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Nguyen H, Glaaser IW, Slesinger PA. Direct modulation of G protein-gated inwardly rectifying potassium (GIRK) channels. Front Physiol 2024; 15:1386645. [PMID: 38903913 PMCID: PMC11187414 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2024.1386645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Ion channels play a pivotal role in regulating cellular excitability and signal transduction processes. Among the various ion channels, G-protein-coupled inwardly rectifying potassium (GIRK) channels serve as key mediators of neurotransmission and cellular responses to extracellular signals. GIRK channels are members of the larger family of inwardly-rectifying potassium (Kir) channels. Typically, GIRK channels are activated via the direct binding of G-protein βγ subunits upon the activation of G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). GIRK channel activation requires the presence of the lipid signaling molecule, phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2). GIRK channels are also modulated by endogenous proteins and other molecules, including RGS proteins, cholesterol, and SNX27 as well as exogenous compounds, such as alcohol. In the last decade or so, several groups have developed novel drugs and small molecules, such as ML297, GAT1508 and GiGA1, that activate GIRK channels in a G-protein independent manner. Here, we aim to provide a comprehensive overview focusing on the direct modulation of GIRK channels by G-proteins, PIP2, cholesterol, and novel modulatory compounds. These studies offer valuable insights into the underlying molecular mechanisms of channel function, and have potential implications for both basic research and therapeutic development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Paul A. Slesinger
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
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2
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Kmiec Z, Kieżun J, Krazinski BE, Kwiatkowski P, Godlewski J. The role of galanin in the progression and prognosis of colorectal cancer: the unfinished story. Eur J Histochem 2024; 68:3990. [PMID: 38568200 PMCID: PMC11017717 DOI: 10.4081/ejh.2024.3990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024] Open
Abstract
The paper presents a summary of immunohistochemical (IHC) and biochemical investigations on the presence of galanin (Gal), one of the neuropeptides abundant in the enteric nervous systems, and three types of its receptors (GalR1-3) in colorectal cancer (CRC) tissue and non-involved colon wall and their associations with clinical-pathological data of the CRC patients. We were the first to morphologically demonstrate the presence of endogenous Gal in CRC sections and measure its content in homogenates of tumor tissue and dissected compartments of unchanged colon wall. The prominent atrophy of myenteric plexuses displaying Gal immunoreactivity (Gal-Ir) located close to the tumor invasion was found to be accompanied by higher Gal content in the tumor-adjacent muscularis externa than in tumor-distant tissue. In further studies for the first time, we demonstrated by the IHC technique the presence of the GalR1-3 receptors in the CRC tumors and the colon mucosa and found that higher GalR3-Ir in the tumor tissue correlated with longer overall survival of CRC patients. Furthermore, we discovered that lower GalR1 expression in submucosal plexuses located near the tumor correlated with a better prognosis in patients with CRC. These findings suggest that GalR1 could be considered as a novel therapeutic target in CRC. In conclusion, our morphological investigations provided novel data documenting the involvement of Gal and its receptors in the progression of CRC and showed the usefulness of the IHC technique for the prognosis of CRC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zbigniew Kmiec
- Department of Histology, Medical University of Gdansk; Department of Human Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn.
| | - Jacek Kieżun
- Department of Human Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn.
| | - Bartlomiej E Krazinski
- Department of Human Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn.
| | - Przemyslaw Kwiatkowski
- Department of Hematology with Bone Marrow Transplantation Unit, Clinical Hospital of the Ministry of Internal Affairs and Administration with the Warmia-Mazury Oncology Centre in Olsztyn.
| | - Janusz Godlewski
- Department of Human Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn.
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Gallagher DM, O'Harte FPM, Irwin N. An update on galanin and spexin and their potential for the treatment of type 2 diabetes and related metabolic disorders. Peptides 2024; 171:171096. [PMID: 37714335 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2023.171096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Revised: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/17/2023]
Abstract
Spexin (SPX) and galanin (GAL) are two neuropeptides widely expressed in the central nervous system as well as within peripheral tissues in humans and other species. SPX and GAL mediate their biological actions through binding and activation of galanin receptors (GALR), namely GALR1, GALR2 and GLAR3. GAL appears to trigger all three galanin receptors, whereas SPX interacts more specifically with GALR2 and GLAR3. Whilst the biological effects of GAL have been well-described over the years, in-depth knowledge of physiological action profile of SPX is still in its preliminary stages. However, it is recognised that both peptides play a significant role in modulating overall energy homeostasis, suggesting possible therapeutically exploitable benefits in diseases such as obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Accordingly, although both peptides activate GALR's, it appears GAL may be more useful for the treatment of eating disorders such as anorexia and bulimia, whereas SPX may find therapeutic application for obesity and obesity-driven forms of diabetes. This short narrative review aims to provide an up-to-date account of SPX and GAL biology together with putative approaches on exploiting these peptides for the treatment of metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel M Gallagher
- Diabetes Research Centre, Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Ulster University, Coleraine, Northern Ireland, BT52 1SA, UK
| | - Finbarr P M O'Harte
- Diabetes Research Centre, Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Ulster University, Coleraine, Northern Ireland, BT52 1SA, UK
| | - Nigel Irwin
- Diabetes Research Centre, Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Ulster University, Coleraine, Northern Ireland, BT52 1SA, UK.
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Yuan P, Li X, Xiong WJ, Jiang J, Jiang R. Downregulation of the expression of galanin impairs erectile function in hypoandrogenic rats. Sex Med 2023; 11:qfad029. [PMID: 37351545 PMCID: PMC10281959 DOI: 10.1093/sexmed/qfad029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Revised: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The relationship between galanin and erectile function under low androgen levels is still unclear. Aim To explore whether a low testosterone level damages the erection of a rat by regulating the expression of galanin and GalR in penile cavernous tissue. Methods Thirty-six male Sprague-Dawley rats, 8 weeks of age, were randomly grouped as follows (n = 6): control, castration, castration + testosterone replacement, control + transfection, castration + transfection, and castration + empty transfection. At 4 weeks after castration, rats in the transfection group were injected with lentivirus carrying the targeting galanin gene (2 × 108 TU/mL, 10 μL) in the corpus cavernosum. After 1 week of injection, the intracavernosal pressure (ICP), mean arterial blood pressure (MAP), nitric oxide (NO), serum testosterone concentration, galanin, GalR1-3, ROCK1, ROCK2, and p-eNOS/eNOS in the rat penile tissues were evaluated. Outcomes ICPmax/MAP and the expression of galanin in the corpus cavernosum in castrated rats were obviously decreased as compared with those in the control rats. Results The castrated rats showed remarkably lower ICPmax/MAP, galanin, GalR1-3, p-eNOS/eNOS, and NO content and markedly higher ROCK1 and ROCK2 in penile tissues than the control group (P < .05). The transfected rats administrated with LV Gal had obviously higher ICPmax/MAP, p-eNOS/eNOS, and NO content and less ROCK1 and ROCK2 protein expression in the corpus cavernosum when compared with the castration group (P < .05). Clinical Translation Upregulating the expression of galanin in the penile corpus cavernosum might be a novel method of treating erectile dysfunction caused by a low androgen level. Strengths and Limitations The conclusions obtained in the animal experiments need to be confirmed in human data. Conclusion The erectile function of hypoandrogen rats might be inhibited by downregulating the level of galanin and GalR1-3, upregulating ROCK1 and ROCK2 levels, and inhibiting the eNOS/NO signaling pathway in penile corpus cavernosum.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Wen-ju Xiong
- Department of Urology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, China
| | - Jun Jiang
- Corresponding authors: Department of Thyroid Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Taiping Road, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, China. . Department of Urology, Nephropathy Clinical Medical Research Center of Sichuan Province, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Taiping Road, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, China.
| | - Rui Jiang
- Corresponding authors: Department of Thyroid Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Taiping Road, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, China. . Department of Urology, Nephropathy Clinical Medical Research Center of Sichuan Province, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Taiping Road, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, China.
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Li B, Wang H, Zhang Y, Liu Y, Zhou T, Zhou B, Zhang Y, Chen R, Xing J, He L, Salinas JM, Koyama S, Meng F, Wan Y. Current Perspectives of Neuroendocrine Regulation in Liver Fibrosis. Cells 2022; 11:cells11233783. [PMID: 36497043 PMCID: PMC9736734 DOI: 10.3390/cells11233783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2022] [Revised: 11/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver fibrosis is a complicated process that involves different cell types and pathological factors. The excessive accumulation of extracellular matrix (ECM) and the formation of fibrotic scar disrupt the tissue homeostasis of the liver, eventually leading to cirrhosis and even liver failure. Myofibroblasts derived from hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) contribute to the development of liver fibrosis by producing ECM in the area of injuries. It has been reported that the secretion of the neuroendocrine hormone in chronic liver injury is different from a healthy liver. Activated HSCs and cholangiocytes express specific receptors in response to these neuropeptides released from the neuroendocrine system and other neuroendocrine cells. Neuroendocrine hormones and their receptors form a complicated network that regulates hepatic inflammation, which controls the progression of liver fibrosis. This review summarizes neuroendocrine regulation in liver fibrosis from three aspects. The first part describes the mechanisms of liver fibrosis. The second part presents the neuroendocrine sources and neuroendocrine compartments in the liver. The third section discusses the effects of various neuroendocrine factors, such as substance P (SP), melatonin, as well as α-calcitonin gene-related peptide (α-CGRP), on liver fibrosis and the potential therapeutic interventions for liver fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bowen Li
- School of Basic Medical Science, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
| | - Hui Wang
- School of Basic Medical Science, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
| | - Yudian Zhang
- School of Basic Medical Science, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
| | - Ying Liu
- School of Basic Medical Science, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
| | - Tiejun Zhou
- Department of Pathology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
| | - Bingru Zhou
- School of Basic Medical Science, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- School of Basic Medical Science, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
| | - Rong Chen
- School of Basic Medical Science, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
| | - Juan Xing
- School of Basic Medical Science, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
| | - Longfei He
- School of Basic Medical Science, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
| | - Jennifer Mata Salinas
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
- Richard L. Roudebush VA Medical Center, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Sachiko Koyama
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
- Richard L. Roudebush VA Medical Center, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Fanyin Meng
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
- Richard L. Roudebush VA Medical Center, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
- Correspondence: (F.M.); (Y.W.)
| | - Ying Wan
- School of Basic Medical Science, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
- Correspondence: (F.M.); (Y.W.)
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Puri S, Kenyon BM, Hamrah P. Immunomodulatory Role of Neuropeptides in the Cornea. Biomedicines 2022; 10:1985. [PMID: 36009532 PMCID: PMC9406019 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10081985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The transparency of the cornea along with its dense sensory innervation and resident leukocyte populations make it an ideal tissue to study interactions between the nervous and immune systems. The cornea is the most densely innervated tissue of the body and possesses both immune and vascular privilege, in part due to its unique repertoire of resident immune cells. Corneal nerves produce various neuropeptides that have a wide range of functions on immune cells. As research in this area expands, further insights are made into the role of neuropeptides and their immunomodulatory functions in the healthy and diseased cornea. Much remains to be known regarding the details of neuropeptide signaling and how it contributes to pathophysiology, which is likely due to complex interactions among neuropeptides, receptor isoform-specific signaling events, and the inflammatory microenvironment in disease. However, progress in this area has led to an increase in studies that have begun modulating neuropeptide activity for the treatment of corneal diseases with promising results, necessitating the need for a comprehensive review of the literature. This review focuses on the role of neuropeptides in maintaining the homeostasis of the ocular surface, alterations in disease settings, and the possible therapeutic potential of targeting these systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudan Puri
- Center for Translational Ocular Immunology, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Brendan M. Kenyon
- Center for Translational Ocular Immunology, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111, USA
- Program in Neuroscience, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Pedram Hamrah
- Center for Translational Ocular Immunology, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111, USA
- Program in Neuroscience, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University, Boston, MA 02111, USA
- Departments of Immunology and Neuroscience, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111, USA
- Cornea Service, Tufts New England Eye Center, Boston, MA 02111, USA
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Abstract
The neuropeptide system encompasses the most diverse family of neurotransmitters, but their expression, cellular localization, and functional role in the human brain have received limited attention. Here, we study human postmortem samples from prefrontal cortex (PFC), a key brain region, and employ RNA sequencing and RNAscope methods integrated with published single-cell data. Our aim is to characterize the distribution of peptides and their receptors in 17 PFC subregions and to explore their role in chemical signaling. The results suggest that the well-established anatomical and functional heterogeneity of human PFC is also reflected in the expression pattern of the neuropeptides. Our findings support ongoing efforts from academia and pharmaceutical companies to explore the potential of neuropeptide receptors as targets for drug development. Human prefrontal cortex (hPFC) is a complex brain region involved in cognitive and emotional processes and several psychiatric disorders. Here, we present an overview of the distribution of the peptidergic systems in 17 subregions of hPFC and three reference cortices obtained by microdissection and based on RNA sequencing and RNAscope methods integrated with published single-cell transcriptomics data. We detected expression of 60 neuropeptides and 60 neuropeptide receptors in at least one of the hPFC subregions. The results reveal that the peptidergic landscape in PFC consists of closely located and functionally different subregions with unique peptide/transmitter–related profiles. Neuropeptide-rich PFC subregions were identified, encompassing regions from anterior cingulate cortex/orbitofrontal gyrus. Furthermore, marked differences in gene expression exist between different PFC regions (>5-fold; cocaine and amphetamine–regulated transcript peptide) as well as between PFC regions and reference regions, for example, for somatostatin and several receptors. We suggest that the present approach allows definition of, still hypothetical, microcircuits exemplified by glutamatergic neurons expressing a peptide cotransmitter either as an agonist (hypocretin/orexin) or antagonist (galanin). Specific neuropeptide receptors have been identified as possible targets for neuronal afferents and, interestingly, peripheral blood-borne peptide hormones (leptin, adiponectin, gastric inhibitory peptide, glucagon-like peptides, and peptide YY). Together with other recent publications, our results support the view that neuropeptide systems may play an important role in hPFC and underpin the concept that neuropeptide signaling helps stabilize circuit connectivity and fine-tune/modulate PFC functions executed during health and disease.
