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Li M, Zhang X, Li J, Liu L, Zhu Q, Qu C, Zhang Y, Wang S. Identification and In Silico Simulation on Inhibitory Platelet-Activating Factor Acetyl Hydrolase Peptides from Dry-Cured Pork Coppa. Foods 2023; 12:foods12061190. [PMID: 36981115 PMCID: PMC10048671 DOI: 10.3390/foods12061190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Revised: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The unique processing technology of dry-cured meat products leads to strong proteolysis, which produces numerous peptides. The purpose of this investigation was the systematic isolation, purification, and identification of potentially cardioprotective bioactive peptides from dry-cured pork coppa during processing. According to the results of anti-platelet-activating factor acetyl hydrolase activity and radical scavenging ability in vitro, the inhibitory effect of M1F2 in purified fractions on cardiovascular inflammation was higher than that of M2F2. The peptide of M1F2 was identified by nano-liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. A total of 30 peptides were identified. Based on bioinformatics methods, including in silico analysis and molecular docking, LTDKPFL, VEAPPAKVP, KVPVPAPK, IPVPKK, and PIKRSP were identified as the most promising potential platelet-activating factor acetyl hydrolase inhibitory peptides. Overall, bioactive peptides produced during dry-cured pork coppa processing demonstrate positive effects on human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingming Li
- School of Liquor & Food Engineering, Guizhou University/Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural and Animal Products Storage and Processing, Guiyang 550025, China
- China Meat Research Center, Beijing 100068, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- China Meat Research Center, Beijing 100068, China
- Beijing Academy of Food Sciences, Beijing 100068, China
| | - Jiapeng Li
- China Meat Research Center, Beijing 100068, China
- Beijing Academy of Food Sciences, Beijing 100068, China
| | - Linggao Liu
- School of Liquor & Food Engineering, Guizhou University/Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural and Animal Products Storage and Processing, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Qiujin Zhu
- School of Liquor & Food Engineering, Guizhou University/Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural and Animal Products Storage and Processing, Guiyang 550025, China
- Correspondence: (Q.Z.); (S.W.)
| | - Chao Qu
- China Meat Research Center, Beijing 100068, China
- Beijing Academy of Food Sciences, Beijing 100068, China
| | - Yunhan Zhang
- China Meat Research Center, Beijing 100068, China
| | - Shouwei Wang
- China Meat Research Center, Beijing 100068, China
- Beijing Academy of Food Sciences, Beijing 100068, China
- Correspondence: (Q.Z.); (S.W.)
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2
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Pantazi D, Tellis C, Tselepis AD. Oxidized phospholipids and lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A 2 (Lp-PLA 2 ) in atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease: An update. Biofactors 2022; 48:1257-1270. [PMID: 36192834 DOI: 10.1002/biof.1890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation and oxidative stress conditions lead to a variety of oxidative modifications of lipoprotein phospholipids implicated in the occurrence and development of atherosclerotic lesions. Lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 (Lp-PLA2 ) is established as an independent risk biomarker of atherosclerosis-related cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) and mediates vascular inflammation through the regulation of lipid metabolism in the blood and in atherosclerotic lesions. Lp-PLA2 is associated with low- and high-density lipoproteins and Lipoprotein (a) in human plasma and specifically hydrolyzes oxidized phospholipids involved in oxidative stress modification. Several oxidized phospholipids (OxPLs) subspecies can be detoxified through enzymatic degradation by Lp-PLA2 activation, forming lysophospholipids and oxidized non-esterified fatty acids (OxNEFAs). Lysophospholipids promote the expression of adhesion molecules, stimulate cytokines production (TNF-α, IL-6), and attract macrophages to the arterial intima. The present review article discusses new data on the functional roles of OxPLs and Lp-PLA2 associated with lipoproteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Despoina Pantazi
- Atherothrombosis Research Centre/Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Constantinos Tellis
- Atherothrombosis Research Centre/Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Alexandros D Tselepis
- Atherothrombosis Research Centre/Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
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3
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Dorninger F, Werner ER, Berger J, Watschinger K. Regulation of plasmalogen metabolism and traffic in mammals: The fog begins to lift. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:946393. [PMID: 36120579 PMCID: PMC9471318 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.946393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to their unique chemical structure, plasmalogens do not only exhibit distinct biophysical and biochemical features, but require specialized pathways of biosynthesis and metabolization. Recently, major advances have been made in our understanding of these processes, for example by the attribution of the gene encoding the enzyme, which catalyzes the final desaturation step in plasmalogen biosynthesis, or by the identification of cytochrome C as plasmalogenase, which allows for the degradation of plasmalogens. Also, models have been presented that plausibly explain the maintenance of adequate cellular levels of plasmalogens. However, despite the progress, many aspects around the questions of how plasmalogen metabolism is regulated and how plasmalogens are distributed among organs and tissues in more complex organisms like mammals, remain unresolved. Here, we summarize and interpret current evidence on the regulation of the enzymes involved in plasmalogen biosynthesis and degradation as well as the turnover of plasmalogens. Finally, we focus on plasmalogen traffic across the mammalian body - a topic of major importance, when considering plasmalogen replacement therapies in human disorders, where deficiencies in these lipids have been reported. These involve not only inborn errors in plasmalogen metabolism, but also more common diseases including Alzheimer's disease and neurodevelopmental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Dorninger
- Department of Pathobiology of the Nervous System, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria,*Correspondence: Fabian Dorninger, ; Katrin Watschinger,
| | - Ernst R. Werner
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Johannes Berger
- Department of Pathobiology of the Nervous System, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Katrin Watschinger
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria,*Correspondence: Fabian Dorninger, ; Katrin Watschinger,
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4
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Clark K, Sharp S, Womack CJ, Kurti SP, Hargens TA. Increased sedentary time and decreased physical activity increases lipoprotein associated phospholipase A 2 in obese individuals. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2022; 32:1703-1710. [PMID: 35637082 DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2022.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Lipoprotein-associated Phospholipase A2 (Lp-PLA2) is a protein produced by inflammatory cells in circulation and is associated with cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk. Physical activity (PA) is known to reduce inflammation and risk for CVD. However, Lp-PLA2 has yet to be examined in relation to PA and sedentary time. The purpose of this study was to determine if PA and sedentary time impacts Lp-PLA2 mass. A total of 25 subjects with an average BMI of 30.6 ± 5.7 were included in the data analysis. METHODS AND RESULTS Data collected included anthropometric data, Lp-PLA2 mass, peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak), resting heart rate and blood pressure, obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) risk, and assessment of PA using an accelerometer. Sedentary minutes per day was positively associated with Lp-PLA2 (r = 0.41, P < 0.05). Light intensity PA was negatively associated (r = -0.51. P = 0.01) with Lp-PLA2. When subjects were divided into 2-quantiles by Lp-PLA2, the group with the higher Lp-PLA2 mass accumulated more sedentary time per day (P < 0.001) and less light intensity PA per day (P = 0.001). OSA risk and Lp-PLA2 showed no relationship. Sedentary behavior was higher, and light intensity PA was lower in subjects with hiLp-PLA2 mass. No difference was seen in moderate-to-vigorous intensity PA or steps per day. CONCLUSIONS This suggests that, total PA habits, including time spent sedentary and lower intensity PA, impacts the levels of Lp-PLA2, an important inflammatory marker and marker of CVD risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kendall Clark
- Human Performance Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, James Madison University, 261 Bluestone Dr MSC 2302, Harrisonburg, VA, 22807, USA.
| | - Sydney Sharp
- Human Performance Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, James Madison University, 261 Bluestone Dr MSC 2302, Harrisonburg, VA, 22807, USA.
| | - Christopher J Womack
- Human Performance Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, James Madison University, 261 Bluestone Dr MSC 2302, Harrisonburg, VA, 22807, USA.
| | - Stephanie P Kurti
- Human Performance Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, James Madison University, 261 Bluestone Dr MSC 2302, Harrisonburg, VA, 22807, USA.
| | - Trent A Hargens
- Department of Kinesiology, James Madison University, 261 Bluestone Dr. MSC 2302, Harrisonburg, VA, 22807, USA.
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5
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Lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A 2: A paradigm for allosteric regulation by membranes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:2102953118. [PMID: 34996868 PMCID: PMC8764669 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2102953118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Lp-PLA2 is a physiologically important human enzyme and an inflammatory biomarker for assessing risk factors associated with cardiovascular diseases. It is associated with low- and high-density lipoproteins in human plasma and acts on the outside of the phospholipid monolayer that coats these particles, in stark contrast to traditional PLA2 enzymes that act on bilayer membranes. This study addresses the allosteric activation of Lp-PLA2 by phospholipid monolayers and membranes, its precise selectivity and specificity for particular oxidized and short acyl-chain phospholipid substrates not previously possible. Of particular importance, this work identifies and confirms by site-directed mutagenesis a phospholipid head-group binding pocket distinct from known drug inhibitor binding pockets that informs us about Lp-PLA2’s mechanism of action and creates opportunities for additional therapeutic approaches. Lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 (Lp-PLA2) associates with low- and high-density lipoproteins in human plasma and specifically hydrolyzes circulating oxidized phospholipids involved in oxidative stress. The association of this enzyme with the lipoprotein’s phospholipid monolayer to access its substrate is the most crucial first step in its catalytic cycle. The current study demonstrates unequivocally that a significant movement of a major helical peptide region occurs upon membrane binding, resulting in a large conformational change upon Lp-PLA2 binding to a phospholipid surface. This allosteric regulation of an enzyme’s activity by a large membrane-like interface inducing a conformational change in the catalytic site defines a unique dimension of allosterism. The mechanism by which this enzyme associates with phospholipid interfaces to select and extract a single phospholipid substrate molecule and carry out catalysis is key to understanding its physiological functioning. A lipidomics platform was employed to determine the precise substrate specificity of human recombinant Lp-PLA2 and mutants. This study uniquely elucidates the association mechanism of this enzyme with membranes and its resulting conformational change as well as the extraction and binding of specific oxidized and short acyl-chain phospholipid substrates. Deuterium exchange mass spectrometry coupled with molecular dynamics simulations was used to define the precise specificity of the subsite for the oxidized fatty acid at the sn-2 position of the phospholipid backbone. Despite the existence of several crystal structures of this enzyme cocrystallized with inhibitors, little was understood about Lp-PLA2‘s specificity toward oxidized phospholipids.
