and lipid metabolism demonstrate close links in the comorbid course of NAFLD and COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanislav Kotlyarov
- Department of Nursing, Ryazan State Medical University, 390026 Ryazan, Russia;
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Zelnik ID, Kim JL, Futerman AH. The Complex Tail of Circulating Sphingolipids in Atherosclerosis and Cardiovascular Disease. J Lipid Atheroscler 2021; 10:268-281. [PMID: 34621698 PMCID: PMC8473959 DOI: 10.12997/jla.2021.10.3.268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Sphingolipids (SLs) are critical players in a number of cellular processes and have recently been implicated in a large number of human diseases, including atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease (CVD). SLs are generated intracellularly in a stepwise manner, starting with the generation of the sphingoid long chain base (LCB), followed by N-acylation of the LCB to form ceramide, which can be subsequently metabolized to sphingomyelin and glycosphingolipids. Fatty acids, which are taken up by cells prior to their activation to fatty acyl-CoAs, are used in 2 of these enzymatic steps, including by ceramide synthases, which use fatty acyl-CoAs of different chain lengths to generate ceramides with different N-acyl chain lengths. Recently, alterations in plasma ceramides with specific N-acyl chain lengths and degrees of saturation have emerged as novel biomarkers for the prediction of atherosclerosis and overall cardiovascular risk in the general population. We briefly review the sources of plasma SLs in atherosclerosis, the roles of SLs in CVD, and the possible use of the "ceramide score" as a prognostic marker for CVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iris D Zelnik
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Jiyoon L Kim
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Anthony H Futerman
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
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Patanapirunhakit P, Karlsson H, Mulder M, Ljunggren S, Graham D, Freeman D. Sphingolipids in HDL - Potential markers for adaptation to pregnancy? Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2021; 1866:158955. [PMID: 33933650 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2021.158955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Plasma high density lipoprotein (HDL) exhibits many functions that render it an effective endothelial protective agent and may underlie its potential role in protecting the maternal vascular endothelium during pregnancy. In non-pregnant individuals, the HDL lipidome is altered in metabolic disease compared to healthy individuals and is linked to reduced cholesterol efflux, an effect that can be reversed by lifestyle management. Specific sphingolipids such as sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) have been shown to mediate the vaso-dilatory effects of plasma HDL via interaction with the endothelial nitric oxide synthase pathway. This review describes the relationship between plasma HDL and vascular function during healthy pregnancy and details how this is lost in pre-eclampsia, a disorder of pregnancy associated with widespread endothelial dysfunction. Evidence of a role for HDL sphingolipids, in particular S1P and ceramide, in cardiovascular disease and in healthy pregnancy and pre-eclampsia is discussed. Available data suggest that HDL-S1P and HDL-ceramide can mediate vascular protection in healthy pregnancy but not in preeclampsia. HDL sphingolipids thus are of potential importance in the healthy maternal adaptation to pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patamat Patanapirunhakit
- Faculty of Medicine, Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Thailand; Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.
| | - Helen Karlsson
- Occupational and Environmental Medicine Center, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.
| | - Monique Mulder
- Division of Pharmacology, Vascular and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Stefan Ljunggren
- Occupational and Environmental Medicine Center, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.
| | - Delyth Graham
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.
| | - Dilys Freeman
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.
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Mikami D, Sakai S, Nishimukai M, Yuyama K, Mukai K, Igarashi Y. Structure-dependent absorption of atypical sphingoid long-chain bases from digestive tract into lymph. Lipids Health Dis 2021; 20:24. [PMID: 33648494 PMCID: PMC7919070 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-021-01448-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dietary sphingolipids have various biofunctions, including skin barrier improvement and anti-inflammatory and anti-carcinoma properties. Long-chain bases (LCBs), the essential backbones of sphingolipids, are expected to be important for these bioactivities, and they vary structurally between species. Given these findings, however, the absorption dynamics of each LCB remain unclear. METHODS In this study, five structurally different LCBs were prepared from glucosylceramides (GlcCers) with LCB 18:2(4E,8Z);2OH and LCB 18:2(4E,8E);2OH moieties derived from konjac tuber (Amorphophallus konjac), from GlcCers with an LCB 18(9Me):2(4E,8E);2OH moiety derived from Tamogi mushroom (Pleurotus cornucopiae var. citrinopileatus), and from ceramide 2-aminoethyphosphonate with LCB 18:3(4E,8E,10E);2OH moiety and LCB 18(9Me):3(4E,8E,10E);2OH moiety derived from giant scallop (Mizuhopecten yessoensis), and their absorption percentages and metabolite levels were analyzed using a lymph-duct-cannulated rat model via liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) with a multistage fragmentation method. RESULTS The five orally administered LCBs were absorbed and detected in chyle (lipid-containing lymph) as LCBs and several metabolites including ceramides, hexosylceramides, and sphingomyelins. The absorption percentages of LCBs were 0.10-1.17%, depending on their structure. The absorption percentage of LCB 18:2(4E,8Z);2OH was the highest (1.17%), whereas that of LCB 18:3(4E,8E,10E);2OH was the lowest (0.10%). The amount of sphingomyelin with an LCB 18:2(4E,8Z);2OH moiety in chyle was particularly higher than sphingomyelins with other LCB moieties. CONCLUSIONS Structural differences among LCBs, particularly geometric isomerism at the C8-C9 position, significantly affected the absorption percentages and ratio of metabolites. This is the first report to elucidate that the absorption and metabolism of sphingolipids are dependent on their LCB structure. These results could be used to develop functional foods that are more readily absorbed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Mikami
- Laboratory of Biomembrane and Biofunctional Chemistry, Graduate School of Advanced Life Science, and Frontier Research Center for Post-Genome Science and Technology, Hokkaido University, Kita-21 Nishi-11, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 001-0021, Japan
| | - Shota Sakai
- Department of Biochemistry & Cell Biology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8640, Japan.
| | - Megumi Nishimukai
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, 3-18-8 Ueda, Morioka, Iwate, 020-8550, Japan
| | - Kohei Yuyama
- Laboratory of Biomembrane and Biofunctional Chemistry, Graduate School of Advanced Life Science, and Frontier Research Center for Post-Genome Science and Technology, Hokkaido University, Kita-21 Nishi-11, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 001-0021, Japan
| | - Katsuyuki Mukai
- Laboratory of Biomembrane and Biofunctional Chemistry, Graduate School of Advanced Life Science, and Frontier Research Center for Post-Genome Science and Technology, Hokkaido University, Kita-21 Nishi-11, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 001-0021, Japan.,R & D Headquarters, Daicel Corporation, 2-18-1, Konan, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8230, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Igarashi
- Laboratory of Biomembrane and Biofunctional Chemistry, Graduate School of Advanced Life Science, and Frontier Research Center for Post-Genome Science and Technology, Hokkaido University, Kita-21 Nishi-11, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 001-0021, Japan
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9
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Mah M, Febbraio M, Turpin-Nolan S. Circulating Ceramides- Are Origins Important for Sphingolipid Biomarkers and Treatments? Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:684448. [PMID: 34385976 PMCID: PMC8353232 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.684448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Biomarkers are important tools for describing the adequacy or inadequacy of biological processes (to allow for the early and accurate diagnosis) and monitoring the biological effects of intervention strategies (to identify and develop optimal dose and treatment strategies). A number of lipid biomarkers are implicated in metabolic disease and the circulating levels of these biomarkers are used in clinical settings to predict and monitor disease severity. There is convincing evidence that specific circulating ceramide species can be used as biological predictors and markers of cardiovascular disease, atherosclerosis and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Here, we review the existing literature that investigated sphingolipids as biomarkers for metabolic disease prediction. What are the advantages and disadvantages? Are circulating ceramides predominantly produced in the liver? Will hepatic sphingolipid inhibitors be able to completely prevent and treat metabolic disease? As sphingolipids are being employed as biomarkers and potential metabolic disease treatments, we explore what is currently known and what still needs to be discovered.
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Prakash H, Upadhyay D, Bandapalli OR, Jain A, Kleuser B. Host sphingolipids: Perspective immune adjuvant for controlling SARS-CoV-2 infection for managing COVID-19 disease. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 2020; 152:106504. [PMID: 33147503 PMCID: PMC7605809 DOI: 10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2020.106504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
That Sphingolipid derivatives are promising drug candidates for the management of novel COVID-19 disease. C-1P based tailoring of Th1 effector immunity for the eradication of infection is a translationally viable approach and deserves immediate attention. That C-1P would promote the killing of infected cells and resolve infection in moderate to severely infected cases. Ceramide derivatives can be exploited as drug candidates for controlling SARS-CoV-2 against novel COVID-19 disease.
Sphingolipids are potent bioactive agents involved in the pathogenesis of various respiratory bacterial infections. To date, several sphingolipid derivatives are known, but S1P (Sphingosine-1-phosphate) and Ceramide are the best-studied sphingolipid derivatives in the context of human diseases. These are membrane-bound lipids that influence host-pathogen interactions. Based on these features, we believe that sphingolipids might control SARS-CoV-2 infection in the host. SARS-CoV-2 utilizes the ACE-II receptor (Angiotensin-converting enzyme II receptor) on epithelial cells for its entry and replication. Activation of the ACE-II receptor is indirectly associated with the activation of S1P Receptor 1 signaling which is associated with IL-6 driven fibrosis. This is expected to promote pathological responses during SARS-CoV-2 infection in COVID-19 cases. Given this, mitigating S1P signaling by application of either S1P Lyase (SPL) or S1P analog (Fingolimod / FTY720) seems to be potential approach for controlling these pathological outcomes. However, due to the immunosuppressive nature of FTY720, it can modulate hyper-inflammatory responses and only provide symptomatic relief, which may not be sufficient for controlling the novel COVID-19 infection. Since Th1 effector immune responses are essential for the clearance of infection, we believe that other sphingolipid derivatives like Cermaide-1 Phosphate with antiviral potential and adjuvant immune potential can potentially control SARS-CoV-2 infection in the host by its ability in enhancing autophagy and antigen presentation by DC to promote T cell response which can be helpful in controlling SARS-CoV-2 infection in novel COVID-19 patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hridayesh Prakash
- Amity Institute of Virology and Immunology, Amity University, Noida, India.
