1
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Braczkowski MJ, Kufel KM, Kulińska J, Czyż DŁ, Dittmann A, Wiertelak M, Młodzik MS, Braczkowski R, Soszyński D. Pleiotropic Action of TGF-Beta in Physiological and Pathological Liver Conditions. Biomedicines 2024; 12:925. [PMID: 38672279 PMCID: PMC11048627 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12040925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2024] [Revised: 04/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study is to review and analyze the pleiotropic effects of TGF-β in physiological and pathological conditions of the liver, with particular emphasis on its role in immune suppression, wound healing, regulation of cell growth and differentiation, and liver cell apoptosis. A literature review was conducted, including 52 studies, comprising review articles, in vitro and in vivo studies, and meta-analyses. Only studies published in peer-reviewed scientific journals were included in the analysis. TGF-β is a pleiotropic growth factor that is crucial for the liver, both in physiology and pathophysiology. Although its functions are complex and diverse, TGF-β plays a constant role in immune suppression, wound healing, and the regulation of cell growth and differentiation. In concentrations exceeding the norm, it can induce the apoptosis of liver cells. Increased TGF-β levels are observed in many liver diseases, such as fibrosis, inflammation, and steatosis. TGF-β has been shown to play a key role in many physiological and pathological processes of the liver, and its concentration may be a potential diagnostic and prognostic marker in liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michał Jakub Braczkowski
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Opole, 45040 Opole, Poland;
| | - Klaudia Maria Kufel
- Student Scientific Society of Physiology, Department of Physiology, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Opole, 45040 Opole, Poland; (K.M.K.); (J.K.); (A.D.); (M.W.)
| | - Julia Kulińska
- Student Scientific Society of Physiology, Department of Physiology, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Opole, 45040 Opole, Poland; (K.M.K.); (J.K.); (A.D.); (M.W.)
| | - Daniel Łukasz Czyż
- Student Scientific Society of Physiology, Department of Physiology, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Opole, 45040 Opole, Poland; (K.M.K.); (J.K.); (A.D.); (M.W.)
| | - Aleksander Dittmann
- Student Scientific Society of Physiology, Department of Physiology, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Opole, 45040 Opole, Poland; (K.M.K.); (J.K.); (A.D.); (M.W.)
| | - Michał Wiertelak
- Student Scientific Society of Physiology, Department of Physiology, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Opole, 45040 Opole, Poland; (K.M.K.); (J.K.); (A.D.); (M.W.)
| | - Marcin Sławomir Młodzik
- Department of Pathology, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Opole, 45040 Opole, Poland;
| | | | - Dariusz Soszyński
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Opole, 45040 Opole, Poland;
- Department of Human Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, 87100 Torun, Poland
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2
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Längle D, Wojtowicz-Piotrowski S, Priegann T, Keller N, Wesseler F, Reckzeh ES, Steffens K, Grathwol C, Lemke J, Flasshoff M, Näther C, Jonson AC, Link A, Koch O, Di Guglielmo GM, Schade D. Expanding the Chemical Space of Transforming Growth Factor-β (TGFβ) Receptor Type II Degraders with 3,4-Disubstituted Indole Derivatives. ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci 2024; 7:1069-1085. [PMID: 38633593 PMCID: PMC11020067 DOI: 10.1021/acsptsci.3c00371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2023] [Revised: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
The TGFβ type II receptor (TβRII) is a central player in all TGFβ signaling downstream events, has been linked to cancer progression, and thus, has emerged as an auspicious anti-TGFβ strategy. Especially its targeted degradation presents an excellent goal for effective TGFβ pathway inhibition. Here, cellular structure-activity relationship (SAR) data from the TβRII degrader chemotype 1 was successfully transformed into predictive ligand-based pharmacophore models that allowed scaffold hopping. Two distinct 3,4-disubstituted indoles were identified from virtual screening: tetrahydro-4-oxo-indole 2 and indole-3-acetate 3. Design, synthesis, and screening of focused amide libraries confirmed 2r and 3n as potent TGFβ inhibitors. They were validated to fully recapitulate the ability of 1 to selectively degrade TβRII, without affecting TβRI. Consequently, 2r and 3n efficiently blocked endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition and cell migration in different cancer cell lines while not perturbing the microtubule network. Hence, 2 and 3 present novel TβRII degrader chemotypes that will (1) aid target deconvolution efforts and (2) accelerate proof-of-concept studies for small-molecule-driven TβRII degradation in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Längle
- Department
of Pharmaceutical & Medicinal Chemistry, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Gutenbergstrasse 76, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Stephanie Wojtowicz-Piotrowski
- Department
of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich
School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London N6A 5C1, ON, Canada
| | - Till Priegann
- Department
of Pharmaceutical & Medicinal Chemistry, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Gutenbergstrasse 76, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Niklas Keller
- Department
of Pharmaceutical & Medicinal Chemistry, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Gutenbergstrasse 76, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Fabian Wesseler
- Department
of Pharmaceutical & Medicinal Chemistry, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Gutenbergstrasse 76, 24118 Kiel, Germany
- Faculty
of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Technical
University Dortmund, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 6, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Elena S. Reckzeh
- Faculty
of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Technical
University Dortmund, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 6, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Karsten Steffens
- Department
of Pharmaceutical & Medicinal Chemistry, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Gutenbergstrasse 76, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Christoph Grathwol
- Institute
of Pharmacy, University of Greifswald, Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Strasse 17, 17489 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Jana Lemke
- Institute
of Pharmacy, University of Greifswald, Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Strasse 17, 17489 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Maren Flasshoff
- Faculty
of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Technical
University Dortmund, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 6, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Christian Näther
- Institute
of Inorganic Chemistry, Christian-Albrechts-University
of Kiel, Max-Eyth-Straße
2, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Anna C. Jonson
- Early Chemical
Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca Gothenburg, Mölndal SE-43183, Sweden
| | - Andreas Link
- Institute
of Pharmacy, University of Greifswald, Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Strasse 17, 17489 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Oliver Koch
- Faculty
of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Technical
University Dortmund, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 6, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
- Institute
of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry and German Center of Infection
Research, Münster 48149, Germany
| | - Gianni M. Di Guglielmo
- Department
of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich
School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London N6A 5C1, ON, Canada
| | - Dennis Schade
- Department
of Pharmaceutical & Medicinal Chemistry, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Gutenbergstrasse 76, 24118 Kiel, Germany
- Partner
Site Kiel, DZHK, German Center for Cardiovascular Research, 24105 Kiel, Germany
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3
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Zakrzewski PK. Canonical TGFβ Signaling and Its Contribution to Endometrial Cancer Development and Progression-Underestimated Target of Anticancer Strategies. J Clin Med 2021; 10:3900. [PMID: 34501347 PMCID: PMC8432036 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10173900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Endometrial cancer is one of the leading gynecological cancers diagnosed among women in their menopausal and postmenopausal age. Despite the progress in molecular biology and medicine, no efficient and powerful diagnostic and prognostic marker is dedicated to endometrial carcinogenesis. The canonical TGFβ pathway is a pleiotropic signaling cascade orchestrating a variety of cellular and molecular processes, whose alterations are responsible for carcinogenesis that originates from different tissue types. This review covers the current knowledge concerning the canonical TGFβ pathway (Smad-dependent) induced by prototypical TGFβ isoforms and the involvement of pathway alterations in the development and progression of endometrial neoplastic lesions. Since Smad-dependent signalization governs opposed cellular processes, such as growth arrest, apoptosis, tumor cells growth and differentiation, as well as angiogenesis and metastasis, TGFβ cascade may act both as a tumor suppressor or tumor promoter. However, the final effect of TGFβ signaling on endometrial cancer cells depends on the cancer disease stage. The multifunctional role of the TGFβ pathway indicates the possible utilization of alterations in the TGFβ cascade as a potential target of novel anticancer strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr K Zakrzewski
- Department of Cytobiochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Pomorska 141/143, 90-236 Lodz, Poland
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4
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Meurer S, Wimmer AE, Leur EVD, Weiskirchen R. Endoglin Trafficking/Exosomal Targeting in Liver Cells Depends on N-Glycosylation. Cells 2019; 8:cells8090997. [PMID: 31466384 PMCID: PMC6769735 DOI: 10.3390/cells8090997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Injury of the liver involves a wound healing partial reaction governed by hepatic stellate cells and portal fibroblasts. Individual members of the transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) superfamily including TGF-β itself and bone morphogenetic proteins (BMP) exert diverse and partially opposing effects on pro-fibrogenic responses. Signaling by these ligands is mediated through binding to membrane integral receptors type I/type II. Binding and the outcome of signaling is critically modulated by Endoglin (Eng), a type III co-receptor. In order to learn more about trafficking of Eng in liver cells, we investigated the membranal subdomain localization of full-length (FL)-Eng. We could show that FL-Eng is enriched in Caveolin-1-containing sucrose gradient fractions. Since lipid rafts contribute to the pool of exosomes, we could consequently demonstrate for the first time that exosomes isolated from cultured primary hepatic stellate cells and its derivatives contain Eng. Moreover, via adenoviral overexpression, we demonstrate that all liver cells have the capacity to direct Eng to exosomes, irrespectively whether they express endogenous Eng or not. Finally, we demonstrate that block of N-glycosylation does not interfere with dimerization of the receptor, but abrogates the secretion of soluble Eng (sol-Eng) and prevents exosomal targeting of FL-Eng.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steffen Meurer
- RWTH University Hospital Aachen, Institute of Molecular Pathobiochemistry, Experimental Gene Therapy and Clinical Chemistry, D-52074 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Almut Elisabeth Wimmer
- RWTH University Hospital Aachen, Institute of Molecular Pathobiochemistry, Experimental Gene Therapy and Clinical Chemistry, D-52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Eddy van de Leur
- RWTH University Hospital Aachen, Institute of Molecular Pathobiochemistry, Experimental Gene Therapy and Clinical Chemistry, D-52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Ralf Weiskirchen
- RWTH University Hospital Aachen, Institute of Molecular Pathobiochemistry, Experimental Gene Therapy and Clinical Chemistry, D-52074 Aachen, Germany.
