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Miftari MH, Riste TB, Walther BT. Leukolectins support lifelong innate immunity in lower vertebrates, and reveal dichotomies of several leukocytic lineages. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2024; 151:109685. [PMID: 38857816 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2024.109685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Revised: 05/30/2024] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024]
Abstract
Innate immunity is vital for animal homeostasis and survival. First-line immuno-defense for fish larvae involves mucus enriched with leukolectin (LL) secreted by dermal lectocytes. Later during the critical transition from yolk-nutrition to feeding, additional larval immuno-protection in zebrafish (zF) is provided by macrophages containing LL (lectophages). This work investigated new LL-expression in embryos and in blood, structures of fish leukocytic LL and LL-genes, and LL-presence in chicken leukocytes. In zF-embryos, lectophages appear ∼10 hpf, while later, cells co-expressing myeloperoxidase- and LL-mRNA were detected (∼19 hpf). Furthermore, protein-extracts of Atlantic salmon (Ssal) leukocytes contained LL-proteins, compartmentalized in the cytosol. Cloning and sequencing revealed 94 % nt-sequence identity between variants of Ssal-leukolectins. Highly conserved LLs allowed production of epitope-specific anti-LL IgGs. Immuno-fluorescence-analysis demonstrated that most Ssal-bloodcells were LL-negative, but both some large cells with protrusions and some small, rounded cells did express LL. Immunoperoxidase-staining method confirmed LL-expression in some Ssal-leukocytes, identified as macrophages, PMN-leukocytes, thrombocytes and dendritic cells. However, closer examination revealed a dichotomy of these cell-categories into either LL-positive, or LL-negative variants. In situ hybridization demonstrated profuse LL-expression in Ssal head kidney interstitial tissue, while LL-transcripts were absent in large kidney tubules. Both hematopoietic (non-pigmented) marrow cells and melano-macrophages expressed LL-mRNA, implying that leukolectins provide lifelong innate immuno-protection. PCR-amplification using Ssal-leukocytic DNA as template, and direct sequencing yielded a leukocytic ll-gene. Some cells in salmon, cod, halibut, oikopleura and zebrafish embryos express LL-proteins and/or LL-mRNA, and LL-mRNA is detected in salmon, cod and chicken leukocytes. However, current genomes for these species lack recognizable LL-loci except the Ssal_v3.1 Genome-assembly. The data demonstrate an unexpected dichotomy of some leukocyte lineages into LL-positive or LL-negative cell-variants. Such dichotomies suggest exploring differential impacts from the duplicated leukocyte-lineages in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirushe H Miftari
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Bergen, N-5020, Bergen, Norway
| | - Tonje B Riste
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Bergen, N-5020, Bergen, Norway
| | - Bernt T Walther
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Bergen, N-5020, Bergen, Norway.
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Solov'eva TF, Bakholdina SI, Naberezhnykh GA. Host Defense Proteins and Peptides with Lipopolysaccharide-Binding Activity from Marine Invertebrates and Their Therapeutic Potential in Gram-Negative Sepsis. Mar Drugs 2023; 21:581. [PMID: 37999405 PMCID: PMC10672452 DOI: 10.3390/md21110581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Sepsis is a life-threatening complication of an infectious process that results from the excessive and uncontrolled activation of the host's pro-inflammatory immune response to a pathogen. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), also known as endotoxin, which is a major component of Gram-negative bacteria's outer membrane, plays a key role in the development of Gram-negative sepsis and septic shock in humans. To date, no specific and effective drug against sepsis has been developed. This review summarizes data on LPS-binding proteins from marine invertebrates (ILBPs) that inhibit LPS toxic effects and are of interest as potential drugs for sepsis treatment. The structure, physicochemical properties, antimicrobial, and LPS-binding/neutralizing activity of these proteins and their synthetic analogs are considered in detail. Problems that arise during clinical trials of potential anti-endotoxic drugs are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Fedorovna Solov'eva
- G.B. Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Far-Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Science, Vladivostok 690022, Russia
| | - Svetlana Ivanovna Bakholdina
- G.B. Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Far-Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Science, Vladivostok 690022, Russia
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3
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Kawabata SI, Shibata T. New insights into the hemolymph coagulation cascade of horseshoe crabs initiated by autocatalytic activation of a lipopolysaccharide-sensitive zymogen. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 135:104491. [PMID: 35850280 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2022.104491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Revised: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The concept of a chain reaction of proteolytic activation of multiple protease zymogens was first proposed to explain the blood clotting system in mammals as an enzyme cascade. In multicellular organisms, similar enzyme cascades are widely present in signal transduction and amplification systems. The initiation step of the blood coagulation cascade often consists of autocatalytic activation of the corresponding zymogens located on the surfaces of host- or foreign-derived substances at injured sites. However, the molecular mechanism underlying the concept of autocatalytic activation remains speculative. In this review, we will focus on the autocatalytic activation of prochelicerase C on the surface of lipopolysaccharide as a potential initiator of hemolymph coagulation in horseshoe crabs. Prochelicerase C is presumed to have evolved from a common complement factor in Chelicerata; thus, evolutionary insights into the hemolymph coagulation and complement systems in horseshoe crabs will also be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shun-Ichiro Kawabata
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan.
| | - Toshio Shibata
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
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4
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Qiao H, Wang Y, Zhang X, Lu R, Niu J, Nan F, Ke D, Zeng Z, Wang Y, Wang B. Cross-species opsonic activity of zebrafish fish-egg lectin on mouse macrophages. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 129:104332. [PMID: 34910945 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2021.104332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Revised: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Zebrafish Fish-egg lectin (zFEL) has been identified and proved to be a maternal factor with antibacterial and opsonic ability in fishes. In this study, we found that zFEL was capable of enhancing the phagocytosis of the bacteria by macrophages of mouse (RAW264.7 and mouse peritoneal macrophages), suggesting a cross-species function of zFEL in higher animals. Further studies showed that zFEL can active the antigen presentation ability by up-regulating the expression of CD80, CD86 and MHC II. Meanwhile, zFEL also promoted the polarization of macrophages to M1-type, which was confirmed by the increase of cytokines TNF-α and IL-6. The expression of p38 gene was up-regulated in macrophages preincubated with zFEL. Taken together, zFEL appears opsonic function in mammal macrophages and has potential application in immunomodulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongye Qiao
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, Shandong, PR China
| | - Yunyang Wang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266000, Shandong, PR China
| | - Xianjuan Zhang
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, Shandong, PR China
| | - Ran Lu
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, Shandong, PR China
| | - Junyun Niu
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, Shandong, PR China
| | - Fulong Nan
- Department of Specialty Medicine, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, Shandong, PR China
| | - Dingxin Ke
- Department of Specialty Medicine, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, Shandong, PR China
| | - Zhou Zeng
- Department of Specialty Medicine, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, Shandong, PR China
| | - Yashuo Wang
- Emory University, School of Medicine, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Department of Medical Microbiology, Qingdao University, PR China.
| | - Bin Wang
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, Shandong, PR China.