| | - Dilip Upadhyay
- Amity Institute of Virology and Immunology, Amity University, Noida, India
| | | | - Aklank Jain
- Department of Zoology, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, India
| | - Burkhard Kleuser
- Institute of Nutritional Science, Department of Nutritional Toxicology, University of Potsdam Nuthetal, Germany
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11
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Ferchaud-Roucher V, Zair Y, Aguesse A, Krempf M, Ouguerram K. Omega 3 Improves Both apoB100-containing Lipoprotein Turnover and their Sphingolipid Profile in Hypertriglyceridemia. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2020; 105:5893579. [PMID: 32805740 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgaa459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Evidence for an association between sphingolipids and metabolic disorders is increasingly reported. Omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 LC-PUFAs) improve apolipoprotein B100 (apoB100)-containing lipoprotein metabolism, but their effects on the sphingolipid content in lipoproteins remain unknown. OBJECTIVES In subjects with hypertriglyceridemia, we analyzed the effect of n-3 LC-PUFAs on the turnover apoB100-containing lipoproteins and on their sphingolipid content and looked for the possible association between these lipid levels and apoB100-containing lipoprotein turnover parameters. METHODS Six subjects underwent a kinetic study before and after n-3 supplementation for 2 months with 1 g of fish oil 3 times day containing 360 mg of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and 240 mg of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in the form of triglycerides. We examined apoB100-containing lipoprotein turnover by primed perfusion labeled [5,5,5-2H3]-leucine and determined kinetic parameters using a multicompartmental model. We quantified sphingolipid species content in lipoproteins using mass spectrometry. RESULTS Supplementation decreased very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL), triglyceride, and apoB100 concentrations. The VLDL neutral and polar lipids showed increased n-3 LC-PUFA and decreased n-6 LC-PUFA content. The conversion rate of VLDL1 to VLDL2 and of VLDL2 to LDL was increased. We measured a decrease in total apoB100 production and VLDL1 production. Supplementation reduced the total ceramide concentration in VLDL while the sphingomyelin content in LDL was increased. We found positive correlations between plasma palmitic acid and VLDL ceramide and between VLDL triglyceride and VLDL ceramide, and inverse correlations between VLDL n-3 LC-PUFA and VLDL production. CONCLUSION Based on these results, we hypothesize that the improvement in apoB100 metabolism during n-3 LC-PUFA supplementation is contributed to by changes in sphingolipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Véronique Ferchaud-Roucher
- University of Nantes, CHU Nantes, INRAe, UMR 1280 Physiopathology of Nutritional Adaptations, Nantes, France
- CRNH, West Human Nutrition Research Center, Nantes, France
| | - Yassine Zair
- CRNH, West Human Nutrition Research Center, Nantes, France
| | - Audrey Aguesse
- University of Nantes, CHU Nantes, INRAe, UMR 1280 Physiopathology of Nutritional Adaptations, Nantes, France
- CRNH, West Human Nutrition Research Center, Nantes, France
| | - Michel Krempf
- University of Nantes, CHU Nantes, INRAe, UMR 1280 Physiopathology of Nutritional Adaptations, Nantes, France
- CRNH, West Human Nutrition Research Center, Nantes, France
| | - Khadija Ouguerram
- University of Nantes, CHU Nantes, INRAe, UMR 1280 Physiopathology of Nutritional Adaptations, Nantes, France
- CRNH, West Human Nutrition Research Center, Nantes, France
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12
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Mucinski JM, Manrique-Acevedo C, Kasumov T, Garrett TJ, Gaballah A, Parks EJ. Relationships between Very Low-Density Lipoproteins-Ceramides, -Diacylglycerols, and -Triacylglycerols in Insulin-Resistant Men. Lipids 2020; 55:387-393. [PMID: 32415687 DOI: 10.1002/lipd.12244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Revised: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
This short report describes the relationships between concentrations of ceramides (CER), diacylglycerols (DAG), triacylglycerols (TAG) in very low-density lipoproteins (VLDL) particles, and hepatic lipid accumulation. VLDL particles were isolated from male subjects (n = 12, mean ± SD, age 42.1 ± 5.4 years, BMI 37.4 ± 4.1 kg/m2 , ALT 45 ± 21 U/L) and apolipoprotein B100 (apoB100), VLDL-TAG, -CER, and -DAG quantified. The contents of all three lipids were highly correlated with VLDL particle number (r ≥ 0.768, p ≤ 0.003). The molar quantity of VLDL-TAG was 3× that of DAG and 137× that of CER (14,053 ± 5714, 5004 ± 2714, and 105 ± 49 mol/mol apoB100, respectively). Reduced VLDL-CER concentrations were associated with both higher insulin levels (r = -0.645, p = 0.024) and intrahepatic-TAG (r = -0.670, p = 0.017). In fatty liver, the secretion of hepatic TAG, CER, and DAG may be suppressed and contribute to intrahepatic lipotoxicity. The mechanisms by which hepatic-CER and -DAG synthesis and assembly into VLDL is coordinately controlled with TAG will be important in understanding the emerging role of elevated CER contributing to cardiometabolic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justine M Mucinski
- Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Camila Manrique-Acevedo
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Missouri Columbia School of Medicine, Columbia, MO, 65212, USA.,Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri Columbia School of Medicine, Columbia, MO, 65212, USA.,Research Service, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans' Hospital, Columbia, MO, 65201, USA
| | - Takhar Kasumov
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH, 44272, USA
| | - Timothy J Garrett
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32603, USA
| | - Ayman Gaballah
- Department of Radiology, University of Missouri-Columbia School of Medicine, Columbia, MO, 65212, USA
| | - Elizabeth J Parks
- Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA.,Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Missouri-Columbia School of Medicine, Columbia, MO, 65201, USA
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13
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Crivelli SM, Giovagnoni C, Visseren L, Scheithauer AL, de Wit N, den Hoedt S, Losen M, Mulder MT, Walter J, de Vries HE, Bieberich E, Martinez-Martinez P. Sphingolipids in Alzheimer's disease, how can we target them? Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2020; 159:214-231. [PMID: 31911096 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2019.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Revised: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Altered levels of sphingolipids and their metabolites in the brain, and the related downstream effects on neuronal homeostasis and the immune system, provide a framework for understanding mechanisms in neurodegenerative disorders and for developing new intervention strategies. In this review we will discuss: the metabolites of sphingolipids that function as second messengers; and functional aberrations of the pathway resulting in Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathophysiology. Focusing on the central product of the sphingolipid pathway ceramide, we describ approaches to pharmacologically decrease ceramide levels in the brain and we argue on how the sphingolipid pathway may represent a new framework for developing novel intervention strategies in AD. We also highlight the possible use of clinical and non-clinical drugs to modulate the sphingolipid pathway and sphingolipid-related biological cascades.
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14
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Tan-Chen S, Guitton J, Bourron O, Le Stunff H, Hajduch E. Sphingolipid Metabolism and Signaling in Skeletal Muscle: From Physiology to Physiopathology. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:491. [PMID: 32849282 PMCID: PMC7426366 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.00491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Sphingolipids represent one of the major classes of eukaryotic lipids. They play an essential structural role, especially in cell membranes where they also possess signaling properties and are capable of modulating multiple cell functions, such as apoptosis, cell proliferation, differentiation, and inflammation. Many sphingolipid derivatives, such as ceramide, sphingosine-1-phosphate, and ganglioside, have been shown to play many crucial roles in muscle under physiological and pathological conditions. This review will summarize our knowledge of sphingolipids and their effects on muscle fate, highlighting the role of this class of lipids in modulating muscle cell differentiation, regeneration, aging, response to insulin, and contraction. We show that modulating sphingolipid metabolism may be a novel and interesting way for preventing and/or treating several muscle-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Tan-Chen
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, Paris, France
- Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire ICAN, Paris, France
| | - Jeanne Guitton
- Université Saclay, CNRS UMR 9197, Institut des Neurosciences Paris-Saclay, Orsay, France
| | - Olivier Bourron
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, Paris, France
- Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire ICAN, Paris, France
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Département de Diabétologie et Maladies Métaboliques, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Hervé Le Stunff
- Université Saclay, CNRS UMR 9197, Institut des Neurosciences Paris-Saclay, Orsay, France
| | - Eric Hajduch
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, Paris, France
- Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire ICAN, Paris, France
- *Correspondence: Eric Hajduch
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15
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Watt MJ, Miotto PM, De Nardo W, Montgomery MK. The Liver as an Endocrine Organ-Linking NAFLD and Insulin Resistance. Endocr Rev 2019; 40:1367-1393. [PMID: 31098621 DOI: 10.1210/er.2019-00034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 332] [Impact Index Per Article: 66.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Accepted: 04/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The liver is a dynamic organ that plays critical roles in many physiological processes, including the regulation of systemic glucose and lipid metabolism. Dysfunctional hepatic lipid metabolism is a cause of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), the most common chronic liver disorder worldwide, and is closely associated with insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. Through the use of advanced mass spectrometry "omics" approaches and detailed experimentation in cells, mice, and humans, we now understand that the liver secretes a wide array of proteins, metabolites, and noncoding RNAs (miRNAs) and that many of these secreted factors exert powerful effects on metabolic processes both in the liver and in peripheral tissues. In this review, we summarize the rapidly evolving field of "hepatokine" biology with a particular focus on delineating previously unappreciated communication between the liver and other tissues in the body. We describe the NAFLD-induced changes in secretion of liver proteins, lipids, other metabolites, and miRNAs, and how these molecules alter metabolism in liver, muscle, adipose tissue, and pancreas to induce insulin resistance. We also synthesize the limited information that indicates that extracellular vesicles, and in particular exosomes, may be an important mechanism for intertissue communication in normal physiology and in promoting metabolic dysregulation in NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Watt
- Department of Physiology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Paula M Miotto
- Department of Physiology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - William De Nardo
- Department of Physiology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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16
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McFadden JW, Rico JE. Invited review: Sphingolipid biology in the dairy cow: The emerging role of ceramide. J Dairy Sci 2019; 102:7619-7639. [PMID: 31301829 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2018-16095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The physiological control of lactation through coordinated adaptations is of fundamental importance for mammalian neonatal life. The putative actions of reduced insulin sensitivity and responsiveness and enhanced adipose tissue lipolysis spare glucose for the mammary synthesis of milk. However, severe insulin antagonism and body fat mobilization may jeopardize hepatic health and lactation in dairy cattle. Interestingly, lipolysis- and dietary-derived fatty acids may impair insulin sensitivity in cows. The mechanisms are undefined yet have major implications for the development of postpartum fatty liver disease. In nonruminants, the sphingolipid ceramide is a potent mediator of saturated fat-induced insulin resistance that defines in part the mechanisms of type 2 diabetes mellitus and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. In ruminants including the lactating dairy cow, the functions of ceramide had remained virtually undescribed. Through a series of hypothesis-centered studies, ceramide has emerged as a potential antagonist of insulin-stimulated glucose utilization by adipose and skeletal muscle tissues in dairy cattle. Importantly, bovine data suggest that the ability of ceramide to inhibit insulin action likely depends on the lipolysis-dependent hepatic synthesis and secretion of ceramide during early lactation. Although these mechanisms appear to fade as lactation advances beyond peak milk production, early evidence suggests that palmitic acid feeding is a means to augment ceramide supply. Herein, we review a body of work that focuses on sphingolipid biology and the role of ceramide in the dairy cow within the framework of hepatic and fatty acid metabolism, insulin function, and lactation. The potential involvement of ceramide within the endocrine control of lactation is also considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- J W McFadden
- Department of Animal Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853.