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5
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Derynck R, Budi EH. Specificity, versatility, and control of TGF-β family signaling. Sci Signal 2019; 12:12/570/eaav5183. [PMID: 30808818 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aav5183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 479] [Impact Index Per Article: 95.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Encoded in mammalian cells by 33 genes, the transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) family of secreted, homodimeric and heterodimeric proteins controls the differentiation of most, if not all, cell lineages and many aspects of cell and tissue physiology in multicellular eukaryotes. Deregulation of TGF-β family signaling leads to developmental anomalies and disease, whereas enhanced TGF-β signaling contributes to cancer and fibrosis. Here, we review the fundamentals of the signaling mechanisms that are initiated upon TGF-β ligand binding to its cell surface receptors and the dependence of the signaling responses on input from and cooperation with other signaling pathways. We discuss how cells exquisitely control the functional presentation and activation of heteromeric receptor complexes of transmembrane, dual-specificity kinases and, thus, define their context-dependent responsiveness to ligands. We also introduce the mechanisms through which proteins called Smads act as intracellular effectors of ligand-induced gene expression responses and show that the specificity and impressive versatility of Smad signaling depend on cross-talk from other pathways. Last, we discuss how non-Smad signaling mechanisms, initiated by distinct ligand-activated receptor complexes, complement Smad signaling and thus contribute to cellular responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rik Derynck
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology and Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
| | - Erine H Budi
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology and Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
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6
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Yakymovych I, Yakymovych M, Heldin CH. Intracellular trafficking of transforming growth factor β receptors. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2018; 50:3-11. [PMID: 29186283 DOI: 10.1093/abbs/gmx119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) family members signal via heterotetrameric complexes of type I (TβRI) and type II (TβRII) dual specificity kinase receptors. The availability of the receptors on the cell surface is controlled by several mechanisms. Newly synthesized TβRI and TβRII are delivered from the Golgi apparatus to the cell surface via separate routes. On the cell surface, TGFβ receptors are distributed between different microdomains of the plasma membrane and can be internalized via clathrin- and caveolae-mediated endocytic mechanisms. Although receptor endocytosis is not essential for TGFβ signaling, localization of the activated receptor complexes on the early endosomes promotes TGFβ-induced Smad activation. Caveolae-mediated endocytosis, which is widely regarded as a mechanism that facilitates the degradation of TGFβ receptors, has been shown to be required for TGFβ signaling via non-Smad pathways. The importance of proper control of TGFβ receptor intracellular trafficking is emphasized by clinical data, as mislocalization of receptors has been described in connection with several human diseases. Thus, control of intracellular trafficking of the TGFβ receptors together with the regulation of their expression, posttranslational modifications and down-regulation, ensure proper regulation of TGFβ signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ihor Yakymovych
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala 75123, Sweden
| | - Mariya Yakymovych
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala 75123, Sweden
| | - Carl-Henrik Heldin
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala 75123, Sweden
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7
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Hirschhorn T, Levi-Hofman M, Danziger O, Smorodinsky NI, Ehrlich M. Differential molecular regulation of processing and membrane expression of Type-I BMP receptors: implications for signaling. Cell Mol Life Sci 2017; 74:2645-2662. [PMID: 28357470 PMCID: PMC11107780 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-017-2488-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2016] [Revised: 02/09/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The Type-I bone morphogenetic protein receptors (BMPRs), BMPR1A and BMPR1B, present the highest sequence homology among BMPRs, suggestive of functional similitude. However, sequence elements within their extracellular domain, such as signal sequence or N-glycosylation motifs, may result in differential regulation of biosynthetic processing and trafficking and in alterations to receptor function. We show that (i) BMPR1A and the ubiquitous isoform of BMPR1B differed in mode of translocation into the endoplasmic reticulum; and (ii) BMPR1A was N-glycosylated while BMPR1B was not, resulting in greater efficiency of processing and plasma membrane expression of BMPR1A. We further demonstrated the importance of BMPR1A expression and glycosylation in ES-2 ovarian cancer cells, where (i) CRISPR/Cas9-mediated knockout of BMPR1A abrogated BMP2-induced Smad1/5/8 phosphorylation and reduced proliferation of ES-2 cells and (ii) inhibition of N-glycosylation by site-directed mutagenesis, or by tunicamycin or 2-deoxy-D-glucose treatments, reduced biosynthetic processing and plasma membrane expression of BMPR1A and BMP2-induced Smad1/5/8 phosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tal Hirschhorn
- Department of Cell Research and Immunology, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Michal Levi-Hofman
- Department of Cell Research and Immunology, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Oded Danziger
- Department of Cell Research and Immunology, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Nechama I Smorodinsky
- Department of Cell Research and Immunology, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Marcelo Ehrlich
- Department of Cell Research and Immunology, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.
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8
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Abstract
Transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) and related ligands have potent effects on an enormous diversity of biological functions in all animals examined. Because of the strong conservation of TGF-β family ligand functions and signaling mechanisms, studies from multiple animal systems have yielded complementary and synergistic insights. In the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, early studies were instrumental in the elucidation of TGF-β family signaling mechanisms. Current studies in C. elegans continue to identify new functions for the TGF-β family in this organism as well as new conserved mechanisms of regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cathy Savage-Dunn
- Department of Biology, Queens College, and the Graduate Center, New York, New York 11367
| | - Richard W Padgett
- Waksman Institute, Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854-8020
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9
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Budi EH, Duan D, Derynck R. Transforming Growth Factor-β Receptors and Smads: Regulatory Complexity and Functional Versatility. Trends Cell Biol 2017; 27:658-672. [PMID: 28552280 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2017.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 199] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2017] [Revised: 04/27/2017] [Accepted: 04/28/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Transforming growth factor (TGF)-β family proteins control cell physiology, proliferation, and growth, and direct cell differentiation, thus playing key roles in normal development and disease. The mechanisms of how TGF-β family ligands interact with heteromeric complexes of cell surface receptors to then activate Smad signaling that directs changes in gene expression are often seen as established. Even though TGF-β-induced Smad signaling may be seen as a linear signaling pathway with predictable outcomes, this pathway provides cells with a versatile means to induce different cellular responses. Fundamental questions remain as to how, at the molecular level, TGF-β and TGF-β family proteins activate the receptor complexes and induce a context-dependent diversity of cell responses. Among the areas of progress, we summarize new insights into how cells control TGF-β responsiveness by controlling the TGF-β receptors, and into the key roles and versatility of Smads in directing cell differentiation and cell fate selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erine H Budi
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, and Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco CA 94143, USA
| | - Dana Duan
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, and Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco CA 94143, USA
| | - Rik Derynck
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, and Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco CA 94143, USA.
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10
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Age-related expression of TGF beta family receptors in human cumulus oophorus cells. J Assist Reprod Genet 2017; 34:1121-1129. [PMID: 28466233 DOI: 10.1007/s10815-017-0930-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE During ovarian follicle growth, local cellular interactions are essential for oocyte quality acquisition and successful fertilization. While cumulus cells (CCs) nurture oocytes, they also deliver oocyte-secreted factors (OSFs) that activate receptors on CCs. We hypothesized that disturbance of those interactions contributes to age-related lower reproductive success in women submitted to assisted reproductive technology treatments. METHODS Women aged 27-48, without recognized personal reproductive disorder, were enrolled in the study and divided in <35- and ≥35-year-old groups. CCs collected upon follicle aspiration were processed for immunocytochemistry and RNA extraction. The expression patterns of OSF receptors BMPR2, ALK 4, ALK5, and activin receptor-like kinase (ALK6) were studied. RESULTS Independently of age, receptors were found mostly in the cell periphery. The quantitative assay revealed that in older women, BMPR2, ALK 4, and ALK6 were all significantly decreased, whereas ALK5 was slightly increased. CONCLUSIONS Female age imparts an effect on the expression of OSF receptors in CCs. The findings indicate that reproductive aging affects the local regulation of signaling pathways mediated by BMPR2, ALK6, and ALK4 receptor activation, suggesting their joint involvement.
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11
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Pentabromophenol suppresses TGF-β signaling by accelerating degradation of type II TGF-β receptors via caveolae-mediated endocytosis. Sci Rep 2017; 7:43206. [PMID: 28230093 PMCID: PMC5322341 DOI: 10.1038/srep43206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2016] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Pentabromophenol (PBP), a brominated flame retardant (BFR), is widely used in various consumer products. BFRs exert adverse health effects such as neurotoxic and endocrine-disrupting effects. In this study, we found that PBP suppressed TGF-β response by accelerating the turnover rate of TGF-β receptors. PBP suppressed TGF-β-mediated cell migration, PAI-1 promoter-driven reporter gene activation, and Smad2/3 phosphorylation in various cell types. Furthermore, PBP abolished TGF-β-mediated repression of E-cadherin expression, in addition to the induction of vimentin expression and N-cadherin and fibronectin upregulation, thus blocking TGF-β-induced epithelial–mesenchymal transition in A549 and NMuMG cells. However, this inhibition was not observed with other congeners such as tribromophenol and triiodophenol. TGF-β superfamily members play key roles in regulating various biological processes including cell proliferation and migration as well as cancer development and progression. The results of this in vitro study provide a basis for studies on the detailed relationship between PBP and modulation of TGF-β signalling. Because PBP is similar to other BFRs such as polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), additional laboratory and mechanistic studies should be performed to examine BFRs as potential risk factors for tumorigenesis and other TGF-β-related diseases.