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6
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Hayashi D, Mouchlis VD, Dennis EA. Each phospholipase A 2 type exhibits distinct selectivity toward sn-1 ester, alkyl ether, and vinyl ether phospholipids. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2022; 1867:159067. [PMID: 34634490 PMCID: PMC9188868 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2021.159067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Revised: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Glycerophospholipids are major components of cell membranes and have enormous variation in the composition of fatty acyl chains esterified on the sn-1 and sn-2 position as well as the polar head groups on the sn-3 position of the glycerol backbone. Phospholipase A2 (PLA2) enzymes constitute a superfamily of enzymes which play a critical role in metabolism and signal transduction by hydrolyzing the sn-2 acyl chains of glycerophospholipids. In human cell membranes, in addition to the conventional diester phospholipids, a significant amount is the sn-1 ether-linked phospholipids which play a critical role in numerous biological activities. However, precisely how PLA2s distinguish the sn-1 acyl chain linkage is not understood. In the present study, we expanded the technique of lipidomics to determine the unique in vitro specificity of three major human PLA2s, including Group IVA cytosolic cPLA2, Group VIA calcium-independent iPLA2, and Group V secreted sPLA2 toward the linkage at the sn-1 position. Interestingly, cPLA2 prefers sn-1 vinyl ether phospholipids known as plasmalogens over conventional ester phospholipids and the sn-1 alkyl ether phospholipids. iPLA2 showed similar activity toward vinyl ether and ester phospholipids at the sn-1 position. Surprisingly, sPLA2 preferred ester phospholipids over alkyl and vinyl ether phospholipids. By taking advantage of molecular dynamics simulations, we found that Trp30 in the sPLA2 active site dominates its specificity for diester phospholipids.
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7
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Li X, Chandra D, Letarte S, Adam GC, Welch J, Yang RS, Rivera S, Bodea S, Dow A, Chi A, Strulson CA, Richardson DD. Profiling Active Enzymes for Polysorbate Degradation in Biotherapeutics by Activity-Based Protein Profiling. Anal Chem 2021; 93:8161-8169. [PMID: 34032423 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c00042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Polysorbate is widely used to maintain stability of biotherapeutic proteins in pharmaceutical formulation development. Degradation of polysorbate can lead to particle formation in drug products, which is a major quality concern and potential patient risk factor. Enzymatic activity from residual host cell enzymes such as lipases and esterases plays a major role for polysorbate degradation. Their high activity, often at very low concentration, constitutes a major analytical challenge in the biopharmaceutical industry. In this study, we evaluated and optimized the activity-based protein profiling (ABPP) approach to identify active enzymes responsible for polysorbate degradation. Using an optimized chemical probe, we established the first global profile of active serine hydrolases in harvested cell culture fluid (HCCF) for monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) production from two Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell lines. A total of eight known lipases were identified by ABPP with enzyme activity information, while only five lipases were identified by a traditional abundance-based proteomics (TABP) approach. Interestingly, phospholipase B-like 2 (PLBL2), a well-known problematic HCP was not found to be active in process-intermediates from two different mAbs. In a proof-of-concept study with downstream samples, phospholipase A2 group VII (PLA2G7) was only identified by ABPP and confirmed to contribute to polysorbate-80 degradation for the first time. The established ABBP approach is approved to be able to identify low-abundance host cell enzymes and fills the gap between lipase abundance and activity, which enables more meaningful polysorbate degradation investigations for biotherapeutic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuanwen Li
- Analytical Research & Development Mass Spectrometry, Merck & Co., Inc., 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Divya Chandra
- Biologics Process Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Simon Letarte
- Analytical Research & Development Mass Spectrometry, Merck & Co., Inc., 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Gregory C Adam
- Quantitative Biosciences, Merck & Co., Inc., 770 Sumneytown Pike, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Jonathan Welch
- Biologics Analytical Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Rong-Sheng Yang
- Analytical Research & Development Mass Spectrometry, Merck & Co., Inc., 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Shannon Rivera
- Analytical Research & Development Mass Spectrometry, Merck & Co., Inc., 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Smaranda Bodea
- Chemical Biology, Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Alex Dow
- Biologics Analytical Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - An Chi
- Chemical Biology, Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Christopher A Strulson
- Biologics Analytical Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Douglas D Richardson
- Analytical Research & Development Mass Spectrometry, Merck & Co., Inc., 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
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8
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Luo X, Gong HB, Gao HY, Wu YP, Sun WY, Li ZQ, Wang G, Liu B, Liang L, Kurihara H, Duan WJ, Li YF, He RR. Oxygenated phosphatidylethanolamine navigates phagocytosis of ferroptotic cells by interacting with TLR2. Cell Death Differ 2021; 28:1971-1989. [PMID: 33432112 PMCID: PMC8185102 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-020-00719-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 11/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
During cancer therapy, phagocytic clearance of dead cells plays a vital role in immune homeostasis. The nonapoptotic form of cell death, ferroptosis, exhibits extraordinary potential in tumor treatment. However, the phagocytosis mechanism that regulates the engulfment of ferroptotic cells remains unclear. Here, we establish a novel pathway for phagocytic clearance of ferroptotic cells that is different from canonical mechanisms by using diverse ferroptosis models evoked by GPX4 dysfunction/deficiency. We identified the oxidized phospholipid, 1-steaoryl-2-15-HpETE-sn-glycero-3-phosphatidylethanolamine (SAPE-OOH), as a key eat-me signal on the ferroptotic cell surface. Enriching the plasma membrane with SAPE-OOH increased the efficiency of phagocytosis of ferroptotic cells by macrophage, a process that was suppressed by lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2. Ligand fishing, lipid blotting, and cellular thermal shift assay screened and identified TLR2 as a membrane receptor that directly recognized SAPE-OOH, which was further confirmed by TLR2 inhibitors and gene silencing studies. A mouse mammary tumor model of ferroptosis verified SAPE-OOH and TLR2 as critical players in the clearance of ferroptotic cells in vivo. Taken together, this work demonstrates that SAPE-OOH on ferroptotic cell surface acts as an eat-me signal and navigates phagocytosis by targeting TLR2 on macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Luo
- Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Chinese Medicine & Disease Susceptibility, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China.,International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Development of Chinese Ministry of Education (MOE), College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Hai-Biao Gong
- Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Chinese Medicine & Disease Susceptibility, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China.,International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Development of Chinese Ministry of Education (MOE), College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Hua-Ying Gao
- Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Chinese Medicine & Disease Susceptibility, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China.,International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Development of Chinese Ministry of Education (MOE), College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Yan-Ping Wu
- Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Chinese Medicine & Disease Susceptibility, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China.,International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Development of Chinese Ministry of Education (MOE), College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China.,Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine Department, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Wan-Yang Sun
- Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Chinese Medicine & Disease Susceptibility, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China.,International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Development of Chinese Ministry of Education (MOE), College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Zheng-Qiu Li
- International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Development of Chinese Ministry of Education (MOE), College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Guan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Bo Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Lei Liang
- Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Chinese Medicine & Disease Susceptibility, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China.,International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Development of Chinese Ministry of Education (MOE), College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Hiroshi Kurihara
- Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Chinese Medicine & Disease Susceptibility, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China.,International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Development of Chinese Ministry of Education (MOE), College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Wen-Jun Duan
- Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Chinese Medicine & Disease Susceptibility, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China. .,International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Development of Chinese Ministry of Education (MOE), College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China.
| | - Yi-Fang Li
- Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Chinese Medicine & Disease Susceptibility, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China. .,International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Development of Chinese Ministry of Education (MOE), College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China.
| | - Rong-Rong He
- Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Chinese Medicine & Disease Susceptibility, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China. .,International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Development of Chinese Ministry of Education (MOE), College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China. .,Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine Department, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China.
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9
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De Luca V, Mandrich L. Enzyme Promiscuous Activity: How to Define it and its Evolutionary Aspects. Protein Pept Lett 2020; 27:400-410. [PMID: 31868141 DOI: 10.2174/0929866527666191223141205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Revised: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Enzymes are among the most studied biological molecules because better understanding enzymes structure and activity will shed more light on their biological processes and regulation; from a biotechnological point of view there are many examples of enzymes used with the aim to obtain new products and/or to make industrial processes less invasive towards the environment. Enzymes are known for their high specificity in the recognition of a substrate but considering the particular features of an increasing number of enzymes this is not completely true, in fact, many enzymes are active on different substrates: this ability is called enzyme promiscuity. Usually, promiscuous activities have significantly lower kinetic parameters than to that of primary activity, but they have a crucial role in gene evolution. It is accepted that gene duplication followed by sequence divergence is considered a key evolutionary mechanism to generate new enzyme functions. In this way, promiscuous activities are the starting point to increase a secondary activity in the main activity and then get a new enzyme. The primary activity can be lost or reduced to a promiscuous activity. In this review we describe the differences between substrate and enzyme promiscuity, and its rule in gene evolution. From a practical point of view the knowledge of promiscuity can facilitate the in vitro progress of proteins engineering, both for biomedical and industrial applications. In particular, we report cases regarding esterases, phosphotriesterases and cytochrome P450.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina De Luca
- Institute of Protein Biochemistry, National Research Council, Via Pietro Castellino, 111, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Luigi Mandrich
- Research Institute on Terrestrial Ecosystems, National Research Council, Via Pietro Castellino, 111, 80131, Naples, Italy
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10
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Marathe GK, Chaithra VH, Ke LY, Chen CH. Effect of acyl and alkyl analogs of platelet-activating factor on inflammatory signaling. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 2020; 151:106478. [PMID: 32711129 DOI: 10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2020.106478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Platelet-activating factor (PAF), a bioactive ether phospholipid with significant pro-inflammatory properties, was identified almost half a century ago. Despite extensive study of this autocoid, therapeutic strategies for targeting its signaling components have not been successful, including the recent clinical trials with darapladib, a drug that targets plasma PAF-acetylhydrolase (PAF-AH). We recently provided experimental evidence that the previously unrecognized acyl analog of PAF, which is concomitantly produced along with PAF during biosynthesis, dampens PAF signaling by acting both as a sacrificial substrate for PAF-AH and probably as an endogenous PAF-receptor antagonist/partial agonist. If this is the scenario in vivo, PAF-AH needs to catalyze the selective hydrolysis of alkyl-PAF and not acyl-PAF. Accordingly, different approaches are needed for treating inflammatory diseases in which PAF signaling is implicated. The interplay between acyl-PAF, alkyl-PAF, PAF-AH, and PAF-R is complex, and the outcome of this interplay has not been previously appreciated. In this review, we discuss this interaction based on our recent findings. It is very likely that the relative abundance of acyl and alkyl-PAF and their interactions with PAF-R in the presence of their hydrolyzing enzyme PAF-AH may exert a modulatory effect on PAF signaling during inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gopal Kedihithlu Marathe
- Department of Studies in Biochemistry, University of Mysore, Manasagangothri, Mysuru, 570006, Karnataka, India; Department of Studies in Molecular Biology, University of Mysore, Manasagangothri, Mysuru, 570006, Karnataka, India.
| | | | - Liang-Yin Ke
- College of Health Sciences, Kaohsiung Medical University, Vascular and Medicinal Research, Kaohsiung, 80708, Taiwan.
| | - Chu-Huang Chen
- Vascular and Medicinal Research, Texas Heart Institute, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.