| | - J E Rico
- Department of Animal Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
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17
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Davis AN, Rico JE, Myers WA, Coleman MJ, Clapham ME, Haughey NJ, McFadden JW. Circulating low-density lipoprotein ceramide concentrations increase in Holstein dairy cows transitioning from gestation to lactation. J Dairy Sci 2019; 102:5634-5646. [PMID: 30904311 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2018-15850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) ceramide causes insulin resistance in obese diabetic nonruminants. Because previous work suggests that liver-derived ceramide may impair insulin action in postpartum cows, our objectives were to characterize peripartal changes in lipoprotein ceramides. We further studied the effects of prepartum adiposity on lipoprotein ceramide levels. Twenty-eight pregnant Holstein cows (parity = 3.65 ± 1.62) with lean (body condition score, BCS = 2.97 ± 0.16; body weight, BW = 630 ± 55.2 kg; n = 15) or overweight (BCS = 3.93 ± 0.27; BW = 766 ± 46.1 kg; n = 13) body condition 28 d before expected parturition were evaluated. Sampling occurred on d -20.5 ± 1.74, -13.8 ± 1.71, -7.84 ± 4.07, -6.71 ± 1.00, -3.92 ± 0.64, and -1.28 ± 0.61 (before parturition); daily until d 8 postpartum; and on d 10, 12, 14, 21, and 28. Adipose tissue and liver were biopsied on d -7.84 ± 4.07 and 10. Postpartum insulin sensitivity was assessed using the hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp. Lipoprotein fractions were isolated using liquid chromatography. Sphingolipids were quantified using mass spectrometry. Data were analyzed using a mixed model with repeated measures. Overweight cows had a higher BCS and BW at enrollment relative to lean cows, but BCS and BW were similar postpartum. Overweight cows lost more body condition (0.97 ± 0.36 vs. 0.55 ± 0.16 BCS units) and BW (291 ± 67.3 vs. 202 ± 54.5 kg) during transition relative to lean cows. Adipocyte volume and counts declined from prepartum to postpartum (50.4 and 13.7%, respectively), and adipocyte volume was greater (48.2%) in overweight cows prepartum relative to lean cows. Although DMI was comparable between BCS groups, milk yield tended to be greater in overweight cows. Plasma free fatty acid and β-hydroxybutyrate and liver lipid levels were 40, 16, and 37% greater, respectively, in overweight cows compared with lean cows. Glucose infusion rate during the hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp tended to be lower in overweight cows. Ceramide levels within triacylglycerol-rich lipoprotein fractions declined postpartum, whereas LDL ceramide increased postpartum. Overweight cows had lower triacylglycerol-rich lipoprotein C16:0-ceramide levels relative to lean cows. Prepartum LDL C24:0-ceramide levels were greater in overweight cows relative to lean cows. Independent of prepartum adiposity, we concluded that serum LDL ceramide levels are elevated in early-lactation cows experiencing adipose tissue free fatty acid mobilization and hepatic steatosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- A N Davis
- Department of Animal Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853; Division of Animal and Nutritional Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown 26505
| | - J E Rico
- Department of Animal Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853; Division of Animal and Nutritional Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown 26505
| | - W A Myers
- Department of Animal Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853; Division of Animal and Nutritional Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown 26505
| | - M J Coleman
- Division of Animal and Nutritional Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown 26505
| | - M E Clapham
- Division of Animal and Nutritional Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown 26505
| | - N J Haughey
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287
| | - J W McFadden
- Department of Animal Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853; Division of Animal and Nutritional Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown 26505.
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18
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Tomonaga N, Tsuduki T, Manabe Y, Sugawara T. Sphingoid bases of dietary ceramide 2-aminoethylphosphonate, a marine sphingolipid, absorb into lymph in rats. J Lipid Res 2018; 60:333-340. [PMID: 30552287 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m085654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2018] [Revised: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Various functions of dietary sphingolipids have been reported; however, little is known about marine sphingolipids. Ceramide 2-aminoethylphosphonate (CAEP), an abundant sphingolipid in marine mollusks, frequently has a unique triene type of sphingoid base [2-amino-9-methyl-4,8,10-octadecatriene-1,3-diol (d19:3)]. We previously reported that dietary CAEP prepared from the skin of squid was digested in the intestinal mucosa of mice via ceramides to yield free sphingoid bases. How dietary CAEP is then used in the body remains unclear. Here, we investigated the absorption of dietary CAEP using a lipid absorption assay on the lymph collected from rats with thoracic duct cannulation. Our results reveal that sphingoid bases derived from CAEP, including d16:1, d18:1, and d19:3, were detected in the lymph after administration of CAEP. Lymphatic recovery of d19:3 was lower than that of other sphingoid bases. A large fraction of the absorbed sphingoid bases was present as complex sphingolipids, whereas a smaller portion was present in the free form. Fatty acids in ceramide moieties found in the lymph were partially different from dietary CAEP, which indicates that sphingoid bases derived from CAEP could be, at least in part, resynthesized into complex sphingolipids. Future studies should elucidate the metabolism of sphingoid bases derived from CAEP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nami Tomonaga
- Laboratory of Technology of Marine Bioproducts, Division of Applied Biosciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawaoiwakecho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Tsuduki
- Laboratory of Food and Biomolecular Science, Graduate School of Agriculture, Tohoku University, 468-1, Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-0845, Japan
| | - Yuki Manabe
- Laboratory of Technology of Marine Bioproducts, Division of Applied Biosciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawaoiwakecho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Sugawara
- Laboratory of Technology of Marine Bioproducts, Division of Applied Biosciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawaoiwakecho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
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19
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Nikolova-Karakashian M. Alcoholic and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: Focus on ceramide. Adv Biol Regul 2018; 70:40-50. [PMID: 30455063 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbior.2018.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Revised: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Sphingolipids are class of metabolically distinct lipids that play structural and signaling functions in all organisms. Sphingolipid metabolism is deregulated during various diseases such as cancer, neurological and immune disorders, and metabolic syndrome. With the advancement of sphingo-lipidomics and sphingo-genomics, an understanding of the specific roles of ceramide, the quintessential bioactive sphingolipid, in fatty liver disease has taken shape. Two major pathways for ceramide generation, the de novo pathway and the sphingomyelinase pathway are activated in the course of both, the non-alcoholic and the alcoholic, forms of fatty liver disease. The mechanisms of activation of these two pathways are distinct and reflect the different disease etiology in each case; at the same time, common processes impacted by the resulting ceramide overproduction involve lipotoxocity, ER/mitochondrial stress, inflammation, and de-regulation of hepatic lipid metabolism. Studies in human patients and animal models have delineated specific enzymes and ceramide species that are involved at the different stages of the disease, and represent novel pharmaceutical targets for successful management of fatty liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Nikolova-Karakashian
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, 800 Rose Str., MS 508, Lexington, KY, 40536, United States.
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20
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Vitamin E alleviates non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase deficient mice. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2018; 1865:14-25. [PMID: 30300671 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2018.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Revised: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/05/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (PEMT) converts phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) to phosphatidylcholine (PC), mainly in the liver. Pemt-/- mice are protected from high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obesity and insulin resistance, but develop severe non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) when fed a HFD, mostly due to impaired VLDL secretion. Oxidative stress is thought to be an essential factor in the progression from simple steatosis to steatohepatitis. Vitamin E is an antioxidant that has been clinically used to improve NAFLD pathology. Our aim was to determine whether supplementation of the diet with vitamin E could attenuate HFD-induced hepatic steatosis and its progression to NASH in Pemt-/- mice. Treatment with vitamin E (0.5 g/kg) for 3 weeks improved VLDL-TG secretion and normalized cholesterol metabolism, but failed to reduce hepatic TG content. Moreover, vitamin E treatment was able to reduce hepatic oxidative stress, inflammation and fibrosis. We also observed abnormal ceramide metabolism in Pemt-/- mice fed a HFD, with elevation of ceramides and other sphingolipids and higher expression of mRNAs for acid ceramidase (Asah1) and ceramide kinase (Cerk). Interestingly, vitamin E supplementation restored Asah1 and Cerk mRNA and sphingolipid levels. Together this study shows that vitamin E treatment efficiently prevented the progression from simple steatosis to steatohepatitis in mice lacking PEMT.
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21
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Peterson LR, Xanthakis V, Duncan MS, Gross S, Friedrich N, Völzke H, Felix SB, Jiang H, Sidhu R, Nauck M, Jiang X, Ory DS, Dörr M, Vasan RS, Schaffer JE. Ceramide Remodeling and Risk of Cardiovascular Events and Mortality. J Am Heart Assoc 2018; 7:JAHA.117.007931. [PMID: 29728014 PMCID: PMC6015315 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.117.007931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent studies suggest that circulating concentrations of specific ceramide species may be associated with coronary risk and mortality. We sought to determine the relations between the most abundant plasma ceramide species of differing acyl chain lengths and the risk of coronary heart disease (CHD) and mortality in community-based samples. METHODS AND RESULTS We developed a liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry assay to quantify plasma C24:0, C22:0, and C16:0 ceramides and ratios of these very-long-chain/long-chain ceramides in 2642 FHS (Framingham Heart Study) participants and in 3134 SHIP (Study of Health in Pomerania) participants. Over a mean follow-up of 6 years in FHS, there were 88 CHD and 90 heart failure (HF) events and 239 deaths. Over a median follow-up time in SHIP of 5.75 years for CHD and HF and 8.24 years for mortality, there were 209 CHD and 146 HF events and 377 deaths. In meta-analysis of the 2 cohorts and adjusting for standard CHD risk factors, C24:0/C16:0 ceramide ratios were inversely associated with incident CHD (hazard ratio per average SD increment, 0.79; 95% confidence interval, 0.71-0.89; P<0.0001) and inversely associated with incident HF (hazard ratio, 0.78; 95% confidence interval, 0.61-1.00; P=0.046). Moreover, the C24:0/C16:0 and C22:0/C16:0 ceramide ratios were inversely associated with all-cause mortality (C24:0/C16:0: hazard ratio, 0.60; 95% confidence interval, 0.56-0.65; P<0.0001; C22:0/C16:0: hazard ratio, 0.65; 95% confidence interval, 0.60-0.70; P<0.0001). CONCLUSIONS The ratio of C24:0/C16:0 ceramides in blood may be a valuable new biomarker of CHD risk, HF risk, and all-cause mortality in the community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda R Peterson
- Diabetic Cardiovascular Disease Center and Department of Medicine, Washington University, St Louis, MO
| | - Vanessa Xanthakis
- Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA.,Section of Preventive Medicine and Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, MA.,Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - Meredith S Duncan
- Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA.,Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - Stefan Gross
- Department of Internal Medicine B, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany.,DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Nele Friedrich
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site, Greifswald, Germany.,Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Germany
| | - Henry Völzke
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site, Greifswald, Germany.,Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Germany.,DZD (German Centre for Diabetes Research), partner site, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Stephan B Felix
- Department of Internal Medicine B, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany.,DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Hui Jiang
- Diabetic Cardiovascular Disease Center and Department of Medicine, Washington University, St Louis, MO
| | - Rohini Sidhu
- Diabetic Cardiovascular Disease Center and Department of Medicine, Washington University, St Louis, MO
| | - Matthias Nauck
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site, Greifswald, Germany.,Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Germany
| | - Xuntian Jiang
- Diabetic Cardiovascular Disease Center and Department of Medicine, Washington University, St Louis, MO
| | - Daniel S Ory
- Diabetic Cardiovascular Disease Center and Department of Medicine, Washington University, St Louis, MO
| | - Marcus Dörr
- Department of Internal Medicine B, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany.,DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Ramachandran S Vasan
- Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA .,Section of Preventive Medicine and Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, MA.,Section of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, MA.,Department of Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - Jean E Schaffer
- Diabetic Cardiovascular Disease Center and Department of Medicine, Washington University, St Louis, MO
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22
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Aslan M, Kıraç E, Kaya S, Özcan F, Salim O, Küpesiz OA. Decreased Serum Levels of Sphingomyelins and Ceramides in Sickle Cell Disease Patients. Lipids 2018; 53:313-322. [PMID: 29663386 DOI: 10.1002/lipd.12027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Revised: 01/17/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Limited data are available on the serum levels of different sphingomyelin (CerPCho) and ceramide (CER) species in sickle-cell disease (SCD). This study was aimed at identifying the levels of C16-C24 CerPCho and C16-C24 CER in serum obtained from SCD patients and controls. Circulating levels of neutral sphingomyelinase (N-SMase) activity, ceramide-1-phosphate (C1P), and sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) were also determined. Blood was collected from 35 hemoglobin (Hb)A volunteers and 45 homozygous HbSS patients. Serum levels of C16-C24 CerPCho and C16-C24 CER were determined by an optimized multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) method using ultrafast liquid chromatography (UFLC) coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS). Serum activity of N-SMase was assayed by standard kit methods, and C1P and S1P levels were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. A significant decrease was observed in the serum levels of C18-C24 CerPCho in patients with SCD compared to controls. No significant difference was found in C16 CerPCho levels between the two groups. Very-long-chain C22-C24 CER were significantly decreased in SCD, while long-chain C16-C20 CER levels showed no significant difference between SCD patients and controls. Significant positive correlation was found between the serum total cholesterol levels and C18-C24 CerPCho and C22-C24 CER in SCD patients. Patients with SCD had significantly elevated serum activity of N-SMase as well as increased circulating levels of C1P and S1P compared to controls. The decrease in serum levels of C18-C24 CerPCho in patients with SCD was accompanied by decreased levels of C22-C24 CER. Future studies are needed to understand the role of decreased CerPCho and CER in the pathophysiology of SCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mutay Aslan
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Akdeniz University Medical School, 07070, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Ebru Kıraç
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Akdeniz University Medical School, 07070, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Sabriye Kaya
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Akdeniz University Medical School, 07070, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Filiz Özcan
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Akdeniz University Medical School, 07070, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Ozan Salim
- Department of Hematology, Akdeniz University, Faculty of Medicine, 07070, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Osman Alphan Küpesiz
- Department of Pediatric Hematology, Akdeniz University Medical School, 07070, Antalya, Turkey
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23
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Phipps ZC, Seck F, Davis AN, Rico JE, McFadden JW. Technical note: Characterization of ceramide in bovine lipoproteins. J Dairy Sci 2017; 100:8602-8608. [PMID: 28755941 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2016-12538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2016] [Accepted: 05/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The hepatic synthesis and export of ceramide is enhanced in diabetic monogastrics. Moreover, ceramide in lipoproteins can mediate the development of insulin resistance. We have previously demonstrated that circulating ceramide increases during the progression of insulin resistance in postpartum dairy cows. Considering that the origins of circulating ceramide required investigation, our objective was to develop a method to characterize the ceramide profile of lipoprotein fractions collected from dairy cows. Serum was collected from 4 nonpregnant and nonlactating Holstein dairy cows. Serum lipoproteins were isolated using size exclusion chromatography by fast protein liquid chromatography (SEC-FPLC). Measurement of triacylglycerol (TAG), phospholipid, total cholesterol, and protein was performed using standard colorimetry practices. Following lipid extraction, fractions were analyzed using electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. Data were analyzed as repeated measures using a mixed model. Lipoprotein isolation using SEC-FPLC and subsequent colorimetric analyses confirmed the presence of 4 distinct fractions: TAG-rich, low density (LDL), and large (buoyant) and small (dense) high density lipoprotein (HDL) subclasses. As expected, the fraction representing mixed very low density lipoproteins and chylomicrons primarily contained TAG. Low density lipoprotein fractions were equally enriched with cholesterol and phospholipid. Buoyant HDL contained elevated levels of cholesterol, phospholipid, and protein. In contrast, the fraction containing dense HDL primarily contained protein. Our method revealed that LDL are enriched with ceramides. Ceramides were also compartmentalized to a lesser extent within both HDL subclasses and TAG-rich lipoproteins. Comparable to whole serum, C16:0-ceramide was the predominant ceramide quantified in all lipoprotein subclasses. Interestingly, the proportion of C24:0-ceramide to total ceramide was elevated in TAG-rich lipoproteins, relative to all other lipoprotein subclasses. We conclude that SEC-FPLC coupled with mass spectrometry is a means to quantify ceramides in lipoprotein fractions. Moreover, ceramides are enriched within bovine LDL, and lipoprotein ceramide profiles reflect levels observed in whole serum. Future investigation will need to determine the biological importance of lipoprotein ceramides with distinct C-chains at amide residues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z C Phipps
- Division of Animal and Nutritional Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown 26505
| | - F Seck
- Division of Animal and Nutritional Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown 26505
| | - A N Davis
- Division of Animal and Nutritional Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown 26505
| | - J E Rico
- Division of Animal and Nutritional Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown 26505
| | - J W McFadden
- Division of Animal and Nutritional Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown 26505.
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24
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Chen TC, Benjamin DI, Kuo T, Lee RA, Li ML, Mar DJ, Costello DE, Nomura DK, Wang JC. The glucocorticoid-Angptl4-ceramide axis induces insulin resistance through PP2A and PKCζ. Sci Signal 2017; 10:eaai7905. [PMID: 28743803 PMCID: PMC6218395 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aai7905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Chronic glucocorticoid exposure is associated with the development of insulin resistance. We showed that glucocorticoid-induced insulin resistance was attenuated upon ablation of Angptl4, a glucocorticoid target gene encoding the secreted protein angiopoietin-like 4, which mediates glucocorticoid-induced lipolysis in white adipose tissue. Through metabolomic profiling, we revealed that glucocorticoid treatment increased hepatic ceramide concentrations by inducing enzymes in the ceramide synthetic pathway in an Angptl4-dependent manner. Angptl4 was also required for glucocorticoids to stimulate the activities of the downstream effectors of ceramide, protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) and protein kinase Cζ (PKCζ). We further showed that knockdown of PP2A or inhibition of PKCζ or ceramide synthesis prevented glucocorticoid-induced glucose intolerance in wild-type mice. Moreover, the inhibition of PKCζ or ceramide synthesis did not further improve glucose tolerance in Angptl4-/- mice, suggesting that these molecules were major downstream effectors of Angptl4. Overall, our study demonstrates the key role of Angptl4 in glucocorticoid-augmented hepatic ceramide production that induces whole-body insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tzu-Chieh Chen
- Metabolic Biology Graduate Program, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720-3104, USA
- Department of Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720-3104, USA
| | - Daniel I Benjamin
- Metabolic Biology Graduate Program, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720-3104, USA
- Department of Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720-3104, USA
| | - Taiyi Kuo
- Department of Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720-3104, USA
- Endocrinology Graduate Program, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720-3104, USA
| | - Rebecca A Lee
- Department of Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720-3104, USA
- Endocrinology Graduate Program, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720-3104, USA
| | - Mei-Lan Li
- Department of Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720-3104, USA
| | - Darryl J Mar
- Department of Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720-3104, USA
| | - Damian E Costello
- Department of Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720-3104, USA
- Endocrinology Graduate Program, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720-3104, USA
| | - Daniel K Nomura
- Metabolic Biology Graduate Program, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720-3104, USA
- Department of Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720-3104, USA
- Endocrinology Graduate Program, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720-3104, USA
- Departments of Chemistry and Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720-3104, USA
| | - Jen-Chywan Wang
- Metabolic Biology Graduate Program, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720-3104, USA.
- Department of Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720-3104, USA
- Endocrinology Graduate Program, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720-3104, USA
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25
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The expanding role of sphingolipids in lipid droplet biogenesis. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2017; 1862:1155-1165. [PMID: 28743537 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2017.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2017] [Revised: 07/18/2017] [Accepted: 07/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Sphingolipids are a diverse class of lipids that have regulatory, structural, and metabolic functions. Although chemically distinct from the neutral lipids and the glycerophospholipids, which are the main lipid components of the lipid droplets, sphingolipids have nonetheless been shown to influence lipid droplet formation. The goal of this article is to review the available information and provide a cohesive picture of the role sphingolipids play in lipid droplet biogenesis. The following topics are discussed: (i) the abundance of sphingolipids in lipid droplets and their functional significance; (ii) cross-talk between the synthetic pathways of sphingolipids, glycerophospholipids, and neutral lipids; (iii) the impact of bioactive sphingolipids on TAG synthesis and degradation; (iv) interactions between sphingolipids and other lipid droplet components, like cholesterol esters and proteins; (v) inhibition/genetic deletion of specific sphingolipid metabolic enzymes and the resulting effects on lipid droplet formation in mouse models. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Recent Advances in Lipid Droplet Biology edited by Rosalind Coleman and Matthijs Hesselink.
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26
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Kayser BD, Lhomme M, Dao MC, Ichou F, Bouillot JL, Prifti E, Kontush A, Chevallier JM, Aron-Wisnewsky J, Dugail I, Clément K. Serum lipidomics reveals early differential effects of gastric bypass compared with banding on phospholipids and sphingolipids independent of differences in weight loss. Int J Obes (Lond) 2017; 41:917-925. [PMID: 28280270 DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2017.63] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2016] [Revised: 02/21/2017] [Accepted: 02/26/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES Circulating phospholipids and sphingolipids are implicated in obesity-related comorbidities such as insulin resistance and cardiovascular disease. How bariatric surgery affects these important lipid markers is poorly understood. We sought to determine whether Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB), which is associated with greater metabolic improvement, differentially affects the phosphosphingolipidome compared with adjustable gastric banding (AGB). SUBJECTS/METHODS Fasting sera were available from 59 obese women (body mass index range 37-51 kg m-2; n=37 RYGB and 22 AGB) before surgery, then at 1 (21 RYGB, 12 AGB) and 3 months follow-up (19 RYGB, 12 AGB). HPLC-MS/MS was used to quantify 131 lipids from nine structural classes. DXA measurements and laboratory parameters were also obtained. The associations between lipids and clinical measurements were studied with P-values adjusted for the false discovery rate (FDR). RESULTS Both surgical procedures rapidly induced weight loss and improved clinical profiles, with RYGB producing better improvements in fat mass, and serum total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C) and orosomucoid (FDR <10%). Ninety-three (of 131) lipids were altered by surgery-the majority decreasing-with 29 lipids differentially affected by RYGB during the study period. The differential effect of the surgeries remained statistically significant for 20 of these lipids after adjusting for differences in weight loss between surgery types. The RYGB signature consisted of phosphatidylcholine species not exceeding 36 carbons, and ceramides and sphingomyelins containing C22 to C25 fatty acids. RYGB also led to a sustained increase in unsaturated ceramide and sphingomyelin species. The RYGB-specific lipid changes were associated with decreases in body weight, total and LDL-C, orosomucoid and increased HOMA-S (FDR <10%). CONCLUSIONS Concomitant with greater metabolic improvement, RYGB induced early and sustained changes in phosphatidylcholines, sphingomyelins and ceramides that were independent of greater weight loss. These data suggest that RYGB may specifically alter sphingolipid metabolism, which, in part, could explain the better metabolic outcomes of this surgical procedure.