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12
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Wan A, Miao Y, Peng L, Cai Y, Chen Y, He Y, Yang J, Jin J, Li H. Binding and biologic characterization of recombinant human serum albumin-eTGFBR2 fusion protein expressed in CHO cells. Bioengineered 2017; 8:600-612. [PMID: 28281868 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2017.1292186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) signaling is involved in cell metabolism, growth, differentiation, carcinoma invasion and fibrosis development, which suggests TGF-β1 can be treated as a therapeutic target extensively. Because TGF-β1 receptor type α(TGFBR2) is the directed and essential mediator for TGF-β1 signals, the extracellular domain of TGFBR2 (eTGFBR2), binding partner for TGF-β1, has been produced in a series of expression systems to inhibit TGF-β1 signaling. However, eTGFBR2 is unstable with a short half-life predominantly because of enzymatic degradation and kidney clearance. In this study, a fusion protein consisting of human eTGFBR2 fused at the C-terminal of human serum albumin (HSA) was stably and highly expressed in Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cells. The high and stable expression sub-clones with Ig kappa signal peptide were selected by Western blot analysis and used for suspension culture. After fed-batch culture over 8 d, the expression level of HSA-eTGFBR2 reached 180 mg/L. The fusion protein was then purified from culture medium using a 2-step chromatographic procedure that resulted in 39% recovery rate. The TGF-β1 binding assay revealed that HSA-eTGFBR2 could bind to TGF-β1 with the affinity constant (KD of 1.42 × 10-8 M) as determined by the ForteBio Octet System. In addition, our data suggested that HSA-eTGFBR2 exhibited a TGF-β1 neutralizing activity and maintained a long-term activity more than eTGFBR2. It concluded that the overexpressing CHO cell line supplied sufficient recombinant human HSA-eTGFBR2 for further research and other applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aini Wan
- a The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology , Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University , Wuxi , China
| | - Yana Miao
- b Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology , School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jiangnan University , Wuxi , China
| | - Lin Peng
- a The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology , Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University , Wuxi , China
| | - Yanfei Cai
- b Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology , School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jiangnan University , Wuxi , China
| | - Yun Chen
- b Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology , School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jiangnan University , Wuxi , China
| | - Yang He
- c Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University , Suzhou , China
| | - Jianfeng Yang
- d Cyrus Tang Hematology Center and Ministry of Education Engineering Center of Hematological Disease, Soochow University , Suzhou , China
| | - Jian Jin
- b Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology , School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jiangnan University , Wuxi , China
| | - Huazhong Li
- a The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology , Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University , Wuxi , China
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13
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Ruan H, Yu J, Yuan J, Li N, Fang X. Nanoscale Distribution of Transforming Growth Factor Receptor on Post-Golgi Vesicle Revealed by Super-resolution Microscopy. Chem Asian J 2016; 11:3359-3364. [DOI: 10.1002/asia.201600436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2016] [Revised: 07/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hefei Ruan
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences; Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructures and Nanotechnology; Institute of Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; 2 ZhongGuanCun North First Street Beijing 100190 P.R. China), Fax: (+86) 10-62653083
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100049 P.R. China
| | - Jianqiang Yu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences; Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructures and Nanotechnology; Institute of Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; 2 ZhongGuanCun North First Street Beijing 100190 P.R. China), Fax: (+86) 10-62653083
| | - Jinghe Yuan
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences; Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructures and Nanotechnology; Institute of Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; 2 ZhongGuanCun North First Street Beijing 100190 P.R. China), Fax: (+86) 10-62653083
| | - Nan Li
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences; Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructures and Nanotechnology; Institute of Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; 2 ZhongGuanCun North First Street Beijing 100190 P.R. China), Fax: (+86) 10-62653083
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100049 P.R. China
| | - Xiaohong Fang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences; Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructures and Nanotechnology; Institute of Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; 2 ZhongGuanCun North First Street Beijing 100190 P.R. China), Fax: (+86) 10-62653083
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100049 P.R. China
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14
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Yang SS, Jin LH, Park SH, Kim MS, Kim YJ, Choi BH, Lee CT, Park SR, Min BH. Extracellular Matrix (ECM) Multilayer Membrane as a Sustained Releasing Growth Factor Delivery System for rhTGF-β3 in Articular Cartilage Repair. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0156292. [PMID: 27258120 PMCID: PMC4892547 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0156292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2014] [Accepted: 05/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Recombinant human transforming growth factor beta-3 (rhTGF-β3) is a key regulator of chondrogenesis in stem cells and cartilage formation. We have developed a novel drug delivery system that continuously releases rhTGF-β3 using a multilayered extracellular matrix (ECM) membrane. We hypothesize that the sustained release of rhTGF-β3 could activate stem cells and result in enhanced repair of cartilage defects. The properties and efficacy of the ECM multilayer-based delivery system (EMLDS) are investigated using rhTGF-β3 as a candidate drug. The bioactivity of the released rhTGF-ß3 was evaluated through chondrogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) using western blot and circular dichroism (CD) analyses in vitro. The cartilage reparability was evaluated through implanting EMLDS with endogenous and exogenous MSC in both in vivo and ex vivo models, respectively. In the results, the sustained release of rhTGF-ß3 was clearly observed over a prolonged period of time in vitro and the released rhTGF-β3 maintained its structural stability and biological activity. Successful cartilage repair was also demonstrated when rabbit MSCs were treated with rhTGF-β3-loaded EMLDS ((+) rhTGF-β3 EMLDS) in an in vivo model and when rabbit chondrocytes and MSCs were treated in ex vivo models. Therefore, the multilayer ECM membrane could be a useful drug delivery system for cartilage repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soon Sim Yang
- Department of Molecular Science & Technology, Ajou University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Long Hao Jin
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, School of Medicine, Ajou University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Hyug Park
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pukyong National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Moon Suk Kim
- Department of Molecular Science & Technology, Ajou University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Jick Kim
- Cell Therapy Center, Ajou University Medical Center, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung Hyune Choi
- Division of Biomedical and Bioengineering Sciences, Inha University College of Medicine, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Chun Tek Lee
- Lee Chun Tek Orthopedic Specialty Hospital, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - So Ra Park
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Inha University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Byoung-Hyun Min
- Department of Molecular Science & Technology, Ajou University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, School of Medicine, Ajou University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
- Cell Therapy Center, Ajou University Medical Center, Suwon, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail:
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15
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Abstract
In cells responding to extracellular polypeptide ligands, regulatory mechanisms at the level of cell surface receptors are increasingly seen to define the nature of the ligand-induced signaling responses. Processes that govern the levels of receptors at the plasma membrane, including posttranslational modifications, are crucial to ensure receptor function and specify the downstream signals. Indeed, extracellular posttranslational modifications of the receptors help define stability and ligand binding, while intracellular modifications mediate interactions with signaling mediators and accessory proteins that help define the nature of the signaling response. The use of various molecular biology and biochemistry techniques, based on chemical crosslinking, e.g., biotin or radioactive labeling, immunofluorescence to label membrane receptors and flow cytometry, allows for quantification of changes of cell surface receptor presentation. Here, we discuss recent progress in our understanding of the regulation of TGF-β receptors, i.e., the type I (TβRI) and type II (TβRII) TGF-β receptors, and describe basic methods to identify and quantify TGF-β cell surface receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erine H Budi
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Programs in Cell Biology, and Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jian Xu
- Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, Ostrow School of Dentistry of USC, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Rik Derynck
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Programs in Cell Biology, and Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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16
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Luo W, Xia T, Xu L, Chen YG, Fang X. Visualization of the post-Golgi vesicle-mediated transportation of TGF-β receptor II by quasi-TIRFM. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2014; 7:788-798. [PMID: 23606367 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.201300020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2013] [Revised: 03/25/2013] [Accepted: 03/25/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Transforming growth factor β receptor II (Tβ RII) is synthesized in the cytoplasm and then transported to the plasma membrane of cells to fulfil its signalling duty. Here, we applied live-cell fluorescence imaging techniques, in particular quasi-total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy, to imaging fluorescent protein-tagged Tβ RII and monitoring its secretion process. We observed punctuate-like Tβ RII-containing post-Golgi vesicles formed in MCF7 cells. Single-particle tracking showed that these vesicles travelled along the microtubules at an average speed of 0.51 μm/s. When stimulated by TGF-β ligand, these receptor-containing vesicles intended to move towards the plasma membrane. We also identified several factors that could inhibit the formation of such post-Golgi vesicles. Although the inhibitory mechanisms still remain unknown, the observed characteristics of Tβ RII-containing vesicles provide new information on intracellular Tβ RII transportation. It also renders Tβ RII a good model system for studying post-Golgi vesicle-trafficking and protein transportation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wangxi Luo
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructures and Nanotechnology, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P.R. China
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17
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BMP signaling requires retromer-dependent recycling of the type I receptor. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:2578-83. [PMID: 24550286 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1319947111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) superfamily of signaling pathways, including the bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) subfamily of ligands and receptors, controls a myriad of developmental processes across metazoan biology. Transport of the receptors from the plasma membrane to endosomes has been proposed to promote TGFβ signal transduction and shape BMP-signaling gradients throughout development. However, how postendocytic trafficking of BMP receptors contributes to the regulation of signal transduction has remained enigmatic. Here we report that the intracellular domain of Caenorhabditis elegans BMP type I receptor SMA-6 (small-6) binds to the retromer complex, and in retromer mutants, SMA-6 is degraded because of its missorting to lysosomes. Surprisingly, we find that the type II BMP receptor, DAF-4 (dauer formation-defective-4), is retromer-independent and recycles via a distinct pathway mediated by ARF-6 (ADP-ribosylation factor-6). Importantly, we find that loss of retromer blocks BMP signaling in multiple tissues. Taken together, our results indicate a mechanism that separates the type I and type II receptors during receptor recycling, potentially terminating signaling while preserving both receptors for further rounds of activation.