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Gabius HJ, Cudic M, Diercks T, Kaltner H, Kopitz J, Mayo KH, Murphy PV, Oscarson S, Roy R, Schedlbauer A, Toegel S, Romero A. What is the Sugar Code? Chembiochem 2021; 23:e202100327. [PMID: 34496130 PMCID: PMC8901795 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202100327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
A code is defined by the nature of the symbols, which are used to generate information‐storing combinations (e. g. oligo‐ and polymers). Like nucleic acids and proteins, oligo‐ and polysaccharides are ubiquitous, and they are a biochemical platform for establishing molecular messages. Of note, the letters of the sugar code system (third alphabet of life) excel in coding capacity by making an unsurpassed versatility for isomer (code word) formation possible by variability in anomery and linkage position of the glycosidic bond, ring size and branching. The enzymatic machinery for glycan biosynthesis (writers) realizes this enormous potential for building a large vocabulary. It includes possibilities for dynamic editing/erasing as known from nucleic acids and proteins. Matching the glycome diversity, a large panel of sugar receptors (lectins) has developed based on more than a dozen folds. Lectins ‘read’ the glycan‐encoded information. Hydrogen/coordination bonding and ionic pairing together with stacking and C−H/π‐interactions as well as modes of spatial glycan presentation underlie the selectivity and specificity of glycan‐lectin recognition. Modular design of lectins together with glycan display and the nature of the cognate glycoconjugate account for the large number of post‐binding events. They give an entry to the glycan vocabulary its functional, often context‐dependent meaning(s), hereby building the dictionary of the sugar code.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans-Joachim Gabius
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Veterinärstr. 13, 80539, Munich, Germany
| | - Maré Cudic
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Charles E. Schmidt College of Science, Florida Atlantic University, 777 Glades Road, Boca Raton, Florida, 33431, USA
| | - Tammo Diercks
- Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC bioGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Bizkaia Technology Park, Building 801 A, 48160, Derio, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Herbert Kaltner
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Veterinärstr. 13, 80539, Munich, Germany
| | - Jürgen Kopitz
- Institute of Pathology, Department of Applied Tumor Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Ruprecht-Karls-University Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 224, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Kevin H Mayo
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology & Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Paul V Murphy
- CÚRAM - SFI Research Centre for Medical Devices and the, School of Chemistry, National University of Ireland Galway, University Road, Galway, H91 TK33, Ireland
| | - Stefan Oscarson
- Centre for Synthesis and Chemical Biology, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - René Roy
- Département de Chimie et Biochimie, Université du Québec à Montréal, Case Postale 888, Succ. Centre-Ville Montréal, Québec, H3C 3P8, Canada
| | - Andreas Schedlbauer
- Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC bioGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Bizkaia Technology Park, Building 801 A, 48160, Derio, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Stefan Toegel
- Karl Chiari Lab for Orthopaedic Biology, Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Antonio Romero
- Department of Structural and Chemical Biology, CIB Margarita Salas, CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040, Madrid, Spain
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6
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Wohlschlager T, Titz A, Künzler M, Varrot A. Expression, Purification, and Functional Characterization of Tectonin 2 from Laccaria bicolor: A Six-Bladed Beta-Propeller Lectin Specific for O-Methylated Glycans. Methods Mol Biol 2020; 2132:669-682. [PMID: 32306366 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-0430-4_58] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Tectonins are conserved defense proteins of innate immune systems featuring a β-propeller fold. Tectonin 2 from Laccaria bicolor, Lb-Tec2, is the first fungal representative of the tectonin superfamily that has been described. In-depth characterization revealed a specificity for O-methylated glycans and identified a unique sequence motif and binding site architecture underlying this unusual specificity. This chapter provides information on how to produce and purify recombinant Lb-Tec2, characterize its interaction with O-methylated glycans and demonstrate its biological function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Therese Wohlschlager
- Department of Biology, Institute of Microbiology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH), Zürich, Switzerland.,Department of Biosciences, Bioanalytical Research Labs, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Alexander Titz
- Chemical Biology of Carbohydrates, Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Saarbrücken, Germany.,Deutsches Zentrum für Infektionsforschung (DZIF), Hannover-Braunschweig, Germany.,Department of Pharmacy, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Markus Künzler
- Department of Biology, Institute of Microbiology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH), Zürich, Switzerland
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7
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Sommer R, Makshakova ON, Wohlschlager T, Hutin S, Marsh M, Titz A, Künzler M, Varrot A. Crystal Structures of Fungal Tectonin in Complex with O-Methylated Glycans Suggest Key Role in Innate Immune Defense. Structure 2018; 26:391-402.e4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2018.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2017] [Revised: 11/24/2017] [Accepted: 01/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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8
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Angthong P, Roytrakul S, Jarayabhand P, Jiravanichpaisal P. Characterization and function of a tachylectin 5-like immune molecule in Penaeus monodon. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 76:120-131. [PMID: 28587859 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2017.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2016] [Revised: 05/31/2017] [Accepted: 05/31/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Tachylectin5A and its homolog, tachylectin5B both contain a fibrinogen-related domain (FReD) and have been studied in horseshoe crabs, Tachypleus tridentatus and Carcinoscorpius rotundicauda and shown to be involved in host defense. Here, we demonstrate the presence of tachylectin5-like genes in shrimp, Penaeus monodon, designated as Penlectin5-1 (PL5-1) and Penlectin5-2 (PL5-2), which both contain a signal peptide and a single FReD with an acetyl group and a calcium binding sites and they are both structurally similar to horseshoe crab tachylectin/carcinolectin5. The PL5-1and PL5-2 transcript were expressed in various shrimp tissues in normal shrimp, and their expression was upregulated in tissues such as hemocytes and hindgut following challenge with pathogenic Vibrio harveyi. The PL5-2 protein was detected in various tissues as well as in cell-free hemolymph. The biological function of the PL5-2 protein is to recognize some Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria regardless whether they are non-pathogenic or pathogenic. They have hemagglutination activity on human erythrocyte and bacterial agglutination activity to both Gram negative and Gram positive bacteria. Possible binding sites of PL5-2 to bacteria could be at the N-acetyl moiety of the GlcNAc-MurNAc cell wall of the peptidoglycan since the binding could be inhibited by GlcNAc or GalNAC. The presence of PL5-2 protein in both circulating hemolymph and intestine, where host and microbes are usually interacting, may suggest that the physiological function of shrimp tachylectin-like proteins is to recognize and bind to invading bacteria to immobilize and entrap these microbes and subsequently clear them from circulation and the host body, and probably to control and maintain the normal flora in the intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pacharaporn Angthong
- Program in Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand.
| | - Sittiruk Roytrakul
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), 113 Paholyothin Rd., Klong 1, Klongluang, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand
| | - Padermsak Jarayabhand
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program on Maritime Administration, Graduate School, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Pikul Jiravanichpaisal
- Department of Comparative Physiology, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 18A, 75236 Uppsala, Sweden.
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9
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Bose U, Wang T, Zhao M, Motti CA, Hall MR, Cummins SF. Multiomics analysis of the giant triton snail salivary gland, a crown-of-thorns starfish predator. Sci Rep 2017; 7:6000. [PMID: 28729681 PMCID: PMC5519703 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-05974-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Accepted: 06/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The giant triton snail (Charonia tritonis) is one of the few natural predators of the adult Crown-of-Thorns starfish (COTS), a corallivore that has been damaging to many reefs in the Indo-Pacific. Charonia species have large salivary glands (SGs) that are suspected to produce either a venom and/or sulphuric acid which can immobilize their prey and neutralize the intrinsic toxic properties of COTS. To date, there is little information on the types of toxins produced by tritons. In this paper, the predatory behaviour of the C. tritonis is described. Then, the C. tritonis SG, which itself is made up of an anterior lobe (AL) and posterior lobe (PL), was analyzed using an integrated transcriptomics and proteomics approach, to identify putative toxin- and feeding-related proteins. A de novo transcriptome database and in silico protein analysis predicts that ~3800 proteins have features consistent with being secreted. A gland-specific proteomics analysis confirmed the presence of numerous SG-AL and SG-PL proteins, including those with similarity to cysteine-rich venom proteins. Sulfuric acid biosynthesis enzymes were identified, specific to the SG-PL. Our analysis of the C. tritonis SG (AL and PL) has provided a deeper insight into the biomolecular toolkit used for predation and feeding by C. tritonis.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Bose
- Faculty of Science, Health, Education and Engineering, Genecology Research Center, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore DC, Queensland, 4558, Australia
- Australian Institute of Marine Science, Townsville, Queensland, 4810, Australia
| | - T Wang
- Faculty of Science, Health, Education and Engineering, Genecology Research Center, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore DC, Queensland, 4558, Australia
| | - M Zhao
- Faculty of Science, Health, Education and Engineering, Genecology Research Center, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore DC, Queensland, 4558, Australia
| | - C A Motti
- Australian Institute of Marine Science, Townsville, Queensland, 4810, Australia
| | - M R Hall
- Australian Institute of Marine Science, Townsville, Queensland, 4810, Australia
| | - S F Cummins
- Faculty of Science, Health, Education and Engineering, Genecology Research Center, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore DC, Queensland, 4558, Australia.
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Carneiro RF, Lima PHPD, Chaves RP, Pereira R, Pereira AL, de Vasconcelos MA, Pinheiro U, Teixeira EH, Nagano CS, Sampaio AH. Isolation, biochemical characterization and antibiofilm effect of a lectin from the marine sponge Aplysina lactuca. Int J Biol Macromol 2017; 99:213-222. [PMID: 28192138 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2017] [Revised: 02/02/2017] [Accepted: 02/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A new lectin was isolated from the marine sponge Aplysina lactuca (ALL) by combining ammonium sulfate precipitation and affinity chromatography on guar gum matrix. ALL showed affinity for the disaccharides α-lactose, β-lactose and lactulose (Ka=12.5, 31.9 and 145.5M-1, respectively), as well as the glycoprotein porcine stomach mucin. Its hemagglutinating activity was stable in neutral acid pH values and temperatures below 60°C. ALL is a dimeric protein formed by two covalently linked polypeptide chains. The average molecular mass, as determined by Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry (ESI-MS), was 31,810±2Da. ESI-MS data also indicated the presence of three cysteines involved in one intrachain and one interchain disulfide bond. The partial amino acid sequence of ALL was determined by tandem mass spectrometry. Eight tryptic peptides presented similarity with lectin I isolated from Axinella polypoides. Its secondary structure is predominantly β-sheet, as indicated by circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy. ALL agglutinated gram-positive and gram-negative bacterial cells, and it were able to significantly reduce the biomass of the bacterial biofilm tested at dose- dependent effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rômulo Farias Carneiro
- Laboratório de Biotecnologia Marinha - BioMar-Lab, Departamento de Engenharia de Pesca, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Campus do Pici s/n, Bloco 871, 60440-970, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Paulo Henrique Pinheiro de Lima
- Laboratório de Biotecnologia Marinha - BioMar-Lab, Departamento de Engenharia de Pesca, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Campus do Pici s/n, Bloco 871, 60440-970, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Renata Pinheiro Chaves
- Laboratório de Biotecnologia Marinha - BioMar-Lab, Departamento de Engenharia de Pesca, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Campus do Pici s/n, Bloco 871, 60440-970, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Rafael Pereira
- Laboratório Integrado de Biomoléculas - LIBS, Departamento de Patologia e Medicina Legal, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Monsenhor Furtado, s/n, 60430-160, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Anna Luísa Pereira
- Laboratório Integrado de Biomoléculas - LIBS, Departamento de Patologia e Medicina Legal, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Monsenhor Furtado, s/n, 60430-160, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Mayron Alves de Vasconcelos
- Laboratório Integrado de Biomoléculas - LIBS, Departamento de Patologia e Medicina Legal, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Monsenhor Furtado, s/n, 60430-160, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Ulisses Pinheiro
- Departamento de Zoologia, UFPE - Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Av. Prof Moraes Rego, 1235, 50670-901, Cidade Universitária, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Edson Holanda Teixeira
- Laboratório Integrado de Biomoléculas - LIBS, Departamento de Patologia e Medicina Legal, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Monsenhor Furtado, s/n, 60430-160, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Celso Shiniti Nagano
- Laboratório de Biotecnologia Marinha - BioMar-Lab, Departamento de Engenharia de Pesca, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Campus do Pici s/n, Bloco 871, 60440-970, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Alexandre Holanda Sampaio
- Laboratório de Biotecnologia Marinha - BioMar-Lab, Departamento de Engenharia de Pesca, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Campus do Pici s/n, Bloco 871, 60440-970, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil.