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Sánchez ML, Coveñas R. The Galaninergic System: A Target for Cancer Treatment. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:3755. [PMID: 35954419 PMCID: PMC9367524 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14153755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Revised: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this review is to show the involvement of the galaninergic system in neuroendocrine (phaeochromocytomas, insulinomas, neuroblastic tumors, pituitary tumors, small-cell lung cancer) and non-neuroendocrine (gastric cancer, colorectal cancer, head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, glioma) tumors. The galaninergic system is involved in tumorigenesis, invasion/migration of tumor cells and angiogenesis, and this system has been correlated with tumor size/stage/subtypes, metastasis and recurrence rate. In the galaninergic system, epigenetic mechanisms have been related with carcinogenesis and recurrence rate. Galanin (GAL) exerts both proliferative and antiproliferative actions in tumor cells. GAL receptors (GALRs) mediate different signal transduction pathways and actions, depending on the particular G protein involved and the tumor cell type. In general, the activation of GAL1R promoted an antiproliferative effect, whereas the activation of GAL2R induced antiproliferative or proliferative actions. GALRs could be used in certain tumors as therapeutic targets and diagnostic markers for treatment, prognosis and surgical outcome. The current data show the importance of the galaninergic system in the development of certain tumors and suggest future potential clinical antitumor applications using GAL agonists or antagonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Lisardo Sánchez
- Laboratorio de Neuroanatomía de los Sistema Peptidérgicos (Lab. 14), Instituto de Neurociencias de Castilla y León (INCYL), Universidad de Salamanca, c/Pintor Fernando Gallego 1, 37007 Salamanca, Spain;
| | - Rafael Coveñas
- Laboratorio de Neuroanatomía de los Sistema Peptidérgicos (Lab. 14), Instituto de Neurociencias de Castilla y León (INCYL), Universidad de Salamanca, c/Pintor Fernando Gallego 1, 37007 Salamanca, Spain;
- Grupo GIR USAL: BMD (Bases Moleculares del Desarrollo), University of Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
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Aertgeerts K, Ho TT, Yan YG. Optimization of Recombinant GPCR Proteins for Biophysical and Structural Studies Using Virus-like Particles. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2507:327-336. [PMID: 35773590 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2368-8_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Overexpression of biologically functional GPCRs and homogeneous purified protein solutions are required to enable structural studies and protein-based biophysical assay development. Iterative and time-consuming optimization cycles of protein engineering, expression, and purification are often needed to achieve the desired protein quantity and quality. Here, we describe the reconstitution of GPCRs in virus-like particles (VLPs) and their use in biophysical assays to characterize protein yield, stability, and small molecule ligand binding. This approach prevents the need for time-consuming detergent solubilization and protein purification during recombinant GPCR protein optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Thao T Ho
- Biology Department, Vertex Pharmaceuticals, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Yingzhou G Yan
- Neuroscience TRC, Bristol Myers Squibb, San Diego, CA, USA
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Involvement of Scratch2 in GalR1-mediated depression-like behaviors in the rat ventral periaqueductal gray. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:1922586118. [PMID: 34108238 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1922586118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Galanin receptor1 (GalR1) transcript levels are elevated in the rat ventral periaqueductal gray (vPAG) after chronic mild stress (CMS) and are related to depression-like behavior. To explore the mechanisms underlying the elevated GalR1 expression, we carried out molecular biological experiments in vitro and in animal behavioral experiments in vivo. It was found that a restricted upstream region of the GalR1 gene, from -250 to -220, harbors an E-box and plays a negative role in the GalR1 promoter activity. The transcription factor Scratch2 bound to the E-box to down-regulate GalR1 promoter activity and lower expression levels of the GalR1 gene. The expression of Scratch2 was significantly decreased in the vPAG of CMS rats. Importantly, local knockdown of Scratch2 in the vPAG caused elevated expression of GalR1 in the same region, as well as depression-like behaviors. RNAscope analysis revealed that GalR1 mRNA is expressed together with Scratch2 in both GABA and glutamate neurons. Taking these data together, our study further supports the involvement of GalR1 in mood control and suggests a role for Scratch2 as a regulator of depression-like behavior by repressing the GalR1 gene in the vPAG.
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Oliveira Volpe CM, Vaz T, Rocha-Silva F, Villar-Delfino PH, Nogueira-Machado JA. Is Galanin a Promising Therapeutic Resource for Neural and Nonneural Diseases? Curr Drug Targets 2021; 21:922-929. [PMID: 32096740 DOI: 10.2174/1389450121666200225112055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Revised: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Galanin (GAL) constitutes a family of neuropeptides composed of four peptides: (i) galanin (GAL), (ii) galanin-message associated peptide (GAMP), (iii) galanin-like peptide (GALP), and (iv) alarin. GAL contains 29/30 amino acids, and its biological action occurs through the interactions with its various receptors (GALR1, GALR2, and GALR3). The neuropeptide GAL regulates several physiological and pathophysiological functions in the central nervous system, the peripheral nervous system, and the peripheral organs. GAL is secreted mainly by oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, and the gastrointestinal tract, and its effect depends on the interaction with its different receptors. These receptors are expressed mainly in the central, peripheral nervous systems and the intestines. OBJECTIVE The present review evaluates the role of GAL family in inflammatory diseases. An overview is given of the signaling and pharmacological effects due to the interaction between GAL and GALR in different cell types. The potential use of GAL as a therapeutic resource is critically discussed. CONCLUSION GAL is suggested to have an anti-inflammatory function in some situations and a proinflammatory function in others. The literature on GAL is controversial and currently not conclusive. This could be due to the complexity of the metabolic network signaling induced by the interactions between GAL and GALR. In the next future, GAL might be a promising therapeutic resource for several diseases, but its practical use for disease control is presently not advisable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Maria Oliveira Volpe
- Nucleo de Pos-Graduacao e Pesquisa, Hospital Santa Casa de Belo Horizonte, Rua Domingos Vieira 590, Santa Efigenia, 30150-240, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Tatiana Vaz
- Nucleo de Pos-Graduacao e Pesquisa, Hospital Santa Casa de Belo Horizonte, Rua Domingos Vieira 590, Santa Efigenia, 30150-240, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Fabiana Rocha-Silva
- Nucleo de Pos-Graduacao e Pesquisa, Hospital Santa Casa de Belo Horizonte, Rua Domingos Vieira 590, Santa Efigenia, 30150-240, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Pedro Henrique Villar-Delfino
- Nucleo de Pos-Graduacao e Pesquisa, Hospital Santa Casa de Belo Horizonte, Rua Domingos Vieira 590, Santa Efigenia, 30150-240, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - José Augusto Nogueira-Machado
- Nucleo de Pos-Graduacao e Pesquisa, Hospital Santa Casa de Belo Horizonte, Rua Domingos Vieira 590, Santa Efigenia, 30150-240, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
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Liu F, Yajima T, Wang M, Shen JF, Ichikawa H, Sato T. Effects of trigeminal nerve injury on the expression of galanin and its receptors in the rat trigeminal ganglion. Neuropeptides 2020; 84:102098. [PMID: 33069139 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2020.102098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2020] [Revised: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
In the spinal nervous system, the expression of galanin (GAL) and galanin receptors (GALRs) that play important roles in the transmission and modulation of nociceptive information can be affected by nerve injury. However, in the trigeminal nervous system, the effects of trigeminal nerve injury on the expression of GAL are controversy in the previous studies. Besides, little is known about the effects of trigeminal nerve injury on the expression of GALRs. In the present study, the effects of trigeminal nerve injury on the expression of GAL and GALRs in the rat trigeminal ganglion (TG) were investigated by using quantitative real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemistry. To identify the nerve-injured and nerve-uninjured TG neurons, activating transcription factor 3 (ATF3, the nerve-injured neuron marker) was stained by immunofluorescence. The levels of GAL mRNA in the rostral half and caudal half of the TG dramatically increased after transection of infraorbital nerve (ION) and inferior alveolar nerve (IAN), respectively. Immunohistochemical labeling of GAL and ATF3 revealed that GAL level was elevated in both injured and adjacent uninjured small and medium-sized TG neurons after ION/IAN transection. In addition, the levels of GAL2R-like immunoreactivity were reduced in both injured and adjacent uninjured TG neurons after ION/IAN transection, while levels of GAL1R and GAL3R-like immunoreactivity remained unchanged. Furthermore, the number of small to medium-sized TG neurons co-expressing GAL- and GAL1R/GAL2R/GAL3R-like immunoreactivity was significantly increased after ION/IAN transection. In line with previous studies in other spinal neuron systems, these results suggest that GAL and GALRs play functional roles in orofacial neuropathic pain and trigeminal nerve regeneration after trigeminal nerve injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Liu
- Division of Oral and Craniofacial Anatomy, Graduate School of Dentistry, Tohoku University, 4-1 Seiryo machi, Sendai 980-8575, Japan; State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department II of Prosthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province 610041, China.
| | - Takehiro Yajima
- Division of Oral and Craniofacial Anatomy, Graduate School of Dentistry, Tohoku University, 4-1 Seiryo machi, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Min Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department II of Prosthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province 610041, China
| | - Jie-Fei Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department II of Prosthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province 610041, China
| | - Hiroyuki Ichikawa
- Division of Oral and Craniofacial Anatomy, Graduate School of Dentistry, Tohoku University, 4-1 Seiryo machi, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Tadasu Sato
- Division of Oral and Craniofacial Anatomy, Graduate School of Dentistry, Tohoku University, 4-1 Seiryo machi, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
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13
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Insights into Potential Targets for Therapeutic Intervention in Epilepsy. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21228573. [PMID: 33202963 PMCID: PMC7697405 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21228573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Revised: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy is a chronic brain disease that affects approximately 65 million people worldwide. However, despite the continuous development of antiepileptic drugs, over 30% patients with epilepsy progress to drug-resistant epilepsy. For this reason, it is a high priority objective in preclinical research to find novel therapeutic targets and to develop effective drugs that prevent or reverse the molecular mechanisms underlying epilepsy progression. Among these potential therapeutic targets, we highlight currently available information involving signaling pathways (Wnt/β-catenin, Mammalian Target of Rapamycin (mTOR) signaling and zinc signaling), enzymes (carbonic anhydrase), proteins (erythropoietin, copine 6 and complement system), channels (Transient Receptor Potential Vanilloid Type 1 (TRPV1) channel) and receptors (galanin and melatonin receptors). All of them have demonstrated a certain degree of efficacy not only in controlling seizures but also in displaying neuroprotective activity and in modifying the progression of epilepsy. Although some research with these specific targets has been done in relation with epilepsy, they have not been fully explored as potential therapeutic targets that could help address the unsolved issue of drug-resistant epilepsy and develop new antiseizure therapies for the treatment of epilepsy.