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18
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Vizán P, Miller DSJ, Gori I, Das D, Schmierer B, Hill CS. Controlling long-term signaling: receptor dynamics determine attenuation and refractory behavior of the TGF-β pathway. Sci Signal 2013; 6:ra106. [PMID: 24327760 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.2004416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the complex dynamics of growth factor signaling requires both mechanistic and kinetic information. Although signaling dynamics have been studied for pathways downstream of receptor tyrosine kinases and G protein (heterotrimeric guanine nucleotide-binding protein)-coupled receptors, they have not been investigated for the transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) superfamily pathways. Using an integrative experimental and mathematical modeling approach, we dissected the dynamic behavior of the TGF-β to Smad pathway, which is mediated by type I and type II receptor serine/threonine kinases, in response to acute, chronic, and repeated ligand stimulations. TGF-β exposure produced a transient response that attenuated over time, resulting in desensitized cells that were refractory to further acute stimulation. This loss of signaling competence depended on ligand binding, but not on receptor activity, and was restored only after the ligand had been depleted. Furthermore, TGF-β binding triggered the rapid depletion of signaling-competent receptors from the cell surface, with the type I and type II receptors exhibiting different degradation and trafficking kinetics. A computational model of TGF-β signal transduction from the membrane to the nucleus that incorporates our experimental findings predicts that autocrine signaling, such as that associated with tumorigenesis, severely compromises the TGF-β response, which we confirmed experimentally. Thus, we have shown that the long-term signaling behavior of the TGF-β pathway is determined by receptor dynamics, does not require TGF-β-induced gene expression, and influences context-dependent responses in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Vizán
- 1Developmental Signalling Laboratory, Cancer Research UK London Research Institute, 44 Lincoln's Inn Fields, London WC2A 3LY, UK
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19
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Park J, Lee SY, Ooshima A, Yang KM, Kang JM, Kim YW, Kim SJ. Glucosamine hydrochloride exerts a protective effect against unilateral ureteral obstruction-induced renal fibrosis by attenuating TGF-β signaling. J Mol Med (Berl) 2013; 91:1273-84. [PMID: 24072041 PMCID: PMC3825548 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-013-1086-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2013] [Revised: 08/11/2013] [Accepted: 09/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Abstract Renal fibrosis is a common consequence of unilateral ureteral obstruction, which provides a useful model to investigate the pathogenesis of obstructive nephropathy and progressive renal fibrosis. Transforming growth factor (TGF-β1) has been recognized as a key mediator in renal fibrosis by stimulating matrix-producing fibrogenic cells and promoting extracellular matrix deposition. Therefore, considerable efforts have been made to regulate TGF-β signaling for antifibrotic therapy. Here, we investigated the mode of action of glucosamine hydrochloride (GS-HCl) on TGF-β1-induced renal fibrosis. In the obstructed kidneys and TGF-β1-treated renal cells, GS-HCl significantly decreased renal expression of α-smooth muscle actin, collagen I, and fibronectin. By investigating the inhibitory mechanism of GS-HCl on renal fibrosis, we found that GS-HCl suppressed TGF-β signaling by inhibiting N-linked glycosylation of the type II TGF-β receptor (TβRII), leading to an inefficient trafficking of TβRII to the membrane surface. Defective N-glycosylation of TβRII further suppressed the TGF-β1-binding to TβRII, thereby decreasing TGF-β signaling. Notably, GS-HCl treatment significantly reduced TGF-β1-induced up-regulation of Smad2/3 phosphorylation and transcriptional activity in vivo and in vitro. Taken together, GS-HCl-mediated regulation of TGF-β signaling exerted an antifibrotic effect, thereby ameliorating renal fibrosis. Our study suggests that GS-HCl would be a promising agent for therapeutic intervention for preventing TGF-β1-induced renal fibrosis in kidney diseases. Key message Glucosamine-mediated attenuation of TGF-β signaling ameliorates renal fibrosis in vivo TGF-β1-induced fibrogenic action is reduced by glucosamine in vitro N-glycosylation of the type II TGF-β receptor is suppressed by glucosamine Glucosamine-induced defective N-glycosylation of TβRII decreases TGF-β signaling.
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s00109-013-1086-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinah Park
- CHA Cancer Institute, CHA University, 605 Yeoksam-dong, Gangnam-gu, Seoul, 135-081, South Korea
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20
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Rejon CA, Ho CC, Wang Y, Zhou X, Bernard DJ, Hébert TE. Cycloheximide inhibits follicle-stimulating hormone β subunit transcription by blocking de novo synthesis of the labile activin type II receptor in gonadotrope cells. Cell Signal 2013; 25:1403-12. [PMID: 23499904 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2013.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2013] [Accepted: 03/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The pituitary gonadotropins, follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH), play essential roles in the regulation of vertebrate reproduction. Activins and inhibins have opposing actions on FSH (but not LH) synthesis, either inducing or inhibiting transcription of the FSHβ subunit gene (Fshb). The translational inhibitor cycloheximide (CHX) produces inhibin-like effects in cultured pituitary cells, selectively suppressing FSH production. Using the murine gonadotrope-like cell line, LβT2, as a model, we tested the hypothesis that a component of the activin pathway is highly labile in gonadotrope cells and that its rapid loss following CHX treatment impairs activin-stimulated Fshb transcription. Treatment of cells with CHX for 6h, but not 1h, blocked activin A-stimulated Fshb transcription. Pre-treatment of LβT2 cells with CHX for as few as 2-3h inhibited activin A-stimulated SMAD2/3 phosphorylation without altering total SMAD2/3 protein levels. These data indicated that CHX affects activin signalling upstream of SMAD proteins, most likely at the receptor level. Indeed, CHX rapidly reduced activin A binding to LβT2 cells. We went on to show that activin A signals via the type II receptor ACVR2, rather than ACVR2B, to regulate Fshb transcription and that the receptor has a half life of ~2h in LβT2 cells. The mechanism of ACVR2 turnover remains undefined, but appears to be ligand-, proteasome-, and lysosome-independent. Collectively, these data indicate that CHX produces inhibin-like effects in gonadotropes by preventing de novo synthesis of the highly labile ACVR2, thereby blocking activin signaling to the Fshb promoter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlis A Rejon
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
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21
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Willems E, Cabral-Teixeira J, Schade D, Cai W, Reeves P, Bushway PJ, Lanier M, Walsh C, Kirchhausen T, Izpisua Belmonte JC, Cashman J, Mercola M. Small molecule-mediated TGF-β type II receptor degradation promotes cardiomyogenesis in embryonic stem cells. Cell Stem Cell 2013; 11:242-52. [PMID: 22862949 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2012.04.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2011] [Revised: 03/28/2012] [Accepted: 04/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The cellular signals controlling the formation of cardiomyocytes, vascular smooth muscle, and endothelial cells from stem cell-derived mesoderm are poorly understood. To identify these signals, a mouse embryonic stem cell (ESC)-based differentiation assay was screened against a small molecule library resulting in a 1,4-dihydropyridine inducer of type II TGF-β receptor (TGFBR2) degradation-1 (ITD-1). ITD analogs enhanced proteasomal degradation of TGFBR2, effectively clearing the receptor from the cell surface and selectively inhibiting intracellular signaling (IC(50) ~0.4-0.8 μM). ITD-1 was used to evaluate TGF-β involvement in mesoderm formation and cardiopoietic differentiation, which occur sequentially during early development, revealing an essential role in both processes in ESC cultures. ITD-1 selectively enhanced the differentiation of uncommitted mesoderm to cardiomyocytes, but not to vascular smooth muscle and endothelial cells. ITD-1 is a highly selective TGF-β inhibitor and reveals an unexpected role for TGF-β signaling in controlling cardiomyocyte differentiation from multipotent cardiovascular precursors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik Willems
- Muscle Development and Regeneration Program, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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22
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Abstract
N-linked glycosylation is a critical determinant of protein structure and function, regulating processes such as protein folding, stability and localization, ligand–receptor binding and intracellular signalling. TβRII [type II TGF-β (transforming growth factor β) receptor] plays a crucial role in the TGF-β signalling pathway. Although N-linked glycosylation of TβRII was first demonstrated over a decade ago, it was unclear how this modification influenced TβRII biology. In the present study, we show that inhibiting the N-linked glycosylation process successfully hinders binding of TGF-β1 to TβRII and subsequently renders cells resistant to TGF-β signalling. The lung cancer cell line A549, the gastric carcinoma cell line MKN1 and the immortal cell line HEK (human embryonic kidney)-293 exhibit reduced TGF-β signalling when either treated with two inhibitors, including tunicamycin (a potent N-linked glycosylation inhibitor) and kifunensine [an inhibitor of ER (endoplasmic reticulum) and Golgi mannosidase I family members], or introduced with a non-glycosylated mutant version of TβRII. We demonstrate that defective N-linked glycosylation prevents TβRII proteins from being transported to the cell surface. Moreover, we clearly show that not only the complex type, but also a high-mannose type, of TβRII can be localized on the cell surface. Collectively, these findings demonstrate that N-linked glycosylation is essentially required for the successful cell surface transportation of TβRII, suggesting a novel mechanism by which the TGF-β sensitivity can be regulated by N-linked glycosylation levels of TβRII.
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23
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Ehrlich M, Gutman O, Knaus P, Henis YI. Oligomeric interactions of TGF-β and BMP receptors. FEBS Lett 2012; 586:1885-96. [PMID: 22293501 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2012.01.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2012] [Revised: 01/15/2012] [Accepted: 01/19/2012] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) and bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) cytokines participate in a multiplicity of ways in the regulation of numerous physiological and pathological processes. Their wide-ranging biological functions are controlled by several mechanisms, including regulation of transcription, complex formation among the signaling receptors (oligomerization) and with co-receptors, binding of the receptors to scaffolding proteins or their targeting to specific membrane domains. Here, we address the generation of TGF-β and BMP receptor homo- and hetero-oligomers and its roles as a mechanism capable of fast regulation of signaling by these crucial cytokines. We examine the available biochemical, biophysical and structural evidence for the ternary structure of these complexes, and the possible roles of homomeric and heteromeric receptor oligomers in signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo Ehrlich
- Department of Cell Research and Immunology, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
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24
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25
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Meurer SK, Tihaa L, Borkham-Kamphorst E, Weiskirchen R. Expression and functional analysis of endoglin in isolated liver cells and its involvement in fibrogenic Smad signalling. Cell Signal 2010; 23:683-99. [PMID: 21146604 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2010.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2010] [Revised: 11/29/2010] [Accepted: 12/02/2010] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Endoglin is an accessory component of the TGF-β-binding receptor complex that differentially modulates TGF-β and BMP responses. The existence of two splice variants L- and S-endoglin which differ in their cytoplasmic domain has already been shown in human and mice. Endoglin is located on the cell surfaces of cultured hepatic stellate cells and transdifferentiated myofibroblasts suggesting that this receptor might be associated with the profibrogenic attributes of these liver cell subpopulations. We now show that endoglin expression is increased in transdifferentiating hepatic stellate cells and in two models of liver fibrosis (i.e. bile duct ligation and carbon tetrachloride model) and further detectable in cultured portal fibroblasts representing another important fibrogenic cell type but not in hepatocytes. In respect to TGF-β1-signalling, we demonstrate that endoglin interacts with and is phosphorylated by TβRII. In hepatic stellate cells, TGF-β1 upregulates endoglin expression most likely via the ALK5 pathway and requires the SP1 transcription factor. We further identified a novel rat splice variant that is structurally and functionally different from that identified in human and mouse. Transient overexpression of endoglin resulted in a strong increase of TGF-β1-driven Smad1/5 phosphorylation and α-smooth muscle actin expression in a hepatic stellate cell line. In supernatants of respective cultures, we could detect the ectodomain of endoglin suggesting that shedding is a further key process involved in the regulation of this surface receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steffen K Meurer
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, RWTH-University Hospital, Aachen, Germany.
