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Butz H, Saskői É, Krokker L, Vereczki V, Alpár A, Likó I, Tóth E, Szőcs E, Cserepes M, Nagy K, Kacskovics I, Patócs A. Context-Dependent Role of Glucocorticoid Receptor Alpha and Beta in Breast Cancer Cell Behaviour. Cells 2023; 12:cells12050784. [PMID: 36899920 PMCID: PMC10000936 DOI: 10.3390/cells12050784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Revised: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background. The dual role of GCs has been observed in breast cancer; however, due to many concomitant factors, GR action in cancer biology is still ambiguous. In this study, we aimed to unravel the context-dependent action of GR in breast cancer. Methods. GR expression was characterized in multiple cohorts: (1) 24,256 breast cancer specimens on the RNA level, 220 samples on the protein level and correlated with clinicopathological data; (2) oestrogen receptor (ER)-positive and -negative cell lines were used to test for the presence of ER and ligand, and the effect of the GRβ isoform following GRα and GRβ overexpression on GR action, by in vitro functional assays. Results. We found that GR expression was higher in ER- breast cancer cells compared to ER+ ones, and GR-transactivated genes were implicated mainly in cell migration. Immunohistochemistry showed mostly cytoplasmic but heterogenous staining irrespective of ER status. GRα increased cell proliferation, viability, and the migration of ER- cells. GRβ had a similar effect on breast cancer cell viability, proliferation, and migration. However, the GRβ isoform had the opposite effect depending on the presence of ER: an increased dead cell ratio was found in ER+ breast cancer cells compared to ER- ones. Interestingly, GRα and GRβ action did not depend on the presence of the ligand, suggesting the role of the "intrinsic", ligand-independent action of GR in breast cancer. Conclusions. Staining differences using different GR antibodies may be the reason behind controversial findings in the literature regarding the expression of GR protein and clinicopathological data. Therefore, caution in the interpretation of immunohistochemistry should be applied. By dissecting the effects of GRα and GRβ, we found that the presence of the GR in the context of ER had a different effect on cancer cell behaviour, but independently of ligand availability. Additionally, GR-transactivated genes are mostly involved in cell migration, which raises GR's importance in disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henriett Butz
- Department of Molecular Genetics and the National Tumour Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Oncology, H-1122 Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Oncology Biobank, National Institute of Oncology, H-1122 Budapest, Hungary
- Hereditary Tumours Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Semmelweis University, H-1089 Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Semmelweis University, H-1089 Budapest, Hungary
- Correspondence:
| | - Éva Saskői
- Department of Oncology Biobank, National Institute of Oncology, H-1122 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Lilla Krokker
- Hereditary Tumours Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Semmelweis University, H-1089 Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Semmelweis University, H-1089 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Viktória Vereczki
- Department of Molecular Genetics and the National Tumour Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Oncology, H-1122 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Alán Alpár
- Department of Anatomy, Semmelweis University, H-1094 Budapest, Hungary
| | - István Likó
- Hereditary Tumours Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Semmelweis University, H-1089 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Erika Tóth
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Oncology, H-1122 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Erika Szőcs
- Department of Oncology Biobank, National Institute of Oncology, H-1122 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Mihály Cserepes
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology, National Institute of Oncology, H-1122 Budapest, Hungary
| | | | | | - Attila Patócs
- Department of Molecular Genetics and the National Tumour Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Oncology, H-1122 Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Oncology Biobank, National Institute of Oncology, H-1122 Budapest, Hungary
- Hereditary Tumours Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Semmelweis University, H-1089 Budapest, Hungary
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2
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Butz H, Patócs A. Mechanisms behind context-dependent role of glucocorticoids in breast cancer progression. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2022; 41:803-832. [PMID: 35761157 PMCID: PMC9758252 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-022-10047-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Glucocorticoids (GCs), mostly dexamethasone (dex), are routinely administered as adjuvant therapy to manage side effects in breast cancer. However, recently, it has been revealed that dex triggers different effects and correlates with opposite outcomes depending on the breast cancer molecular subtype. This has raised new concerns regarding the generalized use of GC and suggested that the context-dependent effects of GCs can be taken into potential consideration during treatment design. Based on this, attention has recently been drawn to the role of the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) in development and progression of breast cancer. Therefore, in this comprehensive review, we aimed to summarize the different mechanisms behind different context-dependent GC actions in breast cancer by applying a multilevel examination, starting from the association of variants of the GR-encoding gene to expression at the mRNA and protein level of the receptor, and its interactions with other factors influencing GC action in breast cancer. The role of GCs in chemosensitivity and chemoresistance observed during breast cancer therapy is discussed. In addition, experiences using GC targeting therapeutic options (already used and investigated in preclinical and clinical trials), such as classic GC dexamethasone, selective glucocorticoid receptor agonists and modulators, the GC antagonist mifepristone, and GR coregulators, are also summarized. Evidence presented can aid a better understanding of the biology of context-dependent GC action that can lead to further advances in the personalized therapy of breast cancer by the evaluation of GR along with the conventional estrogen receptor (ER) and progesterone receptor (PR) in the routine diagnostic procedure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henriett Butz
- Department of Molecular Genetics and the National Tumor Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Oncology, Budapest, Hungary.