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An assembly of galanin-galanin receptor signaling network. J Cell Commun Signal 2020; 15:269-275. [PMID: 33136286 DOI: 10.1007/s12079-020-00590-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The galanin receptor family of proteins is present throughout the central nervous system and endocrine system. It comprises of three subtypes-GalR1, GalR2, and GalR3; all of which are G-protein-coupled receptors. Galanin predominantly acts as an inhibitory, hyper-polarizing neuromodulator, which has several physiological as well as pathological functions. Galanin has a role in mediating food intake, memory, sexual behavior, nociception and is also associated with diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, epilepsy, diabetes mellitus, and chronic pain. However, the understanding of signaling mechanisms of the galanin family of neuropeptides is limited and an organized pathway map is not yet available. Therefore, a detailed literature mining of the publicly available articles pertaining to the galanin receptor was followed by manual curation of the reactions and their integration into a map. This resulted in the cataloging of molecular reactions involving 64 molecules into five categories such as molecular association, activation/inhibition, catalysis, transport, and gene regulation. For enabling easy access of biomedical researchers, the galanin-galanin receptor signaling pathway data was uploaded to WikiPathways ( https://www.wikipathways.org/index.php/Pathway:WP4970 ), a freely available database of biological pathways.
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15
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Demsie DG, Altaye BM, Weldekidan E, Gebremedhin H, Alema NM, Tefera MM, Bantie AT. Galanin Receptors as Drug Target for Novel Antidepressants: Review. Biologics 2020; 14:37-45. [PMID: 32368008 PMCID: PMC7183331 DOI: 10.2147/btt.s240715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Galanin (GAL) is a 29-amino-acid neuropeptide that serves multiple physiological functions throughout the central and peripheral nervous system. Its role involves in a range of physiological and pathological functions including control of food intake, neuro-protection, neuronal regeneration, energy expenditure, reproduction, water balance, mood, nociception and various neuroendocrine functions. The use of currently available antidepressant drugs raises concerns regarding efficacy and onset of action; therefore, the need for antidepressants with novel mechanisms is increasing. Presently, various studies revealed the link between GAL and depression. Attenuation of depressive symptoms is achieved through inhibition of GalR1 and GalR3 and activation of GalR2. However, lack of receptor selectivity of ligands has limited the complete elucidation of effects of different receptors in depression-like behavior. Studies have suggested that GAL enhances the action of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and promotes availability of transcription proteins. This review addresses the role of GAL, GAL receptors (GALRs) ligands including selective peptides, and the mechanism of ligand receptor interaction in attenuating depressive symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Desalegn Getnet Demsie
- College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Pharmacy, Adigrat University, Adigrat, Ethiopia
| | | | - Etsay Weldekidan
- College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Pharmacy, Adigrat University, Adigrat, Ethiopia
| | - Hagazi Gebremedhin
- College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Pharmacy, Adigrat University, Adigrat, Ethiopia
| | | | | | - Abere Tilahun Bantie
- College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Anesthesia, Adigrat University, Adigrat, Ethiopia
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16
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Petrescu AD, Grant S, Williams E, Frampton G, Parks N, Blaney H, Davies M, John R, Reinhart EH, McMillin M, DeMorrow S. Coordinated Targeting of Galanin Receptors on Cholangiocytes and Hepatic Stellate Cells Ameliorates Liver Fibrosis in Multidrug Resistance Protein 2 Knockout Mice. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2020; 190:586-601. [PMID: 31953035 PMCID: PMC7074378 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2019.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Revised: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Galanin (Gal) is a peptide with a role in neuroendocrine regulation of the liver. In this study, we assessed the role of Gal and its receptors, Gal receptor 1 (GalR1) and Gal receptor 2 (GalR2), in cholangiocyte proliferation and liver fibrosis in multidrug resistance protein 2 knockout (Mdr2KO) mice as a model of chronic hepatic cholestasis. The distribution of Gal, GalR1, and GalR2 in specific liver cell types was assessed by laser-capture microdissection and confocal microscopy. Galanin immunoreactivity was detected in cholangiocytes, hepatic stellate cells (HSCs), and hepatocytes. Cholangiocytes expressed GalR1, whereas HSCs and hepatocytes expressed GalR2. Strategies were used to either stimulate or block GalR1 and GalR2 in FVB/N (wild-type) and Mdr2KO mice and measure biliary hyperplasia and hepatic fibrosis by quantitative PCR and immunostaining of specific markers. Galanin treatment increased cholangiocyte proliferation and fibrogenesis in both FVB/N and Mdr2KO mice. Suppression of GalR1, GalR2, or both receptors in Mdr2KO mice resulted in reduced bile duct mass and hepatic fibrosis. In vitro knockdown of GalR1 in cholangiocytes reduced α-smooth muscle actin expression in LX-2 cells treated with cholangiocyte-conditioned media. A GalR2 antagonist inhibited HSC activation when Gal was administered directly to LX-2 cells, but not via cholangiocyte-conditioned media. These data demonstrate that Gal contributes not only to cholangiocyte proliferation but also to liver fibrogenesis via the coordinate activation of GalR1 in cholangiocytes and GalR2 in HSCs.
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MESH Headings
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B/genetics
- Animals
- Bile Ducts/metabolism
- Cell Proliferation
- Cholestasis/metabolism
- Cholestasis/pathology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Epithelial Cells/metabolism
- Female
- Galanin/genetics
- Galanin/metabolism
- Hepatic Stellate Cells/metabolism
- Hepatic Stellate Cells/pathology
- Liver/metabolism
- Liver/pathology
- Liver Cirrhosis/metabolism
- Liver Cirrhosis/pathology
- Mice
- Mice, Knockout
- Receptor, Galanin, Type 1/genetics
- Receptor, Galanin, Type 1/metabolism
- Receptor, Galanin, Type 2/genetics
- Receptor, Galanin, Type 2/metabolism
- ATP-Binding Cassette Sub-Family B Member 4
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Affiliation(s)
- Anca D Petrescu
- Research Division, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, Texas; Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas
| | - Stephanie Grant
- Research Division, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, Texas; Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas
| | - Elaina Williams
- Research Division, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, Texas; Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas
| | - Gabriel Frampton
- Department of Internal Medicine, Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas
| | | | - Hanna Blaney
- Department of Internal Medicine, Baylor Scott & White Health, Temple, Texas
| | - Marcus Davies
- Department of Internal Medicine, Baylor Scott & White Health, Temple, Texas
| | - Rebekah John
- Department of Internal Medicine, Baylor Scott & White Health, Temple, Texas
| | - Evan H Reinhart
- Department of Internal Medicine, Baylor Scott & White Health, Temple, Texas
| | - Matthew McMillin
- Research Division, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, Texas; Department of Internal Medicine, Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas
| | - Sharon DeMorrow
- Research Division, Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, Texas; Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas; Department of Internal Medicine, Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas.
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17
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Genders SG, Scheller KJ, Djouma E. Neuropeptide modulation of addiction: Focus on galanin. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2020; 110:133-149. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2018.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Revised: 06/07/2018] [Accepted: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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18
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Lyu C, Xia S, Lyu GW, Dun XP, Zheng K, Su J, Barde S, Xu ZQD, Hökfelt T, Shi TJS. A preliminary study on DRGs and spinal cord of a galanin receptor 2-EGFP transgenic mouse. Neuropeptides 2020; 79:102000. [PMID: 31864679 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2019.102000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Revised: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The neuropeptide galanin functions via three G-protein coupled receptors, Gal1-3-R. Both Gal1-R and 2-R are involved in pain signaling at the spinal level. Here a Gal2-R-EGFP transgenic (TG) mouse was generated and studied in pain tests and by characterizing Gal2-R expression in both sensory ganglia and spinal cord. After peripheral spared nerve injury, mechanical allodynia developed and was ipsilaterally similar between wild type (WT) and TG mice. A Gal2-R-EGFP-positive signal was primarily observed in small and medium-sized dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons and in spinal interneurons and processes. No significant difference in size distribution of DRG neuronal profiles was found between TG and WT mice. Both percentage and fluorescence intensity of Gal2-R-EGFP-positive neuronal profiles were overall significantly upregulated in ipsilateral DRGs as compared to contralateral DRGs. There was an ipsilateral reduction in substance P-positive and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP)-positive neuronal profiles, and this reduction was more pronounced in TG as compared to WT mice. Moreover, Gal2-R-EGFP partly co-localized with three pain-related neuropeptides, CGRP, neuropeptide Y and galanin, both in intact and injured DRGs, and with galanin also in local neurons in the superficial dorsal horn. Taken together, the present results provide novel information on the localization and phenotype of DRG and spinal neurons expressing the second galanin receptor, Gal2-R, and on phenotypic changes following peripheral nerve injury. Gal2-R may also be involved in autoreceptor signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuang Lyu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, PR China.
| | - Sheng Xia
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Gong-Wei Lyu
- Department of Neurology, 1st Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150001, PR China
| | - Xin-Peng Dun
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kang Zheng
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jie Su
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Swapnali Barde
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Zhi-Qing David Xu
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Neurobiology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, PR China
| | - Tomas Hökfelt
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tie-Jun Sten Shi
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, 5009 Bergen, Norway.