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11
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Santoso A, Heriansyah T, Rohman MS. Phospholipase A2 is an Inflammatory Predictor in Cardiovascular Diseases: Is there any Spacious Room to Prove the Causation? Curr Cardiol Rev 2020; 16:3-10. [PMID: 31146670 PMCID: PMC7393598 DOI: 10.2174/1573403x15666190531111932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Revised: 05/01/2019] [Accepted: 05/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 (Lp-PLA2) is an enzyme family of phospholipase A2 produced by the inflammatory cell in atherosclerotic plaque. It is transported in the circulation, attached mainly to low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C). It hydrolyzes glycerophospholipids particularly fatty acids at the sn-2 position and produces numerous bioactive lipids; and leads to endothelial dysfunction, atherosclerotic plaque inflammation, and development of the necrotic core in plaques. There are two kinds of phospholipase A2, namely: secretory phospholipase A2 (sPLA2) and Lp- PLA2. They are deemed as evolving predictors of cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk in hospitaland population-based studies, including healthy subjects, acute coronary syndromes (ACS) and patients with CVD. Unfortunately, Lp-PLA2 inhibitor (darapladib) and s-PLA2 inhibitor (varespladib methyl) failed to prove to lower the risk of composite CVD mortality, myocardial infarction and stroke in those with stable CVD and ACS. Herein, we describe the explanation based on the existing data why there is still a discrepancy among them. So, it highlights the opinion that phospholipase A2 is merely the inflammatory biomarkers of CVD and playing an important role in atherosclerosis. Further, there is more spacious room to prove the causation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anwar Santoso
- Address correspondence to this author at the Department of Cardiology and Vascular Medicine, National Cardiovascular Centre, Harapan Kita Hospital, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia; Tel: +62 21 5684093;
E-mail:
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Abhilasha KV, Sumanth MS, Chaithra VH, Jacob SP, Thyagarajan A, Sahu RP, Rajaiah R, Prabhu KS, Kemparaju K, Travers JB, Chen CH, Marathe GK. p38 MAP-kinase inhibitor protects against platelet-activating factor-induced death in mice. Free Radic Biol Med 2019; 143:275-287. [PMID: 31442556 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2019.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Revised: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Platelet-activating factor (PAF) is a potent inflammatory agonist. In Swiss albino mice, intraperitoneal injection of PAF causes sudden death with oxidative stress and disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), characterized by prolonged prothrombin time, thrombocytopenia, reduced fibrinogen content, and increased levels of fibrinogen degradation products. However, the underlying mechanism(s) is unknown. The PAF-R antagonist WEB-2086 protected mice against PAF-induced death by reducing DIC and oxidative stress. Accordingly, general antioxidants such as ascorbic acid, α-tocopherol, gallic acid, and N-acetylcysteine partially protected mice from PAF-induced death. N-acetylcysteine, a clinically used antioxidant, prevented death in 67% of mice, ameliorated DIC characteristics and histological alterations in the liver, and reduced oxidative stress. WEB-2086 suppressed H2O2-mediated oxidative stress in isolated mouse peritoneal macrophages, suggesting that PAF signaling may be a downstream effector of reactive oxygen species generation. PAF stimulated all three (ERK, JNK, and p38) of the MAP-kinases, which were also inhibited by N-acetylcysteine. Furthermore, a JNK inhibitor (SP600125) and ERK inhibitor (SCH772984) partially protected mice against PAF-induced death, whereas a p38 MAP-kinase inhibitor (SB203580) provided complete protection against DIC and death. In human platelets, which have the canonical PAF-R and functional MAP-kinases, JNK and p38 inhibitors abolished PAF-induced platelet aggregation, but the ERK inhibitor was ineffective. Our studies identify p38 MAP-kinase as a critical, but unrecognized component in PAF-induced mortality in mice. These findings suggest an alternative therapeutic strategy to address PAF-mediated pathogenicity, which plays a role in a broad range of inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mosale Seetharam Sumanth
- Department of Studies in Biochemistry, University of Mysore, Manasagangothri, Mysuru, 570006, Karnataka, India
| | | | - Shancy Petsel Jacob
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84113, USA
| | - Anita Thyagarajan
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Boonshoft School of Medicine, Wright State University, Dayton, OH, 45435, USA
| | - Ravi Prakash Sahu
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Boonshoft School of Medicine, Wright State University, Dayton, OH, 45435, USA
| | - Rajesh Rajaiah
- Department of Studies in Molecular Biology, University of Mysore, Manasagangothri, Mysuru, 570006, Karnataka, India
| | - K Sandeep Prabhu
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Kempaiah Kemparaju
- Department of Studies in Biochemistry, University of Mysore, Manasagangothri, Mysuru, 570006, Karnataka, India; Department of Studies in Molecular Biology, University of Mysore, Manasagangothri, Mysuru, 570006, Karnataka, India
| | - Jeffrey Bryant Travers
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Boonshoft School of Medicine, Wright State University, Dayton, OH, 45435, USA
| | - Chu-Huang Chen
- Vascular and Medicinal Research, Texas Heart Institute, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Gopal Kedihithlu Marathe
- Department of Studies in Biochemistry, University of Mysore, Manasagangothri, Mysuru, 570006, Karnataka, India; Department of Studies in Molecular Biology, University of Mysore, Manasagangothri, Mysuru, 570006, Karnataka, India.
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Zhuo S, Yuan C. Association with lipids or detergents is essential for preservation of the active structure of lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A 2. Chem Phys Lipids 2019; 225:104814. [PMID: 31493387 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2019.104814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Revised: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 08/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Recombinant lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 (rLp-PLA2) expressed in HEK293 cells has a propensity to form oligomers in the absence of detergents. Dilution of rLp-PLA2 in the absence of detergents results in irreversible inactivation of the enzyme. The monomeric rLp-PLA2 may expose its hydrophobic interfacial binding region or substrate binding compartment to water and that may cause structural collapsing of the enzyme. Formation of self-aggregate, complex with binding partners or association with detergent micelles is to block the access of aqueous solvent to the hydrophobic substrate binding site and therefore prevents the structural collapsing. Dilution inactivation of the enzyme can be prevented in the presence of LDL or HDL suggesting that Lp-PLA2 association with lipoprotein particles (LDL and HDL) is necessary for Lp-PLA2 to maintain its enzymatic activity in human plasma. Formation of higher affinity complex gave better protection of rLp-PLA2 structure and activity. The method can be harnessed to detect the interaction between rLp-PLA2 and components of lipoprotein particles. Apo(a), ApoB 100 and ApoA1 were found to protect the enzyme from inactivation at roughly the similar level (˜80 ± 5%) comparing to human serum albumin control (˜40%). One mg/ml pig brain phospholipid showed 100% protection under the same conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaoqiu Zhuo
- Diazyme Laboratories, Inc., 12889 Gregg Ct., Poway, CA, 92064, United States.
| | - Chong Yuan
- Diazyme Laboratories, Inc., 12889 Gregg Ct., Poway, CA, 92064, United States
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Nikolaou A, Kokotou MG, Vasilakaki S, Kokotos G. Small-molecule inhibitors as potential therapeutics and as tools to understand the role of phospholipases A 2. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2019; 1864:941-956. [PMID: 30905350 PMCID: PMC7106526 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2018.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Revised: 08/10/2018] [Accepted: 08/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Phospholipase A2 (PLA2) enzymes are involved in various inflammatory pathological conditions including arthritis, cardiovascular and autoimmune diseases. The regulation of their catalytic activity is of high importance and a great effort has been devoted in developing synthetic inhibitors. We summarize the most important small-molecule synthetic PLA2 inhibitors developed to target each one of the four major types of human PLA2 (cytosolic cPLA2, calcium-independent iPLA2, secreted sPLA2, and lipoprotein-associated LpPLA2). We discuss recent applications of inhibitors to understand the role of each PLA2 type and their therapeutic potential. Potent and selective PLA2 inhibitors have been developed. Although some of them have been evaluated in clinical trials, none reached the market yet. Apart from their importance as potential medicinal agents, PLA2 inhibitors are excellent tools to unveil the role that each PLA2 type plays in cells and in vivo. Modern medicinal chemistry approaches are expected to generate improved PLA2 inhibitors as new agents to treat inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aikaterini Nikolaou
- Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Athens 15771, Greece
| | - Maroula G Kokotou
- Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Athens 15771, Greece
| | - Sofia Vasilakaki
- Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Athens 15771, Greece
| | - George Kokotos
- Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Athens 15771, Greece.