- Hereditary Tumours Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences-Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Attila Patócs
- Department of Molecular Genetics and the National Tumor Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Oncology, Budapest, Hungary
- Hereditary Tumours Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences-Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
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3
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MLL2 regulates glucocorticoid receptor-mediated transcription of ENACα in human retinal pigment epithelial cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2020; 525:675-680. [PMID: 32139118 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2020.02.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2020] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Glucocorticoids require the glucocorticoid receptor (GR), a type of ligand-dependent nuclear receptor to transmit their downstream effects. Upon glucocorticoid binding, GR associates with glucocorticoid response elements (GREs) and recruits other transcriptional coregulators to activate or repress target gene transcription. Many SET-domain family proteins have been demonstrated to contribute to GR-mediated transcriptional activity. However, whether histone H3K4-specific methyltransferase plays a cell-type-specific role in GR transcriptional regulation remains poorly understood. In this report, we examined MLL2 (KMT2D), a histone-lysine methyltransferase that catalyzes histone H3 lysine 4 methylation (H3K4me). Furthermore, we demonstrated that MLL2 specifically regulates the transcription of some GR target genes (e.g., ENACα and FLJ20371) in ARPE-19 cells, but has no effect in A549 cells. Mechanistically, co-immunoprecipitation assays revealed that MLL2 is associated with GR in a ligand-independent manner in APRE-19 cells. Moreover, chromatin immunoprecipitation analyses demonstrated that MLL2 could co-occupy glucocorticoid response elements (GREs) of GR target genes along with GR following Dex stimulation. Finally, the FAIRE-qPCR results illustrated that MLL2 is pivotal in establishing chromatin structure accessibility at the GREs of ARPE-19 specific genes in the presence of Dex. Taken together, our study determined that MLL2 regulates GR-mediated transcription in a cell-type-specific manner, and we provide a molecular mechanism to explain the specific role of MLL2 in regulating GR target gene expression in ARPE-19 cells.
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4
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Shida A, Ikeda T, Tani N, Morioka F, Aoki Y, Ikeda K, Watanabe M, Ishikawa T. Cortisol levels after cold exposure are independent of adrenocorticotropic hormone stimulation. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0218910. [PMID: 32069307 PMCID: PMC7028257 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0218910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
We previously showed that postmortem serum levels of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) were significantly higher in cases of hypothermia (cold exposure) than other causes of death. This study examined how the human hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, and specifically cortisol, responds to hypothermia. Human samples: Autopsies on 205 subjects (147 men and 58 women; age 15-98 years, median 60 years) were performed within 3 days of death. Cause of death was classified as either hypothermia (cold exposure, n = 14) or non-cold exposure (controls; n = 191). Cortisol levels were determined in blood samples obtained from the left and right cardiac chambers and common iliac veins using a chemiluminescent enzyme immunoassay. Adrenal gland tissues samples were stained for cortisol using a rabbit anti-human polyclonal antibody. Cell culture: AtT20, a mouse ACTH secretory cell line, and Y-1, a corticosterone secretory cell line derived from a mouse adrenal tumor, were analyzed in mono-and co-culture, and times courses of ACTH (in AtT20) and corticosterone (in Y-1) secretion were assessed after low temperature exposure mimicking hypothermia and compared with data for samples collected postmortem for other cases of death. However, no correlation between ACTH concentration and cortisol levels was observed in hypothermia cases. Immunohistologic analyses of samples from hypothermia cases showed that cortisol staining was localized primarily to the nucleus rather than the cytoplasm of cells in the zona fasciculata of the adrenal gland. During both mono-culture and co-culture, AtT20 cells secreted high levels of ACTH after 10-15 minutes of cold exposure, whereas corticosterone secretion by Y-1 cells increased slowly during the first 15-20 minutes of cold exposure. Similar to autopsy results, no correlation was detected between ACTH levels and corticosterone secretion, either in mono-culture or co-culture experiments. These results suggested that ACTH-independent cortisol secretion may function as a stress response during cold exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alissa Shida
- Department of Legal Medicine, Osaka City University Medical School, Osaka, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Tomoya Ikeda
- Department of Legal Medicine, Osaka City University Medical School, Osaka, Japan
- Forensic Autopsy Section, Medico-legal Consultation and Postmortem Investigation Support Center (MLCPI-SC), Osaka, Japan
| | - Naoto Tani
- Department of Legal Medicine, Osaka City University Medical School, Osaka, Japan
- Forensic Autopsy Section, Medico-legal Consultation and Postmortem Investigation Support Center (MLCPI-SC), Osaka, Japan
| | - Fumiya Morioka
- Department of Legal Medicine, Osaka City University Medical School, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yayoi Aoki
- Department of Legal Medicine, Osaka City University Medical School, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kei Ikeda
- Department of Legal Medicine, Osaka City University Medical School, Osaka, Japan
| | - Miho Watanabe
- Department of Legal Medicine, Osaka City University Medical School, Osaka, Japan
- Laboratory of Clinical Regenerative Medicine Department of Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Health and Medical Science Innovation laboratory, Tsukuba City, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Takaki Ishikawa
- Department of Legal Medicine, Osaka City University Medical School, Osaka, Japan
- Forensic Autopsy Section, Medico-legal Consultation and Postmortem Investigation Support Center (MLCPI-SC), Osaka, Japan
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5
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He L, Yuan L, Sun Y, Wang P, Zhang H, Feng X, Wang Z, Zhang W, Yang C, Zeng YA, Zhao Y, Chen C, Zhang L. Glucocorticoid Receptor Signaling Activates TEAD4 to Promote Breast Cancer Progression. Cancer Res 2019; 79:4399-4411. [PMID: 31289134 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-19-0012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2019] [Revised: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The Hippo pathway plays a critical role in cell growth and tumorigenesis. The activity of TEA domain transcription factor 4 (TEAD4) determines the output of Hippo signaling; however, the regulation and function of TEAD4 has not been explored extensively. Here, we identified glucocorticoids (GC) as novel activators of TEAD4. GC treatment facilitated glucocorticoid receptor (GR)-dependent nuclear accumulation and transcriptional activation of TEAD4. TEAD4 positively correlated with GR expression in human breast cancer, and high expression of TEAD4 predicted poor survival of patients with breast cancer. Mechanistically, GC activation promoted GR interaction with TEAD4, forming a complex that was recruited to the TEAD4 promoter to boost its own expression. Functionally, the activation of TEAD4 by GC promoted breast cancer stem cells maintenance, cell survival, metastasis, and chemoresistance both in vitro and in vivo. Pharmacologic inhibition of TEAD4 inhibited GC-induced breast cancer chemoresistance. In conclusion, our study reveals a novel regulation and functional role of TEAD4 in breast cancer and proposes a potential new strategy for breast cancer therapy. SIGNIFICANCE: This study provides new insight into the role of glucocorticoid signaling in breast cancer, with potential for clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingli He
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.,Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Liang Yuan
- School of Life Science and Technology, Shanghai Tech University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.,Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Pingyang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.,Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Hailin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences and Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, People's Republic of China