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Affiliation(s)
- B D Kayser
- Nutriomics Team, Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France.,Nutriomics Team, INSERM, UMR S U1166, Paris, France.,Nutriomics Team, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC University Paris 06, UMR_S 1166, Paris, France
| | - M Lhomme
- Nutriomics Team, Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France
| | - M C Dao
- Nutriomics Team, Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France.,Nutriomics Team, INSERM, UMR S U1166, Paris, France.,Nutriomics Team, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC University Paris 06, UMR_S 1166, Paris, France
| | - F Ichou
- Nutriomics Team, Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France
| | - J-L Bouillot
- Visceral Surgery Department, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Ambroise Paré, Paris, France
| | - E Prifti
- Nutriomics Team, Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France
| | - A Kontush
- Nutriomics Team, Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France.,Dyslipidemia, Inflammation, and Atherosclerosis Team, INSERM, UMR_S U1166, Paris, France.,Dyslipidemia, Inflammation, and Atherosclerosis Team, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06, UMR_S 1166, Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition, Paris, France
| | - J-M Chevallier
- Visceral Surgery Department, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Européen Georges-Pompidou, Paris, France
| | - J Aron-Wisnewsky
- Nutriomics Team, Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France.,Nutriomics Team, INSERM, UMR S U1166, Paris, France.,Nutriomics Team, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC University Paris 06, UMR_S 1166, Paris, France
| | - I Dugail
- Nutriomics Team, Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France.,Nutriomics Team, INSERM, UMR S U1166, Paris, France.,Nutriomics Team, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC University Paris 06, UMR_S 1166, Paris, France
| | - K Clément
- Nutriomics Team, Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France.,Nutriomics Team, INSERM, UMR S U1166, Paris, France.,Nutriomics Team, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC University Paris 06, UMR_S 1166, Paris, France
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27
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Deevska GM, Dotson PP, Karakashian AA, Isaac G, Wrona M, Kelly SB, Merrill AH, Nikolova-Karakashian MN. Novel Interconnections in Lipid Metabolism Revealed by Overexpression of Sphingomyelin Synthase-1. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:5110-5122. [PMID: 28087695 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.751602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2016] [Revised: 01/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigates the consequences of elevating sphingomyelin synthase 1 (SMS1) activity, which generates the main mammalian sphingolipid, sphingomyelin. HepG2 cells stably transfected with SMS1 (HepG2-SMS1) exhibit elevated enzyme activity in vitro and increased sphingomyelin content (mainly C22:0- and C24:0-sphingomyelin) but lower hexosylceramide (Hex-Cer) levels. HepG2-SMS1 cells have fewer triacylglycerols than controls but similar diacylglycerol acyltransferase activity, triacylglycerol secretion, and mitochondrial function. Treatment with 1 mm palmitate increases de novo ceramide synthesis in both cell lines to a similar degree, causing accumulation of C16:0-ceramide (and some C18:0-, C20:0-, and C22:0-ceramides) as well as C16:0- and C18:0-Hex-Cers. In these experiments, the palmitic acid is delivered as a complex with delipidated BSA (2:1, mol/mol) and does not induce significant lipotoxicity. Based on precursor labeling, the flux through SM synthase also increases, which is exacerbated in HepG2-SMS1 cells. In contrast, palmitate-induced lipid droplet formation is significantly reduced in HepG2-SMS1 cells. [14C]Choline and [3H]palmitate tracking shows that SMS1 overexpression apparently affects the partitioning of palmitate-enriched diacylglycerol between the phosphatidylcholine and triacylglycerol pathways, to the benefit of the former. Furthermore, triacylglycerols from HepG2-SMS1 cells are enriched in polyunsaturated fatty acids, which is indicative of active remodeling. Together, these results delineate novel metabolic interactions between glycerolipids and sphingolipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gergana M Deevska
- From the Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536
| | - Patrick P Dotson
- From the Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536
| | | | - Giorgis Isaac
- Pharmaceutical Discovery and Life Sciences, Waters Corporation, Milford, Massachusetts 01757, and
| | - Mark Wrona
- Pharmaceutical Discovery and Life Sciences, Waters Corporation, Milford, Massachusetts 01757, and
| | - Samuel B Kelly
- the School of Biology and Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332
| | - Alfred H Merrill
- the School of Biology and Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332
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28
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Dong Y, Chen YT, Yang YX, Shou D, Li CY. Urinary Metabolomic Profiling in Zucker Diabetic Fatty Rats with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Treated with Glimepiride, Metformin, and Their Combination. Molecules 2016; 21:molecules21111446. [PMID: 27809246 PMCID: PMC6273299 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21111446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2016] [Revised: 10/22/2016] [Accepted: 10/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a high incidence metabolic disease. Glimepiride, metformin, and their combination are the most commonly used therapeutics for T2DM in the clinic, but little is known about the metabolic responses of these therapies. In this study, ultrahigh-pressure liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UHPLC/ESI-QTOF-MS)-based metabolomics was applied to detect changes in the urinary metabolomic profile of Zucker diabetic fatty (ZDF) rats in response to these treatments. Additionally, standard biochemical parameters (e.g., fasting plasma glucose, glycosylated hemoglobin, oral glucose tolerance, urinary glucose, triglyceride, total cholesterol, and insulin) and liver histopathology were monitored and observed. Six metabolites, including 3-galactosyl lactose, citric acid, sphingosine, phytosphingosine, ribothymidine, and succinoadenosine, were found significantly reverted to the normal level after these therapies. The present study is the first to present citric acid and sphinganine as the potential markers of T2DM, which could be used as indicators to observe the anti-diabetic effects of glimepiride, metformin, and their combination treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Dong
- Department of Medicine, Zhejiang Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 132, Tianmushan Road, Hangzhou 310007, China.
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, No. 548, Binwen Road, Hangzhou 310053, China.
| | - Yi-Tao Chen
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, No. 548, Binwen Road, Hangzhou 310053, China.
| | - Yuan-Xiao Yang
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, No. 548, Binwen Road, Hangzhou 310053, China.
| | - Dan Shou
- Department of Medicine, Zhejiang Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 132, Tianmushan Road, Hangzhou 310007, China.
- Department of Chemistry, Xixi Campus, Zhejiang University, No. 148, Tianmushan Road, Hangzhou 310028, China.
| | - Chang-Yu Li
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, No. 548, Binwen Road, Hangzhou 310053, China.
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29
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Yoshida Y, Furukawa JI, Naito S, Higashino K, Numata Y, Shinohara Y. Quantitative analysis of total serum glycome in human and mouse. Proteomics 2016; 16:2747-2758. [DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201500550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2015] [Revised: 08/14/2016] [Accepted: 09/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yasunobu Yoshida
- Shionogi Innovation Center for Drug Discovery; Shionogi & Co., Ltd; Sapporo Japan
| | - Jun-ichi Furukawa
- Laboratory of Medical and Functional Glycomics; Graduate School of Advanced Life Science; Hokkaido University; Sapporo Japan
- Department of Orthopaedic Orthopaedic Surgery; Graduate School of Medicine; Hokkaido University; Sapporo Japan
| | - Shoichi Naito
- Shionogi Innovation Center for Drug Discovery; Shionogi & Co., Ltd; Sapporo Japan
| | - Kenichi Higashino
- Shionogi Innovation Center for Drug Discovery; Shionogi & Co., Ltd; Sapporo Japan
| | - Yoshito Numata
- Shionogi Innovation Center for Drug Discovery; Shionogi & Co., Ltd; Sapporo Japan
| | - Yasuro Shinohara
- Laboratory of Medical and Functional Glycomics; Graduate School of Advanced Life Science; Hokkaido University; Sapporo Japan
- Department of Pharmacy; Kinjo Gakuin University; Nagoya Japan
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30
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Gerspach C, Imhasly S, Gubler M, Naegeli H, Ruetten M, Laczko E. Altered plasma lipidome profile of dairy cows with fatty liver disease. Res Vet Sci 2016; 110:47-59. [PMID: 28159237 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2016.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2015] [Revised: 09/28/2016] [Accepted: 10/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Fatty liver disease is a common health problem of dairy cows occurring during the transition from pregnancy to lactation. It is a direct response to fat mobilization due to negative energy balance. Accumulation of lipids in the liver occurs if the uptake of non-esterified fatty acids by the liver exceeds the capacity of lipid oxidation or secretion by the liver. Currently, the diagnosis of fatty liver disease requires confirmation through biopsies to determine the hepatic lipid content. In view of this lack of a practical diagnostic tool, we compared the plasma lipidome of diseased dairy cows using liquid chromatography coupled to quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Multivariate data analysis yielded 20 m/z values that were able to distinguish between dairy cows with no hepatic lipidosis and those exhibiting different stages of the disease. Based on the chromatography retention time and m/z ratios, we identified phosphatidylcholines with reduced plasma abundances in cows with fatty liver disease. The abundances of different bile acids tended to be increased. In addition, we detected two metabolites related to inflammation, resolvin E1 and palmitoyl-ethanolamine (PEA), which need to be further investigated in cattle. These results indicate that the measurement of specific representatives of phosphatidylcholines in plasma may provide a novel diagnostic biomarker of fatty liver disease in dairy cows.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Gerspach
- Department of Farm Animals, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 260, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - S Imhasly
- Institute of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 260, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - M Gubler
- Department of Farm Animals, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 260, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - H Naegeli
- Institute of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 260, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - M Ruetten
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 268, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - E Laczko
- Functional Genomics Center Zurich, University of Zurich and Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 180, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
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31
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Morita SY. Metabolism and Modification of Apolipoprotein B-Containing Lipoproteins Involved in Dyslipidemia and Atherosclerosis. Biol Pharm Bull 2016; 39:1-24. [DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b15-00716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shin-ya Morita
- Department of Pharmacy, Shiga University of Medical Science Hospital
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32
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Sas KM, Nair V, Byun J, Kayampilly P, Zhang H, Saha J, Brosius FC, Kretzler M, Pennathur S. Targeted Lipidomic and Transcriptomic Analysis Identifies Dysregulated Renal Ceramide Metabolism in a Mouse Model of Diabetic Kidney Disease. JOURNAL OF PROTEOMICS & BIOINFORMATICS 2015; Suppl 14:002. [PMID: 26778897 PMCID: PMC4712744 DOI: 10.4172/jpb.s14-002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Both type 1 and type 2 diabetes are associated with altered lipid metabolism, which might in part contribute to debilitating complications such as diabetic kidney disease (DKD). Ceramides are bioactive sphingolipids that have been implicated in a variety of diseases as they can regulate cellular responses to stress and invoke a myriad of downstream signaling responses. To investigate a potential role of altered ceramide metabolism in DKD, we utilized a highly sensitive and specific mass spectrometry (MS) method to quantitatively measure species in plasma and kidney cortex from the C57BLKS db/db mouse model of DKD and littermate controls. Long-chain ceramides (C14:0, C16:0, C18:0, C20:0) and a glucosylceramide (Glu-Cer C18:0) were increased in diabetic mouse plasma, while long-chain (C14:0, C16:0, C18:0) and very-long-chain (C24:0, C24:1) ceramides and a glucosylceramide (Glu-Cer C16:0) were decreased in diabetic mouse kidney tissue. Kidney and plasma ceramide levels correlated to functional and histopathological features of DKD. Transcriptomic analysis of mouse kidney tissue revealed expression changes indicative of decreased ceramide synthesis (Degs2, Smpd2) and increased conversion to sphingosine (Acer2) and downstream sphingosine-1-phosphate signaling. Correlation analysis identified a negative relationship between plasma and kidney tissue levels of ceramide C16:0 and ceramide C24:1. Overall, the findings suggest a previously unrecognized role for ceramide metabolism in DKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelli M Sas
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Viji Nair
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Jaeman Byun
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Pradeep Kayampilly
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Hongyu Zhang
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Jharna Saha
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Frank C Brosius
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Matthias Kretzler
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Subramaniam Pennathur
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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33