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Huang F, Wang K, Shen J. Lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2: The story continues. Med Res Rev 2019; 40:79-134. [PMID: 31140638 PMCID: PMC6973114 DOI: 10.1002/med.21597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Revised: 04/20/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation is thought to play an important role in the pathogenesis of vascular diseases. Lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 (Lp-PLA2) mediates vascular inflammation through the regulation of lipid metabolism in blood, thus, it has been extensively investigated to identify its role in vascular inflammation-related diseases, mainly atherosclerosis. Although darapladib, the most advanced Lp-PLA2 inhibitor, failed to meet the primary endpoints of two large phase III trials in atherosclerosis patients cotreated with standard medical care, the research on Lp-PLA2 has not been terminated. Novel pathogenic, epidemiologic, genetic, and crystallographic studies regarding Lp-PLA2 have been reported recently, while novel inhibitors were identified through a fragment-based lead discovery strategy. More strikingly, recent clinical and preclinical studies revealed that Lp-PLA2 inhibition showed promising therapeutic effects in diabetic macular edema and Alzheimer's disease. In this review, we not only summarized the knowledge of Lp-PLA2 established in the past decades but also emphasized new findings in recent years. We hope this review could be valuable for helping researchers acquire a much deeper insight into the nature of Lp-PLA2, identify more potent and selective Lp-PLA2 inhibitors, and discover the potential indications of Lp-PLA2 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fubao Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica (SIMM), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,School of Pharmacy, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Kai Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica (SIMM), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianhua Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica (SIMM), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
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Stanley D, Kim Y. Prostaglandins and Other Eicosanoids in Insects: Biosynthesis and Biological Actions. Front Physiol 2019; 9:1927. [PMID: 30792667 PMCID: PMC6375067 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
This essay reviews the discoveries, synthesis, and biological significance of prostaglandins (PGs) and other eicosanoids in insect biology. It presents the most current - and growing - understanding of the insect mechanism of PG biosynthesis, provides an updated treatment of known insect phospholipase A2 (PLA2), and details contemporary findings on the biological roles of PGs and other eicosanoids in insect physiology, including reproduction, fluid secretion, hormone actions in fat body, immunity and eicosanoid signaling and cross-talk in immunity. It completes the essay with a prospectus meant to illuminate research opportunities for interested readers. In more detail, cellular and secretory types of PLA2, similar to those known on the biomedical background, have been identified in insects and their roles in eicosanoid biosynthesis documented. It highlights recent findings showing that eicosanoid biosynthetic pathway in insects is not identical to the solidly established biomedical picture. The relatively low concentrations of arachidonic acid (AA) present in insect phospholipids (PLs) (< 0.1% in some species) indicate that PLA2 may hydrolyze linoleic acid (LA) as a precursor of eicosanoid biosynthesis. The free LA is desaturated and elongated into AA. Unlike vertebrates, AA is not oxidized by cyclooxygenase, but by a specific peroxidase called peroxinectin to produce PGH2, which is then isomerized into cell-specific PGs. In particular, PGE2 synthase recently identified converts PGH2 into PGE2. In the cross-talks with other immune mediators, eicosanoids act as downstream signals because any inhibition of eicosanoid signaling leads to significant immunosuppression. Because host immunosuppression favors pathogens and parasitoids, some entomopathogens evolved a PLA2 inhibitory strategy activity to express their virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Stanley
- Biological Control of Insects Research Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture – Agricultural Research Service, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Yonggyun Kim
- Department of Plant Medicals, Andong National University, Andong, South Korea
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Chaithra VH, Jacob SP, Lakshmikanth CL, Sumanth MS, Abhilasha KV, Chen CH, Thyagarajan A, Sahu RP, Travers JB, McIntyre TM, Kemparaju K, Marathe GK. Modulation of inflammatory platelet-activating factor (PAF) receptor by the acyl analogue of PAF. J Lipid Res 2018; 59:2063-2074. [PMID: 30139761 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m085704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2018] [Revised: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Platelet-activating factor (PAF) is a potent inflammatory mediator that exerts its actions via the single PAF receptor (PAF-R). Cells that biosynthesize alkyl-PAF also make abundant amounts of the less potent PAF analogue acyl-PAF, which competes for PAF-R. Both PAF species are degraded by the plasma form of PAF acetylhydrolase (PAF-AH). We examined whether cogenerated acyl-PAF protects alkyl-PAF from systemic degradation by acting as a sacrificial substrate to enhance inflammatory stimulation or as an inhibitor to dampen PAF-R signaling. In ex vivo experiments both PAF species are prothrombotic in isolation, but acyl-PAF reduced the alkyl-PAF-induced stimulation of human platelets that express canonical PAF-R. In Swiss albino mice, alkyl-PAF causes sudden death, but this effect can also be suppressed by simultaneously administering boluses of acyl-PAF. When PAF-AH levels were incrementally elevated, the protective effect of acyl-PAF on alkyl-PAF-induced death was serially decreased. We conclude that, although acyl-PAF in isolation is mildly proinflammatory, in a pathophysiological setting abundant acyl-PAF suppresses the action of alkyl-PAF. These studies provide evidence for a previously unrecognized role for acyl-PAF as an inflammatory set-point modulator that regulates both PAF-R signaling and hydrolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shancy Petsel Jacob
- Department of Studies in Biochemistry University of Mysore, Manasagangothri, Mysuru 570006, India
| | | | - Mosale Seetharam Sumanth
- Department of Studies in Biochemistry University of Mysore, Manasagangothri, Mysuru 570006, India
| | | | - Chu-Huang Chen
- Vascular and Medicinal Research, Texas Heart Institute, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Anita Thyagarajan
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Boonshoft School of Medicine, Wright State University, Dayton, OH 45435
| | - Ravi P Sahu
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Boonshoft School of Medicine, Wright State University, Dayton, OH 45435
| | - Jeffery Bryant Travers
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Boonshoft School of Medicine, Wright State University, Dayton, OH 45435
| | - Thomas M McIntyre
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH
| | - Kempaiah Kemparaju
- Department of Studies in Biochemistry University of Mysore, Manasagangothri, Mysuru 570006, India
| | - Gopal Kedihithlu Marathe
- Department of Studies in Biochemistry University of Mysore, Manasagangothri, Mysuru 570006, India .,and Department of Studies in Molecular Biology, University of Mysore, Manasagangothri, Mysuru 570006, India
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Yagnik D, Hills F. Urate crystals induce macrophage PAF‑AH secretion which is differentially regulated by TGFβ1 and hydrocortisone. Mol Med Rep 2018; 18:3506-3512. [DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2018.9323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2017] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Darshna Yagnik
- Department of Natural Sciences, Biomarker Research Group, School of Science and Technology, Middlesex University, The Burroughs, London NW4 4BT, UK
| | - Frank Hills
- Department of Natural Sciences, Biomarker Research Group, School of Science and Technology, Middlesex University, The Burroughs, London NW4 4BT, UK
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Kono N, Arai H. Platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolases: An overview and update. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2018; 1864:922-931. [PMID: 30055287 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2018.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Revised: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolases (PAF-AHs) are unique members of the phospholipase A2 family that can hydrolyze the acetyl group of PAF, a signaling phospholipid that has roles in diverse (patho)physiological processes. Three types of PAF-AH have been identified in mammals, one plasma type and two intracellular types [PAF-AH (I) and PAF-AH (II)]. Plasma PAF-AH and PAF-AH (II) are monomeric enzymes that are structurally similar, while PAF-AH (I) is a multimeric enzyme with no homology to other PAF-AHs. PAF-AH (I) shows a strong preference for an acetyl group, whereas plasma PAF-AH and PAF-AH (II) also hydrolyze phospholipids with oxidatively modified fatty acids. Plasma PAF-AH has been implicated in several diseases including cardiovascular disease. PAF-AH (I) is required for spermatogenesis and is increasingly recognized as an oncogenic factor. PAF-AH (II) was recently shown to act as a bioactive lipid-producing enzyme in mast cells and thus could be a drug target for allergic diseases. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Novel functions of phospholipase A2 Guest Editors: Makoto Murakami and Gerard Lambeau.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nozomu Kono
- Department of Health Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan; PRIME, Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development, 1-7-1 Otemachi, Chiyodaku, Tokyo 100-0004, Japan.
| | - Hiroyuki Arai
- Department of Health Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan; AMED-CREST, Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development, 1-7-1 Otemachi, Chiyodaku, Tokyo 100-0004, Japan
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Met117 oxidation leads to enhanced flexibility of cardiovascular biomarker- lipoprotein- associated phospholipase A2 and reduced substrate binding affinity with platelet-activating factor. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 112:831-840. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.01.210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Revised: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Gurung AB, Bhattacharjee A. Impact of a non-synonymous Q281R polymorphism on structure of human Lipoprotein-Associated Phospholipase A 2 (Lp-PLA 2 ). J Cell Biochem 2018; 119:7009-7021. [PMID: 29737567 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.26909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2017] [Accepted: 03/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Non-synonymous single nucleotide polymorphisms (nsSNPs) are genetic variations at single base resulting in an amino acid change which have been associated with various complex human diseases. The human Lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 (Lp-PLA2 ) gene harbours a rare Q281R polymorphism which was previously reported to cause loss of enzymatic function. Lp-PLA2 is an important enzyme which catalyzes the hydrolysis of polar phospholipids releasing pro-atherogenic and pro-inflammatory mediators involved in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Our current study is aimed at elucidating the structural and functional consequences of Q281R polymorphism on Lp-PLA2 . The Q281R mutation is classified as deleterious and causes protein instability as deduced from evolutionary, folding free energy changes and Support vector machine (SVM)-based methods. A Q281R mutant structure was deciphered using homology modelling approach and was validated using phi and psi dihedral angles distribution, ERRAT, Verify_3D scores, Protein Structure Analysis (ProSA) energ,y and Z-score. A decreased hydrophobic interactions and weaker substrate binding affinity was observed in the mutant compared to the wild- type (WT) using molecular docking. Further, the mutant displayed enhanced structural flexibility particularly in the low density lipoprotein (LDL) binding domain, decreased solvent accessibility of catalytic residues-Phe274 and Ser273 and increased Cɑ distance between Phe274 and Leu153 and large conformational entropy change as inferred from all-atom molecular dynamics (MD) simulation and essential dynamics (ED) studies. Our results corroborate well with previous experimental studies and thus these aberrations in the Q281R mutant structure may help explain the molecular basis of loss of enzyme activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arun B Gurung
- Computational Biology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, North-Eastern Hill University, Shillong, Meghalaya, India
| | - Atanu Bhattacharjee
- Computational Biology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, North-Eastern Hill University, Shillong, Meghalaya, India.,Bioinformatics Centre, North-Eastern Hill University, Shillong, Meghalaya, India
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Fisher AB. The phospholipase A 2 activity of peroxiredoxin 6. J Lipid Res 2018; 59:1132-1147. [PMID: 29716959 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.r082578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Revised: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Peroxiredoxin 6 (Prdx6) is a Ca2+-independent intracellular phospholipase A2 (called aiPLA2) that is localized to cytosol, lysosomes, and lysosomal-related organelles. Activity is minimal at cytosolic pH but is increased significantly with enzyme phosphorylation, at acidic pH, and in the presence of oxidized phospholipid substrate; maximal activity with phosphorylated aiPLA2 is ∼2 µmol/min/mg protein. Prdx6 is a "moonlighting" protein that also expresses glutathione peroxidase and lysophosphatidylcholine acyl transferase activities. The catalytic site for aiPLA2 activity is an S32-H26-D140 triad; S32-H26 is also the phospholipid binding site. Activity is inhibited by a serine "protease" inhibitor (diethyl p-nitrophenyl phosphate), an analog of the PLA2 transition state [1-hexadecyl-3-(trifluoroethyl)-sn-glycero-2-phosphomethanol (MJ33)], and by two naturally occurring proteins (surfactant protein A and p67phox), but not by bromoenol lactone. aiPLA2 activity has important physiological roles in the turnover (synthesis and degradation) of lung surfactant phospholipids, in the repair of peroxidized cell membranes, and in the activation of NADPH oxidase type 2 (NOX2). The enzyme has been implicated in acute lung injury, carcinogenesis, neurodegenerative diseases, diabetes, male infertility, and sundry other conditions, although its specific roles have not been well defined. Protein mutations and animal models are now available to further investigate the roles of Prdx6-aiPLA2 activity in normal and pathological physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aron B Fisher
- Institute for Environmental Medicine of the Department of Physiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19103
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Yamaura S, Sakasegawa SI, Koguma E, Ueda S, Kayamori Y, Sugimori D, Karasawa K. Novel enzymatic method for assaying Lp-PLA 2 in serum. Clin Chim Acta 2018; 481:184-188. [PMID: 29550277 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2018.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2017] [Revised: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Measurement of lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 (Lp-PLA2) can be used as an adjunct to traditional cardiovascular risk factors for identifying individuals at higher risk of cardiovascular events. This can be performed by quantification of the protein concentration using an ELISA platform or by measuring Lp-PLA2 activity using platelet-activating factor (PAF) analog as substrate. Here, an enzymatic Lp-PLA2 activity assay method using 1-O-Hexadecyl-2-acetyl-rac-glycero-3-phosphocholine (rac C16 PAF) was developed. METHODS The newly revealed substrate specificity of lysoplasmalogen-specific phospholipase D (lysophospholipase D (LysoPLD)) was exploited. Lp-PLA2 hydrolyzes 1-O-Hexadecyl-2-acetyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (C16 PAF) to 1-O-Hexadecyl-2-hydroxy-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (LysoPAF). LysoPLD acted on LysoPAF, and the hydrolytically released choline was detected by choline oxidase. RESULTS Regression analysis of Lp-PLA2 activity measured by the enzymatic Lp-PLA2 activity assay vs. two chemical Lp-PLA2 activity assays, i.e. LpPLA2 FS and PLAC® test, and ELISA, gave the following correlation coefficients: 0.990, 0.893 and 0.785, respectively (n = 30). CONCLUSION Advantages of this enzymatic Lp-PLA2 activity assay compared with chemical Lp-PLA2 methods include the following; (i) only requires two reagents enabling a simple two-point linear calibration method with one calibrator (ii) no need for inhibitors of esterase-like activity in serum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saki Yamaura
- Asahi Kasei Pharma Corporation, Shizuoka 410-2321, Japan
| | | | - Emisa Koguma
- Asahi Kasei Pharma Corporation, Shizuoka 410-2321, Japan
| | - Shigeru Ueda
- Asahi Kasei Pharma Corporation, Shizuoka 410-2321, Japan
| | - Yuzo Kayamori
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Daisuke Sugimori
- Department of Symbiotic Systems Science and Technology, Graduate School of Symbiotic Systems Science and Technology, Fukushima University, Fukushima 960-1296, Japan
| | - Ken Karasawa
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Teikyo University, Tokyo 173-0003, Japan
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Ganjali S, Momtazi-Borojeni AA, Banach M, Kovanen PT, Gotto AM, Sahebkar A. HDL functionality in familial hypercholesterolemia: effects of treatment modalities and pharmacological interventions. Drug Discov Today 2018; 23:171-180. [DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2017.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2017] [Revised: 09/02/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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25
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Vasquez AM, Mouchlis VD, Dennis EA. Review of four major distinct types of human phospholipase A 2. Adv Biol Regul 2018; 67:212-218. [PMID: 29248300 PMCID: PMC5807221 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbior.2017.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2017] [Revised: 10/20/2017] [Accepted: 10/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The phospholipase A2 superfamily of enzymes plays a significant role in the development and progression of numerous inflammatory diseases. Through their catalytic action on membrane phospholipids, phospholipases are the upstream regulators of the eicosanoid pathway releasing free fatty acids for cyclooxygenases, lipoxygenases, and cytochrome P450 enzymes which produce various well-known inflammatory mediators including leukotrienes, thromboxanes and prostaglandins. Elucidating the association of phospholipases A2 with the membrane, the extraction and binding of phospholipid substrates, and their interactions with small-molecule inhibitors is crucial for the development of new anti-inflammatory therapeutics. Studying phospholipases has been challenging because they act on the surface of cellular membranes and micelles. Multidisciplinary approaches including hydrogen/deuterium exchange mass spectrometry, molecular dynamics simulations, and other computer-aided drug design techniques have been successfully employed by our laboratory to study interactions of phospholipases with membranes, phospholipid substrates and inhibitors. This review summarizes the application of these techniques to study four human recombinant phospholipases A2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis M Vasquez
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0601, United States
| | - Varnavas D Mouchlis
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0601, United States.