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19
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Taylor TS, Konda P, John SS, Bulmer DC, Hockley JRF, Smith ESJ. Galanin suppresses visceral afferent responses to noxious mechanical and inflammatory stimuli. Physiol Rep 2020; 8:e14326. [PMID: 31960596 PMCID: PMC6971316 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.14326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Galanin is a neuropeptide expressed by sensory neurones innervating the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. Galanin displays inhibitory effects on vagal afferent signaling within the upper GI tract, and the goal of this study was to determine the actions of galanin on colonic spinal afferent function. Specifically, we sought to evaluate the effect of galanin on lumbar splanchnic nerve (LSN) mechanosensitivity to noxious distending pressures and the development of hypersensitivity in the presence of inflammatory stimuli and colitis. Using ex vivo electrophysiological recordings we show that galanin produces a dose-dependent suppression of colonic LSN responses to mechanical stimuli and prevents the development of hypersensitivity to acutely administered inflammatory mediators. Using galanin receptor (GalR) agonists, we show that GalR1 activation, but not GalR2/3 activation, suppresses mechanosensitivity. The effect of galanin on colonic afferent activity was not observed in tissue from mice with dextran sodium sulfate-induced colitis. We conclude that galanin has a marked suppressive effect on colonic mechanosensitivity at noxious distending pressures and prevents the acute development of mechanical hypersensitivity to inflammatory mediators, an effect not seen in the inflamed colon. These actions highlight a potential role for galanin in the regulation of mechanical nociception in the bowel and the therapeutic potential of targeting galaninergic signaling to treat visceral hypersensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toni S. Taylor
- Department of PharmacologyUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - Parvesh Konda
- Department of PharmacologyUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - Sarah S. John
- Department of PharmacologyUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - David C. Bulmer
- Department of PharmacologyUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - James R. F. Hockley
- Department of PharmacologyUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
- GSKGSK Medicines Research CentreStevenageHertfordshireUK
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20
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Hooversmith JM, Bhatti DL, Holmes PV. Galanin administration into the prelimbic cortex impairs consolidation and expression of contextual fear conditioning. Behav Brain Res 2019; 375:112160. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2019.112160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Revised: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 08/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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21
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Kanazawa T, Misawa K, Shinmura K, Misawa Y, Kusaka G, Maruta M, Sasaki T, Watanabe Y, Carey TE. Promoter methylation of galanin receptors as epigenetic biomarkers for head and neck squamous cell carcinomas. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2019; 19:137-148. [PMID: 30640567 DOI: 10.1080/14737159.2019.1567334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION While remarkable progress has been made in standard treatments for head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCCs), the long-term survival remains at an unsatisfactory 40-50%. To improve the survival rate, biomarkers for optimal treatment selection and prognostic prediction, as well as novel, low-toxicity treatment strategies, are required. Galanin receptor (GALR) 1 and GALR2 are well-studied tumor suppressors in HNSCCs. Compared with other clinicopathological factors, the epigenetic variants of GALRs have been found to be the most powerful markers to predict the prognosis of HNSCC patients. Areas covered: This review outlines the functions and signaling pathways of GALRs and explains the potential of GALR promoter methylation as a biomarker for HNSCC prognosis. We also summarize recent developments in promoter methylation studies in HNSCC and indicate future directions for GALR promoter methylation studies. Expert commentary: GALR studies have highlighted two major aspects with implications in HNSCC - that G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) act as tumor suppressor genes and that GALR promoter methylation is significantly related to the carcinogenesis of HNSCC. The findings of GALR studies can be applied to studies on other GPCRs and further in-depth DNA methylation studies. Deeper insights into GPCR epigenetics are expected to markedly improve HNSCC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeharu Kanazawa
- a Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery , International University of Health and Welfare , Tokyo , Japan.,b Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery , Jichi Medical University , Shimotsuke , Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Misawa
- c Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery , Hamamatsu University School of Medicine , Hamamatsu , Japan
| | - Kazuya Shinmura
- d Department of Tumor Pathology , Hamamatsu University School of Medicine , Hamamatsu , Japan
| | - Yuki Misawa
- c Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery , Hamamatsu University School of Medicine , Hamamatsu , Japan
| | - Gen Kusaka
- e Department of Neurosurgery , Jichi Medical University Saitama Medical Center , Saitama , Saitama , Japan
| | - Mikiko Maruta
- b Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery , Jichi Medical University , Shimotsuke , Japan
| | - Toru Sasaki
- b Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery , Jichi Medical University , Shimotsuke , Japan
| | - Yusuke Watanabe
- a Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery , International University of Health and Welfare , Tokyo , Japan
| | - Thomas E Carey
- f Laboratory of Head and Neck Center Biology, Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery , The University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , MI , USA
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22
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Millón C, Flores-Burgess A, Castilla-Ortega E, Gago B, García-Fernandez M, Serrano A, Rodriguez de Fonseca F, Narváez JA, Fuxe K, Santín L, Díaz-Cabiale Z. Central administration of galanin N-terminal fragment 1-15 decreases the voluntary alcohol intake in rats. Addict Biol 2019; 24:76-87. [PMID: 29210146 DOI: 10.1111/adb.12582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Revised: 09/27/2017] [Accepted: 10/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Alcohol consumption is considered a major risk factor for disease and mortality worldwide. In the absence of effective treatments in alcohol use disorders, it is important to find new biological targets that could modulate alcohol consumption. We tested the role of the N-terminal galanin fragment (1-15) [GAL(1-15)] in voluntary ethanol consumption in rats using the two-bottle choice paradigm as well as compare the effects of GAL(1-15) with the whole molecule of GAL. We describe for the first time that GAL(1-15), via central mechanisms, induces a strong reduction in preference and ethanol consumption in rats. These effects were significantly different than GAL. GAL receptor (GALR) 2 was involved in these effects, because the specific GALR2 antagonist M871 blocked GAL(1-15) mediated actions in preference and ethanol intake. Importantly, the mechanism of this action involves changes in GALR expression and also in immediate-early gene C-Fos and receptors-internalization-related gene Rab5 in the striatum. The relevance of the striatum as a target for GAL(1-15) was supported by the effect of GAL(1-15) on the locomotor activity of rats after ethanol administration. These results may give the basis for the development of novel therapeutics strategies using GAL(1-15) analogues for the treatment of alcohol use disorders in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmelo Millón
- Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga; Universidad de Málaga; Spain
| | - Antonio Flores-Burgess
- Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga; Universidad de Málaga; Spain
| | - Estela Castilla-Ortega
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Salud Mental e Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga; Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga; Spain
| | - Belén Gago
- Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga; Universidad de Málaga; Spain
| | - María García-Fernandez
- Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga; Universidad de Málaga; Spain
| | - Antonia Serrano
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Salud Mental e Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga; Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga; Spain
| | - Fernando Rodriguez de Fonseca
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Salud Mental e Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga; Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga; Spain
| | - José Angel Narváez
- Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga; Universidad de Málaga; Spain
| | - Kjell Fuxe
- Department of Neuroscience; Karolinska Institute; Sweden
| | - Luis Santín
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga, Facultad de Psicología; Universidad de Málaga; Spain
| | - Zaida Díaz-Cabiale
- Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga; Universidad de Málaga; Spain
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23
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Hökfelt T, Barde S, Xu ZQD, Kuteeva E, Rüegg J, Le Maitre E, Risling M, Kehr J, Ihnatko R, Theodorsson E, Palkovits M, Deakin W, Bagdy G, Juhasz G, Prud’homme HJ, Mechawar N, Diaz-Heijtz R, Ögren SO. Neuropeptide and Small Transmitter Coexistence: Fundamental Studies and Relevance to Mental Illness. Front Neural Circuits 2018; 12:106. [PMID: 30627087 PMCID: PMC6309708 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2018.00106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuropeptides are auxiliary messenger molecules that always co-exist in nerve cells with one or more small molecule (classic) neurotransmitters. Neuropeptides act both as transmitters and trophic factors, and play a role particularly when the nervous system is challenged, as by injury, pain or stress. Here neuropeptides and coexistence in mammals are reviewed, but with special focus on the 29/30 amino acid galanin and its three receptors GalR1, -R2 and -R3. In particular, galanin's role as a co-transmitter in both rodent and human noradrenergic locus coeruleus (LC) neurons is addressed. Extensive experimental animal data strongly suggest a role for the galanin system in depression-like behavior. The translational potential of these results was tested by studying the galanin system in postmortem human brains, first in normal brains, and then in a comparison of five regions of brains obtained from depressed people who committed suicide, and from matched controls. The distribution of galanin and the four galanin system transcripts in the normal human brain was determined, and selective and parallel changes in levels of transcripts and DNA methylation for galanin and its three receptors were assessed in depressed patients who committed suicide: upregulation of transcripts, e.g., for galanin and GalR3 in LC, paralleled by a decrease in DNA methylation, suggesting involvement of epigenetic mechanisms. It is hypothesized that, when exposed to severe stress, the noradrenergic LC neurons fire in bursts and release galanin from their soma/dendrites. Galanin then acts on somato-dendritic, inhibitory galanin autoreceptors, opening potassium channels and inhibiting firing. The purpose of these autoreceptors is to act as a 'brake' to prevent overexcitation, a brake that is also part of resilience to stress that protects against depression. Depression then arises when the inhibition is too strong and long lasting - a maladaption, allostatic load, leading to depletion of NA levels in the forebrain. It is suggested that disinhibition by a galanin antagonist may have antidepressant activity by restoring forebrain NA levels. A role of galanin in depression is also supported by a recent candidate gene study, showing that variants in genes for galanin and its three receptors confer increased risk of depression and anxiety in people who experienced childhood adversity or recent negative life events. In summary, galanin, a neuropeptide coexisting in LC neurons, may participate in the mechanism underlying resilience against a serious and common disorder, MDD. Existing and further results may lead to an increased understanding of how this illness develops, which in turn could provide a basis for its treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomas Hökfelt
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Swapnali Barde
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Zhi-Qing David Xu
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Neurobiology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Neural Regeneration and Repair, Beijing Laboratory of Brain Disorders (Ministry of Science and Technology), Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Eugenia Kuteeva
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Joelle Rüegg
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- The Center for Molecular Medicine, Stockholm, Sweden
- Swedish Toxicology Sciences Research Center, Swetox, Södertälje, Sweden
| | - Erwan Le Maitre
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mårten Risling
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jan Kehr
- Pronexus Analytical AB, Solna, Sweden
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Robert Ihnatko
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Elvar Theodorsson
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Miklos Palkovits
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - William Deakin
- Neuroscience and Psychiatry Unit, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Gyorgy Bagdy
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
- MTA-SE Neuropsychopharmacology and Neurochemistry Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
- NAP 2-SE New Antidepressant Target Research Group, Hungarian Brain Research Program, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gabriella Juhasz
- Neuroscience and Psychiatry Unit, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
- SE-NAP2 Genetic Brain Imaging Migraine Research Group, Hungarian Brain Research Program, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | | | - Naguib Mechawar
- Douglas Hospital Research Centre, Verdun, QC, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | | | - Sven Ove Ögren
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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Héricé C, Patel AA, Sakata S. Circuit mechanisms and computational models of REM sleep. Neurosci Res 2018; 140:77-92. [PMID: 30118737 PMCID: PMC6403104 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2018.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Revised: 07/03/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
REM sleep was discovered in the 1950s. Many hypothalamic and brainstem areas have been found to contribute to REM sleep. An up-to-date picture of REM-sleep-regulating circuits is reviewed. A brief overview of computational models for REM sleep regulation is provided. Outstanding issues for future studies are discussed.
Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep or paradoxical sleep is an elusive behavioral state. Since its discovery in the 1950s, our knowledge of the neuroanatomy, neurotransmitters and neuropeptides underlying REM sleep regulation has continually evolved in parallel with the development of novel technologies. Although the pons was initially discovered to be responsible for REM sleep, it has since been revealed that many components in the hypothalamus, midbrain, pons, and medulla also contribute to REM sleep. In this review, we first provide an up-to-date overview of REM sleep-regulating circuits in the brainstem and hypothalamus by summarizing experimental evidence from neuroanatomical, neurophysiological and gain- and loss-of-function studies. Second, because quantitative approaches are essential for understanding the complexity of REM sleep-regulating circuits and because mathematical models have provided valuable insights into the dynamics underlying REM sleep genesis and maintenance, we summarize computational studies of the sleep-wake cycle, with an emphasis on REM sleep regulation. Finally, we discuss outstanding issues for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Héricé
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, 161 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G4 0RE, UK
| | - Amisha A Patel
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, 161 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G4 0RE, UK
| | - Shuzo Sakata
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, 161 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G4 0RE, UK.
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25
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Funck V, Fracalossi M, Vidigal A, Beijamini V. Dorsal hippocampal galanin modulates anxiety-like behaviours in rats. Brain Res 2018; 1687:74-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2018.02.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2017] [Revised: 02/08/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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26
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Donlea JM, Pimentel D, Talbot CB, Kempf A, Omoto JJ, Hartenstein V, Miesenböck G. Recurrent Circuitry for Balancing Sleep Need and Sleep. Neuron 2018; 97:378-389.e4. [PMID: 29307711 PMCID: PMC5779612 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2017.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2017] [Revised: 10/13/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Sleep-promoting neurons in the dorsal fan-shaped body (dFB) of Drosophila are integral to sleep homeostasis, but how these cells impose sleep on the organism is unknown. We report that dFB neurons communicate via inhibitory transmitters, including allatostatin-A (AstA), with interneurons connecting the superior arch with the ellipsoid body of the central complex. These "helicon cells" express the galanin receptor homolog AstA-R1, respond to visual input, gate locomotion, and are inhibited by AstA, suggesting that dFB neurons promote rest by suppressing visually guided movement. Sleep changes caused by enhanced or diminished allatostatinergic transmission from dFB neurons and by inhibition or optogenetic stimulation of helicon cells support this notion. Helicon cells provide excitation to R2 neurons of the ellipsoid body, whose activity-dependent plasticity signals rising sleep pressure to the dFB. By virtue of this autoregulatory loop, dFB-mediated inhibition interrupts processes that incur a sleep debt, allowing restorative sleep to rebalance the books. VIDEO ABSTRACT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey M Donlea
- Centre for Neural Circuits and Behaviour, University of Oxford, Tinsley Building, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3SR, UK; Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1763, USA.
| | - Diogo Pimentel
- Centre for Neural Circuits and Behaviour, University of Oxford, Tinsley Building, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3SR, UK
| | - Clifford B Talbot
- Centre for Neural Circuits and Behaviour, University of Oxford, Tinsley Building, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3SR, UK
| | - Anissa Kempf
- Centre for Neural Circuits and Behaviour, University of Oxford, Tinsley Building, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3SR, UK
| | - Jaison J Omoto
- Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1763, USA; Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1606, USA
| | - Volker Hartenstein
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1606, USA
| | - Gero Miesenböck
- Centre for Neural Circuits and Behaviour, University of Oxford, Tinsley Building, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3SR, UK.