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26
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Horbelt D, Guo G, Robinson PN, Knaus P. Quantitative analysis of TGFBR2 mutations in Marfan-syndrome-related disorders suggests a correlation between phenotypic severity and Smad signaling activity. J Cell Sci 2010; 123:4340-50. [PMID: 21098638 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.074773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the gene encoding transforming growth factor-beta receptor type II (TGFBR2) have been described in patients with Loeys-Dietz syndrome (LDS), Marfan syndrome type 2 (MFS2) and familial thoracic aortic aneurysms and dissections (TAAD). Here, we present a comprehensive and quantitative analysis of TGFBR2 expression, turnover and TGF-β-induced Smad and ERK signaling activity for nine mutations identified in patients with LDS, MFS2 and TAAD. The mutations had different effects on protein stability, internalization and signaling. A dominant-negative effect was demonstrated for mutations associated with LDS and MFS2. No mutation showed evidence of an immediate cell-autonomous paradoxical activation of TGF-β signaling. There were no cell biological differences between mutations described in patients with LDS and MFS2. By contrast, R460C, which has been found in familial TAAD but not in MFS2 or LDS, showed a less-severe dominant-negative effect and retained residual Smad phosphorylation and transcriptional activity. TAAD is characterized primarily by thoracic aortic aneurysms or dissections. By contrast, MFS2 is characterized by numerous skeletal abnormalities, and patients with LDS additionally can display craniofacial and other abnormalities. Therefore, our findings suggest that the balance between defects in Smad and ERK signaling might be an important determinant of phenotypic severity in disorders related to mutations in TGFBR2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Horbelt
- Institute for Chemistry-Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, 14195, Germany
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27
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Zhang W, Yuan J, Yang Y, Xu L, Wang Q, Zuo W, Fang X, Chen YG. Monomeric type I and type III transforming growth factor-β receptors and their dimerization revealed by single-molecule imaging. Cell Res 2010; 20:1216-23. [PMID: 20625381 DOI: 10.1038/cr.2010.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) binds with two transmembrane serine/threonine kinase receptors, type II (TβRII) and type I receptors (TβRI), and one accessory receptor, type III receptor (TβRIII), to transduce signals across cell membranes. Previous biochemical studies suggested that TβRI and TβRIII are preexisted homo-dimers. Using single-molecule microscopy to image green fluorescent protein-labeled membrane proteins, for the first time we have demonstrated that TβRI and TβRIII could exist as monomers at a low expression level. Upon TGF-β1 stimulation, TβRI follows the general ligand-induced receptor dimerization model for activation, but this process is TβRII-dependent. The monomeric status of the non-kinase receptor TβRIII is unchanged in the presence of TGF-β1. With the increase of receptor expression, both TβRI and TβRIII can be assembled into dimers on cell surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructures and Nanotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
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28
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29
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Abstract
Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) signaling is tightly regulated to ensure its proper physiological functions in different cells and tissues. Like other cell surface receptors, TGF-beta receptors are internalized into the cell, and this process plays an important regulatory role in TGF-beta signaling. It is well documented that TGF-beta receptors are endocytosed via clathrin-coated vesicles as TGF-beta endocytosis can be blocked by potassium depletion and the GTPase-deficient dynamin K44A mutant. TGF-beta receptors may also enter cells via cholesterol-rich membrane microdomain lipid rafts/caveolae and are found in caveolin-1-positive vesicles. Although receptor endocytosis is not essential for TGF-beta signaling, clathrin-mediated endocytosis has been shown to promote TGF-beta-induced Smad activation and transcriptional responses. Lipid rafts/caveolae are widely regarded as signaling centers for G protein-coupled receptors and tyrosine kinase receptors, but they are indicated to facilitate the degradation of TGF-beta receptors and therefore turnoff of TGF-beta signaling. This review summarizes current understanding of TGF-beta receptor endocytosis, the possible mechanisms underlying this process, and the role of endocytosis in modulation of TGF-beta signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye-Guang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Biomembrane and Membrane Biotechnology, Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
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30
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Abstract
Transforming growth factor beta (TGFbeta) controls a diverse set of cellular processes by activating TGFbeta type I (TbetaRI) and type II (TbetaRII) serine-threonine receptor kinases. Canonical TGFbeta signaling is mediated by Smad2 and Smad3, which are phosphorylated in their SXS motif by activated TbetaRI. The 90-kDa heat-shock protein (Hsp90) is a molecular chaperone facilitating the folding and stabilization of many protein kinases and intracellular signaling molecules. Here, we present evidence identifying a critical role for Hsp90 in TGFbeta signaling. Inhibition of Hsp90 function by using small-molecule inhibitors such as 17-allylamino-17-demethoxygeldanamycin (17AAG), and also at the genetic level, blocks TGFbeta-induced signaling and transcriptional responses. Furthermore, we identify TbetaRI and TbetaRII as Hsp90-interacting proteins in vitro and in vivo and demonstrate that inhibition of Hsp90 function increases TbetaR ubiquitination and degradation dependent on the Smurf2 ubiquitin E3 ligase. Our data reveal an essential level of TGFbeta signaling regulation mediated by Hsp90 by its ability to chaperone TbetaRs and also implicate the use of Hsp90 inhibitors in blocking undesired activation of TGFbeta signaling in diseases.
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31
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Singhatanadgit W, Mordan N, Salih V, Olsen I. Changes in bone morphogenetic protein receptor-IB localisation regulate osteogenic responses of human bone cells to bone morphogenetic protein-2. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2008; 40:2854-64. [PMID: 18619554 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2008.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2008] [Revised: 06/03/2008] [Accepted: 06/09/2008] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Cell responses to bone morphogenetic proteins (BMP) depend on the expression and surface localisation of transmembrane receptors BMPR-IA, -IB and -II. The present study shows that all three antigens are readily detected in human bone cells. However, only BMPR-II was found primarily at the plasma membrane, whereas BMPR-IA was expressed equally in the cytoplasm and at the cell surface. Notably, BMPR-IB was mainly intracellular, where it was associated with a number of cytoplasmic structures and possibly the nucleus. Treatment with transforming growth factor beta1 (TGF-beta1) caused rapid translocation of BMPR-IB to the cell surface, mediated via the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and protein kinase C (PKC) pathways. The TGF-beta1-induced increase in surface BMPR-IB resulted in significantly elevated BMP-2 binding and Smad1/5/8 phosphorylation, although the receptor was subsequently internalised and the functional response to BMP-2 consequently down-regulated. The results show, for the first time, that BMPR-IB is localised primarily in intracellular compartments in bone cells and that TGF-beta1 induces rapid surface translocation from the cytoplasm to the cell surface, resulting in increased sensitivity of the cells to BMP-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weerachai Singhatanadgit
- Division of Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, UCL Eastman Dental Institute, University College London, 256 Gray's Inn Road, London WC1X 8LD, United Kingdom
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Baker K, Raut P, Jass JR. Colorectal cancer cells express functional cell surface-bound TGFbeta. Int J Cancer 2008; 122:1695-700. [PMID: 18076044 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.23312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Disruptions to the TGFbeta signaling pathway have been implicated in most human adenocarcinomas. In addition to its role in cancer cell migration and metastasis, TGFbeta has been implicated in tumor-mediated immunosuppression. Membrane-bound TGFbeta has previously been reported to be expressed on a subset of regulatory T cells and was shown to be critical to their immune suppressive function. In the present study, we document expression of a signaling competent, endogenously derived form of cell surface-bound TGFbeta on colorectal cancer cells. While antibodies against only the mature form of TGFbeta failed to label cells, surface-bound TGFbeta was clearly detected by antibodies specific for both the latent and mature forms of the cytokine. Confirming the notion that the surface TGFbeta was in latent form, brief acid pulsing of the cells increased the amount of detectable membrane-associated TGFbeta. In coculture assays, this cell-bound TGFbeta could be activated and utilized in a paracrine fashion both by other cancer cells and by CD8+ intraepithelial lymphocytes. This effect was abrogated by the use of a furin inhibitor which decreased the membranous expression of TGFbeta on the tumor cells. Signaling competent membrane-bound TGFbeta on cancer cells is thus likely to be a key player in regulating tumor cell interactions with each other as well as with other cells in their microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristi Baker
- Department of Pathology, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada.
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TGF-beta binding in human Wharton's jelly. Mol Cell Biochem 2008; 311:137-43. [PMID: 18214641 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-008-9704-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2007] [Accepted: 01/10/2008] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Our previous study reported that TGF-beta may be isolated from human Wharton's jelly (WJ) in a form of soluble, high molecular complex(es). We decided to study the effect of extracellular matrix degradation and reduction of disulphide bridges reduction on the release of TGF-beta from WJ. The WJ prepared from the umbilical cords of newborns delivered at term by healthy mothers was homogenised and treated with hyaluronidase, collagenase, heparinase, chondroitinase and beta-mercaptoethanol, the resulting extracts were then submitted to TGF-beta immunoassay and SDS/PAGE followed by Western immunoblotting. The effect of metalloproteinase activation on TGF-beta was also studied. Pre-treatment of WJ homogenates with hyaluronidase or collagenase markedly increased the extractability of TGF-beta, but did not dissociate the complexes. In contrast, the action of beta-mercaptoethanol resulted in the release of free TGF-beta; but activation of metalloproteinases resulted in the disappearance of this factor. We conclude that TGF-beta1 is bound through disulphide bonds to an extracellular matrix component of WJ. The large amount of collagen fibrils and hyaluronate molecules which surround the cells scattered in WJ may prevent the access of extracting solution to TGF-beta causing a low extractability of this factor. Although hyaluronate and collagen do not bind TGF-beta directly, they may present a barrier that prevents the diffusion of TGF-beta in WJ and results in its concentration around the cells thereby facilitating its interaction with membrane receptors and subsequent stimulation of cell division and synthesis of extracellular matrix components.