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11
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Oshima Y, Seki K, Shibuya M, Naka Y, Yokoyama T, Sato A. Soluble Human Intestinal Lactoferrin Receptor: Ca(2+)-Dependent Binding to Sepharose-Based Matrices. Biol Pharm Bull 2016; 39:435-9. [PMID: 26934934 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b15-00643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A soluble form of human intestinal lactoferrin receptor (shLFR) is identical to human intelectin-1 (hITLN-1), a galactofuranose-binding protein that acts as a host defense against invading pathogenic microorganisms. We found that recombinant shLFR, expressed in mammalian cells (CHO DG44, COS-1, and RK13), binds tightly to Sepharose 4 Fast Flow (FF)-based matrices in a Ca(2+)-dependent manner. This binding of shLFR to Sepharose 4 FF-based matrices was inhibited by excess D-galactose, but not by D-glucose, suggesting that shLFR recognizes repeating units of α-1,6-linked D-galactose in Sepharose 4 FF. Furthermore, shLFR could bind to both Sepharose 4B- and Sepharose 6B-based matrices that were not crosslinked in a similar manner as to Sepharose 4 FF-based matrices. Therefore, shLFR (hITLN-1) binds to Sepharose-based matrices in a Ca(2+)-dependent manner. This binding property is most likely related to the ability, as host defense lectins, to recognize sepharose (agarobiose)-like structures present on the surface of invading pathogenic microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuta Oshima
- School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Tokyo University of Technology
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12
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Kawabata SI, Tsuda R. Molecular basis of non-self recognition by the horseshoe crab lectins. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/09680519020080061201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The target molecules of innate immunity are not proteins of direct gene products but the molecular arrays or patterns on pathogens, called pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). The self/non-self discrimination by innate immunity through simple ligands universally expressed both on pathogens and hosts, such as monosaccharides and the acetyl group, probably depends on the density or clustering patterns of the ligands. The specific recognition by the horseshoe crab lectins, named tachylectins, with a propeller-like fold or a propeller-like oligomeric arrangement is reinforced by the short distance between the individual binding sites that interact with PAMPs. There is virtually no conformational change in the main or side chains of tachylectins upon binding with the ligands. This low structural flexibility of the propeller structures must be very important for specific interaction with PAMPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shun-ichiro Kawabata
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan, -u.ac.jp
| | - Ryoko Tsuda
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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13
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Tan SS, Ng PM, Ho B, Jeak Ling Ding. The antimicrobial properties of C-reactive protein (CRP). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/09680519050110040101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
C-reactive protein, CRP, is a predominant pattern-recognition receptor (PRR) in the plasma of the horseshoe crab, which recognizes lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Native CRP2 has previously been shown to exhibit agglutination activity against the polysialic capsule of Escherichia coli K1 but its role in bacterial clearance is not well characterized. In this work, the antimicrobial activity of a recombinant CRP2 isoform (rCRP2) was tested against E. coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus. rCRP2 agglutinates bacteria and exhibits bactericidal activity against Gram-negative bacteria. In addition, the antimicrobial activity of rCRP2 is calcium-independent. GST pulldown experiments suggest that in the naïve physiological state, CRP2 interacts with hemocyanin, native CRPs, a 35-kDa plasma lectin and an as yet unidentified 40-kDa protein. This interaction was enhanced upon Pseudomonas infection. We propose that rCRP2 is a PRR with potent antimicrobial activity and its interacting partners contribute to effective bacterial clearance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra S.H. Tan
- Department of Biological Sciences National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Patricia M.L. Ng
- Department of Biological Sciences National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Bow Ho
- Department of Microbiology, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jeak Ling Ding
- Department of Biological Sciences National University of Singapore, Singapore,
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14
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Hennebert E, Leroy B, Wattiez R, Ladurner P. An integrated transcriptomic and proteomic analysis of sea star epidermal secretions identifies proteins involved in defense and adhesion. J Proteomics 2015; 128:83-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2015.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2015] [Accepted: 07/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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15
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Gardères J, Bourguet-Kondracki ML, Hamer B, Batel R, Schröder HC, Müller WEG. Porifera Lectins: Diversity, Physiological Roles and Biotechnological Potential. Mar Drugs 2015; 13:5059-101. [PMID: 26262628 PMCID: PMC4557014 DOI: 10.3390/md13085059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2015] [Revised: 07/09/2015] [Accepted: 07/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
An overview on the diversity of 39 lectins from the phylum Porifera is presented, including 38 lectins, which were identified from the class of demosponges, and one lectin from the class of hexactinellida. Their purification from crude extracts was mainly performed by using affinity chromatography and gel filtration techniques. Other protocols were also developed in order to collect and study sponge lectins, including screening of sponge genomes and expression in heterologous bacterial systems. The characterization of the lectins was performed by Edman degradation or mass spectrometry. Regarding their physiological roles, sponge lectins showed to be involved in morphogenesis and cell interaction, biomineralization and spiculogenesis, as well as host defense mechanisms and potentially in the association between the sponge and its microorganisms. In addition, these lectins exhibited a broad range of bioactivities, including modulation of inflammatory response, antimicrobial and cytotoxic activities, as well as anticancer and neuromodulatory activity. In view of their potential pharmacological applications, sponge lectins constitute promising molecules of biotechnological interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johan Gardères
- Unité Molécules de Communication et Adaptation des Microorganismes, UMR 7245 CNRS, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, CP 54, 57 rue Cuvier, Paris 75005, France; E-Mails: (J.G.); (M.-L.B.-K.)
- Laboratory for Marine Molecular Biology, Center for Marine Research, Ruđer Bošković Institute, G. Paliaga 5, 52210 Rovinj, Croatia; E-Mails: (B.H.); (R.B.)
- ERC Advanced Investigator Grant Research Group at Institute for Physiological Chemistry, University Medical Center of Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 6, Mainz D-55128, Germany; E-Mail:
| | - Marie-Lise Bourguet-Kondracki
- Unité Molécules de Communication et Adaptation des Microorganismes, UMR 7245 CNRS, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, CP 54, 57 rue Cuvier, Paris 75005, France; E-Mails: (J.G.); (M.-L.B.-K.)
| | - Bojan Hamer
- Laboratory for Marine Molecular Biology, Center for Marine Research, Ruđer Bošković Institute, G. Paliaga 5, 52210 Rovinj, Croatia; E-Mails: (B.H.); (R.B.)
| | - Renato Batel
- Laboratory for Marine Molecular Biology, Center for Marine Research, Ruđer Bošković Institute, G. Paliaga 5, 52210 Rovinj, Croatia; E-Mails: (B.H.); (R.B.)
| | - Heinz C. Schröder
- ERC Advanced Investigator Grant Research Group at Institute for Physiological Chemistry, University Medical Center of Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 6, Mainz D-55128, Germany; E-Mail:
| | - Werner E. G. Müller
- ERC Advanced Investigator Grant Research Group at Institute for Physiological Chemistry, University Medical Center of Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 6, Mainz D-55128, Germany; E-Mail:
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16
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Capaldi S, Faggion B, Carrizo ME, Destefanis L, Gonzalez MC, Perduca M, Bovi M, Galliano M, Monaco HL. Three-dimensional structure and ligand-binding site of carp fishelectin (FEL). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 71:1123-35. [DOI: 10.1107/s1399004715004174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2014] [Accepted: 02/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Carp FEL (fishelectin or fish-egg lectin) is a 238-amino-acid lectin that can be purified from fish eggs by exploiting its selective binding to Sepharose followed by elution withN-acetylglucosamine. Its amino-acid sequence and other biochemical properties have previously been reported. The glycoprotein has four disulfide bridges and the structure of the oligosaccharides linked to Asn27 has been described. Here, the three-dimensional structures of apo carp FEL (cFEL) and of its complex withN-acetylglucosamine determined by X-ray crystallography at resolutions of 1.35 and 1.70 Å, respectively, are reported. The molecule folds as a six-bladed β-propeller and internal short consensus amino-acid sequences have been identified in all of the blades. A calcium atom binds at the bottom of the funnel-shaped tunnel located in the centre of the propeller. Two ligand-binding sites, α and β, are present in each of the two protomers in the dimer. The first site, α, is closer to the N-terminus of the chain and is located in the crevice between the second and the third blades, while the second site, β, is located between the fourth and the fifth blades. The amino acids that participate in the contacts have been identified, as well as the conserved water molecules in all of the sites. Both sites can bind the two anomers, α and β, ofN-acetylglucosamine, as is clearly recognizable in the electron-density maps. The lectin presents sequence homology to members of the tachylectin family, which are known to have a function in the innate immune system of arthropods, and homologous genes are present in the genomes of other fish and amphibians. This structure is the first of a protein of this group and, given the degree of homology with other members of the family, it is expected that it will be useful to experimentally determine other crystal structures using the coordinates of cFEL as a search probe in molecular replacement.