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Iqbal J, Walsh MT, Hammad SM, Cuchel M, Tarugi P, Hegele RA, Davidson NO, Rader DJ, Klein RL, Hussain MM. Microsomal Triglyceride Transfer Protein Transfers and Determines Plasma Concentrations of Ceramide and Sphingomyelin but Not Glycosylceramide. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:25863-75. [PMID: 26350457 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.659110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Sphingolipids, a large family of bioactive lipids, are implicated in stress responses, differentiation, proliferation, apoptosis, and other physiological processes. Aberrant plasma levels of sphingolipids contribute to metabolic disease, atherosclerosis, and insulin resistance. They are fairly evenly distributed in high density and apoB-containing lipoproteins (B-lps). Mechanisms involved in the transport of sphingolipids to the plasma are unknown. Here, we investigated the role of microsomal triglyceride transfer protein (MTP), required for B-lp assembly and secretion, in sphingolipid transport to the plasma. Abetalipoproteinemia patients with deleterious mutations in MTP and absence of B-lps had significantly lower plasma ceramide and sphingomyelin but normal hexosylceramide, lactosylceramide, and different sphingosines compared with unaffected controls. Furthermore, similar differential effects on plasma sphingolipids were seen in liver- and intestine-specific MTP knock-out (L,I-Mttp(-/-)) mice, suggesting that MTP specifically plays a role in the regulation of plasma ceramide and sphingomyelin. We hypothesized that MTP deficiency may affect either their synthesis or secretion. MTP deficiency had no effect on ceramide and sphingomyelin synthesis but reduced secretion from primary hepatocytes and hepatoma cells. Therefore, MTP is involved in ceramide and sphingomyelin secretion but not in their synthesis. We also found that MTP transferred these lipids between vesicles in vitro. Therefore, we propose that MTP might regulate plasma ceramide and sphingomyelin levels by transferring these lipids to B-lps in the liver and intestine and facilitating their secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Samar M Hammad
- the Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina 29425
| | - Marina Cuchel
- the Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, Cardiovascular Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Patrizia Tarugi
- the Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41121 Modena, Italy
| | - Robert A Hegele
- the Blackburn Cardiovascular Genetics Laboratory, The Robarts Research Institute, London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Nicholas O Davidson
- the Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110
| | - Daniel J Rader
- the Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, Cardiovascular Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Richard L Klein
- the Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Medical Genetics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina 29425, the Research Service, Ralph H. Johnson Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Charleston, South Carolina 29401, and
| | - M Mahmood Hussain
- From the Departments of Cell Biology and Pediatrics, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York 11203, the Department of Veterans Affairs New York Harbor Healthcare System, Brooklyn, New York 11209
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Bellini L, Campana M, Mahfouz R, Carlier A, Véret J, Magnan C, Hajduch E, Le Stunff H. Targeting sphingolipid metabolism in the treatment of obesity/type 2 diabetes. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2015; 19:1037-50. [PMID: 25814122 DOI: 10.1517/14728222.2015.1028359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Obesity is a major factor that is linked to the development of type 2 diabetes (T2D). Excess circulating fatty acids (FAs), which characterize obesity, induce insulin resistance, steatosis, β cells dysfunction and apoptosis. These deleterious effects have been defined as lipotoxicity. AREAS COVERED FAs are metabolized to different lipid species, including ceramides which play a crucial role in lipotoxicity. The action of ceramides on tissues, such as muscle, liver, adipose tissue and pancreatic β cells, during the development of T2D will also be reviewed. In addition, the potential antagonist action of other sphingolipids, namely sphingoid base phosphates, on lipotoxicity in skeletal muscle and β cells will be addressed. EXPERT OPINION Ceramide is a critical mediator to the development of T2D linked to obesity. Targeting proteins involved in ceramide's deleterious action has not been possible due to their involvement in many other intracellular signaling pathways. A possible means of counteracting ceramide action would be to prevent the accumulation of the specific ceramide species involved in both insulin resistance and β-cell apoptosis/dysfunction. Another possibility would be to adjust the dynamic balance between ceramide and sphingoid base phosphate, both known to display opposing properties on the development of T2D-linked obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara Bellini
- Université PARIS-DIDEROT (7), Unité Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative - UMR CNRS 8251, Équipe Régulation de la glycémie par le système nerveux central (REGLYS) , 4, rue Marie-Andrée Lagroua Weill-Halle, 75205 PARIS Cedex 13 , France +01 57 27 77 97 ; +01 57 27 77 96 ;
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Gorden DL, Myers DS, Ivanova PT, Fahy E, Maurya MR, Gupta S, Min J, Spann NJ, McDonald JG, Kelly SL, Duan J, Sullards MC, Leiker TJ, Barkley RM, Quehenberger O, Armando AM, Milne SB, Mathews TP, Armstrong MD, Li C, Melvin WV, Clements RH, Washington MK, Mendonsa AM, Witztum JL, Guan Z, Glass CK, Murphy RC, Dennis EA, Merrill AH, Russell DW, Subramaniam S, Brown HA. Biomarkers of NAFLD progression: a lipidomics approach to an epidemic. J Lipid Res 2015; 56:722-736. [PMID: 25598080 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.p056002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 237] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The spectrum of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) includes steatosis, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), and cirrhosis. Recognition and timely diagnosis of these different stages, particularly NASH, is important for both potential reversibility and limitation of complications. Liver biopsy remains the clinical standard for definitive diagnosis. Diagnostic tools minimizing the need for invasive procedures or that add information to histologic data are important in novel management strategies for the growing epidemic of NAFLD. We describe an "omics" approach to detecting a reproducible signature of lipid metabolites, aqueous intracellular metabolites, SNPs, and mRNA transcripts in a double-blinded study of patients with different stages of NAFLD that involves profiling liver biopsies, plasma, and urine samples. Using linear discriminant analysis, a panel of 20 plasma metabolites that includes glycerophospholipids, sphingolipids, sterols, and various aqueous small molecular weight components involved in cellular metabolic pathways, can be used to differentiate between NASH and steatosis. This identification of differential biomolecular signatures has the potential to improve clinical diagnosis and facilitate therapeutic intervention of NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Lee Gorden
- Departments of Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN; Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - David S Myers
- Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | | | - Eoin Fahy
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Mano R Maurya
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Shakti Gupta
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Jun Min
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Nathanael J Spann
- Departments of Cellular and Molecular Medicine and Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Jeffrey G McDonald
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Samuel L Kelly
- Schools of Biology, Chemistry, and Biochemistry, and the Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA
| | - Jingjing Duan
- Schools of Biology, Chemistry, and Biochemistry, and the Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA
| | - M Cameron Sullards
- Schools of Biology, Chemistry, and Biochemistry, and the Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA
| | - Thomas J Leiker
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado at Denver, Aurora, CO
| | - Robert M Barkley
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado at Denver, Aurora, CO
| | - Oswald Quehenberger
- Departments of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA; Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Aaron M Armando
- Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Stephen B Milne
- Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Thomas P Mathews
- Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | | | - Chijun Li
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC
| | - Willie V Melvin
- Departments of Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Ronald H Clements
- Departments of Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - M Kay Washington
- Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | | | - Joseph L Witztum
- Departments of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Ziqiang Guan
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC
| | - Christopher K Glass
- Departments of Cellular and Molecular Medicine and Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Robert C Murphy
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado at Denver, Aurora, CO
| | - Edward A Dennis
- Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA; Chemistry and Biochemistry, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Alfred H Merrill
- Schools of Biology, Chemistry, and Biochemistry, and the Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA
| | - David W Russell
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Shankar Subramaniam
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA; Chemistry and Biochemistry, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA.
| | - H Alex Brown
- Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN; Biochemistry, and the Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN.
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Moylan JS, Smith JD, Wolf Horrell EM, McLean JB, Deevska GM, Bonnell MR, Nikolova-Karakashian MN, Reid MB. Neutral sphingomyelinase-3 mediates TNF-stimulated oxidant activity in skeletal muscle. Redox Biol 2014; 2:910-20. [PMID: 25180167 PMCID: PMC4143815 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2014.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2014] [Accepted: 07/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims Sphingolipid and oxidant signaling affect glucose uptake, atrophy, and force production of skeletal muscle similarly and both are stimulated by tumor necrosis factor (TNF), suggesting a connection between systems. Sphingolipid signaling is initiated by neutral sphingomyelinase (nSMase), a family of agonist-activated effector enzymes. Northern blot analyses suggest that nSMase3 may be a striated muscle-specific nSMase. The present study tested the hypothesis that nSMase3 protein is expressed in skeletal muscle and functions to regulate TNF-stimulated oxidant production. Results We demonstrate constitutive nSMase activity in skeletal muscles of healthy mice and humans and in differentiated C2C12 myotubes. nSMase3 (Smpd4 gene) mRNA is highly expressed in muscle. An nSMase3 protein doublet (88 and 85 kD) is derived from alternative mRNA splicing of exon 11. The proteins partition differently. The full-length 88 kD isoform (nSMase3a) fractionates with membrane proteins that are resistant to detergent extraction; the 85 kD isoform lacking exon 11 (nSMase3b) is more readily extracted and fractionates with detergent soluble membrane proteins; neither variant is detected in the cytosol. By immunofluorescence microscopy, nSMase3 resides in both internal and sarcolemmal membranes. Finally, myotube nSMase activity and cytosolic oxidant activity are stimulated by TNF. Both if these responses are inhibited by nSMase3 knockdown. Innovation These findings identify nSMase3 as an intermediate that links TNF receptor activation, sphingolipid signaling, and skeletal muscle oxidant production. Conclusion Our data show that nSMase3 acts as a signaling nSMase in skeletal muscle that is essential for TNF-stimulated oxidant activity. First measures of endogenous nSMase3 protein in muscle. Detection of nSMase3 splice variant proteins. Identification of a functional role for nSMase3 in redox signaling. Identification of an intermediate in TNF/redox signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer S Moylan
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA ; Center for Muscle Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Jeffrey D Smith
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA ; Center for Muscle Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Erin M Wolf Horrell
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA ; Center for Muscle Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA ; Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Julie B McLean
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA ; Center for Muscle Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Gergana M Deevska
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Mark R Bonnell
- Department of Surgery, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | | | - Michael B Reid
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA ; Center for Muscle Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
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Orekhov AN, Bobryshev YV, Sobenin IA, Melnichenko AA, Chistiakov DA. Modified low density lipoprotein and lipoprotein-containing circulating immune complexes as diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers of atherosclerosis and type 1 diabetes macrovascular disease. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:12807-41. [PMID: 25050779 PMCID: PMC4139876 DOI: 10.3390/ijms150712807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2014] [Revised: 06/29/2014] [Accepted: 07/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In atherosclerosis; blood low-density lipoproteins (LDL) are subjected to multiple enzymatic and non-enzymatic modifications that increase their atherogenicity and induce immunogenicity. Modified LDL are capable of inducing vascular inflammation through activation of innate immunity; thus, contributing to the progression of atherogenesis. The immunogenicity of modified LDL results in induction of self-antibodies specific to a certain type of modified LDL. The antibodies react with modified LDL forming circulating immune complexes. Circulating immune complexes exhibit prominent immunomodulatory properties that influence atherosclerotic inflammation. Compared to freely circulating modified LDL; modified LDL associated with the immune complexes have a more robust atherogenic and proinflammatory potential. Various lipid components of the immune complexes may serve not only as diagnostic but also as essential predictive markers of cardiovascular events in atherosclerosis. Accumulating evidence indicates that LDL-containing immune complexes can also serve as biomarker for macrovascular disease in type 1 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander N Orekhov
- Laboratory of Angiopathology, Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Moscow 125315, Russia.
| | - Yuri V Bobryshev
- Laboratory of Angiopathology, Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Moscow 125315, Russia.
| | - Igor A Sobenin
- Laboratory of Angiopathology, Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Moscow 125315, Russia.
| | - Alexandra A Melnichenko
- Laboratory of Angiopathology, Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Moscow 125315, Russia.
| | - Dimitry A Chistiakov
- Department of Medical Nanobiotechnology, Pirogov Russian State Medical University, Moscow 117997, Russia.