| | - Edward A Dennis
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0601, United States.
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26
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Garrido D, Chanteloup NK, Trotereau A, Lion A, Bailleul G, Esnault E, Trapp S, Quéré P, Schouler C, Guabiraba R. Characterization of the Phospholipid Platelet-Activating Factor As a Mediator of Inflammation in Chickens. Front Vet Sci 2017; 4:226. [PMID: 29326957 PMCID: PMC5741692 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2017.00226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2017] [Accepted: 12/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipid mediators are known to play important roles in the onset and resolution phases of the inflammatory response in mammals. The phospholipid platelet-activating factor (PAF) is a pro-inflammatory lipid mediator which participates in vascular- and innate immunity-associated processes by increasing vascular permeability, by facilitating leukocyte adhesion to the endothelium, and by contributing to phagocyte activation. PAF exerts its function upon binding to its specific receptor, PAF receptor (PAFR), which is abundantly expressed in leukocytes and endothelial cells (ECs). In chickens, lipid mediators and their functions are still poorly characterized, and the role of PAF as an inflammatory mediator has not yet been investigated. In the present study we demonstrate that primary chicken macrophages express PAFR and lysophosphatidylcholine acyltransferase 2 (LPCAT2), the latter being essential to PAF biosynthesis during inflammation. Also, exogenous PAF treatment induces intracellular calcium increase, reactive oxygen species release, and increased phagocytosis by primary chicken macrophages in a PAFR-dependent manner. We also show that PAF contributes to the Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced pro-inflammatory response and boosts the macrophage response to E. coli LPS via phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt- and calmodulin kinase II-mediated intracellular signaling pathways. Exogenous PAF treatment also increases avian pathogenic E. coli intracellular killing by chicken macrophages, and PAFR and LPCAT2 are upregulated in chicken lungs and liver during experimental pulmonary colibacillosis. Finally, exogenous PAF treatment increases cell permeability and upregulates the expression of genes coding for proteins involved in leukocyte adhesion to the endothelium in primary chicken endothelial cells (chAEC). In addition to these vascular phenomena, PAF boosts the chAEC inflammatory response to bacteria-associated molecular patterns in a PAFR-dependent manner. In conclusion, we identified PAF as an inflammation amplifier in chicken macrophages and ECs, which suggests that PAF could play important roles in the endothelium-innate immunity interface in birds during major bacterial infectious diseases such as colibacillosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damien Garrido
- ISP, INRA, Université François Rabelais de Tours, Nouzilly, France
| | | | | | - Adrien Lion
- ISP, INRA, Université François Rabelais de Tours, Nouzilly, France
| | | | - Evelyne Esnault
- ISP, INRA, Université François Rabelais de Tours, Nouzilly, France
| | - Sascha Trapp
- ISP, INRA, Université François Rabelais de Tours, Nouzilly, France
| | - Pascale Quéré
- ISP, INRA, Université François Rabelais de Tours, Nouzilly, France
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27
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Gregson JM, Freitag DF, Surendran P, Stitziel NO, Chowdhury R, Burgess S, Kaptoge S, Gao P, Staley JR, Willeit P, Nielsen SF, Caslake M, Trompet S, Polfus LM, Kuulasmaa K, Kontto J, Perola M, Blankenberg S, Veronesi G, Gianfagna F, Männistö S, Kimura A, Lin H, Reilly DF, Gorski M, Mijatovic V, Munroe PB, Ehret GB, Thompson A, Uria-Nickelsen M, Malarstig A, Dehghan A, Vogt TF, Sasaoka T, Takeuchi F, Kato N, Yamada Y, Kee F, Müller-Nurasyid M, Ferrières J, Arveiler D, Amouyel P, Salomaa V, Boerwinkle E, Thompson SG, Ford I, Wouter Jukema J, Sattar N, Packard CJ, Shafi Majumder AA, Alam DS, Deloukas P, Schunkert H, Samani NJ, Kathiresan S, Nordestgaard BG, Saleheen D, Howson JMM, Di Angelantonio E, Butterworth AS, Danesh J. Genetic invalidation of Lp-PLA 2 as a therapeutic target: Large-scale study of five functional Lp-PLA 2-lowering alleles. Eur J Prev Cardiol 2017; 24:492-504. [PMID: 27940953 PMCID: PMC5460752 DOI: 10.1177/2047487316682186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2016] [Accepted: 10/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Aims Darapladib, a potent inhibitor of lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 (Lp-PLA2), has not reduced risk of cardiovascular disease outcomes in recent randomized trials. We aimed to test whether Lp-PLA2 enzyme activity is causally relevant to coronary heart disease. Methods In 72,657 patients with coronary heart disease and 110,218 controls in 23 epidemiological studies, we genotyped five functional variants: four rare loss-of-function mutations (c.109+2T > C (rs142974898), Arg82His (rs144983904), Val279Phe (rs76863441), Gln287Ter (rs140020965)) and one common modest-impact variant (Val379Ala (rs1051931)) in PLA2G7, the gene encoding Lp-PLA2. We supplemented de-novo genotyping with information on a further 45,823 coronary heart disease patients and 88,680 controls in publicly available databases and other previous studies. We conducted a systematic review of randomized trials to compare effects of darapladib treatment on soluble Lp-PLA2 activity, conventional cardiovascular risk factors, and coronary heart disease risk with corresponding effects of Lp-PLA2-lowering alleles. Results Lp-PLA2 activity was decreased by 64% ( p = 2.4 × 10-25) with carriage of any of the four loss-of-function variants, by 45% ( p < 10-300) for every allele inherited at Val279Phe, and by 2.7% ( p = 1.9 × 10-12) for every allele inherited at Val379Ala. Darapladib 160 mg once-daily reduced Lp-PLA2 activity by 65% ( p < 10-300). Causal risk ratios for coronary heart disease per 65% lower Lp-PLA2 activity were: 0.95 (0.88-1.03) with Val279Phe; 0.92 (0.74-1.16) with carriage of any loss-of-function variant; 1.01 (0.68-1.51) with Val379Ala; and 0.95 (0.89-1.02) with darapladib treatment. Conclusions In a large-scale human genetic study, none of a series of Lp-PLA2-lowering alleles was related to coronary heart disease risk, suggesting that Lp-PLA2 is unlikely to be a causal risk factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M Gregson
- MRC/BHF Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, UK
| | - Daniel F Freitag
- MRC/BHF Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, UK
| | - Praveen Surendran
- MRC/BHF Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, UK
| | - Nathan O Stitziel
- Departments of Medicine and Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, USA
| | - Rajiv Chowdhury
- MRC/BHF Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, UK
| | - Stephen Burgess
- MRC/BHF Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, UK
| | - Stephen Kaptoge
- MRC/BHF Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, UK
| | - Pei Gao
- MRC/BHF Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, UK
| | - James R Staley
- MRC/BHF Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, UK
| | - Peter Willeit
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, UK
- Department of Neurology, Innsbruck Medical University, Austria
| | - Sune F Nielsen
- Copenhagen University Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | | | | | - Kari Kuulasmaa
- THL-National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jukka Kontto
- THL-National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Markus Perola
- Institute of Molecular Medicine FIMM, University of Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Health, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Stefan Blankenberg
- Department of General and Interventional Cardiology, University Heart Centre Hamburg, Germany
- University Medical Centre Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Giovanni Veronesi
- Research Centre, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Francesco Gianfagna
- Research Centre, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
- Department of Epidemiology and Prevention, IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Mediterraneo Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy
| | - Satu Männistö
- THL-National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Akinori Kimura
- Department of Molecular Pathogenesis, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Japan
| | - Honghuang Lin
- Section of Computational Biomedicine, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, USA
- The NHLBI’s Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, USA
| | - Dermot F Reilly
- Merck Research Laboratories, Genetics and Pharmacogenomics, Boston, USA
| | - Mathias Gorski
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology, University of Regensburg, Germany
- Department of Nephrology, University Hospital Regensburg, Germany
| | - Vladan Mijatovic
- Department of Life and Reproduction Sciences, University of Verona, Italy
| | | | - Patricia B Munroe
- Clinical Pharmacology and The Genome Centre, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, UK
- NIHR Barts Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Unit, Queen Mary University of London, UK
| | - Georg B Ehret
- Center for Complex Disease Genomics, McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
- Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Geneva University Hospital, Switzerland
- Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine (IUMSP), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | | | - Abbas Dehghan
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Thomas F Vogt
- Merck Research Laboratories, Cardiometabolic Disease, Kenilworth, USA
- CHDI Management/CHDI Foundation, Princeton, USA
| | - Taishi Sasaoka
- Department of Molecular Pathogenesis, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Japan
| | - Fumihiko Takeuchi
- Department of Gene Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Research Institute, National Centre for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Norihiro Kato
- Department of Gene Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Research Institute, National Centre for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshiji Yamada
- Department of Human Functional Genomics, Life Science Research Centre, Mie University, Japan
| | - Frank Kee
- UKCRC Centre of Excellence for Public Health, Queens University, Belfast, Ireland
| | - Martina Müller-Nurasyid
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Centre for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany
- Department of Medicine I, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Germany
| | - Jean Ferrières
- Department of Epidemiology, UMR 1027-INSERM, Toulouse University-CHU Toulouse, France
| | - Dominique Arveiler
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, EA 3430, University of Strasbourg and Strasbourg University Hospital, France
| | - Philippe Amouyel
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Institut Pasteur de Lille, France
| | - Veikko Salomaa
- THL-National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Eric Boerwinkle