| | - Xue Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.,Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Zuoyun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.,Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenxiang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.,Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Chuanyu Yang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences and Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Arial Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.,Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Yun Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.,Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.,School of Life Science and Technology, Shanghai Tech University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Ceshi Chen
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences and Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, People's Republic of China. .,Institute of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,KIZ-CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research in Common Diseases, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, People's Republic of China. .,Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.,School of Life Science and Technology, Shanghai Tech University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
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6
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Fang F, Li D, Zhao L, Li Y, Zhang T, Cui B. Expression of NR1H3 in endometrial carcinoma and its effect on the proliferation of Ishikawa cells in vitro. Onco Targets Ther 2019; 12:685-697. [PMID: 30705597 PMCID: PMC6343513 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s180534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Our study aimed to investigate the expression of NR1H3 in endometrial carcinoma, its effect on the proliferation of endometrial carcinoma cells in vitro, and the underlying mechanism of this effect. Materials and methods Immunohistochemistry of paraffin-embedded, sectioned specimens and of a tissue microarray was conducted to estimate the expression of NR1H3 (liver X receptors α: LXRα) and NR1H2 (liver X receptors β: LXRβ) in endometrial carcinoma tissues. The subcellular localization of NR1H3 in the endometrial carcinoma cell line Ishikawa was determined by immunofluorescence. An agonist of NR1H3, TO901317, was then administered to activate the expression of NR1H3, and cell viability and cell-cycle progression were investigated through MTT and flow cytometric assays, respectively. The gene and protein expression levels of NR1H3, cyclin D1 (CCND1), and cyclin E (CCNE) in cells pretreated with different concentrations of TO901317 for different periods of time were also detected by real-time RT-PCR and Western blot, respectively. Results The results showed that, in contrast to NR1H2, which was expressed at low levels in endometrial tissues, NR1H3 was upregulated in endometrial adenocarcinoma tissues compared to levels in normal endometrial tissues and endometrial polyps. Moreover, NR1H3 was mainly expressed in the cytoplasm of Ishikawa cells. TO901317 significantly decreased cell viability and arrested the cell cycle in Ishikawa cells in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Furthermore, the administration of TO901317 not only promoted the expression of NR1H3 but also inhibited the expression of CCND1 and CCNE in Ishikawa cells. Conclusion We demonstrated that NR1H3 is upregulated in endometrial adenocarcinoma and that it inhibits cell viability by inhibiting the expression of CCND1 and CCNE in endometrial carcinoma cells. Our study indicates that NR1H3 may play a role in the development of endometrial cancer and may emerge as a promising therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Fang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, People's Republic of China, .,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Weihai Municipal Hospital, Weihai, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Dawei Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, People's Republic of China, .,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Weihai Municipal Hospital, Weihai, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Lu Zhao
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, People's Republic of China,
| | - Yue Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, People's Republic of China, .,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Weihai Municipal Hospital, Weihai, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Teng Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, People's Republic of China,
| | - Baoxia Cui
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, People's Republic of China,
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Rainville JR, Weiss GL, Evanson N, Herman JP, Vasudevan N, Tasker JG. Membrane-initiated nuclear trafficking of the glucocorticoid receptor in hypothalamic neurons. Steroids 2019; 142:55-64. [PMID: 29242167 PMCID: PMC5997511 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2017.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2017] [Revised: 10/10/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Glucocorticoid binding to the intracellular glucocorticoid receptor (GR) stimulates the translocation of the GR from the cytosol to the nucleus, which leads to the transactivation or transrepression of gene transcription. However, multiple lines of evidence suggest that glucocorticoid signaling can also be initiated from the plasma membrane. Here, we provide evidence for membrane-initiated glucocorticoid signaling by a membrane-impermeant dexamethasone-bovine serum albumin (Dex-BSA) conjugate, which induced GR nuclear trafficking in hypothalamic neurons in vitro and in vivo. The GR nuclear translocation induced by a membrane-impermeant glucocorticoid suggests trafficking of an unliganded GR. The membrane-initiated GR trafficking was not blocked by inhibiting ERK MAPK, p38 MAPK, PKA, Akt, Src kinase, or calcium signaling, but was inhibited by Akt activation. Short-term exposure of hypothalamic neurons to dexamethasone (Dex) activated the glucocorticoid response element (GRE), suggesting transcriptional transactivation, whereas exposure to the Dex-BSA conjugate failed to activate the GRE, suggesting differential transcriptional activity of the liganded compared to the unliganded GR. Microarray analysis revealed divergent transcriptional regulation by Dex-BSA compared to Dex. Together, our data suggest that signaling from a putative membrane glucocorticoid receptor induces the trafficking of unliganded GR to the nucleus, which elicits a pattern of gene transcription that differs from that of the liganded receptor. The differential transcriptional signaling by liganded and unliganded receptors may contribute to the broad range of genetic regulation by glucocorticoids, and may help explain some of the different off-target actions of glucocorticoid drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer R Rainville
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Grant L Weiss
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Nathan Evanson
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - James P Herman
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | | | - Jeffrey G Tasker
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA; Tulane Brain Institute, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA.
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8
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Fries GR, Gassen NC, Rein T. The FKBP51 Glucocorticoid Receptor Co-Chaperone: Regulation, Function, and Implications in Health and Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18122614. [PMID: 29206196 PMCID: PMC5751217 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18122614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Revised: 11/21/2017] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Among the chaperones and co-chaperones regulating the glucocorticoid receptor (GR), FK506 binding protein (FKBP) 51 is the most intensely investigated across different disciplines. This review provides an update on the role of the different co-chaperones of Hsp70 and Hsp90 in the regulation of GR function. The development leading to the focus on FKBP51 is outlined. Further, a survey of the vast literature on the mechanism and function of FKBP51 is provided. This includes its structure and biochemical function, its regulation on different levels—transcription, post-transcription, and post-translation—and its function in signaling pathways. The evidence portraying FKBP51 as a scaffolding protein organizing protein complexes rather than a chaperone contributing to the folding of individual proteins is collated. Finally, FKBP51’s involvement in physiology and disease is outlined, and the promising efforts in developing drugs targeting FKBP51 are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel R Fries
- Translational Psychiatry Program, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77054, USA.
| | - Nils C Gassen
- Department of Translational Science in Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, 80804 Munich, Germany.
| | - Theo Rein
- Department of Translational Science in Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, 80804 Munich, Germany.