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Cheung RCF, Wong JH, Pan W, Chan YS, Yin C, Dan X, Ng TB. Marine lectins and their medicinal applications. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2015; 99:3755-73. [PMID: 25794876 PMCID: PMC7080081 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-015-6518-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Revised: 03/01/2015] [Accepted: 03/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Marine organisms have been extensively explored for the last several decades as potential sources of novel biologically active compounds, and extensive research has been conducted on lectins. Lectins derived from marine organisms are structurally diverse and also differ from those identified from terrestrial organisms. Marine lectins appear to be particularly useful in some biological applications. They seem to induce negligible immunogenicity because they have a relatively small size, are more stable due to extensive disulfide bridge formation, and have high specificity for complex glyco-conjugates and carbohydrates instead of simple sugars. It is clear that many of them have not yet been extensively studied when compared with their terrestrial counterparts. Marine lectins can be used to design and develop new potentially useful therapeutic agents. This review encompasses recent research on the isolation and identification of marine lectins with potential value in medicinal applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Randy Chi Fai Cheung
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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18
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Methylated glycans as conserved targets of animal and fungal innate defense. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:E2787-96. [PMID: 24879441 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1401176111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Effector proteins of innate immune systems recognize specific non-self epitopes. Tectonins are a family of β-propeller lectins conserved from bacteria to mammals that have been shown to bind bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS). We present experimental evidence that two Tectonins of fungal and animal origin have a specificity for O-methylated glycans. We show that Tectonin 2 of the mushroom Laccaria bicolor (Lb-Tec2) agglutinates Gram-negative bacteria and exerts toxicity toward the model nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, suggesting a role in fungal defense against bacteria and nematodes. Biochemical and genetic analysis of these interactions revealed that both bacterial agglutination and nematotoxicity of Lb-Tec2 depend on the recognition of methylated glycans, namely O-methylated mannose and fucose residues, as part of bacterial LPS and nematode cell-surface glycans. In addition, a C. elegans gene, termed samt-1, coding for a candidate membrane transport protein for the presumptive donor substrate of glycan methylation, S-adenosyl-methionine, from the cytoplasm to the Golgi was identified. Intriguingly, limulus lectin L6, a structurally related antibacterial protein of the Japanese horseshoe crab Tachypleus tridentatus, showed properties identical to the mushroom lectin. These results suggest that O-methylated glycans constitute a conserved target of the fungal and animal innate immune system. The broad phylogenetic distribution of O-methylated glycans increases the spectrum of potential antagonists recognized by Tectonins, rendering this conserved protein family a universal defense armor.
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Vitashenkova N, Moeller JB, Leth-Larsen R, Schlosser A, Lund KP, Tornøe I, Vitved L, Hansen S, Willis A, Kharazova AD, Skjødt K, Sorensen GL, Holmskov U. Identification and characterization of a chitin-binding protein purified from coelomic fluid of the lugworm Arenicola marina defining a novel protein sequence family. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:42846-55. [PMID: 23115230 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.420976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
We have isolated a novel type of lectin named Arenicola marina lectin-1 (AML-1) from the lugworm A. marina. The lectin was purified from the coelomic fluid by affinity chromatography on a GlcNAc-derivatized column and eluted with GlcNAc. On SDS-PAGE, AML-1 showed an apparent molecular mass of 27 and 31 kDa in the reduced state. The N-terminal amino acid sequences were identical in these two bands. In the unreduced state, a complex band pattern was observed with bands from 35 kDa to more than 200 kDa. Two different full-length clones encoding polypeptides of 241 and 243 amino acids, respectively, were isolated from a coelomocyte cDNA library. The two clones, designated AML-1a and AML-1b, were 92% identical at the protein level and represent a novel type of protein sequence family. Purified AML-1 induced agglutination of rabbit erythrocytes, which could be inhibited by N-acetylated saccharides. Recombinant AML-1b showed the same band pattern as the native protein, whereas recombinant AML-1a in the reduced state lacked a 27 kDa band. AML-1b bound GlcNAc-derivatized columns and chitin, whereas AML-1a did not bind to these matrices. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed that AML-1 is expressed by coelomocytes in the nephridium and in round cells in the epidermis and in eggs. Moreover, AML-1 expression was up-regulated in response to a parasitic infection. We conclude that AML-1 purified from coelomic fluid is encoded by AML-1b and represents a novel type of protein family that binds acetylated components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Vitashenkova
- Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Research, University of Southern Denmark, J.P. Winsloews Vej 25.3, 5000 Odense C, Odense, Denmark
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20
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Microbe-specific C3b deposition in the horseshoe crab complement system in a C2/factor B-dependent or -independent manner. PLoS One 2012; 7:e36783. [PMID: 22611464 PMCID: PMC3351276 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0036783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2012] [Accepted: 04/09/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Complement C3 plays an essential role in the opsonization of pathogens in the mammalian complement system, whereas the molecular mechanism underlying C3 activation in invertebrates remains unknown. To understand the molecular mechanism of C3b deposition on microbes, we characterized two types of C2/factor B homologs (designated TtC2/Bf-1 and TtC2/Bf-2) identified from the horseshoe crab Tachypleus tridentatus. Although the domain architectures of TtC2/Bf-1 and TtC2/Bf-2 were identical to those of mammalian homologs, they contained five-repeated and seven-repeated complement control protein domains at their N-terminal regions, respectively. TtC2/Bf-1 and TtC2/Bf-2 were synthesized and glycosylated in hemocytes and secreted to hemolymph plasma, which existed in a complex with C3 (TtC3), and their activation by microbes was absolutely Mg2+-dependent. Flow cytometric analysis revealed that TtC3b deposition was Mg2+-dependent on Gram-positive bacteria or fungi, but not on Gram-negative bacteria. Moreover, this analysis demonstrated that Ca2+-dependent lectins (C-reactive protein-1 and tachylectin-5A) were required for TtC3b deposition on Gram-positive bacteria, and that a Ca2+-independent lectin (Tachypleus plasma lectin-1) was definitely indispensable for TtC3b deposition on fungi. In contrast, a horseshoe crab lipopolysaccharide-sensitive protease factor C was necessary and sufficient to deposit TtC3b on Gram-negative bacteria. We conclude that plasma lectins and factor C play key roles in microbe-specific TtC3b deposition in a C2/factor B-dependent or -independent manner.
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21
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Cheng CF, Hung SW, Chang YC, Chen MH, Chang CH, Tsou LT, Tu CY, Lin YH, Liu PC, Lin SL, Wang WS. Purification and characterization of hemagglutinating proteins from Poker-chip Venus (Meretrix lusoria) and Corbicula clam (Corbicula fluminea). ScientificWorldJournal 2012; 2012:906737. [PMID: 22666167 PMCID: PMC3361307 DOI: 10.1100/2012/906737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2011] [Accepted: 11/30/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Hemagglutinating proteins (HAPs) were purified from Poker-chip Venus (Meretrix lusoria) and Corbicula clam (Corbicula fluminea) using gel-filtration chromatography on a Sephacryl S-300 column. The molecular weights of the HAPs obtained from Poker-chip Venus and Corbicula clam were 358 kDa and 380 kDa, respectively. Purified HAP from Poker-chip Venus yielded two subunits with molecular weights of 26 kDa and 29 kDa. However, only one HAP subunit was purified from Corbicula clam, and its molecular weight was 32 kDa. The two Poker-chip Venus HAPs possessed hemagglutinating ability (HAA) for erythrocytes of some vertebrate animal species, especially tilapia. Moreover, HAA of the HAP purified from Poker-chip Venus was higher than that of the HAP of Corbicula clam. Furthermore, Poker-chip Venus HAPs possessed better HAA at a pH higher than 7.0. When the temperature was at 4°C–10°C or the salinity was less than 0.5‰, the two Poker-chip Venus HAPs possessed better HAA compared with that of Corbicula clam.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chin-Fu Cheng
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
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22
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Ogawa T, Watanabe M, Naganuma T, Muramoto K. Diversified carbohydrate-binding lectins from marine resources. JOURNAL OF AMINO ACIDS 2011; 2011:838914. [PMID: 22312473 PMCID: PMC3269628 DOI: 10.4061/2011/838914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2011] [Accepted: 08/13/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Marine bioresources produce a great variety of specific and potent bioactive molecules including natural organic compounds such as fatty acids, polysaccharides, polyether, peptides, proteins, and enzymes. Lectins are also one of the promising candidates for useful therapeutic agents because they can recognize the specific carbohydrate structures such as proteoglycans, glycoproteins, and glycolipids, resulting in the regulation of various cells via glycoconjugates and their physiological and pathological phenomenon through the host-pathogen interactions and cell-cell communications. Here, we review the multiple lectins from marine resources including fishes and sea invertebrate in terms of their structure-activity relationships and molecular evolution. Especially, we focus on the unique structural properties and molecular evolution of C-type lectins, galectin, F-type lectin, and rhamnose-binding lectin families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohisa Ogawa
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
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23
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Ogawa M, Yoshikawa Y, Kobayashi T, Mimuro H, Fukumatsu M, Kiga K, Piao Z, Ashida H, Yoshida M, Kakuta S, Koyama T, Goto Y, Nagatake T, Nagai S, Kiyono H, Kawalec M, Reichhart JM, Sasakawa C. A Tecpr1-dependent selective autophagy pathway targets bacterial pathogens. Cell Host Microbe 2011; 9:376-89. [PMID: 21575909 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2011.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2011] [Revised: 04/09/2011] [Accepted: 04/27/2011] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Selective autophagy of bacterial pathogens represents a host innate immune mechanism. Selective autophagy has been characterized on the basis of distinct cargo receptors but the mechanisms by which different cargo receptors are targeted for autophagic degradation remain unclear. In this study we identified a highly conserved Tectonin domain-containing protein, Tecpr1, as an Atg5 binding partner that colocalized with Atg5 at Shigella-containing phagophores. Tecpr1 activity is necessary for efficient autophagic targeting of bacteria, but has no effect on rapamycin- or starvation-induced canonical autophagy. Tecpr1 interacts with WIPI-2, a yeast Atg18 homolog and PI(3)P-interacting protein required for phagophore formation, and they colocalize to phagophores. Although Tecpr1-deficient mice appear normal, Tecpr1-deficient MEFs were defective for selective autophagy and supported increased intracellular multiplication of Shigella. Further, depolarized mitochondria and misfolded protein aggregates accumulated in the Tecpr1-knockout MEFs. Thus, we identify a Tecpr1-dependent pathway as important in targeting bacterial pathogens for selective autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michinaga Ogawa
- Division of Bacterial Infection, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1, Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan.