- Human Genetics Center, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, USA
| | - Simon G Thompson
- MRC/BHF Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Dewan S Alam
- Centre for Global Health Research, St Michael Hospital, Toronto, Canada
| | - Panos Deloukas
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, UK
| | - Heribert Schunkert
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany
- Deutsches Herzzentrum München, Technische Universität München, Germany
| | - Nilesh J Samani
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester and National Institute for Health Research Leicester Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Unit, UK
| | - Sekar Kathiresan
- Broad Institute, Cambridge and Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, USA
| | | | | | | | - Joanna MM Howson
- MRC/BHF Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, UK
| | - Emanuele Di Angelantonio
- MRC/BHF Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, UK
| | - Adam S Butterworth
- MRC/BHF Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, UK
| | - John Danesh
- MRC/BHF Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, UK
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
- British Heart Foundation Cambridge Centre of Excellence, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- National Institute of Health Research Blood and Transplant Research Unit in Donor Health and Genomics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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28
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Bitsika V, Duveau V, Simon-Areces J, Mullen W, Roucard C, Makridakis M, Mermelekas G, Savvopoulos P, Depaulis A, Vlahou A. High-Throughput LC–MS/MS Proteomic Analysis of a Mouse Model of Mesiotemporal Lobe Epilepsy Predicts Microglial Activation Underlying Disease Development. J Proteome Res 2016; 15:1546-62. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.6b00003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vasiliki Bitsika
- Biotechnology
Division, Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, Soranou
Efessiou 4, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | | | - Julia Simon-Areces
- Inserm,
U1216, Grenoble-Institut des Neurosciences, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - William Mullen
- BHF
Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Glasgow, G12 8QQ Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | | | - Manousos Makridakis
- Biotechnology
Division, Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, Soranou
Efessiou 4, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - George Mermelekas
- Biotechnology
Division, Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, Soranou
Efessiou 4, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Pantelis Savvopoulos
- Biotechnology
Division, Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, Soranou
Efessiou 4, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Antoine Depaulis
- Inserm,
U1216, Grenoble-Institut des Neurosciences, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Antonia Vlahou
- Biotechnology
Division, Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, Soranou
Efessiou 4, 11527 Athens, Greece
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29
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Jacob SP, Lakshmikanth CL, Chaithra VH, Kumari TRS, Chen CH, McIntyre TM, Marathe GK. Lipopolysaccharide Cross-Tolerance Delays Platelet-Activating Factor-Induced Sudden Death in Swiss Albino Mice: Involvement of Cyclooxygenase in Cross-Tolerance. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0153282. [PMID: 27064683 PMCID: PMC4827832 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0153282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2015] [Accepted: 03/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) signaling through Toll-like receptor-4 (TLR-4) has been implicated in the pathogenesis of many infectious diseases. Some believe that TLR-mediated pathogenicity is due, in part, to the lipid pro-inflammatory mediator platelet-activating factor (PAF), but this has been questioned. To test the direct contribution of PAF in endotoxemia in murine models, we injected PAF intraperitoneally into Swiss albino mice in the presence and absence of LPS. PAF alone (5 μg/mouse) caused death within 15-20 min, but this could be prevented by pretreating mice with PAF-receptor (PAF-R) antagonists or PAF-acetylhydrolase (PAF-AH). A low dose of LPS (5 mg/kg body wt) did not impair PAF-induced death, whereas higher doses (10 or 20 mg/kg body wt) delayed death, probably via LPS cross-tolerance. Cross-tolerance occurred only when PAF was injected simultaneously with LPS or within 30 min of LPS injection. Tolerance does not appear to be due to an abundant soluble mediator. Histologic examination of lungs and liver and measurement of circulating TNF-α and IL-10 levels suggested that the inflammatory response is not diminished during cross-tolerance. Interestingly, aspirin, a non-specific cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibitor, partially blocked PAF-induced sudden death, whereas NS-398, a specific COX-2 inhibitor, completely protected mice from the lethal effects of PAF. Both COX inhibitors (at 20 mg/kg body wt) independently amplified the cross-tolerance exerted by higher dose of LPS, suggesting that COX-derived eicosanoids may be involved in these events. Thus, PAF does not seem to have a protective role in endotoxemia, but its effects are delayed by LPS in a COX-sensitive way. These findings are likely to shed light on basic aspects of the endotoxin cross-tolerance occurring in many disease conditions and may offer new opportunities for clinical intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shancy Petsel Jacob
- Department of Studies in Biochemistry, University of Mysore, Manasagangothri, Mysuru, 570006, Karnataka, India
| | | | | | | | - Chu-Huang Chen
- Vascular and Medicinal Research, Texas Heart Institute, Houston, Texas, 77225–0345, United States of America
| | - Thomas M. McIntyre
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine (NC10), Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio, 44195, United States of America
| | - Gopal Kedihitlu Marathe
- Department of Studies in Biochemistry, University of Mysore, Manasagangothri, Mysuru, 570006, Karnataka, India
- * E-mail:
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30
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Smani T, Domínguez-Rodriguez A, Callejo-García P, Rosado JA, Avila-Medina J. Phospholipase A2 as a Molecular Determinant of Store-Operated Calcium Entry. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2016; 898:111-31. [PMID: 27161227 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-26974-0_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Activation of phospholipases A2 (PLA2) leads to the generation of biologically active lipid products that can affect numerous cellular events. Ca(2+)-independent PLA2 (iPLA2), also called group VI phospholipase A2, is one of the main types forming the superfamily of PLA2. Beside of its role in phospholipid remodeling, iPLA2 has been involved in intracellular Ca(2+) homeostasis regulation. Several studies proposed iPLA2 as an essential molecular player of store operated Ca(2+) entry (SOCE) in a large number of excitable and non-excitable cells. iPLA2 activation releases lysophosphatidyl products, which were suggested as agonists of store operated calcium channels (SOCC) and other TRP channels. Herein, we will review the important role of iPLA2 on the intracellular Ca(2+) handling focusing on its role in SOCE regulation and its implication in physiological and/or pathological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarik Smani
- Department of Medical Physiology and Biophysic, Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBiS), University Hospital of Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/University of Seville, Sevilla, 41013, Spain.
| | - Alejandro Domínguez-Rodriguez
- Department of Medical Physiology and Biophysic, Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBiS), University Hospital of Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/University of Seville, Sevilla, 41013, Spain
| | - Paula Callejo-García
- Department of Medical Physiology and Biophysic, Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBiS), University Hospital of Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/University of Seville, Sevilla, 41013, Spain
| | - Juan A Rosado
- Departamento de Fisiología, University of Extremadura, Cáceres, Spain
| | - Javier Avila-Medina
- Department of Medical Physiology and Biophysic, Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBiS), University Hospital of Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/University of Seville, Sevilla, 41013, Spain
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31
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Abstract
The structure of plasma PAF-AH was solved to a resolution of 1.5Å using X-ray crystallography. The enzyme has a classic α/β serine hydrolase fold containing a catalytic triad of Ser273, Asp296, and His351. A hydrophobic patch of the enzyme involving two α-helices (114-126 and 362-369) and neighboring residues have been shown to be essential for lipoprotein particle binding by mutagenesis and mass spectrometry hydrogen/deuterium exchange experiments. An interface-bound model of the enzyme positions the active site above the hydrophobic-hydrophilic interface and is consistent with the known substrate specificity of the enzyme. Several ligand-bound structures of plasma PAF-AH have been solved with organophosphorus compounds and modeled with competitive inhibitors of high affinity and selectivity. This chapter presents an overview of the structure of plasma PAF-AH, molecular details of its functional role, and the interaction of the enzyme with lipoprotein particles.
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32
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Plasma PAF-AH (PLA2G7): Biochemical Properties, Association with LDLs and HDLs, and Regulation of Expression. Enzymes 2015; 38:71-93. [PMID: 26612648 DOI: 10.1016/bs.enz.2015.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
This chapter is focused on the plasma form of PAF-acetylhydrolase (PAF-AH), a lipoprotein-bound, calcium-independent phospholipase A2 activity also referred to as lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 and PLA2G7. PAF-AH catalyzes the removal of the acyl group at the sn-2 position of PAF and truncated phospholipids generated in settings of inflammation and oxidant stress. Here, I discuss current knowledge related to the structural features of this enzyme, including the molecular basis for association with lipoproteins and susceptibility to oxidative inactivation. The circulating form of PAF-AH is constitutively active and its expression is upregulated by mediators of inflammation at the transcriptional level. Several new mechanisms of regulation have been identified in recent years, including effects mediated by PPARs, VEGFR, and the state of cellular differentiation. Moreover, I discuss recent studies describing significant variations in the structure and regulation of PAF-AH from diverse species, which is likely to have important implications for the function of this enzyme in vivo.