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9
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Gauthier M, Chakraborty K, Oriss TB, Raundhal M, Das S, Chen J, Huff R, Sinha A, Fajt M, Ray P, Wenzel SE, Ray A. Severe asthma in humans and mouse model suggests a CXCL10 signature underlies corticosteroid-resistant Th1 bias. JCI Insight 2017; 2:94580. [PMID: 28679952 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.94580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2017] [Accepted: 05/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously showed that Th1/type 1 inflammation marked by increased IFN-γ levels in the airways can be appreciated in 50% of patients with severe asthma, despite high dose corticosteroid (CS) treatment. We hypothesized that a downstream target of IFN-γ, CXCL10, which recruits Th1 cells via the cognate receptor CXCR3, is an important contributor to Th1high asthma and CS unresponsiveness. We show high levels of CXCL10 mRNA closely associated with IFNG levels in the BAL cells of 50% of severe asthmatics and also in the airways of mice subjected to a severe asthma model, both in the context of high-dose CS treatment. The inability of CS to dampen IFNG or CXCL10 expression was not because of impaired nuclear translocation of the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) or its transactivational functions. Rather, in the presence of CS and IFN-γ, STAT1 and GR were recruited on critical regulatory elements in the endogenous CXCL10 promoter in monocytes, albeit without any abatement of CXCL10 gene expression. High CXCL10 gene expression was also associated with a mast cell signature in both humans and mice, CXCR3 being also expressed by mast cells. These findings suggest that the IFN-γ-CXCL10 axis plays a central role in persistent type 1 inflammation that may be facilitated by CS therapy through GR-STAT1 cooperation converging on the CXCL10 promoter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Gauthier
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine
| | | | - Timothy B Oriss
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine
| | - Mahesh Raundhal
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine
| | - Sudipta Das
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine
| | - Jie Chen
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine
| | - Rachael Huff
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine
| | - Ayan Sinha
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine
| | - Merritt Fajt
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine.,University of Pittsburgh Asthma Institute at University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (UPMC), and
| | - Prabir Ray
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine.,University of Pittsburgh Asthma Institute at University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (UPMC), and.,Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Sally E Wenzel
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine.,University of Pittsburgh Asthma Institute at University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (UPMC), and.,Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Anuradha Ray
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine.,University of Pittsburgh Asthma Institute at University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (UPMC), and.,Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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10
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Scheschowitsch K, Leite JA, Assreuy J. New Insights in Glucocorticoid Receptor Signaling-More Than Just a Ligand-Binding Receptor. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2017; 8:16. [PMID: 28220107 PMCID: PMC5292432 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2017.00016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2016] [Accepted: 01/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The clinical use of classical glucocorticoids (GC) is narrowed by the many side effects it causes and the resistance to GC observed in some diseases. Since the great majority of GC effects depend on the activation of a glucocorticoid receptor (GR), many research groups had focused to better understand the signaling pathways involving those receptors. Transgenic animal models and genetic modifications of the receptor brought a huge insight into GR mechanisms of action. This in turn opened a new window for the search of selective GR modulators that ideally may have agonistic and antagonistic combined effects and activate one specific signaling pathway, inducing mostly transrepression or transactivation mechanisms. Another important research field concerns to posttranslational modifications that affect the GR and consequently also affect its signaling and function. In this mini review, we discuss many of those aspects of GR signaling, as well as findings like the ligand-independent activation of GR, which add another layer of complexity in GR signaling pathways. Although several recent data have been added to the GR field, much work has yet to be done, especially to find out the biological relevance of those alternative GR signaling pathways. Improving the knowledge about alternative GR signaling pathways and understanding how these pathways intercommunicate and in which situations they are relevant might help to develop new strategies to take benefit of it and to improve GC or other compounds efficacy causing minimal side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Scheschowitsch
- Department of Pharmacology, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Jacqueline Alves Leite
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jamil Assreuy
- Department of Pharmacology, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Jamil Assreuy,
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11
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Sundahl N, Clarisse D, Bracke M, Offner F, Berghe WV, Beck IM. Selective glucocorticoid receptor-activating adjuvant therapy in cancer treatments. Oncoscience 2016; 3:188-202. [PMID: 27713909 PMCID: PMC5043069 DOI: 10.18632/oncoscience.315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2016] [Accepted: 07/08/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Although adverse effects and glucocorticoid resistance cripple their chronic use, glucocorticoids form the mainstay therapy for acute and chronic inflammatory disorders, and play an important role in treatment protocols of both lymphoid malignancies and as adjuvant to stimulate therapy tolerability in various solid tumors. Glucocorticoid binding to their designate glucocorticoid receptor (GR), sets off a plethora of cell-specific events including therapeutically desirable effects, such as cell death, as well as undesirable effects, including chemotherapy resistance, systemic side effects and glucocorticoid resistance. In this context, selective GR agonists and modulators (SEGRAMs) with a more restricted GR activity profile have been developed, holding promise for further clinical development in anti-inflammatory and potentially in cancer therapies. Thus far, the research into the prospective benefits of selective GR modulators in cancer therapy limped behind. Our review discusses how selective GR agonists and modulators could improve the therapy regimens for lymphoid malignancies, prostate or breast cancer. We summarize our current knowledge and look forward to where the field should move to in the future. Altogether, our review clarifies novel therapeutic perspectives in cancer modulation via selective GR targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nora Sundahl
- Laboratory of Experimental Cancer Research (LECR), Department of Radiation Oncology & Experimental Cancer Research, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium; Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), Ghent, Belgium
| | - Dorien Clarisse
- Laboratory of Experimental Cancer Research (LECR), Department of Radiation Oncology & Experimental Cancer Research, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium; Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), Ghent, Belgium; Receptor Research Laboratories, Nuclear Receptor Lab (NRL), VIB Medical Biotechnology Center, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Marc Bracke
- Laboratory of Experimental Cancer Research (LECR), Department of Radiation Oncology & Experimental Cancer Research, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium; Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), Ghent, Belgium
| | - Fritz Offner
- Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Wim Vanden Berghe
- Laboratory of Protein Chemistry, Proteomics and Epigenetic Signaling, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Ilse M Beck