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24
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Wu C, Söderhäll K, Söderhäll I. Two novel ficolin-like proteins act as pattern recognition receptors for invading pathogens in the freshwater crayfish Pacifastacus leniusculus. Proteomics 2011; 11:2249-64. [PMID: 21598394 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201000728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2010] [Revised: 02/25/2011] [Accepted: 02/28/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
To isolate pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs)-binding molecules, the bacterium, Staphylococcus aureus was used as an affinity matrix to find bacteria-binding proteins in the plasma of the freshwater crayfish, Pacifastacus leniusculus. Two new bacteria-binding ficolin-like proteins (FLPs) were identified by 2-DE and MS analysis. The FLPs have a fibrinogen-related domain (FReD) in their C-terminal and a repeat region in their N-terminal regions with putative structural similarities to the collagen-like domain of vertebrate ficolins and mannose binding lectins (MBLs). Phylogenetic analysis shows that the newly isolated crayfish FLP1 and FLP2 cluster separately from other FReD-containing proteins. A tissue distribution study showed that the mRNA expression of FLP occurred mainly in the hematopoietic tissue (Hpt) and in the hepatopancreas. Recombinant FLPs exhibited agglutination activity of Gram-negative bacteria Escherichia coli and Aeromonas hydrophila in the presence of Ca(2+) . The FLPs could bind to A. hydrophila, E. coli as well as S. aureus as judged by bacteria adsorption. Moreover, the FLPs may help crayfish to clear Gram-negative bacteria, but not Gram-positive bacteria which had been injected into the hemolymph. When Gram-negative bacteria coated with FLPs were incubated with Hpt cells, a lower death rate of the cells was found compared with control treatment. Our results suggest that FLPs function as pattern recognition receptors in the immune response of crayfish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenglin Wu
- Department of Comparative Physiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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25
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Fujii Y, Kawsar SM, Matsumoto R, Yasumitsu H, Ishizaki N, Dogasaki C, Hosono M, Nitta K, Hamako J, Taei M, Ozeki Y. A d-galactose-binding lectin purified from coronate moon turban, Turbo (Lunella) coreensis, with a unique amino acid sequence and the ability to recognize lacto-series glycosphingolipids. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2011; 158:30-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2010.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2010] [Revised: 09/07/2010] [Accepted: 09/07/2010] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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26
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Cooper A, Kennedy MW. Biofoams and natural protein surfactants. Biophys Chem 2010; 151:96-104. [PMID: 20615601 PMCID: PMC2954283 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpc.2010.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2010] [Revised: 06/18/2010] [Accepted: 06/18/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Naturally occurring foam constituent and surfactant proteins with intriguing structures and functions are now being identified from a variety of biological sources. The ranaspumins from tropical frog foam nests comprise a range of proteins with a mixture of surfactant, carbohydrate binding and antimicrobial activities that together provide a stable, biocompatible, protective foam environment for developing eggs and embryos. Ranasmurfin, a blue protein from a different species of frog, displays a novel structure with a unique chromophoric crosslink. Latherin, primarily from horse sweat, but with similarities to salivary, oral and upper respiratory tract proteins, illustrates several potential roles for surfactant proteins in mammalian systems. These proteins, together with the previously discovered hydrophobins of fungi, throw new light on biomolecular processes at air-water and other interfaces. This review provides a perspective on these recent findings, focussing on structure and biophysical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan Cooper
- WestChem Department of Chemistry, Joseph Black Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, Scotland, UK
| | - Malcolm W. Kennedy
- Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, Faculty of Biomedical and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, Scotland, UK
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27
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Kawabata SI, Muta T. Sadaaki Iwanaga: discovery of the lipopolysaccharide- and -1,3-D-glucan-mediated proteolytic cascade and unique proteins in invertebrate immunity. J Biochem 2010; 147:611-8. [DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvq026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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28
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Smith VJ, Desbois AP, Dyrynda EA. Conventional and unconventional antimicrobials from fish, marine invertebrates and micro-algae. Mar Drugs 2010; 8:1213-62. [PMID: 20479976 PMCID: PMC2866484 DOI: 10.3390/md8041213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2010] [Revised: 04/02/2010] [Accepted: 04/12/2010] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
All eukaryotic organisms, single-celled or multi-cellular, produce a diverse array of natural anti-infective agents that, in addition to conventional antimicrobial peptides, also include proteins and other molecules often not regarded as part of the innate defences. Examples range from histones, fatty acids, and other structural components of cells to pigments and regulatory proteins. These probably represent very ancient defence factors that have been re-used in new ways during evolution. This review discusses the nature, biological role in host protection and potential biotechnological uses of some of these compounds, focusing on those from fish, marine invertebrates and marine micro-algae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerie J Smith
- Scottish Oceans Institute, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, KY16 8LB, Scotland, UK.
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29
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Low DHP, Frecer V, Le Saux A, Srinivasan GA, Ho B, Chen J, Ding JL. Molecular interfaces of the galactose-binding protein Tectonin domains in host-pathogen interaction. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:9898-9907. [PMID: 20118243 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.059774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Beta-propeller proteins function in catalysis, protein-protein interaction, cell cycle regulation, and innate immunity. The galactose-binding protein (GBP) from the plasma of the horseshoe crab, Carcinoscorpius rotundicauda, is a beta-propeller protein that functions in antimicrobial defense. Studies have shown that upon binding to Gram-negative bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS), GBP interacts with C-reactive protein (CRP) to form a pathogen-recognition complex, which helps to eliminate invading microbes. However, the molecular basis of interactions between GBP and LPS and how it interplays with CRP remain largely unknown. By homology modeling, we showed that GBP contains six beta-propeller/Tectonin domains. Ligand docking indicated that Tectonin domains 6 to 1 likely contain the LPS binding sites. Protein-protein interaction studies demonstrated that Tectonin domain 4 interacts most strongly with CRP. Hydrogen-deuterium exchange mass spectrometry mapped distinct sites of GBP that interact with LPS and with CRP, consistent with in silico predictions. Furthermore, infection condition (lowered Ca(2+) level) increases GBP-CRP affinity by 1000-fold. Resupplementing the system with a physiological level of Ca(2+) did not reverse the protein-protein affinity to the basal state, suggesting that the infection-induced complex had undergone irreversible conformational change. We propose that GBP serves as a bridging molecule, participating in molecular interactions, GBP-LPS and GBP-CRP, to form a stable pathogen-recognition complex. The interaction interfaces in these two partners suggest that Tectonin domains can differentiate self/nonself, crucial to frontline defense against infection. In addition, GBP shares architectural and functional homologies to a human protein, hTectonin, suggesting its evolutionarily conservation for approximately 500 million years, from horseshoe crab to human.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Hooi Ping Low
- Computational and Systems Biology, Singapore-Massachusetts Institute of Technology Alliance, Singapore 117576; Departments of Biological Sciences, Singapore 117543
| | - Vladimir Frecer
- Laboratory of Molecular Biostructural and Nanomaterial Modeling, AREA Science Park, Trieste 34149, Italy; Cancer Research Institute, Slovak Academy of Sciences, 83391 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Agnès Le Saux
- Departments of Biological Sciences, Singapore 117543
| | | | - Bow Ho
- Microbiology, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543
| | - Jianzhu Chen
- Computational and Systems Biology, Singapore-Massachusetts Institute of Technology Alliance, Singapore 117576; Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research and Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142
| | - Jeak Ling Ding
- Computational and Systems Biology, Singapore-Massachusetts Institute of Technology Alliance, Singapore 117576; Departments of Biological Sciences, Singapore 117543.