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33
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Chen H, Lim SK, Chen P, Huang J, Wang Y, Palaniappan A, Platt M, Liedberg B, Tok AIY. Reporter-encapsulated liposomes on graphene field effect transistors for signal enhanced detection of physiological enzymes. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2015; 17:3451-6. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cp04644g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
A novel approach for enzymatic assay using reporter-encapsulated liposomes on graphene field effect transistors (FET) is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hu Chen
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Nanyang Technological University
- Singapore 639798
- Institute for Sports Research
- Nanyang Technological University
| | - Seng Koon Lim
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Nanyang Technological University
- Singapore 639798
- Center for Biomimetic Sensor Science
- Nanyang Technological University
| | - Peng Chen
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Nanyang Technological University
- Singapore 639798
- Center for Biomimetic Sensor Science
- Nanyang Technological University
| | - Jingfeng Huang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Nanyang Technological University
- Singapore 639798
- Institute for Sports Research
- Nanyang Technological University
| | - Yi Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Nanyang Technological University
- Singapore 639798
- Center for Biomimetic Sensor Science
- Nanyang Technological University
| | - Alagappan Palaniappan
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Nanyang Technological University
- Singapore 639798
- Center for Biomimetic Sensor Science
- Nanyang Technological University
| | - Mark Platt
- Department of Chemistry
- Centre for Analytical Science
- Loughborough University
- Loughborough
- UK
| | - Bo Liedberg
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Nanyang Technological University
- Singapore 639798
- Center for Biomimetic Sensor Science
- Nanyang Technological University
| | - Alfred Iing Yoong Tok
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Nanyang Technological University
- Singapore 639798
- Institute for Sports Research
- Nanyang Technological University
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34
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Karasawa K. Naturally Occurring Missense Mutation in Plasma PAF-AH Among the Japanese Population. Enzymes 2015; 38:117-43. [PMID: 26612650 DOI: 10.1016/bs.enz.2015.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
A single nucleotide polymorphism in the plasma PAF-AH enzyme, i.e., G994T, which causes the substitution of Val at amino acid 279 with Phe (V279F), has been found in the Japanese population. This enzyme preferentially degrades oxidatively modulated or truncated phospholipids; therefore, it has been suggested that this enzyme may prevent the accumulation of proinflammatory and proatherogenic oxidized phospholipids. This hypothesis is supported by the higher prevalence of the V279F mutation in patients with asthmatic and atherosclerotic diseases, as compared with healthy controls. This mutation is rare in the Caucasian population. The plasma PAF-AH mass and enzyme activity are distributed over a wide range in the plasma and they are positively correlated with low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol. However, several clinical studies in the Caucasian population have suggested that this enzyme has the opposite role. This enzyme plays an active role in the development and progression of atherosclerosis via proinflammatory and proatherogenic lysophosphatidylcholine and oxidized fatty acids produced through the oxidation of LDL by this enzyme. Thus, plasma PAF-AH is a unique enzyme with dual roles in human inflammatory diseases. In this chapter, on the basis of recent findings we describe the association between a naturally occurring missense mutation in plasma PAF-AH and human diseases especially including atherosclerosis and asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken Karasawa
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Teikyo University, Tokyo, Japan.
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Karasawa K, Inoue K. Overview of PAF-Degrading Enzymes. PLATELET-ACTIVATING FACTOR ACETYLHYDROLASES (PAF-AH) 2015; 38:1-22. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.enz.2015.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Karabina S, Ninio E. Plasma PAFAH/PLA2G7 Genetic Variability, Cardiovascular Disease, and Clinical Trials. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 38:145-55. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.enz.2015.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Macrophage derived platelet activating factor implicated in the resolution phase of gouty inflammation. Int J Inflam 2014; 2014:526496. [PMID: 25328755 PMCID: PMC4190697 DOI: 10.1155/2014/526496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2014] [Revised: 09/05/2014] [Accepted: 09/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Human blood derived in vitro differentiated monocytes or macrophages are a population of cells which have been investigated over the years to determine the role these cells play in the resolution phase of gout. Macrophages are able to phagocytose monosodium urate monohydrate (MSU) crystals without releasing inflammatory factors. This study analysed macrophage platelet activating factor secretion and its possible role in the pathway of gout resolution. Analysis of sunatants from in vitro differentiated macrophages stimulated with MSU crystals revealed the secretion of platelet activating factor (PAF) 1.54 ± 0.10 mean ± SEM; ng/mL per 106 cells. This secretion was absent in immature monocytes treated similarly. When these monocytes were pretreated with recombinant human PAF-acetylhydrolase (rhuPAF-AH) and MSU crystals resulted in TNFα suppression. Addition of WEB2086, a platelet activating factor (PAF) antagonist, to differentiated macrophages with MSU crystals unmasked TNFα secretion 0.7 ± 0.06 mean ± SEM; ng/mL per 106 cells. This study identifies a role for PAF and the PAF receptor antagonist in the pathway by which macrophages ingest MSU crystals and resolve the concomitant inflammation.
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Marathe GK, Pandit C, Lakshmikanth CL, Chaithra VH, Jacob SP, D'Souza CJM. To hydrolyze or not to hydrolyze: the dilemma of platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolase. J Lipid Res 2014; 55:1847-54. [PMID: 24859738 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.r045492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Mounting ambiguity persists around the functional role of the plasma form of platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolase (PAF-AH). Because PAF-AH hydrolyzes PAF and related oxidized phospholipids, it is widely accepted as an anti-inflammatory enzyme. On the other hand, its actions can also generate lysophosphatidylcholine (lysoPC), a component of bioactive atherogenic oxidized LDL, thus allowing the enzyme to have proinflammatory capabilities. Presence of a canonical lysoPC receptor has been seriously questioned for a multitude of reasons. Animal models of inflammation show that elevating PAF-AH levels is beneficial and not deleterious and overexpression of PAF receptor (PAF-R) also augments inflammatory responses. Further, many Asian populations have a catalytically inert PAF-AH that appears to be a severity factor in a range of inflammatory disorders. Correlation found with elevated levels of PAF-AH and CVDs has led to the design of a specific PAF-AH inhibitor, darapladib. However, in a recently concluded phase III STABILITY clinical trial, use of darapladib did not yield promising results. Presence of structurally related multiple ligands for PAF-R with varied potency, existence of multi-molecular forms of PAF-AH, broad substrate specificity of the enzyme and continuous PAF production by the so called bi-cycle of PAF makes PAF more enigmatic. This review seeks to address the above concerns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gopal Kedihitlu Marathe
- Department of Studies in Biochemistry, University of Mysore, Manasagangothri, Mysore 570006, India
| | - Chaitanya Pandit
- Department of Studies in Biochemistry, University of Mysore, Manasagangothri, Mysore 570006, India
| | | | | | - Shancy Petsel Jacob
- Department of Studies in Biochemistry, University of Mysore, Manasagangothri, Mysore 570006, India
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Morimoto R, Shindou H, Tarui M, Shimizu T. Rapid production of platelet-activating factor is induced by protein kinase Cα-mediated phosphorylation of lysophosphatidylcholine acyltransferase 2 protein. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:15566-76. [PMID: 24742674 PMCID: PMC4140912 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.558874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Platelet-activating factor (PAF), a potent proinflammatory lipid mediator, is synthesized rapidly in response to extracellular stimuli by the activation of acetyl-CoA:lyso-PAF acetyltransferase (lyso-PAFAT). We have reported previously that lyso-PAFAT activity is enhanced in three distinct ways in mouse macrophages: rapid activation (30 s) after PAF stimulation and minutes to hours after LPS stimulation. Lysophosphatidylcholine acyltransferase 2 (LPCAT2) was later identified as a Ca(2+)-dependent lyso-PAFAT. However, the mechanism of rapid lyso-PAFAT activation within 30 s has not been elucidated. Here we show a new signaling pathway for rapid biosynthesis of PAF that is mediated by phosphorylation of LPCAT2 at Ser-34. Stimulation by either PAF or ATP resulted in PKCα-mediated phosphorylation of LPCAT2 to enhance lyso-PAFAT activity and rapid PAF production. Biochemical analyses showed that the phosphorylation of Ser-34 resulted in augmentation of Vmax with minimal Km change. Our results offer an answer for the previously unknown mechanism of rapid PAF production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Morimoto
- From the Department of Lipid Signaling, Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, 1-21-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8655, Japan, the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan, and
| | - Hideo Shindou
- From the Department of Lipid Signaling, Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, 1-21-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8655, Japan, the Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Japan Science and Technology Agency, 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - Megumi Tarui
- From the Department of Lipid Signaling, Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, 1-21-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8655, Japan
| | - Takao Shimizu
- From the Department of Lipid Signaling, Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, 1-21-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8655, Japan, the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan, and
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A Langmuir monolayer study of the action of phospholipase A2 on model phospholipid and mixed phospholipid-GM1 ganglioside membranes. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2014; 116:389-95. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2013.12.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2013] [Revised: 12/04/2013] [Accepted: 12/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Hoogeveen RC, Ballantyne CM. PLAC™ test for identification of individuals at increased risk for coronary heart disease. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2014; 5:9-14. [PMID: 15723587 DOI: 10.1586/14737159.5.1.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Recent advances in cardiovascular research point to a critical role of inflammatory processes in the etiology of cardiovascular disease. This has led to the discovery of novel inflammatory biomarkers, which may be useful as additional screening tools for the identification of individuals at increased risk of coronary heart disease. One such novel inflammatory biomarker is lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A(2). This review discusses the recent development of a US Food and Drug Administration-approved blood test for lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A(2) (PLAC test, diaDexus, Inc.) and its efficacy as a predictive biomarker of risk for cardiovascular disease. More specifically, the article addresses the potential target group most likely to benefit from this new screening test and provides a prospective scenario for its implementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ron C Hoogeveen
- Baylor College of Medicine, Section of Atherosclerosis & Lipoprotein Research, Department of Medicine, Center for Cardiovascular Disease Prevention, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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A broader view: microbial enzymes and their relevance in industries, medicine, and beyond. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 2013:329121. [PMID: 24106701 PMCID: PMC3784079 DOI: 10.1155/2013/329121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 245] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2013] [Revised: 07/07/2013] [Accepted: 07/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Enzymes are the large biomolecules that are required for the numerous chemical interconversions that sustain life. They accelerate all the metabolic processes in the body and carry out a specific task. Enzymes are highly efficient, which can increase reaction rates by 100 million to 10 billion times faster than any normal chemical reaction. Due to development in recombinant technology and protein engineering, enzymes have evolved as an important molecule that has been widely used in different industrial and therapeutical purposes. Microbial enzymes are currently acquiring much attention with rapid development of enzyme technology. Microbial enzymes are preferred due to their economic feasibility, high yields, consistency, ease of product modification and optimization, regular supply due to absence of seasonal fluctuations, rapid growth of microbes on inexpensive media, stability, and greater catalytic activity. Microbial enzymes play a major role in the diagnosis, treatment, biochemical investigation, and monitoring of various dreaded diseases. Amylase and lipase are two very important enzymes that have been vastly studied and have great importance in different industries and therapeutic industry. In this review, an approach has been made to highlight the importance of different enzymes with special emphasis on amylase and lipase in the different industrial and medical fields.