- Laboratory of Experimental Cancer Research (LECR), Department of Radiation Oncology & Experimental Cancer Research, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium; Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), Ghent, Belgium
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12
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Hapgood JP, Avenant C, Moliki JM. Glucocorticoid-independent modulation of GR activity: Implications for immunotherapy. Pharmacol Ther 2016; 165:93-113. [PMID: 27288728 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2016.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 05/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Pharmacological doses of glucocorticoids (GCs), acting via the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) to repress inflammation and immune function, remain the most effective therapy in the treatment of inflammatory and immune diseases. Since many patients on GC therapy exhibit GC resistance and severe side-effects, much research is focused on developing more selective GCs and combination therapies, with greater anti-inflammatory potency. GCs mediate their classical genomic transcriptional effects by binding to the cytoplasmic GR, followed by nuclear translocation and modulation of transcription of target genes by direct DNA binding of the GR or its tethering to other transcription factors. Recent evidence suggests, however, that the responses mediated by the GR are much more complex and involve multiple parallel mechanisms integrating simultaneous signals from other receptors, both in the absence and presence of GCs, to shift the sensitivity of a target cell to GCs. The level of cellular stress, immune activation status, or the cell cycle phase may be crucial for determining GC sensitivity and GC responsiveness as well as subcellular localization of the GR and GR levels. Central to the development of new drugs that target GR signaling alone or as add-on therapies, is an in-depth understanding of the molecular mechanisms of GC-independent GR desensitization, priming and activation of the unliganded GR, as well as synergy and cross-talk with other signaling pathways. This review will discuss the information currently available on these topics and their relevance to immunotherapy, as well as identify unanswered questions and future areas of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janet P Hapgood
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Cape Town, Private Bag X3, Rondebosch, 7700, South Africa.
| | - Chanel Avenant
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Cape Town, Private Bag X3, Rondebosch, 7700, South Africa
| | - Johnson M Moliki
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Cape Town, Private Bag X3, Rondebosch, 7700, South Africa
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13
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Zhang P, Fang L, Wu H, Ding P, Shen Q, Liu R. Down-regulation of GRα expression and inhibition of its nuclear translocation by hypoxia. Life Sci 2016; 146:92-9. [PMID: 26767627 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2015.12.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2015] [Revised: 12/08/2015] [Accepted: 12/31/2015] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Glucocorticoids are the most effective anti-inflammatory agent in treating pulmonary diseases typically accompanied by hypoxia. Our previous study has demonstrated that glucocorticoid receptor α (GRα) expression is reduced in hypoxia but the underlying mechanism remains elusive. In this study we aim to identify the signaling pathway involved in hypoxia-induced down-regulation of GRα, and whether hypoxia affects nuclear translocation of GRα. MAIN METHODS Female C57BL/6 mice were sensitized with saline or ovalbumin (OVA) as the in vivo model. Mice were divided into control and OVA groups, and their lung histology and the expression of hypoxia inducible factor (HIF-1) and GRα were examined. A549 cells were exposed to chemical hypoxia as the in vitro model, where mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) were inhibited specifically by SB203580. Next, under normal or hypoxic conditions, the expression of GRα, MAPKs and HIF-1 signal protein were determined by Western blot analysis, and GRα translocation were observed through live-cell imaging. KEY FINDINGS In OVA challenged mice the expression of GRα was down-regulated whereas HIF-1 was up-regulated. Hypoxia caused a time-dependent decrease of GRα expression, and activated multiple signaling pathways including MAPKs and HIF-1. Moreover, GRα expression increased with MAPK inhibition. Interestingly, only MAPK inhibitor SB203580, but not JNK inhibitor SP600125 or ERK inhibitor U0126 improved the expression of GRα under hypoxic condition. GRα nuclear translocation was also significantly inhibited by hypoxia. SIGNIFICANCE Hypoxia down-regulated the expression of GRα through p38 signaling pathway, as well as inhibited GRα nuclear translocation significantly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei Zhang
- Department of Pulmonary, Anhui Geriatric Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University
| | - Lei Fang
- Department of Pulmonary, Anhui Geriatric Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University
| | - HuiMei Wu
- Department of Pulmonary, Anhui Geriatric Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University
| | - Peishan Ding
- Department of Pulmonary, Anhui Geriatric Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University
| | - QiYing Shen
- Department of Pulmonary, Anhui Geriatric Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University
| | - Rongyu Liu
- Department of Pulmonary, Anhui Geriatric Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University
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14
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Sundahl N, Bridelance J, Libert C, De Bosscher K, Beck IM. Selective glucocorticoid receptor modulation: New directions with non-steroidal scaffolds. Pharmacol Ther 2015; 152:28-41. [PMID: 25958032 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2015.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2015] [Accepted: 04/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Glucocorticoids remain the frontline treatment for inflammatory disorders, yet represent a double-edged sword with beneficial therapeutic actions alongside adverse effects, mainly in metabolic regulation. Considerable efforts were made to improve this balance by attempting to amplify therapeutic beneficial anti-inflammatory actions and to minimize adverse metabolic actions. Most attention has focused on the development of novel compounds favoring the transrepressing actions of the glucocorticoid receptor, assumed to be important for anti-inflammatory actions, over the transactivating actions, assumed to underpin the undesirable actions. These compounds are classified as selective glucocorticoid receptor agonists (SEGRAs) or selective glucocorticoid receptor modulators (SEGRMs). The latter class is able to modulate the activity of a GR agonist and/or may not classically bind the glucocorticoid receptor ligand-binding pocket. SEGRAs and SEGRMs are collectively denominated SEGRAMs (selective glucocorticoid receptor agonists and modulators). Although this transrepression vs transactivation concept proved to be too simplistic, the developed SEGRAMs were helpful in elucidating various molecular actions of the glucocorticoid receptor, but have also raised many novel questions. We discuss lessons learned from recent mechanistic studies of selective glucocorticoid receptor modulators. This is approached by analyzing recent experimental insights in comparison with knowledge obtained using mutant GR research, thus clarifying the current view on the SEGRAM field. These insights also contribute to our understanding of the processes controlling glucocorticoid-mediated side effects as well as glucocorticoid resistance. Our perspective on non-steroidal SEGRAs and SEGRMs considers remaining opportunities to address research gaps in order to harness the potential for more safe and effective glucocorticoid receptor therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nora Sundahl
- Laboratory of Experimental Cancer Research (LECR), Department of Radiation Oncology & Experimental Cancer Research, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium
| | - Jolien Bridelance
- Laboratory of Experimental Cancer Research (LECR), Department of Radiation Oncology & Experimental Cancer Research, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium
| | - Claude Libert
- Department for Molecular Biomedical Research, VIB, Gent, Belgium; Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium
| | - Karolien De Bosscher
- Receptor Research Laboratories, Nuclear Receptor Lab (NRL), VIB Department of Medical Protein Research, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium.