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Kawabata SI. Immunocompetent Molecules and Their Response Network in Horseshoe Crabs. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2010; 708:122-36. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4419-8059-5_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Ryan S, Kell AJ, van Faassen H, Tay LL, Simard B, MacKenzie R, Gilbert M, Tanha J. Single-domain antibody-nanoparticles: promising architectures for increased staphylococcus aureus detection specificity and sensitivity. Bioconjug Chem 2009; 20:1966-74. [PMID: 19751063 DOI: 10.1021/bc900332r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Because antibodies are highly target-specific and nanoparticles possess diverse, material-dependent properties that can be exploited in order to label and potentially identify biomolecules, the development of antibody-nanoparticle conjugates (nanoconjugates) has huge potential in biodiagnostics. Here, we describe a novel superparamagnetic nanoconjugate, one whose recognition component is a single-domain antibody. It is highly active toward its target Staphylococcus aureus, displays long shelf life, lacks cross-reactivity inherent to traditional homologue whole antibodies, and captures a few dozen S. aureus cells in a mixed cell population with ~100% efficiency and specificity. We ascribe the excellent performance of our nanoconjugate to its single-domain antibody component and recommend it as a general purpose recognition element.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon Ryan
- Institute for Biological Sciences, Steacie Institute for Molecular Sciences, and Institute for Microstructural Sciences, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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Low DHP, Ang Z, Yuan Q, Frecer V, Ho B, Chen J, Ding JL. A novel human tectonin protein with multivalent beta-propeller folds interacts with ficolin and binds bacterial LPS. PLoS One 2009; 4:e6260. [PMID: 19606221 PMCID: PMC2707011 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0006260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2009] [Accepted: 06/19/2009] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although the human genome database has been completed a decade ago, approximately 50% of the proteome remains hypothetical as their functions are unknown. The elucidation of the functions of these hypothetical proteins can lead to additional protein pathways and revelation of new cascades. However, many of these inferences are limited to proteins with substantial sequence similarity. Of particular interest here is the Tectonin domain-containing family of proteins. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS We have identified hTectonin, a hypothetical protein in the human genome database, as a distant ortholog of the limulus galactose binding protein (GBP). Phylogenetic analysis revealed strong evolutionary conservation of hTectonin homologues from parasite to human. By computational analysis, we showed that both the hTectonin and GBP form beta-propeller structures with multiple Tectonin domains, each containing beta-sheets of 4 strands per beta-sheet. hTectonin is present in the human leukocyte cDNA library and immune-related cell lines. It interacts with M-ficolin, a known human complement protein whose ancient homolog, carcinolectin (CL5), is the functional protein partner of GBP during infection. Yeast 2-hybrid assay showed that only the Tectonin domains of hTectonin recognize the fibrinogen-like domain of the M-ficolin. Surface plasmon resonance analysis showed real-time interaction between the Tectonin domains 6 & 11 and bacterial LPS, indicating that despite forming 2 beta-propellers with its different Tectonin domains, the hTectonin molecule could precisely employ domains 6 & 11 to recognise bacteria. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE By virtue of a recent finding of another Tectonin protein, leukolectin, in the human leukocyte, and our structure-function analysis of the hypothetical hTectonin, we propose that Tectonin domains of proteins could play a vital role in innate immune defense, and that this function has been conserved over several hundred million years, from invertebrates to vertebrates. Furthermore, the approach we have used could be employed in unraveling the characteristics and functions of other hypothetical proteins in the human proteome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Hooi Ping Low
- Computational and Systems Biology, Singapore-MIT Alliance, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Zhiwei Ang
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Quan Yuan
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Vladimir Frecer
- Laboratory of Molecular Biostructural and Nanomaterial Modeling, AREA Science Park, Trieste, Italy
- Cancer Research Institute, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Bow Ho
- Department of Microbiology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jianzhu Chen
- Computational and Systems Biology, Singapore-MIT Alliance, Singapore, Singapore
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research and Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Jeak Ling Ding
- Computational and Systems Biology, Singapore-MIT Alliance, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
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Ju L, Zhang S, Liang Y, Sun X. Identification, expression and antibacterial activity of a tachylectin-related homolog in amphioxus Branchiostoma belcheri with implications for involvement of the digestive system in acute phase response. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 26:235-242. [PMID: 19063974 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2008.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2008] [Revised: 10/31/2008] [Accepted: 10/31/2008] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Tachylectin-related proteins have been identified in various organisms from slime molds to sponges to bony fish, yet little is known to date about it in protochordate amphioxus, an important organism occupying a nodal position from invertebrates to vertebrates. Moreover, if the protein acts as an immune-relevant molecule remains controversial. Here we demonstrated the presence of a tachylectin-related gene in Branchiostoma belcheri. The predicted gene product, termed BbTL, consists of 305 amino acids with a putative N-terminal signal peptide and 6 tachylectin-typical tandem repeats of 30-33 amino acids. In situ hybridization histochemistry indicates a tissue-specific expression pattern of BbTL in adult amphioxus with the most abundant expression in the hepatic caecum and hind-gut. Quantitative real-time PCR reveals that challenge with LPS results in a significant up-regulation of BbTL expression in the guts. In addition, the recombinant BbTL expressed in Pichia pastoris is able to inhibit the growth of Gram-negative bacterium Escherichia coli in a dose-dependent manner. All these suggest that BbTL, like most other tachylectin-related proteins, is involved in the host immune defense, and the digestive system of B. belcheri appears the major immune tissue responding to LPS challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingyan Ju
- Department of Marine Biology, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
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Kell AJ, Stewart G, Ryan S, Peytavi R, Boissinot M, Huletsky A, Bergeron MG, Simard B. Vancomycin-modified nanoparticles for efficient targeting and preconcentration of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. ACS NANO 2008; 2:1777-88. [PMID: 19206416 DOI: 10.1021/nn700183g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 210] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
A series of vancomycin-modified nanoparticles were developed and employed in magnetic confinement assays to isolate a variety of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria from aqueous solution. We determined that the orientation/architecture of vancomycin on the surface of the nanoparticles and the overall surface coverage is critical in mediating fast and effective interactions between the nanoparticle and the pathogen cell wall surface and only one orientation/architecture in a series of modified nanoparticles leads to the efficient and reproducible capture of several important pathogenic bacteria. Interestingly, as the nanoparticles increase in diameter (from approximately 50 to 2800 nm), it is necessary to incorporate a long linker between the nanoparticle surface and the vancomycin moiety in order for the surface bound probe to efficiently confine Gram-positive bacteria. Finally, we also determined that the time required for efficient labeling and subsequent magnetic confinement significantly decreases as the size of the nanoparticle and the vancomycin surface coverage on the nanoparticle increases. As disease detection technologies transition to "lab-on-a-chip" based platforms it is necessary to develop strategies to effectively and inexpensively preconcentrate cells from large volume to volumes more amenable to these types of microfluidic devices. These small molecule-modified superparamagnetic nanoparticles can provide a means by which this can be accomplished.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnold J Kell
- Steacie Institute for Molecular Sciences, National Research Council of Canada, 100 Sussex Drive, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1A 0R6
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Guan Y, Ramalingam S, Nagegowda D, Taylor PWJ, Chye ML. Brassica juncea chitinase BjCHI1 inhibits growth of fungal phytopathogens and agglutinates Gram-negative bacteria. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2008; 59:3475-84. [PMID: 18669819 PMCID: PMC2529242 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ern197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2008] [Revised: 07/02/2008] [Accepted: 07/03/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Brassica juncea BjCHI1 is a plant chitinase with two chitin-binding domains. Its expression, induced in response to wounding, methyl jasmonate treatment, Aspergillus niger infection, and caterpillar Pieris rapae feeding, suggests that it plays a role in defence. In this study, to investigate the potential of using BjCHI1 in agriculture, Pichia-expressed BjCHI1 and its deletion derivatives that lack one or both chitin-binding domains were tested against phytopathogenic fungi and bacteria. Transplastomic tobacco expressing BjCHI1 was also generated and its extracts assessed. In radial growth-inhibition assays, BjCHI1 and its derivative with one chitin-binding domain showed anti-fungal activities against phytopathogens, Colletotrichum truncatum, C. acutatum, Botrytis cinerea, and Ascochyta rabiei. BjCHI1 also inhibited spore germination of C. truncatum. Furthermore, BjCHI1, but not its derivatives lacking one or both domains, inhibited the growth of Gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli, Ralstonia solanacearum, Pseudomonas aeruginosa) more effectively than Gram-positive bacteria (Micrococcus luteus and Bacillus megaterium), indicating that the duplicated chitin-binding domain, uncommon in chitinases, is essential for bacterial agglutination. Galactose, glucose, and lactose relieved agglutination, suggesting that BjCHI1 interacts with the carbohydrate components of the Gram-negative bacterial cell wall. Retention of chitinase and bacterial agglutination activities in transplastomic tobacco extracts implicates that BjCHI1 is potentially useful against both fungal and bacterial phytopathogens in agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanfang Guan
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China
| | | | - Dinesh Nagegowda
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China
| | - Paul W. J. Taylor
- BioMarka, School of Agriculture and Food Systems, The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Mee-Len Chye
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China
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Kawsar SMA, Fujii Y, Matsumoto R, Ichikawa T, Tateno H, Hirabayashi J, Yasumitsu H, Dogasaki C, Hosono M, Nitta K, Hamako J, Matsui T, Ozeki Y. Isolation, purification, characterization and glycan-binding profile of a d-galactoside specific lectin from the marine sponge, Halichondria okadai. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2008; 150:349-57. [PMID: 18534886 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2008.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2008] [Revised: 04/08/2008] [Accepted: 04/08/2008] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A lectin recognizing both Galbeta1-3GlcNAc and Galbeta1-4GlcNAc was purified from the demosponge Halichondria okadai by lactosyl-agarose affinity chromatography. The molecular mass of the lectin was determined to be 30 kDa by SDS-PAGE under reducing and non-reducing conditions and 60 kDa by gel permeation chromatography. The pI value of the lectin was 6.7. It was found to agglutinate trypsinized and glutaraldehyde-fixed rabbit and human erythrocytes in the presence and absence of divalent cations. The hemagglutinating activity by the lectin was inhibited by d-galactose, methyl-d-galactopyranoside, N-acetyl-d-galactosamine, methyl-N-acetyl-d-galactosaminide, lactose, melibiose, and asialofetuin. The K(d) of the lectin against p-nitrophenyl-beta-lactoside was determined to be 2.76x10(-5) M and its glycan-binding profile given by frontal affinity chromatography was shown to be similar to many other known galectins. Partial primary structure analysis of 7 peptides by cleavage with lysyl endopeptidase indicated that one of the peptides showed significant similarity with galectin purified from the sponge Geodia cydonium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarkar M A Kawsar
- Laboratory of Marine Biochemistry, Department of Environmental Biosciences, International Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, Yokohama City University, 22-2 Seto, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama 236-0027, Japan
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Matsuda Y, Osaki T, Hashii T, Koshiba T, Kawabata SI. A Cysteine-rich Protein from an Arthropod Stabilizes Clotting Mesh and Immobilizes Bacteria at Injury Sites. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:33545-33552. [PMID: 17855345 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m705854200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Hemolymph coagulation in arthropods plays key roles in host defense, including sealing wounds to staunch bleeding and immobilizing invading microorganisms. We have previously reported that horseshoe crab transglutaminase (TGase) promotes cross-linking of a clotting protein (coagulin) with hemocyte-derived proteins (proxins), resulting in the formation of stable coagulin fibrils. Here we show that TGase also cross-links proxins to another hemocyte-derived protein named stablin. Stablin is a cysteine-rich protein of 131 residues. Surface plasmon resonance analysis revealed the specific interaction of stablin with proxin-1 at K(d) = 4.0 x 10(-9) m. Stablin was predominantly localized in the large granules of hemocytes and secreted by lipopolysaccharide-induced exocytosis. Interestingly, stablin bound to chitin at K(d) = 1.5 x 10(-8) m, as determined by using a quartz-crystal microbalance. Stablin also interacted with lipopolysaccharides and lipoteichoic acids and exhibited bacterial agglutinating activity against Gram-positive and -negative bacteria. Immunostaining showed that stablin is co-localized with coagulin in the clotting fibrils that effectively trap bacteria. Moreover, an anti-stablin antibody strongly inhibited the proper formation of the clotting fibrils. These data suggest that stablin promotes the formation of the clotting mesh and the immobilization of invading microbes at injury sites. In arthropods, the TGase-mediated cross-linking may play an important role in the initial stage of host defense, wound closure, and healing, as in the case of mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuyuki Matsuda
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan
| | - Tsukasa Osaki
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Hashii
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan
| | - Takumi Koshiba
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan
| | - Shun-Ichiro Kawabata
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan.