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Scorletti E, Byrne CD. Omega-3 fatty acids, hepatic lipid metabolism, and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Annu Rev Nutr 2014; 33:231-48. [PMID: 23862644 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-nutr-071812-161230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 210] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Long-chain omega-3 fatty acids belong to a family of polyunsaturated fatty acids that are known to have important beneficial effects on metabolism and inflammation. Such effects may confer a benefit in specific chronic noncommunicable diseases that are becoming very prevalent in Westernized societies [e.g., nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD)]. Typically, with a Westernized diet, long-chain omega-6 fatty acid consumption is markedly greater than omega-3 fatty acid consumption. The potential consequences of an alteration in the ratio of omega-6 to omega-3 fatty acid consumption are increased production of proinflammatory arachidonic acid-derived eicosanoids and impaired regulation of hepatic and adipose function, predisposing to NAFLD. NAFLD represents a spectrum of liver fat-related conditions that originates with ectopic fat accumulation in liver (hepatic steatosis) and progresses, with the development of hepatic inflammation and fibrosis, to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). If the adipose tissue is inflamed with widespread macrophage infiltration, the production of adipokines may act to exacerbate liver inflammation and NASH. Omega-3 fatty acid treatment may have beneficial effects in regulating hepatic lipid metabolism, adipose tissue function, and inflammation. Recent studies testing the effects of omega-3 fatty acids in NAFLD are showing promise and suggesting that these fatty acids may be useful in the treatment of NAFLD. To date, further research is needed in NAFLD to (a) establish the dose of long-chain omega-3 fatty acids as a treatment, (b) determine the duration of therapy, and (c) test whether there is benefit on the different component features of NAFLD (hepatic fat, inflammation, and fibrosis).
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Affiliation(s)
- E Scorletti
- Nutrition and Metabolism, Human Development and Health Academic Unit, University of Southampton and National Institute for Health Research Southampton Biomedical Research Center, Southampton University Hospitals National Health Service Trust, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton SO16 6YD, United Kingdom
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Larsen PJ, Tennagels N. On ceramides, other sphingolipids and impaired glucose homeostasis. Mol Metab 2014; 3:252-60. [PMID: 24749054 PMCID: PMC3986510 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2014.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2013] [Revised: 01/17/2014] [Accepted: 01/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In most people with type 2 diabetes, progression from obesity to diabetes is accompanied by elevated tissue exposures to a variety of lipids. Among these lipid species, ceramides and more complex sphingolipids have gained recent attention as being pathophysiologically relevant for the development of insulin resistance and impaired glycemic control. Upon excess intake of saturated fat, ceramides accumulate in insulin sensitive tissues either as a consequence of de novo synthesis or through mobilization from complex sphingolipids. Clinical studies have confirmed positive correlation between plasma and tissue levels of several ceramide species and insulin resistance. At the cellular level, it has been demonstrated that ceramides impair insulin signaling and intracellular handling of glucose and lipids with resulting deleterious effects on cellular metabolism. Hence, we are reviewing whether therapeutic interventions aiming at reducing tissue exposure to ceramides or other sphingolipids represent viable therapeutic approaches to improve glucose metabolism in people with diabetes.
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Fan M, Sidhu R, Fujiwara H, Tortelli B, Zhang J, Davidson C, Walkley SU, Bagel JH, Vite C, Yanjanin NM, Porter FD, Schaffer JE, Ory DS. Identification of Niemann-Pick C1 disease biomarkers through sphingolipid profiling. J Lipid Res 2013; 54:2800-14. [PMID: 23881911 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m040618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Niemann-Pick type C (NPC)1 is a rare neurodegenerative disease for which treatment options are limited. A major barrier to development of effective treatments has been the lack of validated biomarkers to monitor disease progression or serve as outcome measures in clinical trials. Using targeted metabolomics to exploit the complex lipid storage phenotype that is the hallmark of NPC1 disease, we broadly surveyed Npc1(-/-) mouse tissues and identified elevated species across multiple sphingolipid classes that increased with disease progression. There was a striking accumulation of sphingoid bases, monohexosylceramides (MCs), and GM2 gangliosides in liver, and sphingoid bases and GM2 and GM3 gangliosides in brain. These lipids were modestly decreased following miglustat treatment, but markedly decreased in response to treatment with 2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HP-β-CD), two drugs that have shown efficacy in NPC1 animal models. Extending these studies to human subjects led to identification of sphingolipid classes that were significantly altered in the plasma of NPC1 patients. Plasma MCs and ceramides were elevated, whereas sphingoid bases were reduced in NPC1 subjects. Intervention with miglustat in NPC1 patients was accompanied by striking alterations in plasma (reductions in GM1 and GM3 gangliosides) and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) (increased MCs) sphingolipids. Similar alterations were observed in the CSF from the NPC1 feline model following HP-β-CD treatment. Our findings suggest that these lipid biomarkers may prove useful as outcome measures for monitoring efficacy of therapy in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Fan
- Diabetic Cardiovascular Disease Center and Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
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Characterization of secretory sphingomyelinase activity, lipoprotein sphingolipid content and LDL aggregation in ldlr-/- mice fed on a high-fat diet. Biosci Rep 2013; 32:479-90. [PMID: 22712892 PMCID: PMC3475451 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20120036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The propensity of LDLs (low-density lipoproteins) for aggregation and/or oxidation has been linked to their sphingolipid content, specifically the levels of SM (sphingomyelin) and ceramide. To investigate this association in vivo, ldlr (LDL receptor)-null mice (ldlr−/−) were fed on a modified (atherogenic) diet containing saturated fats and cholesterol. The diet led to significantly elevated SM content in all serum lipoproteins. In contrast, ceramide increased only in the LDL particles. MS-based analyses of the lipid acyl chain composition revealed a marked elevation in C16:0 fatty acid in SM and ceramide, consistent with the prevalence of palmitic acid in the modified diet. The diet also led to increased activity of the S-SMase [secretory SMase (sphingomyelinase)], a protein that is generated by ASMase (acid SMase) and acts on serum LDL. An increased macrophage secretion seemed to be responsible for the elevated S-SMase activity. ASMase-deficient mice (asm−/−/ldlr−/−) lacked S-SMase activity and were protected from diet-induced elevation in LDL ceramide. LDL from asm−/−/ldlr−/− mice fed on the modified diet were less aggregated and oxidized than LDL from asm+/+/ldlr−/− mice. When tested in vitro, the propensity for aggregation was dependent on the SM level: only LDL from animals on modified diet that have high SM content aggregated when treated with recombinant S-SMase. In conclusion, LDL-SM content and S-SMase activity are up-regulated in mice fed on an atherogenic diet. S-SMase mediates diet-induced changes in LDL ceramide content and aggregation. S-SMase effectiveness in inducing aggregation is dependent on diet-induced enrichment of LDL with SM, possibly through increased hepatic synthesis.
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Dekker MJ, Baker C, Naples M, Samsoondar J, Zhang R, Qiu W, Sacco J, Adeli K. Inhibition of sphingolipid synthesis improves dyslipidemia in the diet-induced hamster model of insulin resistance: evidence for the role of sphingosine and sphinganine in hepatic VLDL-apoB100 overproduction. Atherosclerosis 2013; 228:98-109. [PMID: 23466071 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2013.01.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2012] [Revised: 01/17/2013] [Accepted: 01/20/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Sphingolipids have emerged as important bioactive lipid species involved in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. However, little is known of the regulatory role of sphingolipids in dyslipidemia of insulin-resistant states. We employed hamster models of dyslipidemia and insulin resistance to investigate the role of sphingolipids in hepatic VLDL overproduction, induction of insulin resistance, and inflammation. Hamsters were fed either a control chow diet, a high fructose diet, or a diet high in fat, fructose and cholesterol (FFC diet). They were then treated for 2 weeks with vehicle or 0.3 mg/kg myriocin, a potent inhibitor of de novo sphingolipid synthesis. Both fructose and FFC feeding induced significant increases in hepatic sphinganine, which was normalized to chow-fed levels with myriocin (P < 0.05); myriocin also lowered hepatic ceramide content (P < 0.05). Plasma TG and cholesterol as well as VLDL-TG and -apoB100 were similarly reduced with myriocin treatment in all hamsters, regardless of diet. Myriocin treatment also led to improved insulin sensitivity and reduced hepatic SREBP-1c mRNA, though it did not appear to ameliorate the activation of hepatic inflammatory pathways. Importantly, direct treatment of primary hamster hepatocytes ex vivo with C2 ceramide or sphingosine led to an increased secretion of newly synthesized apoB100. Taken together, these data suggest that a) hepatic VLDL-apoB100 overproduction may be stimulated by ceramides and sphingosine and b) inhibition of sphingolipid synthesis can reduce circulating VLDL in hamsters and improve circulating lipids--an effect that is possibly due to improved insulin signaling and reduced lipogenesis but is independent of changes in inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark J Dekker
- Molecular Structure and Function, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Abstract
Atherosclerosis is the major cause of mortality in the developed countries. Although presently known risk factors have some predictive value for the disease, a major part of the variability in this process remains unexplained. It is extremely important to find new approaches for better understanding of the disease and for treating it. Exploration of the sphingolipid metabolism is one of these approaches. Sphingolipids are a large class of lipids with structural and signaling functions. Recent researches indicated that these lipids play important roles in the development of atherosclerosis. In this chapter, we summarized the major findings in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian-Cheng Jiang
- Department of Cell Biology, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY 11203, USA.
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Watt MJ, Barnett AC, Bruce CR, Schenk S, Horowitz JF, Hoy AJ. Regulation of plasma ceramide levels with fatty acid oversupply: evidence that the liver detects and secretes de novo synthesised ceramide. Diabetologia 2012; 55:2741-2746. [PMID: 22854889 PMCID: PMC3576922 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-012-2649-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2012] [Accepted: 06/21/2012] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Plasma ceramide concentrations correlate with insulin sensitivity, inflammation and atherosclerotic risk. We hypothesised that plasma ceramide concentrations are increased in the presence of elevated fatty acid levels and are regulated by increased liver serine C-palmitoyltransferase (SPT) activity. METHODS Lean humans and rats underwent an acute lipid infusion and plasma ceramide levels were determined. One group of lipid-infused rats was administered myriocin to inhibit SPT activity. Liver SPT activity was determined in lipid-infused rats, and obese, insulin resistant mice. The time and palmitate dose-dependent synthesis of intracellular and secreted ceramide was determined in HepG2 liver cells. RESULTS Plasma ceramide levels were increased during lipid infusion in humans and rats, and in obese, insulin-resistant mice. The increase in plasma ceramide was not associated with changes in liver SPT activity, and inhibiting SPT activity by ~50% did not alter plasma ceramide levels in lipid-infused rats. In HepG2 liver cells, palmitate incorporation into extracellular ceramide was both dose- and time-dependent, suggesting the liver cells rapidly secreted the newly synthesised ceramide. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION Elevated systemic fatty acid availability increased plasma ceramide but this was not associated with changes in hepatic SPT activity, suggesting that liver ceramide synthesis is driven by substrate availability rather than increased SPT activity. This report also provides evidence that the liver is sensitive to the intracellular ceramide concentration, and an increase in liver ceramide secretion may help protect the liver from the deleterious effects of intracellular ceramide accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Watt
- Department of Physiology, Monash University, Building 13F, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia.
| | - A C Barnett
- Department of Physiology, Monash University, Building 13F, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - C R Bruce
- Department of Physiology, Monash University, Building 13F, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
- Baker IDI Heart & Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - S Schenk
- School of Kinesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - J F Horowitz
- School of Kinesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - A J Hoy
- Department of Physiology, Monash University, Building 13F, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia.