| | - Ilse M Beck
- Laboratory of Experimental Cancer Research (LECR), Department of Radiation Oncology & Experimental Cancer Research, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium
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15
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Rainville J, Pollard K, Vasudevan N. Membrane-initiated non-genomic signaling by estrogens in the hypothalamus: cross-talk with glucocorticoids with implications for behavior. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2015; 6:18. [PMID: 25762980 PMCID: PMC4329805 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2015.00018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2014] [Accepted: 01/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The estrogen receptor and glucocorticoid receptor are members of the nuclear receptor superfamily that can signal using both non-genomic and genomic transcriptional modes. Though genomic modes of signaling have been well characterized and several behaviors attributed to this signaling mechanism, the physiological significance of non-genomic modes of signaling has not been well understood. This has partly been due to the controversy regarding the identity of the membrane ER (mER) or membrane GR (mGR) that may mediate rapid, non-genomic signaling and the downstream signaling cascades that may result as a consequence of steroid ligands binding the mER or the mGR. Both estrogens and glucocorticoids exert a number of actions on the hypothalamus, including feedback. This review focuses on the various candidates for the mER or mGR in the hypothalamus and the contribution of non-genomic signaling to classical hypothalamically driven behaviors and changes in neuronal morphology. It also attempts to categorize some of the possible functions of non-genomic signaling at both the cellular level and at the organismal level that are relevant for behavior, including some behaviors that are regulated by both estrogens and glucocorticoids in a potentially synergistic manner. Lastly, it attempts to show that steroid signaling via non-genomic modes may provide the organism with rapid behavioral responses to stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Rainville
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Kevin Pollard
- Neuroscience Program, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Nandini Vasudevan
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA
- Neuroscience Program, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA
- *Correspondence: Nandini Vasudevan, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Tulane University, 2000 Percival Stern Hall, New Orleans, LA 70118, USA e-mail:
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16
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Cato L, Neeb A, Brown M, Cato ACB. Control of steroid receptor dynamics and function by genomic actions of the cochaperones p23 and Bag-1L. NUCLEAR RECEPTOR SIGNALING 2014; 12:e005. [PMID: 25422595 PMCID: PMC4242288 DOI: 10.1621/nrs.12005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2014] [Accepted: 09/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Molecular chaperones encompass a group of unrelated proteins that facilitate the
correct assembly and disassembly of other macromolecular structures, which they
themselves do not remain a part of. They associate with a large and diverse set
of coregulators termed cochaperones that regulate their function and
specificity. Amongst others, chaperones and cochaperones regulate the activity
of several signaling molecules including steroid receptors, which upon ligand
binding interact with discrete nucleotide sequences within the nucleus to
control the expression of diverse physiological and developmental genes.
Molecular chaperones and cochaperones are typically known to provide the correct
conformation for ligand binding by the steroid receptors. While this
contribution is widely accepted, recent studies have reported that they further
modulate steroid receptor action outside ligand binding. They are thought to
contribute to receptor turnover, transport of the receptor to different
subcellular localizations, recycling of the receptor on chromatin and even
stabilization of the DNA-binding properties of the receptor. In addition to
these combined effects with molecular chaperones, cochaperones are reported to
have additional functions that are independent of molecular chaperones. Some of
these functions also impact on steroid receptor action. Two well-studied
examples are the cochaperones p23 and Bag-1L, which have been identified as
modulators of steroid receptor activity in nuclei. Understanding details of
their regulatory action will provide new therapeutic opportunities of
controlling steroid receptor action independent of the widespread effects of
molecular chaperones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Cato
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, Department of Medical Oncology and Center for Functional Cancer Epigenetics, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA (LC, MB) and Institute of Toxicology and Genetics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany (AN, ACBC)
| | - Antje Neeb
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, Department of Medical Oncology and Center for Functional Cancer Epigenetics, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA (LC, MB) and Institute of Toxicology and Genetics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany (AN, ACBC)
| | - Myles Brown
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, Department of Medical Oncology and Center for Functional Cancer Epigenetics, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA (LC, MB) and Institute of Toxicology and Genetics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany (AN, ACBC)
| | - Andrew C B Cato
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, Department of Medical Oncology and Center for Functional Cancer Epigenetics, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA (LC, MB) and Institute of Toxicology and Genetics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany (AN, ACBC)
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17
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Vandevyver S, Dejager L, Libert C. Comprehensive overview of the structure and regulation of the glucocorticoid receptor. Endocr Rev 2014; 35:671-93. [PMID: 24937701 DOI: 10.1210/er.2014-1010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Glucocorticoids are among the most prescribed drugs worldwide for the treatment of numerous immune and inflammatory disorders. They exert their actions by binding to the glucocorticoid receptor (GR), a member of the nuclear receptor superfamily. There are several GR isoforms resulting from alternative RNA splicing and translation initiation of the GR transcript. Additionally, these isoforms are all subject to several transcriptional, post-transcriptional, and post-translational modifications, all of which affect the protein's stability and/or function. In this review, we summarize recent knowledge on the distinct GR isoforms and the processes that generate them. We also review the importance of all known transcriptional, post-transcriptional, and post-translational modifications, including the regulation of GR by microRNAs. Moreover, we discuss the crucial role of the putative GR-bound DNA sequence as an allosteric ligand influencing GR structure and activity. Finally, we describe how the differential composition and distinct regulation at multiple levels of different GR species could account for the wide and diverse effects of glucocorticoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofie Vandevyver
- Inflammation Research Center (S.V., L.D., C.L.), Flanders Institute for Biotechnology, B9052 Ghent, Belgium; and Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology (S.V., L.D., C.L.), Ghent University, B9052 Ghent, Belgium
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18
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Panagiotakopoulos L, Neigh GN. Development of the HPA axis: where and when do sex differences manifest? Front Neuroendocrinol 2014; 35:285-302. [PMID: 24631756 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2014.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2013] [Revised: 02/22/2014] [Accepted: 03/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Sex differences in the response to stress contribute to sex differences in somatic, neurological, and psychiatric diseases. Despite a growing literature on the mechanisms that mediate sex differences in the stress response, the ontogeny of these differences has not been comprehensively reviewed. This review focuses on the development of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, a key component of the body's response to stress, and examines the critical points of divergence during development between males and females. Insight gained from animal models and clinical studies are presented to fully illustrate the current state of knowledge regarding sex differences in response to stress over development. An appreciation for the developmental timelines of the components of the HPA axis will provide a foundation for future areas of study by highlighting both what is known and calling attention to areas in which sex differences in the development of the HPA axis have been understudied.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gretchen N Neigh
- Emory University, Department of Physiology, United States; Emory University, Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, United States.