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Kim YM, Park KI, Choi KS, Alvarez RA, Cummings RD, Cho M. Lectin from the Manila Clam Ruditapes philippinarum Is Induced upon Infection with the Protozoan Parasite Perkinsus olseni. J Biol Chem 2006; 281:26854-64. [PMID: 16785239 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m601251200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycan-binding proteins (lectins) are widely expressed in many invertebrates, although the biosynthesis and functions of the lectins are not well understood. Here we report that Manila clam (Ruditapes philippinarum) synthesizes a lectin termed Manila clam lectin (MCL) upon infection with the protozoan parasite Perkinsus olseni. MCL is synthesized in hemocytes as a approximately 74-kDa precursor and secreted into hemolymph where it is converted to 30- and 34-kDa polypeptides. The synthesis of MCL in hemocytes is stimulated by one or more factors in Perkinsus-infected hemolymph, but not directly by Perkinsus itself. MCL can bind to the surfaces of purified hypnospores and zoospores of the parasite, and this binding is inhibitable by either EDTA or GalNAc. Fluorescent beads coated with purified MCL were actively phagocytosed by hemocytes from the clam. Immunohistochemistry showed that secreted MCL is concentrated within cyst-like structures. To define the glycan binding specificity of MCL we examined its binding to an array of biotinylated glycans. MCL recognizes terminal non-reducing beta-linked GalNAc as expressed within the LacdiNAc motif GalNAcbeta1-4GlcNAcbeta1-R and glycans with terminal, non-reducing beta-linked Gal residues. Our results show that the synthesis of MCL is specifically up-regulated upon parasite infection of the clams and may serve as an opsonin through recognition of terminal GalNAc/Gal residues on the parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Mee Kim
- Department of Medicine, School of Applied Marine Science, Cheju National University, Jeju 690-756, Korea
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Kuo TH, Chuang SC, Chang SY, Liang PH. Ligand specificities and structural requirements of two Tachypleus plasma lectins for bacterial trapping. Biochem J 2006; 393:757-66. [PMID: 16229681 PMCID: PMC1360729 DOI: 10.1042/bj20051108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
TPL (Tachypleus plasma lectin)-1 was purified by using a Sepharose column and TPL-2 was purified from an LPS-Sepharose (LPS coupled to Sepharose matrix) affinity column, as described previously [Chiou, Chen, Y.-W., Chen, S.-C., Chao and Liu (2000) J. Biol. Chem. 275, 1630-1634] and the corresponding genes were cloned [Chen, Yen, Yeh, Huang and Liu (2001) J. Biol. Chem. 276, 9631-9639]. In the present study, TPL-1 and -2 were produced in yeast, and the recombinant proteins secreted into the media were purified and characterized. The proteins show specific PGN (peptidoglycan)- and LPS-binding activity, suggesting a role in trapping Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria respectively in innate immunity. Using BIAcore assays, the dissociation constant for the TPL-1-PGN complex was measured as 8x10(-8) M. Replacement of Asn74, the N-glycosylation site of TPL-1, with Asp abolishes the PGN-binding affinity, whereas the unglycosylated TPL-2 N3D mutant retains LPS-binding activity. DTT (dithiothreitol) treatment to break disulphide linkages abrogates TPL-2 activity but does not interfere with TPL-1 function. Cys4 in TPL-2 may form an intermolecular disulphide bond, which is essential for activity. As a result, the TPL-2 C4S mutant is inactive and is eluted as a monomer on a non-reducing gel. TPL-2 C6S is active and forms a non-covalently linked dimer. A model describing TPL-2 binding with LPS is proposed. These two plasma lectins that have different ligand specificities can be used for the detection and discrimination of bacteria and removal of endotoxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tun-Hsun Kuo
- *Institute of Biochemical Sciences, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan
| | - Shiao-Cheng Chuang
- *Institute of Biochemical Sciences, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan
| | - Sing-Yang Chang
- *Institute of Biochemical Sciences, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan
| | - Po-Huang Liang
- *Institute of Biochemical Sciences, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan
- †Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
- To whom correspondence should be addressed (email )
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Luo T, Yang H, Li F, Zhang X, Xu X. Purification, characterization and cDNA cloning of a novel lipopolysaccharide-binding lectin from the shrimp Penaeus monodon. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2006; 30:607-17. [PMID: 16364436 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2005.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2005] [Revised: 09/20/2005] [Accepted: 10/07/2005] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
In invertebrates, C-type lectin plays an important role in innate immunity by mediating the recognition of pathogens to host cells and clearing microinvaders. A few C-type lectins have been identified from shrimps, but none of their gene or protein sequences is known to date. In this paper, a C-type lectin (named PmLec) specific for bacterial lipopolysaccharide was purified from the serum of the shrimp Penaeus monodon. The binding of PmLec to lipopolysaccharide was mainly mediated through the O-antigen. PmLec had a strong hemagglutinating and bacterial-agglutinating activity as well as an opsonic effect that enhances hemocyte phagocytosis. The PmLec cDNA sequence was obtained from the cDNA library of P. monodon by polymerase chain reaction with the degenerated primer designed according to the amino-terminal residue sequence of purified PmLec. A 546-bp open reading frame was found to encode a putative protein comprising 182 amino acids and containing a preceding signal peptide of 17 amino acids. A C-type lectin domain existed in PmLec, but no glycosylation site was found. The recombinant PmLec protein expressed in Escherichia coli also showed the same agglutinating activity and opsonic effect as that of the native protein. This is the first report of a lectin cDNA from the shrimp. PmLec functions as a pattern-recognition protein and an opsonin in the shrimp, and it provides a clue to elucidate the role of lectin in the innate immunity of aquatic invertebrates at the molecular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Luo
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biogenetic Resources, Third Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration (SOA), Xiamen 361005, People's Republic of China
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Abstract
Invertebrate animals, which lack adaptive immune systems, have developed other systems of biological host defense, so called innate immunity, that respond to common antigens on the cell surfaces of potential pathogens. During the past two decades, the molecular structures and functions of various defense components that participated in innate immune systems have been established in Arthropoda, such as, insects, the horseshoe crab, freshwater crayfish, and the protochordata ascidian. These defense molecules include phenoloxidases, clotting factors, complement factors, lectins, protease inhibitors, antimicrobial peptides, Toll receptors, and other humoral factors found mainly in hemolymph plasma and hemocytes. These components, which together compose the innate immune system, defend invertebrate from invading bacterial, fungal, and viral pathogens. This review describes the present status of our knowledge concerning such defensive molecules in invertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadaaki Iwanaga
- The Chemo-Sero-Therapeutic Research Institute, Okubo 1-6-1, Kumamoto 860-8568, Japan
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Krarup A, Thiel S, Hansen A, Fujita T, Jensenius JC. L-ficolin is a pattern recognition molecule specific for acetyl groups. J Biol Chem 2004; 279:47513-9. [PMID: 15331601 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m407161200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
L-ficolin and H-ficolin are molecules of the innate immune system. Upon recognition of a suitable target they activate the complement system. The ligand recognition structure of ficolins is contained within a fibrinogen-like domain. We examined the selectivity of the ficolins through inhibiting the binding to bacteria or to beads coupled with N-acetylglucosamine. The binding of L-ficolin to Streptococcus pneumoniae 11F and the beads was inhibited by N-acetylated sugars and not by non-acetylated sugars. However, it was also inhibited by other acetylated compounds. Based on this selectivity L-ficolin is not easily defined as a lectin. The binding of H-ficolin to Aerococcus viridans was not inhibited by any of the sugars or other compounds examined. Based on the selectivity of L-ficolin we developed a new purification procedure involving affinity chromatography on N-acetylcysteine-derivatized Sepharose. The column was loaded in the presence of EDTA and high salt, and L-ficolin was eluted by decreasing the salt concentration. Further purification was achieved by ion exchange chromatography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anders Krarup
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Aarhus, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark
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Abstract
Non-self-recognition of invading microbes relies on the pattern-recognition of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) derived from microbial cell-wall components. Insects and mammals conserve a signaling pathway of the innate immune system through cell-surface receptors called Tolls and Toll-like receptors (TLRs). Bacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPSs) are an important trigger of the horseshoe crab's innate immunity to infectious microorganisms. Horseshoe crabs' granular hemocytes respond specifically to LPS stimulation, inducing the secretion of various defense molecules from the granular hemocytes. Here, we show a cDNA which we named tToll, coding for a TLR identified from hemocytes of the horseshoe crab Tachypleus tridentatus. tToll is most closely related to Drosophila Toll in both domain architecture and overall length. Human TLRs have been suggested to contain numerous PAMP-binding insertions located in the leucine-rich repeats (LRRs) of their ectodomains. However, the LRRs of tToll contained no obvious PAMP-binding insertions. Furthermore, tToll was non-specifically expressed in horseshoe crab tissues. These observations suggest that tToll does not function as an LPS receptor on granular hemocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kei-ichiro Inamori