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Vlachogianni IC, Nomikos T, Fragopoulou E, Stamatakis GM, Karantonis HC, Antonopoulou S, Demopoulos CA. Interleukin-1beta stimulates platelet-activating factor production in U-937 cells modulating both its biosynthetic and catabolic enzymes. Cytokine 2013; 63:97-104. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2013.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2012] [Revised: 03/26/2013] [Accepted: 04/15/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Stafforini DM, McIntyre TM. Determination of phospholipase activity of PAF acetylhydrolase. Free Radic Biol Med 2013; 59:100-7. [PMID: 22659315 PMCID: PMC3444653 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2012.05.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2012] [Revised: 05/17/2012] [Accepted: 05/18/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
This article presents a radiometric assay to determine the enzymatic activity of platelet-activating factor (PAF) acetylhydrolase (PAF-AH), also known as lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 and phospholipase A2 group 7A. The method is based on the release of radioactively labeled acetate from sn-2-labeled PAF and separation of substrate and product using reversed-phase column chromatography on octadecyl silica gel cartridges. The assay is fast, convenient, reproducible, sensitive, and inexpensive. The instrumentation required includes standard laboratory equipment and a liquid scintillation counter. The assay is also useful to determine the activity of intracellular PAF-AH (PAF-AH II), provided that a few modifications are included. The enzymatic activity determined using PAF as the substrate is a direct indication of the ability of plasma samples, purified preparations, and cellular and tissue lysates to hydrolyze short- and medium-chain phospholipids that may or may not harbor oxidized functionalities. In addition, the assay can be used to test the suitability of other phospholipids, including species containing oxidized, long-chain sn-2 fatty acyl groups, as PAF-AH substrates. This versatile assay can be used to accurately determine PAF-AH activity in biological samples and preliminarily assess affinity and efficiency of the hydrolysis of potential substrates present in complex mixtures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana M. Stafforini
- Huntsman Cancer Institute and Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, USA
| | - Thomas M. McIntyre
- Department of Cell Biology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA
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Effect of the leptin receptor Q223R polymorphism on the host transcriptome following infection with Entamoeba histolytica. Infect Immun 2013; 81:1460-70. [PMID: 23429533 DOI: 10.1128/iai.01383-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Resistance to amebiasis is associated with a polymorphism in the leptin receptor. Previous studies demonstrated that humans with the ancestral Q223 leptin receptor allele were nearly four times less likely to be infected with Entamoeba histolytica than those carrying the mutant R223 allele. We hypothesized that the Q223 allele protected against E. histolytica via STAT3-mediated transcription of genes required for mucosal immunity. To test this, mice containing the humanized LEPR Q or R allele at codon 223 were intracecally infected with E. histolytica. Susceptibility to amebiasis was assessed, and cecal tissues were analyzed for changes in gene expression. By 72 h postchallenge, all Q223 mice had cleared E. histolytica, whereas 39% of 223R mice were infected. Thirty-seven genes were differentially expressed in response to infection at 72 h, including proinflammatory genes (CXCL2, S100A8/9, PLA2G7, ITBG2, and MMP9) and functions pertaining to the movement and activity of immune cells. A comparison at 12 h postchallenge of infected Q223 versus R223 mice identified a subset of differentially expressed genes, many of which were closely linked to leptin signaling. Further analyses indicated that the Q223 gene expression pattern was consistent with a suppressed apoptotic response to infection, while 223R showed increased cellular proliferation and recruitment. These studies are the first to illuminate the downstream effects of leptin receptor polymorphisms on intestinal infection by E. histolytica. As such, they are important for the insight that they provide into this previously uncharacterized mechanism of mucosal immunity.
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Magrioti V, Kokotos G. Phospholipase A2inhibitors for the treatment of inflammatory diseases: a patent review (2010 – present). Expert Opin Ther Pat 2013; 23:333-44. [DOI: 10.1517/13543776.2013.754425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Cao J, Hsu YH, Li S, Woods VL, Dennis EA. Structural basis of specific interactions of Lp-PLA2 with HDL revealed by hydrogen deuterium exchange mass spectrometry. J Lipid Res 2013; 54:127-33. [PMID: 23089916 PMCID: PMC3520519 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m030221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2012] [Revised: 09/26/2012] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A(2) (Lp-PLA(2)), specifically Group VIIA PLA(2), is a member of the phospholipase A(2) superfamily and is found mainly associated with LDL and HDL in human plasma. Lp-PLA(2) is considered as a risk factor, a potential biomarker, a target for therapy in the treatment of cardiovascular disease, and evidence suggests that the level of Lp-PLA(2) in plasma is associated with the risk of future cardiovascular and stroke events. The differential location of the enzyme in LDL/HDL lipoproteins has been suggested to affect Lp-PLA(2) function and/or its physiological role and an abnormal distribution of the enzyme may correlate with diseases. Although a mutagenesis study suggested that a surface helix (residues 362-369) mediates the association between Lp-PLA(2) and HDL, the molecular details and mechanism of association has remained unknown. We have now employed hydrogen deuterium exchange mass spectrometry to characterize the interaction between recombinant human Lp-PLA(2) and human HDL. We have found that specific residues 113-120, 192-204, and 360-368 likely mediate HDL binding. In a previous study, we showed that residues 113-120 are important for Lp-PLA(2)-liposome interactions. We now find that residues 192-204 show a decreased deuteration level when Lp-PLA(2) is exposed to apoA-I, but not apoA-II, the most abundant apoproteins in HDL, and additionally, residues 360-368 are only affected by HDL.The results suggest that apoA-I and phospholipid membranes play crucial roles in Lp-PLA(2) localization to HDL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Cao
- Departments of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Pharmacology and
| | - Yuan-Hao Hsu
- Departments of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Pharmacology and
| | - Sheng Li
- Department of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0601
| | - Virgil L. Woods
- Department of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0601
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Rosenson RS, Stafforini DM. Modulation of oxidative stress, inflammation, and atherosclerosis by lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2. J Lipid Res 2012; 53:1767-82. [PMID: 22665167 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.r024190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A(2) (Lp-PLA(2)), also known as platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolase (PAF-AH), is a unique member of the phospholipase A(2) superfamily. This enzyme is characterized by its ability to specifically hydrolyze PAF as well as glycerophospholipids containing short, truncated, and/or oxidized fatty acyl groups at the sn-2 position of the glycerol backbone. In humans, Lp-PLA(2) circulates in active form as a complex with low- and high-density lipoproteins. Clinical studies have reported that plasma Lp-PLA(2) activity and mass are strongly associated with atherogenic lipids and vascular risk. These observations led to the hypothesis that Lp-PLA(2) activity and/or mass levels could be used as biomarkers of cardiovascular disease and that inhibition of the activity could offer an attractive therapeutic strategy. Darapladib, a compound that inhibits Lp-PLA(2) activity, is anti-atherogenic in mice and other animals, and it decreases atherosclerotic plaque expansion in humans. However, disagreement continues to exist regarding the validity of Lp-PLA(2) as an independent marker of atherosclerosis and a scientifically justified target for intervention. Circulating Lp-PLA(2) mass and activity are associated with vascular risk, but the strength of the association is reduced after adjustment for basal concentrations of the lipoprotein carriers with which the enzyme associates. Genetic studies in humans harboring an inactivating mutation at this locus indicate that loss of Lp-PLA(2) function is a risk factor for inflammatory and vascular conditions in Japanese cohorts. Consistently, overexpression of Lp-PLA(2) has anti-inflammatory and anti-atherogenic properties in animal models. This thematic review critically discusses results from laboratory and animal studies, analyzes genetic evidence, reviews clinical work demonstrating associations between Lp-PLA(2) and vascular disease, and summarizes results from animal and human clinical trials in which administration of darapladib was tested as a strategy for the management of atherosclerosis.
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Latchoumycandane C, Marathe GK, Zhang R, McIntyre TM. Oxidatively truncated phospholipids are required agents of tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα)-induced apoptosis. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:17693-17705. [PMID: 22433871 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.300012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
TNFα generates reactive oxygen species (ROS) at the cell surface that induce cell death, but how ROS communicate to mitochondria and their specific apoptotic action(s) are both undefined. ROS oxidize phospholipids to hydroperoxides that are friable and fragment adjacent to the (hydro)peroxide function, forming truncated phospholipids, such as azelaoyl phosphatidylcholine (Az-PC). Az-PC is relatively soluble, and exogenous Az-PC rapidly enters cells to damage mitochondrial integrity and initiate intrinsic apoptosis. We determined whether this toxic phospholipid is formed within cells during TNFα stimulation in sufficient quantities to induce apoptosis and if they are essential in TNFα-induced cytotoxicity. We found that TNFα induced ROS formation and phospholipid peroxidation in Jurkat cells, and either chemical interference with NADPH oxidase activity or siRNA suppression of the NADPH oxidase-4 subunit blocked ROS accumulation and phospholipid peroxidation. Mass spectrometry showed that phospholipid peroxides and then Az-PC increased after TNFα exposure, whereas ROS inhibition abolished Az-PC accumulation and TNFα-induced cell death. Glutathione peroxidase-4 (GPx4), which specifically metabolizes lipid hydroperoxides, fell in TNFα-stimulated cells prior to death. Ectopic GPx4 overcame this, reduced peroxidized phospholipid accumulation, blocked Az-PC accumulation, and prevented death. Conversely, GPx4 siRNA knockdown enhanced phospholipid peroxidation, increasing TNFα-stimulated Az-PC formation and apoptosis. Truncated phospholipids were essential elements of TNFα-induced apoptosis because overexpression of PAFAH2 (a phospholipase A(2) that selectively hydrolyzes truncated phospholipids) blocked TNFα-induced Az-PC accumulation without affecting phospholipid peroxidation. PAFAH2 also abolished apoptosis. Thus, phospholipid oxidation and truncation to apoptotic phospholipids comprise an essential element connecting TNFα receptor signaling to mitochondrial damage and apoptotic death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Calivarathan Latchoumycandane
- Department of Cell Biology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio 44195
| | - Gopal K Marathe
- Department of Cell Biology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio 44195
| | - Renliang Zhang
- Department of Cell Biology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio 44195
| | - Thomas M McIntyre
- Department of Cell Biology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio 44195.
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Catalgol B, Kartal Ozer N. Lipid rafts and redox regulation of cellular signaling in cholesterol induced atherosclerosis. Curr Cardiol Rev 2011; 6:309-24. [PMID: 22043207 PMCID: PMC3083812 DOI: 10.2174/157340310793566181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2010] [Revised: 06/13/2010] [Accepted: 06/17/2010] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Redox mediated signaling mechanisms play crucial roles in the pathogenesis of several cardiovascular diseases. Atherosclerosis is one of the most important disorders induced mainly by hypercholesterolemia. Oxidation products and related signaling mechanisms are found within the characteristic biomarkers of atherosclerosis. Several studies have shown that redox signaling via lipid rafts play a significant role in the regulation of pathogenesis of many diseases including atherosclerosis. This review attempts to summarize redox signaling and lipid rafts in hypercholesterolemia induced atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Betul Catalgol
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Marmara University, 34668 Haydarpasa, Istanbul, Turkey
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