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19
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Atlas E, Pope L, Wade MG, Kawata A, Boudreau A, Boucher JG. Bisphenol A increases aP2 expression in 3T3L1 by enhancing the transcriptional activity of nuclear receptors at the promoter. Adipocyte 2014; 3:170-9. [PMID: 25068083 PMCID: PMC4110093 DOI: 10.4161/adip.28436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2014] [Revised: 03/03/2014] [Accepted: 03/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Environmental pollutants, such as bisphenol A (BPA), have the potential to affect the differentiation processes and the biology of the adipose tissue. The 3T3-L1 model is one of the murine cell models used extensively for the investigation of the molecular events that govern the differentiation of adipocytes from a committed preadipocyte to a mature, lipid laden adipocyte. Most of the studies investigating the effects of BPA on preadipocyte differentiation have investigated the effects of this chemical in the presence of an optimal differentiation cocktail containing high concentrations of the synthetic glucocorticoid dexamethasone, conditions that result in 90% to 100% of differentiated adipocytes. Our studies employed the 3T3-L1 cell model in the absence of exogenous glucocorticoids. We show that BPA is able to increase the differentiation of the 3T3-L1 cells under these conditions. Furthermore, the effect of BPA was observed in the absence of the synthetic glucocorticoid (dexamethasone), a hormone known to be required for the differentiation of the 3T3-L1 cells. In addition, BPA upregulated the mRNA expression and protein levels of the terminal marker of adipogenesis the fatty acid binding protein (aP2) in these cells. Interestingly, the known modulators of adipogenesis such as the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) γ or CCAAT enhancer binding protein (C/EBP) α were not elevated at the mRNA or protein level in response to BPA. Furthermore, BPA upregulated the expression levels of the marker of adipogenesis aP2, through an effect on the transcriptional activity of C/EBPδ and the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) at its promoter.
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20
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Sun Y, Chung HH, Woo ARE, Lin VCL. Protein arginine methyltransferase 6 enhances ligand-dependent and -independent activity of estrogen receptor α via distinct mechanisms. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2014; 1843:2067-78. [PMID: 24742914 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2014.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2013] [Revised: 03/19/2014] [Accepted: 04/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies reported that protein arginine methyltransferase 6 (PRMT6) enhances estrogen-induced activity of estrogen receptor α (ERα) and dysfunction of PRMT6 is associated with overall better survival for ERα-positive breast cancer patients. However, it is unclear how PRMT6 promotes ERα activity. Here we report that PRMT6 specifically interacts with ERα at its ligand-binding domain. PRMT6 also methylates ERα both in vitro and in vivo. In addition to enhancing estrogen-induced ERα activity, PRMT6 over-expression up-regulates estrogen-independent activity of ERα and PRMT6 gene silencing in MCF7 cells inhibits ligand-independent ERα activation. More interestingly, the effect of PRMT6 on the ligand-independent ERα activity does not require its methyltransferase activity. Instead, PRMT6 competes with Hsp90 for ERα binding: PRMT6 and Hsp90 bindings to ERα are mutually exclusive and PRMT6 over-expression reduces ERα interaction with Hsp90. In conclusion, PRMT6 requires its methyltransferase activity to enhance ERα's ligand-induced activity, but its effect on ligand-independent activity is likely mediated through competing with Hsp90 for binding to the C-terminal domain of ERα. PRMT6-ERα interaction would prevent ERα-Hsp90 association. Since Hsp90 and associated chaperones serve to maintain ERα conformation for ligand-binding yet functionally inactive, inhibition of ERα-Hsp90 interaction would relieve ERα from the constraint of chaperone complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Sun
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - Hwa Hwa Chung
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - Amanda Rui En Woo
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - Valerie C-L Lin
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore.