- Discipline of Physiology, University of Sydney, Anderson Stuart Building (F13), Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia.
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Babenko NA, Hassouneh LKM, Kharchenko VS, Garkavenko VV. Vitamin E prevents the age-dependent and palmitate-induced disturbances of sphingolipid turnover in liver cells. AGE (DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS) 2012; 34:905-15. [PMID: 21796379 PMCID: PMC3682064 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-011-9288-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2010] [Accepted: 07/04/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Sphingolipid turnover has been shown to be activated at old age and in response to various stress stimuli including oxidative stress. Reduction of vitamin E content in the liver under the pro-oxidant action is associated with enhanced sphingolipid turnover and ceramide accumulation in hepatocytes. In the present paper, the correction of sphingolipid metabolism in the liver cells of old rats and in the palmitate-treated young hepatocytes using α-tocopherol has been investigated. 3- and 24-month-old rats, [(14) C]palmitic acid, [methyl-(14) C-choline]sphingomyelin (SM), and [(14) C]serine were used. α-Tocopherol administration to old rats or addition to the culture medium of old liver slices or hepatocytes prevented age-dependent increase of ceramide synthesis and lipid accumulation, and increased SM content in liver tissue and cells. α-Tocopherol treatment of old cells decreased the neutral and acid sphingomyelinase (SMase) activities in hepatocytes and serine palmitoyl transferase activity in the liver cell microsomes. Effect of α- or γ-tocopherol, but not of δ-tocopherol, on the newly synthesized ceramide content in old cells was correlated with the action of inhibitor of serine palmitoyl transferase (SPT) activity (myriocin) and SMase inhibitors (glutathione, imipramine). Addition of α-tocopherol as well as myriocin to the culture medium of young hepatocytes, treated by palmitate, abolished ceramide accumulation and synthesis. The data obtained demonstrate that α-tocopherol normalized elevated ceramide content in the old liver cells via inhibition of acid and neutral SMase activities and lipid synthesis de novo. α-Tocopherol, reducing ceramide synthesis, prevented palmitate-induced aging-like ceramide accumulation in young liver cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nataliya A Babenko
- Department of Physiology of Ontogenesis, Institute of Biology, Kharkov Karazin National University, 4 Svobody pl., Kharkov, Ukraine.
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Hussain MM, Jin W, Jiang XC. Mechanisms involved in cellular ceramide homeostasis. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2012; 9:71. [PMID: 22849442 PMCID: PMC3463440 DOI: 10.1186/1743-7075-9-71] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2012] [Accepted: 07/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Sphingolipids are ubiquitous and critical components of biological membranes. Their biosynthesis starts with soluble precursors in the endoplasmic reticulum and culminates in the Golgi complex and plasma membrane. Ceramides are important intermediates in the biosynthesis of sphingolipids, such as sphingomyelin, and their overload in the membranes is injurious to cells. The major product of ceramide metabolism is sphingomyelin. We observed that sphingomyelin synthase (SMS) 1 or SMS2 deficiencies significantly decreased plasma and liver sphingomyelin levels. However, SMS2 but not SMS1 deficiency increased plasma ceramides. Surprisingly, SMS1 deficiency significantly increased glucosylceramide and ganglioside GM3, but SMS2 deficiency did not. To explain these unexpected findings about modest to no significant changes in ceramides and increases in other sphingolipids after the ablation of SMS1, we hypothesize that cells have evolved several organelle specific mechanisms to maintain ceramide homeostasis. First, ceramides in the endoplasmic reticulum membranes are controlled by its export to Golgi by protein mediated transfer. Second, in the Golgi, ceramide levels are modulated by their enzymatic conversion to different sphingolipids such as sphingomyelin, and glucosylceramides. Additionally, these sphingolipids can become part of triglyceride-rich apolipoprotein B-containing lipoproteins and be secreted. Third, in the plasma membrane ceramide levels are maintained by ceramide/sphingomyelin cycle, delivery to lysosomes, and efflux to extracellular plasma acceptors. All these pathways might have evolved to ensure steady cellular ceramide levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Mahmood Hussain
- Department of Cell Biology, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, 450 Clarkson Ave, Brooklyn, NY 11203, USA
| | - Weijun Jin
- Department of Cell Biology, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, 450 Clarkson Ave, Brooklyn, NY 11203, USA
| | - Xian-Cheng Jiang
- Department of Cell Biology, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, 450 Clarkson Ave, Brooklyn, NY 11203, USA
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Myristic acid increases dihydroceramide Δ4-desaturase 1 (DES1) activity in cultured rat hepatocytes. Lipids 2011; 47:117-28. [PMID: 22139871 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-011-3638-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2011] [Accepted: 11/17/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Dihydroceramide Δ4-desaturase 1 (DES1) catalyzes the last step of the de novo ceramide biosynthesis, which consists of the introduction of a trans Δ4-double bond in the carbon chain of the dihydroceramide. It was previously observed that myristic acid binds DES1 through N-myristoylation. This N-terminal modification significantly increased the activity of the recombinant DES1 in COS-7 cells and targeted part of the enzyme initially present in the endoplasmic reticulum to the mitochondrial outer membrane, leading to an increase in ceramide levels. Since these results were obtained in a recombinant COS-7 cell model with high expression of rat DES1, the purpose of the present study was to investigate if the native DES1 enzyme was really upregulated by its N-myristoylation in cultured rat hepatocytes. We first showed that DES1 was the main dihydroceramide desaturase isoform expressed in rat hepatocytes. In this model, the wild-type myristoylable recombinant form of rat DES1 was found in both the endoplasmic reticulum and the mitochondria whereas the mutated non-myristoylable recombinant form (N-terminal glycine replaced by an alanine) was almost exclusively localized in the endoplasmic reticulum, which evidenced the importance of the myristoylation. Then, we showed that compared to other fatty acids, myristic acid was the only one to increase native DES1 activity, in both total cell lysates and mitochondrial fractions. The myristic acid-associated increase in DES1 activity was not linked to elevated mRNA or protein expression but more likely to its N-terminal myristoylation. Finally, the myristic acid-associated increase in DES1 activity slightly enhanced the number of apoptotic cells.
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Merrill AH. Sphingolipid and glycosphingolipid metabolic pathways in the era of sphingolipidomics. Chem Rev 2011; 111:6387-422. [PMID: 21942574 PMCID: PMC3191729 DOI: 10.1021/cr2002917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 546] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2011] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alfred H Merrill
- School of Biology, and the Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0230, USA.
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49
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Promrat K, Longato L, Wands JR, de la Monte SM. Weight loss amelioration of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis linked to shifts in hepatic ceramide expression and serum ceramide levels. Hepatol Res 2011; 41:754-62. [PMID: 21794038 PMCID: PMC4550290 DOI: 10.1111/j.1872-034x.2011.00815.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
AIM Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is associated with increased hepatic insulin resistance. Ceramides and other toxic sphingolipids promote inflammation, lipotoxicity and insulin resistance; however, the role of ceramides in the pathogenesis of NASH has not been determined. This study characterizes expression of ceramide-related genes in human livers with NASH and examines the effects of weight loss on NASH and pro-ceramide gene expression in liver. METHODS Liver biopsies were obtained to assess the histopathological status of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease/NASH prior to and following completion of a 1-year course of implementing either lifestyle changes or a standard enrichment protocol designed to encourage weight loss. Liver biopsy samples were used to measure pro-ceramide gene expression by quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction analysis (qRT-PCR), and serum was used to measure ceramide immunoreactivity. RESULTS At baseline, serine palmitoyltransferase (SPTLC)2 (P = 0.02) and ceramide synthase (CER)1 (P = 0.001) mRNA transcripts were less abundantly expressed in livers with NASH relative to normal controls. After weight loss (average 9.3%), SPTLC1 (P = 0.005) and uridine diphosphate glucose ceramide glucosyltransferase (UGCG) (P = 0.001) expression significantly declined while CER1 increased (P = 0.001) among subjects randomized to the lifestyle change subgroup. Reductions in calorie and fat consumption were significantly correlated with changes in ceramide-related gene expression. Finally, both net and relative reductions in serum ceramide levels were significantly greater in the lifestyles compared with the standard enrichment (control) protocol group (both P < 0.005). CONCLUSION NASH is associated with increased insulin resistance and altered ceramide gene expression in liver. Weight loss-mediated reversal of NASH is associated with reduced pro-ceramide gene expression in liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kittichai Promrat
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Rhode Island Hospital, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA,Providence Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Lisa Longato
- Liver Research Center, Rhode Island Hospital, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Jack R. Wands
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Rhode Island Hospital, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA,Liver Research Center, Rhode Island Hospital, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Suzanne M. de la Monte
- Liver Research Center, Rhode Island Hospital, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA,Department of Pathology, Rhode Island Hospital, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
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50
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Kindt E, Wetterau J, Mueller SB, Castle C, Boustany-Kari CM. Quantitative sphingosine measurement as a surrogate for total ceramide concentration-preclinical and potential translational applications. Biomed Chromatogr 2010; 24:752-8. [PMID: 19908207 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.1359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Biomarkers are an increasingly important constituent of the drug development process, offering the potential of increased efficiency through reduced compound attrition and earlier proof of mechanism and/or efficacy. Assays developed for compound screening that can be directly translated for clinical trials are especially valuable, but their successful adoption requires a careful balance between assay performance and implementation costs. One such 'fit-for-purpose' biomarker assay, the indirect measurement of pharmacological modulation of sphingolipid biosynthesis and disposition, is presented here. Among sphingolipids, numerous ceramide species are readily detectable in different lipoprotein fractions of mammalian plasma, but their parallel quantification can be prohibitively expensive and time consuming. Ceramides differ in their fatty acid moiety, which is readily removed by hydrolysis, yielding a common sphingosine derivative, the measurement of which serves as an indicator of total ceramide. When followed by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) for detection, robust analyte quantification becomes relatively straightforward. The practical utility of a method developed to be fit for the purpose of rapidly and quantitatively measuring treatment-induced variations in total ceramide from hamster plasma and individual lipoprotein fractions is described. With a linear calibration range from 0.003 to 33.4 microm sphingosine, precision and accuracy error in plasma-based quality controls spiked with ceramides was less than 15%. The specificity of the assay for ceramides was also assessed. The simplicity of the method would allow for its potential translation to other preclinical species, as well as for clinical applications in later-stage drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erick Kindt
- Department of Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, and Metabolism, Pfizer Inc., La Jolla, CA, USA
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