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Frederic MY, Hamroun D, Faivre L, Boileau C, Jondeau G, Claustres M, Béroud C, Collod-Béroud G. A new locus-specific database (LSDB) for mutations in theTGFBR2gene: UMD-TGFBR2. Hum Mutat 2008; 29:33-8. [DOI: 10.1002/humu.20602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Baker K, Raut P, Jass JR. Microsatellite unstable colorectal cancer cell lines with truncating TGFβRII mutations remain sensitive to endogenous TGFβ. J Pathol 2007; 213:257-65. [PMID: 17893910 DOI: 10.1002/path.2235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Disruptions to the TGFbeta signalling pathway have been implicated in most human adenocarcinomas. As cancers progress, many acquire resistance to the growth-suppressing properties of TGFbeta while retaining sensitivity to its tumour-promoting effects. Microsatellite unstable colorectal cancers (MSI-H CRCs) possess truncating mutations in the type II TGFbeta receptor (TGFbetaRII) gene that have been assumed to render these tumours insensitive to TGFbeta. However, numerous reports of TGFbetaRII bypass exist and this study was thus undertaken in order to clarify the true extent of TGFbeta sensitivity in MSI-H CRCs. Using stimulation with exogenous TGFbeta, we demonstrated that, while MSI-H CRCs are capable of binding soluble TGFbeta, two out of three cell lines examined remain refractory to its signalling effects. In contrast, use of a specific inhibitor of the type I TGFbeta receptor (TGFbetaRI) revealed that all remain sensitive to signalling by endogenously produced TGFbeta. Specifically, autocrine signalling via TGFbetaRI mediates constitutive activation of Smad2 as well as repression of Erk signalling. Real-time PCR confirmed that these effects are sufficient to affect the expression level of various TGFbeta-modulated genes. An invasion assay revealed that autocrine TGFbetaRI signalling also promotes the invasion capacity of MSI-H CRCs to an extent similar to that seen in their non-MSI-H counterparts. Independent TGFbetaRI signalling, however, has no effect on the rate of proliferation of MSI-H CRC cells. Together, these results demonstrate that MSI-H CRC cell lines are not completely refractory to TGFbeta, despite lacking functional TGFbetaRII. In addition to clarifying the true consequences of natural TGFbetaRII loss and the independent function of TGFbetaRI, our results highlight the selective nature of TGFbeta resistance developed by cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Baker
- Department of Pathology, McGill University, Montréal, Québec H3A 2B4, Canada.
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Seo HS, Serra R. Deletion of Tgfbr2 in Prx1-cre expressing mesenchyme results in defects in development of the long bones and joints. Dev Biol 2007; 310:304-16. [PMID: 17822689 PMCID: PMC2042108 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2007.07.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2006] [Revised: 07/27/2007] [Accepted: 07/30/2007] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we address the function of Transforming Growth Factor beta (TGF-beta) and its type II receptor (Tgfbr2) in limb development in vivo. Mouse embryos were generated in which the Tgfbr2 gene was deleted in early limb mesenchyme using Prx1Cre-mediated LoxP recombination. A high level of Tgfbr2 gene deletion was verified in limb mesenchyme by PCR between E9.5 and E10.5 days in Cre expressing mice. RT-PCR assays indicated a significant depletion of Tgfbr2 mRNA by E10.5 days as a result of Cre mediated gene deletion. Furthermore, limb mesenchyme from Cre(+);Tgfbr2(f/f) mice placed in micromass culture did not respond to exogenously added TGF-beta1 confirming the functional deletion of the receptor. However, there was an unexpected increase in the number and intensity of Alcian blue stained chondrogenic nodules in micromass cultures derived from Tgfbr2-deleted limbs relative to cultures from control limbs suggesting that Tgfbr2 normally limits chondrogenesis in vitro. In vivo, early limb development and chondrocyte differentiation occurred normally in Tgfbr2-depleted mice. Later in development, depletion of Tgfbr2 in limb mesenchyme resulted in short limbs and fusion of the joints in the phalanges. Alteration in the length of the long bones was primarily due to a decrease in chondrocyte proliferation after E13.5 days. In addition, the transition from prehypertrophic to hypertrophic cells was accelerated while there was a delay in late hypertrophic differentiation leading to a reduction in the length of the marrow cavity. In the joint, cartilage cells replaced interzone cells during development. Analysis of markers for joint development indicated that the joint was specified properly and that the interzone cells were initially formed but not maintained. The results suggest that Tgfbr2 is required for normal development of the skeleton and that Tgfbr2 can act to limit chondrogenesis in mesenchymal cells like the interzone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hwa-Seon Seo
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, 35294-0005, USA
| | - Rosa Serra
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, 35294-0005, USA
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Droguett R, Cabello-Verrugio C, Riquelme C, Brandan E. Extracellular proteoglycans modify TGF-β bio-availability attenuating its signaling during skeletal muscle differentiation. Matrix Biol 2006; 25:332-41. [PMID: 16766169 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2006.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2006] [Revised: 04/19/2006] [Accepted: 04/20/2006] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The onset and progression of skeletal muscle regeneration are controlled by a complex set of interactions between muscle precursor cells and their environment. Satellite cells constitute the main source of muscle precursor cells for growth and repair. After skeletal muscle injury, cell-derived signals induce their re-entry into the cell cycle and their migration into the damaged zone, where they proliferate and differentiate into mature myofibers. The surrounding extracellular matrix (ECM) together with inhibitory growth factors, such as transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta), also likely play an important role in growth control and muscle differentiation. Decorin, biglycan and betaglycan are proteoglycans that bind TGF-beta during skeletal muscle differentiation. In this paper, we show that the binding of TGF-beta to the receptors TGF-betaRI and-betaRII diminished in a satellite cell-derived cell line during differentiation, in spite of an increase expression of both receptors. In contrast, during the differentiation of decorin-null myoblasts (Dcn null), which lack decorin expression, the binding of TGF-beta to TGF-betaRI and -betaRII increased concomitantly with receptors levels. Both the addition and re-expression of decorin, in these myoblasts, diminished the binding of TGF-beta to its transducing receptors. Similar results were obtained when biglycan was added or over-expressed in Dcn null myoblasts. The binding of TGF-beta to TGF-betaRIII, alternatively known as betaglycan, was also augmented in Dcn null myoblasts and diminished by decorin, biglycan and betaglycan. These results suggest that decorin, biglycan and betaglycan compete for the binding of TGF-beta to its transducing receptors. Transfection studies with the TGF-beta-dependent promoter of the plasminogen activator inhibitor-1, coupled with luciferase, revealed that the addition of each proteoglycan diminished TGF-beta-dependent activity, for both TGF-beta1 and -beta2. The modulation of TGF-beta signaling by ECM proteoglycans diminishing the bio-availability of TGF-beta for its transducing receptors appears to be a feasible mechanism for the attenuation of this inhibitory growth factor during skeletal muscle formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebeca Droguett
- Centro de Regulación Celular y Patología, Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, MIFAB, P. Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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Ahmed FE. Gene-gene, gene-environment & multiple interactions in colorectal cancer. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART C, ENVIRONMENTAL CARCINOGENESIS & ECOTOXICOLOGY REVIEWS 2006; 24:1-101. [PMID: 16690537 DOI: 10.1080/10590500600614295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
This review comprehensively evaluates the influence of gene-gene, gene-environment and multiple interactions on the risk of colorectal cancer (CRC). Methods of studying these interactions and their limitations have been discussed herein. There is a need to develop biomarkers of exposure and of risk that are sensitive, specific, present in the pathway of the disease, and that have been clinically tested for routine use. The influence of inherited variation (polymorphism) in several genes has been discussed in this review; however, due to study limitations and confounders, it is difficult to conclude which ones are associated with the highest risk (either individually or in combination with environmental factors) to CRC. The majority of the sporadic cancer is believed to be due to modification of mutation risk by other genetic and/or environmental factors. Micronutrient deficiency may explain the association between low consumption of fruit/vegetables and CRC in human studies. Mitochondrial modulation by dietary factors influences the balance between cell renewal and death critical in colon mucosal homeostasis. Both genetic and epigenetic interactions are intricately dependent on each other, and collectively influence the process of colorectal tumorigenesis. The genetic and environmental interactions present a good prospect and a challenge for prevention strategies for CRC because they support the view that this highly prevalent cancer is preventable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farid E Ahmed
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Leo W. Jenkins Cancer Center, The Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, North, Carolina 27858, USA.
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Ramos M, Lamé MW, Segall HJ, Wilson DW. The BMP type II receptor is located in lipid rafts, including caveolae, of pulmonary endothelium in vivo and in vitro. Vascul Pharmacol 2005; 44:50-9. [PMID: 16271518 DOI: 10.1016/j.vph.2005.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2005] [Revised: 08/23/2005] [Accepted: 09/28/2005] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Polymorphic mutations in the Bone Morphogenetic Protein type II receptor (BMPrII) gene have been implicated in the development of familial primary pulmonary hypertension (PPH) however, the role BMPrII mutations play in the development of PH has not yet been elucidated. Endothelial caveolae are an important domain of hemodynamics containing eNOS, the serotonin transporter, and endothelin receptors. In this study we show by standard immunohistochemistry (IHC) that BMPrII is widely distributed in the vasculature of the rat lung, and more specifically distributed to both apical and basal membranes of the arteriolar endothelium by fluorescent IHC. We also examined compartmentalization of BMPrII in lipid fractions of plasma membranes isolated by silica based extraction from human pulmonary artery endothelial cells and rat lung endothelium. Density gradient centrifugation demonstrated BMPrII in separate caveolin-1 (cav-1) and non-cav-1 lipid rich fractions. Electron microscopy co-localized cav-1 and BMPrII in flask shaped membrane fragments. Three-dimensional fluorescence microscopy demonstrated BMPrII in discrete membrane foci, a portion of which were co-localized with cav-1, as well as in Golgi. Our findings indicate that BMPrII is located within lipid-dense fractions of pulmonary endothelial cell membranes with a portion present in caveolae suggesting potential dynamic regulatory structural relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Ramos
- Department of Veterinary Medicine: Pathology, Immunology, Microbiology, One Shields Avenue, 1044 Haring Hall, University of California, Davis, Davis, California 95616-8617, United States.