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27
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Li H, Wang T, Shi C, Yang Y, Li X, Wu Y, Xu ZQD. Inhibition of GALR1 in PFC Alleviates Depressive-Like Behaviors in Postpartum Depression Rat Model by Upregulating CREB-BNDF and 5-HT Levels. Front Psychiatry 2018; 9:588. [PMID: 30487761 PMCID: PMC6246688 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Estrogen (E2) withdrawal is a core pathology mechanism for postpartum depression (PPD). Galanin (GAL), an estrogen-inducible neuropeptide has also been reported to be associated with depression. However, it still remains unclear which GAL receptors (GALRs) are involved in PPD pathologic process. In the present study, we discovered that the expression of GALR1, rather than GALR2/3, was upregulated with a region-specific pattern in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) of E2 withdrawal induced PPD model rats. Meanwhile, c-fos was also upregulated only in PFC in the same animal model. Injection of GALR1-siRNA into the bilateral PFC ameliorated depressive-like behavior of PPD rats, suggesting that the upregulation of GALR1 in PFC is involved in PPD. Moreover, Western Blot and HPLC assays demonstrated that the downregulation of CREB-BDNF signaling and 5-HT levels in the PFC of PPD rats were reversed after GALR1-siRNA injection. These comprehensive results suggest that the knock down of GALR1 in PFC alleviates depressive-like behaviors and reverse downregulation of CREB-BDNF and 5-HT levels in PPD rat model. HIGHLIGHTS Expression level of GALR1 mRNA was significantly increased in PFC of estrogen withdraw-induced PPD rats. Injecting GALR1-siRNA into PFC alleviated depressive-like behavior and reversed the decrease of 5-HT level and CREB/BDNF signaling in PFC of PPD rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Li
- Department of Anatomy, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Tong Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Neural Regeneration and Repair, Beijing Laboratory of Brain Disorders (Ministry of Science and Technology), Department of Neurobiology, Beijing Institute of Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Cuige Shi
- Department of Cell Biology, National Research Institute of Family Planning, Beijing, China
| | - Yutao Yang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Neural Regeneration and Repair, Beijing Laboratory of Brain Disorders (Ministry of Science and Technology), Department of Neurobiology, Beijing Institute of Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Neural Regeneration and Repair, Beijing Laboratory of Brain Disorders (Ministry of Science and Technology), Department of Neurobiology, Beijing Institute of Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Wu
- Department of Anatomy, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhi-Qing David Xu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Neural Regeneration and Repair, Beijing Laboratory of Brain Disorders (Ministry of Science and Technology), Department of Neurobiology, Beijing Institute of Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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28
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Pisarenko O, Timotin A, Sidorova M, Studneva I, Shulzhenko V, Palkeeva M, Serebryakova L, Molokoedov A, Veselova O, Cinato M, Boal F, Tronchere H, Kunduzova O. Cardioprotective properties of N-terminal galanin fragment (2-15) in experimental ischemia/reperfusion injury. Oncotarget 2017; 8:101659-101671. [PMID: 29254194 PMCID: PMC5731904 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.21503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Accepted: 09/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and purpose Galanin is an endogenous peptide involved in diverse physiological functions in the central nervous system including central cardiovascular regulation. The present study was designed to evaluate the potential effects of the short N-terminal galanin fragment 2-15 (G) on cardiac ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. Experimental Approach Peptide G was synthesized by the automatic solid phase method and identified by 1H-NMR spectroscopy and mass spectrometry. Experiments were performed on cultured rat cardiomyoblast (H9C2) cells, isolated perfused working rat hearts and anaesthetized open-chest rats. Key Results Cell viability increased significantly after treatment with 10 and 50 nM of G peptide. In hypoxia and reoxygenation conditions, exposure of H9C2 cells to G peptide decreased cell apoptosis and mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. Postischemic infusion of G peptide reduced cell membrane damage and improved functional recovery in isolated hearts during reperfusion. These effects were accompanied by enhanced restoration of myocardial metabolic state. Treatment with G peptide at the onset of reperfusion induced minor changes in hemodynamic variables but significantly reduced infarct size and plasma levels of necrosis markers. Conclusion and implications These findings suggest that G peptide is effective in mitigating cardiac I/R injury, thereby providing a rationale for promising tool for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oleg Pisarenko
- Russian Cardiology Research and Production Complex, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Andrei Timotin
- National Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM) U1048, Toulouse, France.,University of Toulouse, UPS, Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, Toulouse, France
| | - Maria Sidorova
- Russian Cardiology Research and Production Complex, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Irina Studneva
- Russian Cardiology Research and Production Complex, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Valentin Shulzhenko
- Russian Cardiology Research and Production Complex, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Marina Palkeeva
- Russian Cardiology Research and Production Complex, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Larisa Serebryakova
- Russian Cardiology Research and Production Complex, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | | | - Oksana Veselova
- Russian Cardiology Research and Production Complex, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Mathieu Cinato
- National Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM) U1048, Toulouse, France.,University of Toulouse, UPS, Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, Toulouse, France
| | - Frederic Boal
- National Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM) U1048, Toulouse, France.,University of Toulouse, UPS, Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, Toulouse, France
| | - Helene Tronchere
- National Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM) U1048, Toulouse, France.,University of Toulouse, UPS, Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, Toulouse, France
| | - Oksana Kunduzova
- National Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM) U1048, Toulouse, France.,University of Toulouse, UPS, Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, Toulouse, France
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29
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Šípková J, Kramáriková I, Hynie S, Klenerová V. The galanin and galanin receptor subtypes, its regulatory role in the biological and pathological functions. Physiol Res 2017; 66:729-740. [PMID: 28730831 DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.933576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The multitalented neuropeptide galanin was first discovered 30 years ago but initially no biologic activity was found. Further research studies discovered the presence of galanin in the brain and some peripheral tissues, and galanin was identified as a modulator of neurotransmission in the central and peripheral nervous system. Over the last decade there were performed very intensive studies of the neuronal actions and also of nonneuronal actions of galanin. Other galanin family peptides have been described, namely galanin, galanin-like peptide, galanin-message associated peptide and alarin. The effect of these peptides is mediated through three galanin receptors subtypes, GalR1, GalR2 and GalR3 belonging to G protein coupled receptors, and signaling via multiple transduction pathways, including inhibition of cyclic AMP/protein kinase A (GalR1, GalR3) and stimulation of phospholipase C (GalR2). This also explains why one specific molecule of galanin can be responsible for different roles in different tissues. The present review summarizes the information currently available on the relationship between the galaninergic system and known pathological states. The research of novel galanin receptor specific agonists and antagonists is also very promising for its future role in pharmacological treatment. The galaninergic system is important target for current and future biomedical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Šípková
- Laboratory of Neuropharmacology, Institute of Medical Biochemistry and Laboratory Diagnostics, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic.
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30
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Ihnatko R, Theodorsson E. Short N-terminal galanin fragments are occurring naturally in vivo. Neuropeptides 2017; 63:1-13. [PMID: 28434790 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2017.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2017] [Revised: 03/08/2017] [Accepted: 03/31/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The galanin family currently consists of four peptides, namely galanin, galanin-message associated peptide, galanin-like peptide and alarin. Unlike galanin that signals through three different G protein-coupled receptors; GAL1, GAL2, and GAL3, binding at its N-terminal end, the cognate receptors for other members of the galanin family are currently unknown. Research using short N-terminal galanin fragments generated either by enzymatic cleavage or solid-phase synthesis has revealed differences in their receptor binding properties exerting numerous biological effects distinct from galanin(1-29) itself. Our studies on tissue extracts derived from rat small intestine and bovine gut using chromatographic techniques and sensitive galanin(1-16)-specific radioimmunoassay revealed the presence of immunoreactive compounds reacting with antiserum against galanin(1-16) distributed in distinct elution volumes. These results suggested a possible presence of short N-terminal galanin fragments also in vivo. Moreover, employing immunoaffinity chromatography and reverse-phase high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) followed by mass spectrometry allowed specific enrichment of these immunoreactive compounds from rat tissues and identification of their molecular structure. Indeed, our study revealed presence of several distinct short N-terminal galanin sequences in rat tissue. To prove their receptor binding, four of the identified sequences were synthetized, namely, galanin(1-13), galanin(1-16), galanin(1-20), galanin(6-20), and tested on coronal rat brain sections competing with 125I-labeled galanin(1-29). Our autoradiographs confirmed that galanin(1-13), galanin(1-16), and galanin(1-20) comprehensively displaced 125I-galanin(1-29) but galanin(6-20) did not. Here we show, for the first time, that short N-terminal galanin fragments occur naturally in rat tissues and that similar or identical galanin sequences can be present also in tissues of other species. BIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE This study is first to provide an evidence of the presence of short N-terminal galanin fragments in vivo in a biological system and provides further foundations for the previous studies using synthetized short N-terminal galanin fragments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Ihnatko
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, 58285 Linköping, Sweden.
| | - Elvar Theodorsson
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, 58285 Linköping, Sweden
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31
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Ho TT, Nguyen JT, Liu J, Stanczak P, Thompson AA, Yan YG, Chen J, Allerston CK, Dillard CL, Xu H, Shoger NJ, Cameron JS, Massari ME, Aertgeerts K. Method for rapid optimization of recombinant GPCR protein expression and stability using virus-like particles. Protein Expr Purif 2017; 133:41-49. [PMID: 28263854 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2017.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Revised: 02/24/2017] [Accepted: 03/01/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Recent innovative approaches to stabilize and crystallize GPCRs have resulted in an unprecedented breakthrough in GPCR crystal structures as well as application of the purified receptor protein in biophysical and biochemical ligand binding assays. However, the protein optimization process to enable these technologies is lengthy and requires iterative overexpression, solubilization, purification and functional analysis of tens to hundreds of protein variants. Here, we report a new and versatile method to screen in parallel hundreds of GPCR variants in HEK293 produced virus-like particles (VLPs) for protein yield, stability, functionality and ligand binding. This approach reduces the time and resources during GPCR construct optimization by eliminating lengthy protein solubilization and purification steps and by its adaptability to many binding assay formats (label or label-free detection). We exemplified the robustness of our VLP method by screening 210 GALR3-VLP variants in a radiometric agonist-based binding assay and a subset of 88 variants in a label-free antagonist-based assay. The resulting GALR3 agonist or antagonist stabilizing variants were then further used for recombinant protein expression in transfected insect cells. The final purified protein variants were successfully immobilized on a biosensor chip and used in a surface plasmon resonance binding assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thao T Ho
- Department of Structural Biology, Dart Neuroscience, 12278 Scripps Summit Drive, San Diego, CA 92131, USA.
| | - Jasmine T Nguyen
- Department of Structural Biology, Dart Neuroscience, 12278 Scripps Summit Drive, San Diego, CA 92131, USA.
| | - Juping Liu
- Department of Preclinical Development, Dart Neuroscience, 12278 Scripps Summit Drive, San Diego, CA 92131, USA.
| | - Pawel Stanczak
- Department of Structural Biology, Dart Neuroscience, 12278 Scripps Summit Drive, San Diego, CA 92131, USA.
| | - Aaron A Thompson
- Department of Structural Biology, Dart Neuroscience, 12278 Scripps Summit Drive, San Diego, CA 92131, USA.
| | - Yingzhuo G Yan
- Department of Biology, Dart Neuroscience, 12278 Scripps Summit Drive, San Diego, CA 92131, USA.
| | - Jasmine Chen
- Department of Biology, Dart Neuroscience, 12278 Scripps Summit Drive, San Diego, CA 92131, USA.
| | - Charles K Allerston
- Department of Structural Biology, Dart Neuroscience, 12278 Scripps Summit Drive, San Diego, CA 92131, USA.
| | - Charles L Dillard
- Department of Structural Biology, Dart Neuroscience, 12278 Scripps Summit Drive, San Diego, CA 92131, USA.
| | - Hao Xu
- Department of Structural Biology, Dart Neuroscience, 12278 Scripps Summit Drive, San Diego, CA 92131, USA.
| | - Nicholas J Shoger
- Department of Structural Biology, Dart Neuroscience, 12278 Scripps Summit Drive, San Diego, CA 92131, USA.
| | - Jill S Cameron
- Department of Biology, Dart Neuroscience, 12278 Scripps Summit Drive, San Diego, CA 92131, USA.
| | - Mark E Massari
- Department of Biology, Dart Neuroscience, 12278 Scripps Summit Drive, San Diego, CA 92131, USA.
| | - Kathleen Aertgeerts
- Department of Structural Biology, Dart Neuroscience, 12278 Scripps Summit Drive, San Diego, CA 92131, USA.