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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44
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Banerjee S, Chaki S, Bhowal J, Chatterjee BP. Mucin binding mitogenic lectin from freshwater Indian gastropod Belamyia bengalensis: purification and molecular characterization. Arch Biochem Biophys 2004; 421:125-34. [PMID: 14678793 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2003.09.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A lectin was purified from the hemolymph of the freshwater Indian gastropod Belamyia bengalensis. The purification involved successive ion-exchange chromatography on Resource Q and gel filtration on Superose 12 column in FPLC system. Homogeneity of the protein was confirmed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Belamyia bengalensis lectin (BBL) was a monomeric protein with a molecular weight of 33 kDa as demonstrated by gel filtration and SDS-PAGE. It is a glycoprotein containing 6% total sugar and its activity is highly dependent on Ca(2+). BBL agglutinated human erythrocytes and is a blood group non-specific lectin. It agglutinated animal erythrocytes also. Hapten inhibition studies indicated that BBL shows binding specificity only for N-acetyl-D-glucosamine and N-acetyl-D-galactosamine at a high concentration among the mono- and oligosaccharides tested. Among the glycoproteins used for hemagglutination-inhibition assay, porcine submaxillary mucin was found to be the best inhibitor. Chemical modification studies indicated that Lys, Arg, and Trp are essential for the sugar-binding activity of BBL. Circular dichroism spectra revealed high content of alpha-helical structure in the lectin. BBL is a potent mitogen as it stimulated the T-lymphocyte proliferation, specifically the Th1 subset.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Banerjee
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, India
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45
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Galliano M, Minchiotti L, Campagnoli M, Sala A, Visai L, Amoresano A, Pucci P, Casbarra A, Cauci M, Perduca M, Monaco HL. Structural and biochemical characterization of a new type of lectin isolated from carp eggs. Biochem J 2003; 376:433-40. [PMID: 12956625 PMCID: PMC1223786 DOI: 10.1042/bj20030413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2003] [Revised: 09/05/2003] [Accepted: 09/05/2003] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A previously unidentified glycoprotein present in the eggs of the carp ( Cyprinus carpio ) was isolated and structurally characterized. The protein binds to a Sepharose 4B matrix and can be eluted with 0.4 M N -acetylglucosamine. The protein has an apparent molecular mass of 26686.3 Da. On the basis of gel-filtration chromatography, the protein appears to be present in solution as a monomer. The sequence of its 238 amino acids, the position of its four disulphide bridges and the composition of its single N-linked carbohydrate chain were determined. The lectin shows a very low agglutinating activity for human A-type erythrocytes and interacts with both Gram-positive and -negative bacteria. These latter interactions are inhibited by N -acetylglucosamine. A database search shows that its amino acid sequence is similar to that of the members of an invertebrate lectin family that includes tachylectin-1. Tachylectin-1 is present in the amoebocytes of the horseshoe crab, Tachypleus tridentatus, and plays a role in the innate defence system of this species. Homologous genes are also present in other fish, having 85% identity with a gene expressed in the oocytes of the crucian carp ( Carassius auratus gibelio ) and 78% identity with a gene in the cDNA library of the zebrafish ( Danio rerio ).
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Galliano
- Department of Biochemistry A. Castellani, University of Pavia, via Taramelli 3b, 27100 Pavia, Italy
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46
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Schröder HC, Ushijima H, Krasko A, Gamulin V, Thakur NL, Diehl-Seifert B, Müller IM, Müller WEG. Emergence and disappearance of an immune molecule, an antimicrobial lectin, in basal metazoa. A tachylectin-related protein in the sponge Suberites domuncula. J Biol Chem 2003; 278:32810-7. [PMID: 12805362 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m304116200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Sponges (phylum Porifera) represent the evolutionarily oldest metazoans that comprise already a complex immune system and are related to the crown taxa of the protostomians and the deuterostomians. Here, we demonstrate the existence of a tachylectin-related protein in the demosponge Suberites domuncula, termed Suberites lectin. The MAPK pathway was activated in response to lipopolysaccharide treatment of the three-dimensional cell aggregates, the primmorphs; this process was abolished by the monosaccharide D-GlcNAc. The cDNA encoding the S. domuncula lectin was identified and cloned; it comprises 238 amino acids (26 kDa) in the open reading frame. The deduced protein has one potential transmembrane region, three characteristic Cys residues, and six internal tandem repeats; it shares the highest sequence similarity with lectins from the horseshoe crab Tachypleus trunculus. The steady-state level of expression of the Suberites lectin rises in primmorphs in response to lipopolysaccharide, an effect that was prevented by co-incubation with D-GlcNAc. The natural sponge lectin was purified by affinity chromatography; it has a size of 27 kDa and displays antibacterial activity against the Gram-negative bacteria Escherichia coli and the Gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus. The putative protein, deduced from the cloned gene, is identical/similar to the purified natural protein, as demonstrated by immunological cross-reactivity with specific antibodies. We conclude that the S. domuncula lectin acts as an antibacterial molecule involved in immune defense against bacterial invaders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heinz C Schröder
- Institut für Physiologische Chemie, Abteilung Angewandte Molekularbiologie, Universität Mainz, Duesbergweg 6, D-55099 Mainz, Germany
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47
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Kawabata SI, Tsuda R. Molecular basis of non-self recognition by the horseshoe crab tachylectins. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2002; 1572:414-21. [PMID: 12223283 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-4165(02)00322-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The self/non-self discrimination by innate immunity through simple ligands universally expressed both on pathogens and hosts, such as monosaccharides and acetyl group, depends on the density or clustering patterns of the ligands. The specific recognition by the horseshoe crab tachylectins with a propeller-like fold or a propeller-like oligomeric arrangement is reinforced by the short distance between the individual binding sites that interact with pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). There is virtually no conformational change in the main or side chains of tachylectins upon binding with the ligands. This low structural flexibility of the propeller structures must be very important for specific interaction with PAMPs. Mammalian lectins, such as mannose-binding lectin and ficolins, trigger complement activation through the lectin pathway in the form of opsonins. However, tachylectins have no effector collagenous domains and no lectin-associated serine proteases found in the mammalian lectins. Furthermore, no complement-like proteins have been found in horseshoe crabs, except for alpha(2)-macroglobulin. The mystery of the molecular mechanism of the scavenging pathway of pathogens in horseshoe crabs remains to be solved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shun-ichiro Kawabata
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Kyushu University, 6-10-1 Hakozaki, Higashi-ku, 812-8581, Fukuoka, Japan.
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48
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Lee SY, Söderhäll K. Early events in crustacean innate immunity. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2002; 12:421-437. [PMID: 12194453 DOI: 10.1006/fsim.2002.0420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 247] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- So Young Lee
- Department of Comparative Physiology, Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 18A, SE-752 36, Sweden
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49
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Abstract
During the past two decades, the molecular structures and functions have been established for various defense molecules, using horseshoe crab (Limulus) as a model animal. These defense molecules include clotting factors, proteinase inhibitors, lectins, antimicrobial peptides and other humoral factors found mainly in the hemolymph. These components of the cellular and humoral systems, which together comprise innate immunity, defend horseshoe crab effectively from invading microbes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadaaki Iwanaga
- The Chemo-Sero-Therapeutic Research Institute, Okubo 1-6-1, 860-8568, Kumamoto, Japan
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50
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Inamori K, Saito T, Iwaki D, Nagira T, Iwanaga S, Arisaka F, Kawabata S. Horseshoe crab hemocyte-derived lectin recognizing specific O-antigens of lipopolysaccharides. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2002; 484:185-90. [PMID: 11418983 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-1291-2_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- K Inamori
- Department of Biology, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 812-8581 Japan
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