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Liu W, Chua C, Wu X, Wang D, Ying D, Cui L, Cao Y. Inhibiting Scar Formation in Rat Wounds by Adenovirus-Mediated Overexpression of Truncated TGF-?? Receptor II. Plast Reconstr Surg 2005; 115:860-70. [PMID: 15731688 DOI: 10.1097/01.prs.0000153037.12900.45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to explore the possibility of inhibiting wound scarring by blocking TGFbeta signaling of wound cells by means of a gene therapy approach. Normal dermal fibroblasts were infected in vitro either with recombinant adenovirus encoding a truncated TGFbeta receptor II (Ad-tTGF-betaRII) or with [beta]-galactosidase adenovirus (Ad-beta-gal). TGF-beta1 gene expression in infected fibroblasts was analyzed by Northern blot. In vivo, 1x10(9) plaque-forming units of Ad-tTGF-betaRII were intradermally injected into the dorsal skin of 10-day-old newborn Sprague-Dawley rats (n = 10). For gene therapy, 1x10(9) plaque-forming units of Ad-tTGF-betaRII viruses were injected intradermally at the right side dorsal skin of another set of same aged Sprague-Dawley rats as the experimental group (n = 15). In the control group, 1x10(9) plaque-forming units of Ad-beta-gal (n = 11) or the same volume of saline (n = 4) was injected at the left side skin of the same rats. A 5-mm-long full-thickness incisional wound was created at the injection sites of each rat 2 days after injection. Wound tissues were harvested at day 3 (n = 2), day 7 (n = 2), and day 14 (n = 11) after wounding for histological analysis. Scar area of wound tissues harvested at day 14 was quantitatively analyzed. The results showed that TGF-beta1 gene expression was markedly down-regulated in Ad-tTGF-betaRII infected fibroblasts compared with Ad-beta-gal infected cells. In vivo, adenovirus-mediated transgene expression in rat skin reached a peak level at day 2 after injection and the expression gradually decreased afterward. Inhibited inflammatory reaction was also observed in the treated wounds with significantly reduced inflammatory cells (p < 0.05). Moreover, in all 11 rats, the experimental wound at day 14 had much less scarring than its control wound of the same rat, with an average of 49 percent reduction of the scar area (p < 0.05). Furthermore, more panniculus muscles were repaired in the experimental wounds (nine of 11) than in the control wounds (two of 11) (p < 0.05). These results indicate that gene therapy by targeting wound TGF-beta can effectively inhibit wound scarring and may potentially be applied to clinical scar treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Liu
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Second Medical University, Shanghai Institute of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Tissue Engineering Center, P.R. China.
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Keah HH, Hearn MTW. A molecular recognition paradigm: promiscuity associated with the ligand-receptor interactions of the activin members of the TGF-β superfamily. J Mol Recognit 2005; 18:385-403. [PMID: 15948132 DOI: 10.1002/jmr.715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The structure-function properties of the pleiotropic activins and their relationship to other members of the transforming growth factor-beta superfamily of proteins are described. In order to highlight the molecular promiscuity of these growth factors, emphasis has been placed on molecular features associated with the recognition by activin A and the bone morphogenic proteins of the corresponding extracellular domains of the ActRI and ActRII receptors. The available evidence suggests that the homodimeric activin A in its various functional roles has the propensity to fulfill key tasks in the regulation of mammalian cell behaviour, through coordination of numerous transcriptional and translational processes. Because of these profound effects, under physiologically normal conditions, activin A levels are closely controlled by a variety of binding partners, such as follistatin-288 and follistatin-315, alpha(2)-macroglobulin and other proteins. Moreover, the subunits of other members of the activin subfamily, such as activin B or activin C, are able to form heterodimers with the activin A subunit, thus providing a further avenue to positively or negatively control the physiological concentrations of activin A that are available for interaction with specific receptors and induction of cell signaling events. Based on data from X-ray crystallographic studies and homology modeling experiments, the molecular architecture of the ternary receptor-activin ligand complexes has been dissected, permitting rationalization in structural terms of the pattern of interactions that are the hallmark of this protein family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hooi Hong Keah
- Centre for Green Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton 3800, Victoria, Australia
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42
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Mitchell H, Choudhury A, Pagano RE, Leof EB. Ligand-dependent and -independent transforming growth factor-beta receptor recycling regulated by clathrin-mediated endocytosis and Rab11. Mol Biol Cell 2004; 15:4166-78. [PMID: 15229286 PMCID: PMC515349 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e04-03-0245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteins in the transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) family recognize transmembrane serine/threonine kinases known as type I and type II receptors. Binding of TGF-beta to receptors results in receptor down-regulation and signaling. Whereas previous work has focused on activities controlling TGF-beta signaling, more recent studies have begun to address the trafficking properties of TGF-beta receptors. In this report, it is shown that receptors undergo recycling both in the presence and absence of ligand activation, with the rates of internalization and recycling being unaffected by ligand binding. Recycling occurs as receptors are most likely internalized through clathrin-coated pits, and then returned to the plasma membrane via a rab11-dependent, rab4-independent mechanism. Together, the results suggest a mechanism wherein activated TGF-beta receptors are directed to a distinct endocytic pathway for down-regulation and clathrin-dependent degradation after one or more rounds of recycling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugh Mitchell
- Thoracic Diseases Research Unit, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Mayo Clinic Cancer Center, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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43
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Chin D, Boyle GM, Parsons PG, Coman WB. What is transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β)? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 57:215-21. [PMID: 15006522 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjps.2003.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2002] [Accepted: 12/10/2003] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The TGF-beta superfamily of proteins produces a wide range of frequently opposing effects in different cells and tissues in the body. However, its activation and mode of action are only partially understood because of its complexity in structure and functions and the variability in its downstream targets. Current work on these cytokines focuses on their receptors and the intercellular signalling pathways, comparing bioactivities between cell types and tracking their physiological and immunological effects in vivo. Future research will yield important therapeutic applications and the ability to manipulate these proteins in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Chin
- Melanoma Genomics and Head and Neck Group, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Herston, QLD, Australia. davidCqimr.edu.au
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44
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Wells RG, Kruglov E, Dranoff JA. Autocrine release of TGF-beta by portal fibroblasts regulates cell growth. FEBS Lett 2004; 559:107-10. [PMID: 14960316 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-5793(04)00037-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2003] [Revised: 12/01/2003] [Accepted: 01/07/2004] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Portal fibroblasts (PF) are a newly isolated population of fibrogenic cells in the liver postulated to play a significant role in early biliary fibrosis. Because transforming growth factor-beta (TGF)-beta is a key growth factor in fibrosis, we characterized the response of PF to TGF-beta. We demonstrate that PF produce significant amounts of TGF-beta2 and, unlike activated hepatic stellate cells (HSC), express all three TGF-beta receptors and are growth inhibited by TGF-beta1 and TGF-beta2. Fibroblast growth factor (FGF)-2, but not platelet derived growth factor (PDGF), causes PF proliferation. These data suggest a mechanism whereby HSC eclipse PF as the dominant myofibroblast population in biliary fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca G Wells
- The University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, 600 CRB/6140, 415 Curie Blvd., Philadelphia, PA 19104-6140, USA.
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45
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Xavier S, Piek E, Fujii M, Javelaud D, Mauviel A, Flanders KC, Samuni AM, Felici A, Reiss M, Yarkoni S, Sowers A, Mitchell JB, Roberts AB, Russo A. Amelioration of radiation-induced fibrosis: inhibition of transforming growth factor-beta signaling by halofuginone. J Biol Chem 2004; 279:15167-76. [PMID: 14732719 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m309798200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Radiation-induced fibrosis is an untoward effect of high dose therapeutic and inadvertent exposure to ionizing radiation. Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) has been proposed to be critical in tissue repair mechanisms resulting from radiation injury. Previously, we showed that interruption of TGF-beta signaling by deletion of Smad3 results in resistance to radiation-induced injury. In the current study, a small molecular weight molecule, halofuginone (100 nm), is demonstrated by reporter assays to inhibit the TGF-beta signaling pathway, by Northern blotting to elevate inhibitory Smad7 expression within 15 min, and by Western blotting to inhibit formation of phospho-Smad2 and phospho-Smad3 and to decrease cytosolic and membrane TGF-beta type II receptor (TbetaRII). Attenuation of TbetaRII levels was noted as early as 1 h and down-regulation persisted for 24 h. Halofuginone blocked TGF-beta-induced delocalization of tight junction ZO-1, a marker of epidermal mesenchymal transition, in NMuMg mammary epithelial cells and suggest halofuginone may have in vivo anti-fibrogenesis characteristics. After documenting the in vitro cellular effects, halofuginone (intraperitoneum injection of 1, 2.5, or 5 microg/mouse/day) efficacy was assessed using ionizing radiation-induced (single dose, 35 or 45 Gy) hind leg contraction in C3H/Hen mice. Halofuginone treatment alone exerted no toxicity but significantly lessened radiation-induced fibrosis. The effectiveness of radiation treatment (2 gray/day for 5 days) of squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) tumors grown in C3H/Hen was not affected by halofuginone. The results detail the molecular effects of halofuginone on the TGF-beta signal pathway and show that halofuginone may lessen radiation-induced fibrosis in humans.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Blotting, Northern
- Blotting, Western
- COS Cells
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/drug therapy
- Cell Line
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cells, Cultured
- DNA-Binding Proteins/metabolism
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Down-Regulation
- Fibrosis/metabolism
- Gene Deletion
- Genes, Reporter
- Humans
- Immunoblotting
- MAP Kinase Signaling System
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C3H
- Microscopy, Confocal
- Microscopy, Fluorescence
- Piperidines
- Plasmids/metabolism
- Protein Synthesis Inhibitors/therapeutic use
- Quinazolines/therapeutic use
- Quinazolinones
- Radiation Pneumonitis/drug therapy
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Signal Transduction
- Smad3 Protein
- Time Factors
- Trans-Activators/metabolism
- Transforming Growth Factor beta/metabolism
- Transforming Growth Factor beta1
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandhya Xavier
- Radiation Biology Branch, Nationa Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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Colasante A, Aiello FB, Brunetti M, di Giovine FS. Gene expression of transforming growth factor β receptors I and II in non-small-cell lung tumors. Cytokine 2003; 24:182-9. [PMID: 14596814 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2003.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Transforming growth factor (TGF)beta inhibits normal epithelial cell proliferation. A decreased expression of TGFbeta receptors (TbetaR) has been associated with loss of TGFbeta sensitivity and enhanced tumor progression in many types of cancer. Although lung cancer is one of the leading causes of cancer death, a comparative analysis of TbetaR mRNA and protein expression in non-small-cell (NSC) lung tumors has not been performed. Lung tumor tissues and control non-lesional lung tissues were obtained from 17 patients undergoing thoracotomy for primary NSC lung tumors in clinical stage II. Each tissue sample was studied for TbetaRI and TbetaRII mRNA and immunoreactive protein expression, using a semi-quantitative reverse transcription-PCR method, and a quantitative immunohistochemistry method, respectively. TbetaRI protein expression was higher in tumors than in controls (p=0.0005) and a similar trend was present at the mRNA level. TbetaRII protein expression was not significantly different between tumors and controls, however an intense peri-nuclear staining for TbetaRII was observed in several tumor cells. TbetaRII mRNA levels were lower in tumors than in controls (p=0.005) and an inverse relation between TbetaRII mRNA and protein expression was detected in tumors (p=0.0013). Our findings suggest an altered function of the TbetaR system in NSC lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Colasante
- Department of Oncology and Neuroscience, G. D'Annunzio University, Anatomia Patologica, Ospedale SS. Annunziata, Via dei Vestini, 66013, Chieti, Italy.