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Galanin contributes to monoaminergic dysfunction and to dependent neurobehavioral comorbidities of epilepsy. Exp Neurol 2016; 289:64-72. [PMID: 28013000 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2016.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2016] [Revised: 11/23/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Status epilepticus (SE) in rats, along with chronic epilepsy, leads to the development of behavioral impairments resembling depressive disorder and/or attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), thus reflecting respective comorbidities in epilepsy patients. Suppressed neurotransmitter tone in the raphe nucleus (RN)-prefrontal cortex (PFC) serotonergic pathway and in the locus coeruleus (LC)-PFC noradrenergic pathway underlies depressive- and impulsive-like behavioral deficits respectively. We examined possible mechanisms leading to the monoamine dysfunction in brainstem efferents, namely modulatory effects of the neuropeptide galanin on serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) signaling. SE was induced in young adult male Wistar rats by LiCl and pilocarpine. Epileptic rats were categorized vis-à-vis behavioral deficits as not impaired, "depressed" and "impulsive". Depressive- and impulsive-like behaviors were examined in the forced swimming test (FST). The strength of serotonergic transmission in RN-PFC and of noradrenergic transmission in LC-PFC was analyzed using in vivo fast scan cyclic voltammetry. Galanin receptor type 1 (GalR1)/type 2 (GalR2) antagonist M40, and a preferential GalR2 antagonist M871 were administered over 3days locally into either RN or LC by means of ALZET osmotic minipumps connected to locally implanted infusion cannulas. Intra-RN injection of M40 improved serotonergic tone and depressive-like behavior in epileptic "depressed" rats. Intra-LC injection of M40 improved noradrenergic tone and impulsive-like behavior in epileptic "impulsive" rats. The effects of M40 were only observed in impaired subjects. The treatment did not modify neurotransmission and behavior in naïve and epileptic not impaired rats; in "depressed" rats the effects were limited to serotonergic transmission and immobility, while in "impulsive" rats - to noradrenergic transmission and struggling behavior. Intra-RN administration of M871 exacerbated depressive-like behavior, but had no effects on any other of the examined parameters in any category of animals. These findings suggest that endogenous galanin, acting through GalR1 may be involved in the pathophysiology of epilepsy-associated depression and ADHD via inhibiting RN-PFC serotonergic and LC-PFC noradrenergic transmissions respectively.
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Alterations in the neuropeptide galanin system in major depressive disorder involve levels of transcripts, methylation, and peptide. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:E8472-E8481. [PMID: 27940914 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1617824113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a substantial burden to patients, families, and society, but many patients cannot be treated adequately. Rodent experiments suggest that the neuropeptide galanin (GAL) and its three G protein-coupled receptors, GAL1-3, are involved in mood regulation. To explore the translational potential of these results, we assessed the transcript levels (by quantitative PCR), DNA methylation status (by bisulfite pyrosequencing), and GAL peptide by RIA of the GAL system in postmortem brains from depressed persons who had committed suicide and controls. Transcripts for all four members were detected and showed marked regional variations, GAL and galanin receptor 1 (GALR1) being most abundant. Striking increases in GAL and GALR3 mRNA levels, especially in the noradrenergic locus coeruleus and the dorsal raphe nucleus, in parallel with decreased DNA methylation, were found in both male and female suicide subjects as compared with controls. In contrast, GAL and GALR3 transcript levels were decreased, GALR1 was increased, and DNA methylation was increased in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex of male suicide subjects, however, there were no changes in the anterior cingulate cortex. Thus, GAL and its receptor GALR3 are differentially methylated and expressed in brains of MDD subjects in a region- and sex-specific manner. Such an epigenetic modification in GALR3, a hyperpolarizing receptor, might contribute to the dysregulation of noradrenergic and serotonergic neurons implicated in the pathogenesis of MDD. Thus, one may speculate that a GAL3 antagonist could have antidepressant properties by disinhibiting the firing of these neurons, resulting in increased release of noradrenaline and serotonin in forebrain areas involved in mood regulation.
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Webling K, Runesson J, Lang A, Saar I, Kofler B, Langel Ü. Ala 5-galanin (2-11) is a GAL 2R specific galanin analogue. Neuropeptides 2016; 60:75-82. [PMID: 27592409 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2016.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2016] [Revised: 08/11/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
It is over 30years since the regulatory peptide galanin was discovered by Professor Mutt and co-workers. Galanin exerts its effects by binding to three galanin G-protein coupled receptors, namely GAL1R, GAL2R and GAL3R. Each galanin receptor has a different distribution in the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system as well as distinctive signaling pathways, which implicates that the receptors are involved in different biological- and pathological effects. The delineation of the galaninergic system is however difficult due to a lack of stable, specific galanin receptor ligands. Herein, a new short GAL2R specific ligand, Ala5-galanin (2-11), is presented. The galanin (2-11) modified analogue Ala5-galanin (2-11) was tested in 125I-galanin competitive binding studies for the three galanin receptors and the G-protein coupled receptor signaling properties was tested by the ability to influence second-messenger molecules like inositol phosphate and cyclic adenosine monophosphate. In addition, two different label-free real-time assays, namely EnSpire® based on an optical biosensor and xCELLigence® based on an electric biosensor, were used for evaluating the signaling properties using cell lines with different levels of receptor expression. Ala5-galanin (2-11) was subsequently found to be a full agonist for GAL2R with more than 375-fold preference for GAL2R compared to both GAL1R and GAL3R. The single amino acid substitution of serine to alanine at position 5 in the short ligand galanin (2-11) resulted in a ligand subsequently unable to bind neither GAL3R nor GAL1R, even at concentrations as high as 0.1mM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin Webling
- Department of Neurochemistry, Stockholm University, Svante Arrheniusv. 16B, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Johan Runesson
- Department of Neurochemistry, Stockholm University, Svante Arrheniusv. 16B, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Andreas Lang
- Research Program for Receptorbiochemistry and Tumormetabolism, Laura Bassi Centre of Expertise THERAPEP, Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital Salzburg, Paracelsus Medical University, Müllner Hauptstr. 48, A-5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Indrek Saar
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Nooruse 1, 50411 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Barbara Kofler
- Research Program for Receptorbiochemistry and Tumormetabolism, Laura Bassi Centre of Expertise THERAPEP, Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital Salzburg, Paracelsus Medical University, Müllner Hauptstr. 48, A-5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Ülo Langel
- Department of Neurochemistry, Stockholm University, Svante Arrheniusv. 16B, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden; Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Nooruse 1, 50411 Tartu, Estonia
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Galanin subtype 1 and subtype 2 receptors mediate opposite anxiety-like effects in the rat dorsal raphe nucleus. Behav Brain Res 2016; 314:125-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2016.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2016] [Revised: 08/01/2016] [Accepted: 08/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Local cholinergic-GABAergic circuitry within the basal forebrain is modulated by galanin. Brain Struct Funct 2016; 222:1385-1400. [PMID: 27496091 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-016-1283-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2016] [Accepted: 07/26/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The basal forebrain (BF) is an important regulator of hippocampal and cortical activity. In Alzheimer's disease (AD), there is a significant loss and dysfunction of cholinergic neurons within the BF, and also a hypertrophy of fibers containing the neuropeptide galanin. Understanding how galanin interacts with BF circuitry is critical in determining what role galanin overexpression plays in the progression of AD. Here, we examined the location and function of galanin in the medial septum/diagonal band (MS/DBB) region of the BF. We show that galanin fibers are located throughout the MS/DBB and intermingled with both cholinergic and GABAergic neurons. Whole-cell patch clamp recordings from MS/DBB neurons in acute slices reveal that galanin decreases tetrodotoxin-sensitive spontaneous GABA release and dampens muscarinic receptor-mediated increases in GABA release in the MS/DBB. These effects are not blocked by pre-exposure to β-amyloid peptide (Aβ1-42). Optogenetic activation of cholinergic neurons in the MS/DBB increases GABA release back onto cholinergic neurons, forming a functional circuit within the MS/DBB. Galanin disrupts this cholinergic-GABAergic circuit by blocking the cholinergic-induced increase in GABA release. These data suggest that galanin works in the BF to reduce inhibitory input onto cholinergic neurons and to prevent cholinergic-induced increase in inhibitory tone. This disinhibition of cholinergic neurons could serve as a compensatory mechanism to counteract the loss of cholinergic signaling that occurs during the progression of AD.
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Webling K, Groves-Chapman JL, Runesson J, Saar I, Lang A, Sillard R, Jakovenko E, Kofler B, Holmes PV, Langel Ü. Pharmacological stimulation of GAL1R but not GAL2R attenuates kainic acid-induced neuronal cell death in the rat hippocampus. Neuropeptides 2016; 58:83-92. [PMID: 26764217 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2015.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2015] [Revised: 11/23/2015] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The neuropeptide galanin is widely distributed in the central and peripheral nervous systems and part of a bigger family of bioactive peptides. Galanin exerts its biological activity through three G-protein coupled receptor subtypes, GAL1-3R. Throughout the last 20years, data has accumulated that galanin can have a neuroprotective effect presumably mediated through the activation of GAL1R and GAL2R. In order to test the pharmaceutical potential of galanin receptor subtype selective ligands to inhibit excitotoxic cell death, the GAL1R selective ligand M617 and the GAL2R selective ligand M1145 were compared to the novel GAL1/2R ligand M1154, in their ability to reduce the excitotoxic effects of intracerebroventricular injected kainate acid in rats. The peptide ligands were evaluated in vitro for their binding preference in a competitive (125)I-galanin receptor subtype binding assay, and G-protein signaling was evaluated using both classical signaling and a label-free real-time technique. Even though there was no significant difference in the time course or severity of the kainic acid induced epileptic behavior in vivo, administration of either M617 or M1154 before kainic acid administration significantly attenuated the neuronal cell death in the hippocampus. Our results indicate the potential therapeutic value of agonists selective for GAL1R in the prevention of neuronal cell death.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Bradykinin/analogs & derivatives
- Bradykinin/pharmacology
- Cell Death/drug effects
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cyclic AMP/metabolism
- Galanin/analogs & derivatives
- Galanin/pharmacology
- Hippocampus/drug effects
- Hippocampus/pathology
- Humans
- Kainic Acid/toxicity
- Ligands
- Male
- Neurons/drug effects
- Neurons/metabolism
- Neurons/pathology
- Peptide Fragments/pharmacology
- Protein Binding
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Receptor, Galanin, Type 1/agonists
- Receptor, Galanin, Type 1/metabolism
- Receptor, Galanin, Type 2/agonists
- Receptor, Galanin, Type 2/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin Webling
- Department of Neurochemistry, Stockholm University, Svante Arrheniusv. 16B, SE-10691, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Jessica L Groves-Chapman
- Neuroscience Program, Biomedical and Health Science Institute, Department of Psychology, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Johan Runesson
- Department of Neurochemistry, Stockholm University, Svante Arrheniusv. 16B, SE-10691, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Indrek Saar
- Institute of technology, University of Tartu, Nooruse 1, 50411, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Andreas Lang
- Research Program for Receptorbiochemistry and Tumormetabolism, Laura Bassi Centre of Expertise THERAPEP, Department of Pediatrics/University Hospital Salzburg, Paracelsus Medical University, Müllner Hauptstr. 48, 5020, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Rannar Sillard
- Department of Neurochemistry, Stockholm University, Svante Arrheniusv. 16B, SE-10691, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Erik Jakovenko
- Department of Neurochemistry, Stockholm University, Svante Arrheniusv. 16B, SE-10691, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Barbara Kofler
- Research Program for Receptorbiochemistry and Tumormetabolism, Laura Bassi Centre of Expertise THERAPEP, Department of Pediatrics/University Hospital Salzburg, Paracelsus Medical University, Müllner Hauptstr. 48, 5020, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Philip V Holmes
- Neuroscience Program, Biomedical and Health Science Institute, Department of Psychology, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Ülo Langel
- Department of Neurochemistry, Stockholm University, Svante Arrheniusv. 16B, SE-10691, Stockholm, Sweden; Institute of technology, University of Tartu, Nooruse 1, 50411, Tartu, Estonia
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Zalecki M, Sienkiewicz W, Franke-Radowiecka A, Klimczuk M, Kaleczyc J. The Influence of Gastric Antral Ulcerations on the Expression of Galanin and GalR1, GalR2, GalR3 Receptors in the Pylorus with Regard to Gastric Intrinsic Innervation of the Pyloric Sphincter. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0155658. [PMID: 27175780 PMCID: PMC4866767 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0155658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2016] [Accepted: 05/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Gastric antrum ulcerations are common disorders occurring in humans and animals. Such localization of ulcers disturbs the gastric emptying process, which is precisely controlled by the pylorus. Galanin (Gal) and its receptors are commonly accepted to participate in the regulation of inflammatory processes and neuronal plasticity. Their role in the regulation of gastrointestinal motility is also widely described. However, there is lack of data considering antral ulcerations in relation to changes in the expression of Gal and GalR1, GalR2, GalR3 receptors in the pyloric wall tissue and galaninergic intramural innervation of the pylorus. Two groups of pigs were used in the study: healthy gilts and gilts with experimentally induced antral ulcers. By double immunocytochemistry percentages of myenteric and submucosal neurons expressing Gal-immunoreactivity were determined in the pyloric wall tissue and in the population of gastric descending neurons supplying the pyloric sphincter (labelled by retrograde Fast Blue neuronal tracer). The percentage of Gal-immunoreactive neurons increased only in the myenteric plexus of the pyloric wall (from 16.14±2.06% in control to 25.5±2.07% in experimental animals), while no significant differences in other neuronal populations were observed between animals of both groups. Real-Time PCR revealed the increased expression of mRNA encoding Gal and GalR1 receptor in the pyloric wall tissue of the experimental animals, while the expression(s) of GalR2 and GalR3 were not significantly changed. The results obtained suggest the involvement of Gal, GalR1 and galaninergic pyloric myenteric neurons in the response of pyloric wall structures to antral ulcerations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Zalecki
- Department of Animal Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Olsztyn, Poland
- * E-mail:
| | - Waldemar Sienkiewicz
- Department of Animal Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Amelia Franke-Radowiecka
- Department of Animal Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Magdalena Klimczuk
- Department of Animal Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Jerzy Kaleczyc
- Department of Animal Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Olsztyn, Poland
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Psichas A, Glass LL, Sharp SJ, Reimann F, Gribble FM. Galanin inhibits GLP-1 and GIP secretion via the GAL1 receptor in enteroendocrine L and K cells. Br J Pharmacol 2016; 173:888-98. [PMID: 26661062 PMCID: PMC4761093 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2015] [Revised: 11/26/2015] [Accepted: 12/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Purpose Galanin is a widely expressed neuropeptide, which in the gut is thought to modulate gastrointestinal motility and secretion. We aimed to elucidate the poorly characterised mechanisms underlying the inhibitory effect of galanin and the potential involvement of G‐protein coupled inwardly rectifying potassium, Kir3, (GIRK) channels in glucagon‐like peptide 1 (GLP‐1) and glucose‐dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) secretion. Experimental Approach Purified murine L and K cells were analysed for expression of galanin receptors and GIRK subunits. Hormone secretion was measured from primary murine intestinal cultures. Intracellular cAMP was monitored in primary L cells derived from mice expressing the Epac2camps sensor under the control of the proglucagon promoter. Key Results Galanin receptor 1 (GAL1, Galr1) and GIRK channel 1 (Kir3.1, Kcnj3) and 4 (Kir3.4, Kcnj5) mRNA expression was highly enriched in K and L cells. Galanin and a selective GAL1 receptor agonist (M617) potently inhibited GLP‐1 and GIP secretion from primary small intestinal cultures. In L cells, galanin significantly inhibited the forskolin‐induced cAMP response. The GIRK1/4 activator ML297 significantly reduced glucose‐stimulated and IBMX‐stimulated GLP‐1 secretion but had no effect on GIP. The GIRK blocker tertiapin‐Q did not impair galanin‐mediated GLP‐1 inhibition. Conclusions and Implications Galanin, acting via the GAL1 receptor and Gi‐coupled signalling in L and K cells, is a potent inhibitor of GLP‐1 and GIP secretion. Although GIRK1/4 channels are expressed in these cells, their activation does not appear to play a major role in galanin‐mediated inhibition of incretin secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arianna Psichas
- Metabolic Research Laboratories and MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, WT-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Leslie L Glass
- Metabolic Research Laboratories and MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, WT-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Stephen J Sharp
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, WT-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Frank Reimann
- Metabolic Research Laboratories and MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, WT-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Fiona M Gribble
- Metabolic Research Laboratories and MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, WT-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
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40
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Barson JR, Leibowitz SF. Hypothalamic neuropeptide signaling in alcohol addiction. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2016; 65:321-9. [PMID: 25689818 PMCID: PMC4537397 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2015.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2014] [Revised: 01/30/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The hypothalamus is now known to regulate alcohol intake in addition to its established role in food intake, in part through neuromodulatory neurochemicals termed neuropeptides. Certain orexigenic neuropeptides act in the hypothalamus to promote alcohol drinking, although they affect different aspects of the drinking response. These neuropeptides, which include galanin, the endogenous opioid enkephalin, and orexin/hypocretin, appear to stimulate alcohol intake not only through mechanisms that promote food intake but also by enhancing reward and reinforcement from alcohol. Moreover, these neuropeptides participate in a positive feedback relationship with alcohol, whereby they are upregulated by alcohol intake to promote even further consumption. They contrast with other orexigenic neuropeptides, such as melanin-concentrating hormone and neuropeptide Y, which promote alcohol intake under limited circumstances, are not consistently stimulated by alcohol, and do not enhance reward. They also contrast with neuropeptides that can be anorexigenic, including the endogenous opioid dynorphin, corticotropin-releasing factor, and melanocortins, which act in the hypothalamus to inhibit alcohol drinking as well as reward and therefore counter the ingestive drive promoted by orexigenic neuropeptides. Thus, while multiple hypothalamic neuropeptides may work together to regulate different aspects of the alcohol drinking response, excessive signaling from orexigenic neuropeptides or inadequate signaling from anorexigenic neuropeptides can therefore allow alcohol drinking to become dysregulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica R. Barson
- Laboratory of Behavioral Neurobiology, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, Box 278, New York, NY, 10065 USA
| | - Sarah F. Leibowitz
- Laboratory of Behavioral Neurobiology, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, Box 278, New York, NY, 10065 USA
,Corresponding author at: Laboratory of Behavioral Neurobiology, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, Box 278, New York, NY, 10065 USA. Tel.: +1 212 327 8378; fax: +1 212 327 8447
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41
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Mufson EJ, Mahady L, Waters D, Counts SE, Perez SE, DeKosky ST, Ginsberg SD, Ikonomovic MD, Scheff SW, Binder LI. Hippocampal plasticity during the progression of Alzheimer's disease. Neuroscience 2015; 309:51-67. [PMID: 25772787 PMCID: PMC4567973 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2015] [Revised: 02/05/2015] [Accepted: 03/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Neuroplasticity involves molecular and structural changes in central nervous system (CNS) throughout life. The concept of neural organization allows for remodeling as a compensatory mechanism to the early pathobiology of Alzheimer's disease (AD) in an attempt to maintain brain function and cognition during the onset of dementia. The hippocampus, a crucial component of the medial temporal lobe memory circuit, is affected early in AD and displays synaptic and intraneuronal molecular remodeling against a pathological background of extracellular amyloid-beta (Aβ) deposition and intracellular neurofibrillary tangle (NFT) formation in the early stages of AD. Here we discuss human clinical pathological findings supporting the concept that the hippocampus is capable of neural plasticity during mild cognitive impairment (MCI), a prodromal stage of AD and early stage AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- E J Mufson
- Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph's Medical Center, Department of Neurobiology, Phoenix, AZ 85013, United States.
| | - L Mahady
- Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph's Medical Center, Department of Neurobiology, Phoenix, AZ 85013, United States
| | - D Waters
- Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph's Medical Center, Department of Neurobiology, Phoenix, AZ 85013, United States
| | - S E Counts
- Department of Translational Science & Molecular Medicine, Michigan State University College of Human Medicine, Grand Rapids, MI, United States
| | - S E Perez
- Division of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - S T DeKosky
- Department of Radiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - S D Ginsberg
- Center for Dementia Research, Nathan Kline Institute, Departments of Psychiatry and Physiology & Neuroscience, New York University Langone Medical Center, Orangeburg, NY, United States
| | - M D Ikonomovic
- Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, VA Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - S W Scheff
- Sanders Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - L I Binder
- Department of Translational Science & Molecular Medicine, Michigan State University College of Human Medicine, Grand Rapids, MI, United States
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Differential Effect of Neuropeptides on Excitatory Synaptic Transmission in Human Epileptic Hippocampus. J Neurosci 2015; 35:9622-31. [PMID: 26134645 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3973-14.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Development of novel disease-modifying treatment strategies for neurological disorders, which at present have no cure, represents a major challenge for today's neurology. Translation of findings from animal models to humans represents an unresolved gap in most of the preclinical studies. Gene therapy is an evolving innovative approach that may prove useful for clinical applications. In animal models of temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE), gene therapy treatments based on viral vectors encoding NPY or galanin have been shown to effectively suppress seizures. However, how this translates to human TLE remains unknown. A unique possibility to validate these animal studies is provided by a surgical therapeutic approach, whereby resected epileptic tissue from temporal lobes of pharmacoresistant patients are available for neurophysiological studies in vitro. To test whether NPY and galanin have antiepileptic actions in human epileptic tissue as well, we applied these neuropeptides directly to human hippocampal slices in vitro. NPY strongly decreased stimulation-induced EPSPs in dentate gyrus and CA1 (up to 30 and 55%, respectively) via Y2 receptors, while galanin had no significant effect. Receptor autoradiographic binding revealed the presence of both NPY and galanin receptors, while functional receptor binding was only detected for NPY, suggesting that galanin receptor signaling may be impaired. These results underline the importance of validating findings from animal studies in human brain tissue, and advocate for NPY as a more appropriate candidate than galanin for future gene therapy trials in pharmacoresistant TLE patients.
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Kanazawa T, Misawa K, Misawa Y, Uehara T, Fukushima H, Kusaka G, Maruta M, Carey TE. G-Protein-Coupled Receptors: Next Generation Therapeutic Targets in Head and Neck Cancer? Toxins (Basel) 2015; 7:2959-84. [PMID: 26251921 PMCID: PMC4549734 DOI: 10.3390/toxins7082959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2015] [Revised: 06/22/2015] [Accepted: 07/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic outcome in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is poor in most advanced cases. To improve therapeutic efficiency, novel therapeutic targets and prognostic factors must be discovered. Our studies have identified several G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) as promising candidates. Significant epigenetic silencing of GPCR expression occurs in HNSCC compared with normal tissue, and is significantly correlated with clinical behavior. Together with the finding that GPCR activity can suppress tumor cell growth, this indicates that GPCR expression has potential utility as a prognostic factor. In this review, we discuss the roles that galanin receptor type 1 (GALR1) and type 2 (GALR2), tachykinin receptor type 1 (TACR1), and somatostatin receptor type 1 (SST1) play in HNSCC. GALR1 inhibits proliferation of HNSCC cells though ERK1/2-mediated effects on cell cycle control proteins such as p27, p57, and cyclin D1, whereas GALR2 inhibits cell proliferation and induces apoptosis in HNSCC cells. Hypermethylation of GALR1, GALR2, TACR1, and SST1 is associated with significantly reduced disease-free survival and a higher recurrence rate. Although their overall activities varies, each of these GPCRs has value as both a prognostic factor and a therapeutic target. These data indicate that further study of GPCRs is a promising strategy that will enrich pharmacogenomics and prognostic research in HNSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeharu Kanazawa
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke 329-0498, Japan.