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Lindschau C, Quass P, Menne J, Güler F, Fiebeler A, Leitges M, Luft FC, Haller H. Glucose-induced TGF-beta1 and TGF-beta receptor-1 expression in vascular smooth muscle cells is mediated by protein kinase C-alpha. Hypertension 2003; 42:335-41. [PMID: 12939231 DOI: 10.1161/01.hyp.0000087839.72582.dd] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Sclerosis and increased matrix expression in diabetes are mediated by glucose-induced transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta1 expression. The intracellular effects of high glucose occur at least in part by way of protein kinase C (PKC). We previously described a role for PKC-alpha in glucose-induced permeability. We now investigated the hypothesis that glucose-induced expression of TGF-beta1 and its receptors (TGF-beta-R1 and -R2) are mediated by activation of this PKC isoform. TGF-beta1 and TGF-beta-R expressions were determined in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) by immunocytochemistry and Western blotting. PKC isoforms were assessed by confocal microscopy. PKC isoforms were inhibited with antisense oligodeoxynucleotides. PKC-alpha was upregulated by overexpression or microinjection. High glucose (20 mmol/L) increased VSMC TGF-beta1 and TGF-beta-R1 expression but not TGF-beta-R2 expression. PKC inhibitors and specific PKC-alpha downregulation by antisense treatment prevented this effect, whereas antisense treatment against PKC-beta, -epsilon, and -zeta had no influence. PKC-alpha overexpression increased TGF-beta1 and TGF-beta-R1 expression but not TGF-beta-R2 expression. PKC-alpha microinjection into individual VSMCs also increased TGF-beta1 and TGF-beta-R immunofluorescence. Last, VSMCs from PKC-alpha-deficient mice did not respond to high glucose compared with VSMCs from wild-type mice. We propose that high glucose-induced TGF-beta1 and TGF-beta-R1 expression is mediated by PKC-alpha. Our findings suggest an autocrine feedback mechanism and a possible role for PKC-alpha in diabetic vascular disease.
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MESH Headings
- Activin Receptors, Type I/genetics
- Activin Receptors, Type I/metabolism
- Animals
- Blotting, Western
- Cells, Cultured
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Enzyme Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Fluorescent Antibody Technique
- Gene Expression Regulation/drug effects
- Glucose/pharmacology
- Green Fluorescent Proteins
- Luminescent Proteins/genetics
- Luminescent Proteins/metabolism
- Microscopy, Confocal
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/cytology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/drug effects
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/metabolism
- Naphthalenes/pharmacology
- Oligonucleotides, Antisense/genetics
- Oligonucleotides, Antisense/pharmacology
- Protein Kinase C/antagonists & inhibitors
- Protein Kinase C/genetics
- Protein Kinase C/metabolism
- Protein Kinase C-alpha
- Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases
- Rats
- Receptor, Transforming Growth Factor-beta Type I
- Receptors, Transforming Growth Factor beta/genetics
- Receptors, Transforming Growth Factor beta/metabolism
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/genetics
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Staurosporine/pharmacology
- Time Factors
- Transforming Growth Factor beta/genetics
- Transforming Growth Factor beta/metabolism
- Transforming Growth Factor beta1
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Tarakanova VL, Wold WSM. Transforming growth factor beta1 receptor II is downregulated by E1A in adenovirus-infected cells. J Virol 2003; 77:9324-36. [PMID: 12915548 PMCID: PMC187388 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.77.17.9324-9336.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Transforming growth factor beta1 (TGF-beta1) signaling is compromised in many tumors, thereby allowing the tumor to escape the growth-inhibitory and proapoptotic activities of the cytokine. Human adenoviruses interfere with a number of cellular pathways involved in cell cycle regulation and apoptosis, initially placing the cell in a "tumor-like" state by forcing quiescent cells into the cell cycle and also inhibiting apoptosis. We report that adenovirus-infected cells resemble tumor cells in that TGF-beta1 signaling is inhibited. The levels of TGF-beta1 receptor II (TbetaRII) in adenovirus-infected cells were decreased, and this decrease was mapped, by using virus mutants, to the E1A gene and to amino acids 2 to 36 and the C-terminal binding protein binding site in the E1A protein. The decrease in the TbetaRII protein was accompanied by a decrease in TbetaRII mRNA. The decrease in TbetaRII protein levels in adenovirus-infected cells was greater than the decrease in TbetaRII mRNA, suggesting that downregulation of the TbetaRII protein may occur through more than one mechanism. Surprisingly in this context, the half-lives of the TbetaRII protein in infected and uninfected cells were similar. TGF-beta1 signaling was compromised in cells infected with wild-type adenovirus, as measured with 3TP-lux, a TGF-beta-sensitive reporter plasmid expressing luciferase. Adenovirus mutants deficient in TbetaRII downregulation did not inhibit TGF-beta1 signaling. TGF-beta1 pretreatment reduced the relative abundance of adenovirus structural proteins in infected cells, an effect that was potentiated when cells were infected with mutants incapable of modulating the TGF-beta signaling pathway. These results raise the possibility that inhibition of TGF-beta signaling by E1A is a means by which adenovirus counters the antiviral defenses of the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera L Tarakanova
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63104, USA.
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Nicolás FJ, Hill CS. Attenuation of the TGF-beta-Smad signaling pathway in pancreatic tumor cells confers resistance to TGF-beta-induced growth arrest. Oncogene 2003; 22:3698-711. [PMID: 12802277 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1206420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
We have investigated the mechanism whereby tumor cells become resistant to the antiproliferative effects of transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta, while maintaining other responses that can lead to increased malignancy and invasiveness. TGF-beta signaling results in nuclear accumulation of active Smad complexes which regulate transcription of target genes. Here we show that in two pancreatic carcinoma cell lines, PT45 and Panc-1, that are resistant to TGF-beta-induced growth arrest, the TGF-beta-Smad signaling pathway is attenuated compared with epithelial cells that are sensitive to the antiproliferative effects of TGF-beta (HaCaT and Colo-357). In PT45 and Panc-1 cells, active Smad complexes remain nuclear for only 1-2 h compared with more than 6 h in HaCaT and Colo-357 cells. The attenuated pathway in PT45 and Panc-1 cells correlates with low levels of TGF-beta type I receptor and results in an altered expression profile of TGF-beta-inducible genes required for cell cycle arrest. Most significantly, expression of the CDK inhibitor, p21(Cip1/WAF1), which is required for TGF-beta-induced growth arrest in these cells, is not maintained. Moreover, we show that artificially attenuating the TGF-beta-Smad signaling pathway in HaCaT cells is sufficient to prevent TGF-beta-induced growth arrest. Our results demonstrate that the duration of TGF-beta-Smad signaling is a critical determinant of the specificity of the TGF-beta response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco J Nicolás
- Laboratory of Developmental Signalling, Cancer Research UK London Research Institute, Lincoln's Inn Fields Laboratories, 44 Lincoln's Inn Fields, UK
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Raju J, McCarthy B, Bird RP. Steady state levels of transforming growth factor-beta1 and -beta2 mRNA and protein expression are elevated in colonic tumors in vivo irrespective of dietary lipids intervention. Int J Cancer 2002; 100:635-41. [PMID: 12209600 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.10522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Colonic tumors of human origin produce abundant transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta suggesting that TGF-beta is critical to their growth. Dietary lipids regulate a number of growth factors including TGF-beta. Whether elevated TGF-beta levels are consistently expressed in colonic tumors irrespective of the environmental milieu in an in vivo model is not known and forms the main objective of the present study. Male F344 rats were injected with azoxymethane, 10 weeks later, rats bearing preneoplastic lesions were fed a low fat (5% corn oil) diet and 3 high fat (5% corn oil with 18% corn oil, fish oil or beef tallow) diets for 16 weeks. Colonic tumors and mucosae were processed and assessed for TGF-beta status. TGF-beta1 and -beta2 mRNA levels were upregulated in colonic tumors more than in mucosae of all diet groups. Dietary lipids modulated TGF-beta mRNA in both tumors and mucosae, high corn and fish oil diets upregulated TGF-beta1 significantly more than the low fat corn oil or high fat beef tallow diets. Immunohistochemical assessments of tissues with different biological features revealed that TGF-beta1 and -beta2 were elevated in tumors and in selected microscopic preneoplastic lesions compared to normal mucosae. This is the first in vivo study, documenting that developing colonic tumors acquire upregulated TGF-beta phenotype even in the presence of lipid environments capable of differentially regulating TGF-beta in normal mucosae. Elevated expression of TGF-beta in a selected subset of microscopic preneoplastic lesions suggests that TGF-beta plays an important role on both early and late stages of colon carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayadev Raju
- Department of Human Nutritional Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, R3T 2N2 Manitoba, Canada
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