- Laboratory of Head and Neck Center Biology, Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
| | - Kiyoshi Misawa
- Laboratory of Head and Neck Center Biology, Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
- Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu 431-319, Japan.
| | - Yuki Misawa
- Laboratory of Head and Neck Center Biology, Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
- Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu 431-319, Japan.
| | - Takayuki Uehara
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Nishihara 903-0215, Japan.
| | - Hirofumi Fukushima
- Department of Head and Neck, Cancer Institute Hospital of Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo 135-8550, Japan.
| | - Gen Kusaka
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jichi Medical University Saitama Medical Center, Saitama 330-8503, Japan.
| | - Mikiko Maruta
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke 329-0498, Japan.
| | - Thomas E Carey
- Laboratory of Head and Neck Center Biology, Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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Freimann K, Kurrikoff K, Langel Ü. Galanin receptors as a potential target for neurological disease. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2015. [PMID: 26220265 DOI: 10.1517/14728222.2015.1072513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Galanin is a 29/30 amino acid long neuropeptide that is widely expressed in the brains of many mammals. Galanin exerts its biological activities through three different G protein-coupled receptors, GalR1, GalR2 and GalR3. The widespread distribution of galanin and its receptors in the CNS and the various physiological and pharmacological effects of galanin make the galanin receptors attractive drug targets. AREAS COVERED This review provides an overview of the role of galanin and its receptors in the CNS, the involvement of the galaninergic system in various neurological diseases and the development of new galanin receptor-specific ligands. EXPERT OPINION Recent advances and novel approaches in migrating the directions of subtype-selective ligand development and chemical modifications of the peptide backbone highlight the importance of the galanin neurochemical system as a potential target for drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krista Freimann
- a 1 University of Tartu, Institute of Technology , Tartu, Estonia +372 737 4871 ;
| | - Kaido Kurrikoff
- b 2 University of Tartu, Institute of Technology , Tartu, Estonia
| | - Ülo Langel
- c 3 University of Tartu, Institute of Technology , Tartu, Estonia.,d 4 Stockholm University, Arrhenius Laboratories for Natural Science, Department of Neurochemistry , Stockholm, Sweden
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45
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Spexin Enhances Bowel Movement through Activating L-type Voltage-dependent Calcium Channel via Galanin Receptor 2 in Mice. Sci Rep 2015; 5:12095. [PMID: 26160593 PMCID: PMC4498193 DOI: 10.1038/srep12095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2015] [Accepted: 06/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel neuropeptide spexin was found to be broadly expressed in various endocrine and nervous tissues while little is known about its functions. This study investigated the role of spexin in bowel movement and the underlying mechanisms. In functional constipation (FC) patients, serum spexin levels were significantly decreased. Consistently, in starved mice, the mRNA of spexin was significantly decreased in intestine and colon. Spexin injection increased the velocity of carbon powder propulsion in small intestine and decreased the glass beads expulsion time in distal colon in mice. Further, spexin dose-dependently stimulated the intestinal/colonic smooth muscle contraction. Galanin receptor 2 (GALR2) antagonist M871, but not Galanin receptor 3 (GALR3) antagonist SNAP37899, effectively suppressed the stimulatory effects of spexin on intestinal/colonic smooth muscle contraction, which could be eliminated by extracellular [Ca2+] removal and L-type voltage-dependentCa2+ channel (VDCC) inhibitor nifedipine. Besides, spexin dramatically increased the [Ca2+]i in isolated colonic smooth muscle cells. These data indicate that spexin can act on GALR2 receptor to regulate bowel motility by activating L-type VDCC. Our findings provide evidence for important physiological roles of spexin in GI functions. Selective action on spexin pathway might have therapeutic effects on GI diseases with motility disorders.
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46
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Lang R, Gundlach AL, Holmes FE, Hobson SA, Wynick D, Hökfelt T, Kofler B. Physiology, signaling, and pharmacology of galanin peptides and receptors: three decades of emerging diversity. Pharmacol Rev 2015; 67:118-75. [PMID: 25428932 DOI: 10.1124/pr.112.006536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 218] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Galanin was first identified 30 years ago as a "classic neuropeptide," with actions primarily as a modulator of neurotransmission in the brain and peripheral nervous system. Other structurally-related peptides-galanin-like peptide and alarin-with diverse biologic actions in brain and other tissues have since been identified, although, unlike galanin, their cognate receptors are currently unknown. Over the last two decades, in addition to many neuronal actions, a number of nonneuronal actions of galanin and other galanin family peptides have been described. These include actions associated with neural stem cells, nonneuronal cells in the brain such as glia, endocrine functions, effects on metabolism, energy homeostasis, and paracrine effects in bone. Substantial new data also indicate an emerging role for galanin in innate immunity, inflammation, and cancer. Galanin has been shown to regulate its numerous physiologic and pathophysiological processes through interactions with three G protein-coupled receptors, GAL1, GAL2, and GAL3, and signaling via multiple transduction pathways, including inhibition of cAMP/PKA (GAL1, GAL3) and stimulation of phospholipase C (GAL2). In this review, we emphasize the importance of novel galanin receptor-specific agonists and antagonists. Also, other approaches, including new transgenic mouse lines (such as a recently characterized GAL3 knockout mouse) represent, in combination with viral-based techniques, critical tools required to better evaluate galanin system physiology. These in turn will help identify potential targets of the galanin/galanin-receptor systems in a diverse range of human diseases, including pain, mood disorders, epilepsy, neurodegenerative conditions, diabetes, and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roland Lang
- Department of Dermatology (R.L.) and Laura Bassi Centre of Expertise, Department of Pediatrics (B.K.), Paracelsus Private Medical University, Salzburg, Austria; The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, and Florey Department of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (A.L.G.); Schools of Physiology and Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences, Bristol University, Bristol, United Kingdom (F.E.H., S.A.H., D.W.); and Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (T.H.)
| | - Andrew L Gundlach
- Department of Dermatology (R.L.) and Laura Bassi Centre of Expertise, Department of Pediatrics (B.K.), Paracelsus Private Medical University, Salzburg, Austria; The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, and Florey Department of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (A.L.G.); Schools of Physiology and Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences, Bristol University, Bristol, United Kingdom (F.E.H., S.A.H., D.W.); and Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (T.H.)
| | - Fiona E Holmes
- Department of Dermatology (R.L.) and Laura Bassi Centre of Expertise, Department of Pediatrics (B.K.), Paracelsus Private Medical University, Salzburg, Austria; The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, and Florey Department of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (A.L.G.); Schools of Physiology and Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences, Bristol University, Bristol, United Kingdom (F.E.H., S.A.H., D.W.); and Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (T.H.)
| | - Sally A Hobson
- Department of Dermatology (R.L.) and Laura Bassi Centre of Expertise, Department of Pediatrics (B.K.), Paracelsus Private Medical University, Salzburg, Austria; The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, and Florey Department of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (A.L.G.); Schools of Physiology and Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences, Bristol University, Bristol, United Kingdom (F.E.H., S.A.H., D.W.); and Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (T.H.)
| | - David Wynick
- Department of Dermatology (R.L.) and Laura Bassi Centre of Expertise, Department of Pediatrics (B.K.), Paracelsus Private Medical University, Salzburg, Austria; The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, and Florey Department of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (A.L.G.); Schools of Physiology and Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences, Bristol University, Bristol, United Kingdom (F.E.H., S.A.H., D.W.); and Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (T.H.)
| | - Tomas Hökfelt
- Department of Dermatology (R.L.) and Laura Bassi Centre of Expertise, Department of Pediatrics (B.K.), Paracelsus Private Medical University, Salzburg, Austria; The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, and Florey Department of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (A.L.G.); Schools of Physiology and Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences, Bristol University, Bristol, United Kingdom (F.E.H., S.A.H., D.W.); and Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (T.H.)
| | - Barbara Kofler
- Department of Dermatology (R.L.) and Laura Bassi Centre of Expertise, Department of Pediatrics (B.K.), Paracelsus Private Medical University, Salzburg, Austria; The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, and Florey Department of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (A.L.G.); Schools of Physiology and Pharmacology and Clinical Sciences, Bristol University, Bristol, United Kingdom (F.E.H., S.A.H., D.W.); and Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (T.H.)
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Flynn SP, White HS. Regulation of glucose and insulin release following acute and repeated treatment with the synthetic galanin analog NAX-5055. Neuropeptides 2015; 50:35-42. [PMID: 25690510 PMCID: PMC4402648 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2015.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2014] [Revised: 11/19/2014] [Accepted: 01/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The neuropeptide galanin is widely expressed in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. However there is limited understanding of how individual galanin receptor (GalR1, 2, and 3) subtypes mediate the physiological activity of galanin in vivo. To address this issue we utilized NAX-5055, a systemically available, metabolically stable galanin analog. NAX-5055 displays a preference for GalR1 receptors and possesses potent anticonvulsant activity in vivo, suggesting that NAX-5055 engages central galanin receptors. To determine if NAX-5055 also modulates the activity of peripheral galanin receptors, we evaluated the effect of NAX-5055 on blood glucose and insulin levels in mice. Acute and repeated (once daily for four days) systemic administration of NAX-5055 (4 mg/kg) significantly increased blood glucose levels compared to vehicle treated mice. However, a hyperglycemic response was not observed following systemic administration of NAX-805-1, a scrambled analog of NAX-5055, with critical receptor binding residues, Trp(2) and Tyr(9), reversed. These results suggest that chemical modifications independent of the galanin backbone of NAX-5055 are not responsible for the hyperglycemic response. The effect of NAX-5055 on glucose homeostasis was further evaluated with a glucose tolerance test (GTT). Mice administered either acute or repeated (once daily for four days) injections of NAX-5055 (4 mg/kg) displayed impaired glucose handling and reduced insulin response to an acute glucose (1g/kg) challenge. Here we have shown that systemic administration of a centrally active GalR1-preferring galanin analog produces acute hyperglycemia and an inhibition of insulin release in vivo and that these effects are not attenuated with repeated administration. NAX-5055 thus provides a new pharmacological tool to further the understanding of function of both central and peripheral GalR1 receptors in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean P Flynn
- Interdepartmental Program in Neuroscience, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84108, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84108, USA
| | - H Steve White
- Interdepartmental Program in Neuroscience, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84108, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84108, USA.
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48
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Mazzatenta A, Marconi GD, Macchi V, Porzionato A, Cataldi A, Di Giulio C, Pokorski M. Coexpression of Galanin and Nestin in the Chemoreceptor Cells of the Human Carotid Body. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2015; 885:77-82. [PMID: 26747071 DOI: 10.1007/5584_2015_189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The carotid body is a highly specialized chemoreceptive organ of neural crest origin whose role is to detect changes in arterial oxygen content. The sensory units are the chemoreceptor cells, which are neuronal-like cells, surrounded by sustentacular or glial-like cells. It is suggested that the carotid body contains self-renewing multipotent stem cells, which are putatively represented by glial-like sustentacular cells. The mechanisms of renewal of neuronal-like cells are unclear. Recently, we have demonstrated the expression of galanin, a peptide promoting neurogenesis, in chemoreceptor cells in the human CB. Thus, in the present study we seek to determine whether galanin expression in chemoreceptor cells could be matched with that of nestin, a peptide that is a marker of multipotent neural stem cells, or rather with the glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), a marker for glial cells. The latter would underscore the pluasibly essential role of sustentacular cells in the self-renewal capability of chemorecetors. We found that galanin expression is matched with nestin in chemoreceptor cells of the human carotid body, but not with that of GFAP. Thus, galanin expression in chemoreceptor cells could provide a signal for neurogenesis and chemoreceptor cell differentiation in the carotid body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Mazzatenta
- Department of Neurosciences, Imaging and Clinical Science, University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy.
| | - Guya D Marconi
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Veronica Macchi
- Department of Human Anatomy and Physiology, Padua University, Padua, Italy
| | - Andrea Porzionato
- Department of Human Anatomy and Physiology, Padua University, Padua, Italy
| | - Amelia Cataldi
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Camillo Di Giulio
- Department of Neurosciences, Imaging and Clinical Science, University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Mieczyslaw Pokorski
- Institute of Nursing, Public Higher Medical Professional School, 68 Katowicka St., 45-060, Opole, Poland.
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49
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Yamamoto H, Iguchi K, Unno K, Kaji K, Hoshino M. Expression and release of progalanin in fibroblasts. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 194-195:55-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.regpep.2014.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2014] [Revised: 09/03/2014] [Accepted: 09/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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50
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Hermanowicz B, Bogus-Nowakowska K, Równiak M, Żakowski W, Wasilewska B, Najdzion J, Robak A. Distribution of Galanin and Galanin Receptor 2 in the Pre-optic Area of the Female Guinea Pig. Anat Histol Embryol 2014; 44:308-16. [DOI: 10.1111/ahe.12146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2014] [Accepted: 08/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- B. Hermanowicz
- Department of Comparative Anatomy; Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology; University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn; pl. Łódzki 3 10-727 Olsztyn Poland
| | - K. Bogus-Nowakowska
- Department of Comparative Anatomy; Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology; University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn; pl. Łódzki 3 10-727 Olsztyn Poland
| | - M. Równiak
- Department of Comparative Anatomy; Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology; University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn; pl. Łódzki 3 10-727 Olsztyn Poland
| | - W. Żakowski
- Department of Comparative Anatomy; Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology; University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn; pl. Łódzki 3 10-727 Olsztyn Poland
| | - B. Wasilewska
- Department of Comparative Anatomy; Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology; University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn; pl. Łódzki 3 10-727 Olsztyn Poland
| | - J. Najdzion
- Department of Comparative Anatomy; Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology; University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn; pl. Łódzki 3 10-727 Olsztyn Poland
| | - A. Robak
- Department of Comparative Anatomy; Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology; University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn; pl. Łódzki 3 10-727 Olsztyn Poland
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