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21
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Robertson S, Hapgood JP, Louw A. Glucocorticoid receptor concentration and the ability to dimerize influence nuclear translocation and distribution. Steroids 2013. [PMID: 23178279 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2012.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Glucocorticoid receptor (GR) concentrations and the ability of the GR to dimerize are factors which influence sensitivity to glucocorticoids. Upon glucocorticoid binding, the GR is actively transported into the nucleus, a crucial step in determining GR function. We examined the effects of GR concentration and the ability to dimerize on GR nuclear import, export and nuclear distribution using both live cell microscopy of GFP-tagged GR and immunofluorescence of untagged GR, with both wild type GR (GRwt) and dimerization deficient GR (GRdim). We found that the observed rate of GR nuclear import increases significantly at higher GR concentrations, at saturating concentrations of dexamethasone (10(-6) M) using GFP-tagged GR, while with untagged GR it is only discernable at sub-saturating ligand concentrations (10(-10)-10(-9) M). Loss of dimerization results in a slower observed rate of nuclear import (2.5- to 3.3-fold decrease for GFP-GRdim) as well as a decreased extent of GR nuclear localization (18-27% decrease for untagged GRdim). These results were linked to an increased rate of GR export at low GR concentrations (1.4- to 1.6-fold increase for untagged GR) and where GR dimerization is abrogated (1.5- to 1.7-fold increase for GFP-GRdim). Furthermore, GR dimerization was shown to be required for the appearance of discrete GC-dependent GR nuclear foci, the loss of which may explain the increased rate of GR export for the GRdim. The reduction in the observed rate of nuclear import and increased rate of nuclear export displayed at low GR concentrations and by the GRdim could explain the lowered glucocorticoid response under these conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Robertson
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch 7602, South Africa
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22
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The inositol 5-phosphatase SHIP1 is a nucleo-cytoplasmic shuttling protein and enzymatically active in cell nuclei. Cell Signal 2012; 24:621-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2011.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2011] [Revised: 07/12/2011] [Accepted: 07/15/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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23
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Conway-Campbell BL, Pooley JR, Hager GL, Lightman SL. Molecular dynamics of ultradian glucocorticoid receptor action. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2012; 348:383-93. [PMID: 21872640 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2011.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2011] [Revised: 07/19/2011] [Accepted: 08/12/2011] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
In recent years it has become evident that glucocorticoid receptor (GR) action in the nucleus is highly dynamic, characterized by a rapid exchange at the chromatin template. This stochastic mode of GR action couples perfectly with a deterministic pulsatile availability of endogenous ligand in vivo. The endogenous glucocorticoid hormone (cortisol in man and corticosterone in rodent) is secreted from the adrenal gland with an ultradian rhythm made up of pulses at approximately hourly intervals. These two components - the rapidly fluctuating ligand and the rapidly exchanging receptor - appear to have evolved to establish and maintain a system that is exquisitely responsive to the physiological demands of the organism. In this review, we discuss recent and innovative work that questions the idea of steady state, static hormone receptor responses, and replaces them with new concepts of stochastic mechanisms and oscillatory activity essential for optimal function in molecular and cellular systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Becky L Conway-Campbell
- Henry Wellcome Laboratories for Integrative Neuroscience and Endocrinology, University of Bristol, Bristol BS1 3NY, UK.
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Hořejší B, Vinopal S, Sládková V, Dráberová E, Sulimenko V, Sulimenko T, Vosecká V, Philimonenko A, Hozák P, Katsetos CD, Dráber P. Nuclear γ-tubulin associates with nucleoli and interacts with tumor suppressor protein C53. J Cell Physiol 2011; 227:367-82. [PMID: 21465471 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.22772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
γ-Tubulin is assumed to be a typical cytosolic protein necessary for nucleation of microtubules from microtubule organizing centers. Using immunolocalization and cell fractionation techniques in combination with siRNAi and expression of FLAG-tagged constructs, we have obtained evidence that γ-tubulin is also present in nucleoli of mammalian interphase cells of diverse cellular origins. Immunoelectron microscopy has revealed γ-tubulin localization outside fibrillar centers where transcription of ribosomal DNA takes place. γ-Tubulin was associated with nucleolar remnants after nuclear envelope breakdown and could be translocated to nucleoli during mitosis. Pretreatment of cells with leptomycin B did not affect the distribution of nuclear γ-tubulin, making it unlikely that rapid active transport via nuclear pores participates in the transport of γ-tubulin into the nucleus. This finding was confirmed by heterokaryon assay and time-lapse imaging of photoconvertible protein Dendra2 tagged to γ-tubulin. Immunoprecipitation from nuclear extracts combined with mass spectrometry revealed an association of γ-tubulin with tumor suppressor protein C53 located at multiple subcellular compartments including nucleoli. The notion of an interaction between γ-tubulin and C53 was corroborated by pull-down and co-immunoprecipitation experiments. Overexpression of γ-tubulin antagonized the inhibitory effect of C53 on DNA damage G(2) /M checkpoint activation. The combined results indicate that aside from its known role in microtubule nucleation, γ-tubulin may also have nuclear-specific function(s).
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbora Hořejší
- Department of Biology of Cytoskeleton, Institute of Molecular Genetics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Czech Republic
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25
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Vandevyver S, Dejager L, Libert C. On the trail of the glucocorticoid receptor: into the nucleus and back. Traffic 2011; 13:364-74. [PMID: 21951602 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0854.2011.01288.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2011] [Revised: 09/20/2011] [Accepted: 09/20/2011] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The glucocorticoid receptor (GR) belongs to the superfamily of steroid receptors and is an important regulator of physiological and metabolic processes. In its inactive state, GR is unbound by ligand and resides in the cytoplasm in a chaperone complex. When it binds glucocorticoids, it is activated and translocates to the nucleus, where it functions as a transcription factor. However, the subcellular localization of GR is determined by the balance between its rates of nuclear import and export. The mechanism of GR nuclear transport has been extensively studied. Originally, it was believed that nuclear import of GR is initiated by dissociation of the chaperone complex in the cytoplasm. However, several studies show that the chaperone machinery is required for nuclear transport of GR. In this review, we summarize the contribution of various chaperone components involved in the nuclear transport of GR and propose an updated model of its nuclear import and export. Moreover, we review the importance of ligand-independent nuclear transport and compare the nuclear transport of GR with that of other steroid receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofie Vandevyver
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Research, VIB, Ghent University, FSVM Building, Technologiepark 927, B9052, Ghent, Belgium
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26
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Hadley KE, Louw A, Hapgood JP. Differential nuclear localisation and promoter occupancy play a role in glucocorticoid receptor ligand-specific transcriptional responses. Steroids 2011; 76:1176-84. [PMID: 21641918 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2011.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2010] [Revised: 04/20/2011] [Accepted: 05/18/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The glucocorticoid receptor (GR) is a ligand-activated transcription factor for which a number of endogenous and synthetic ligands exist. A key question in steroid receptor biology is how different ligands elicit different maximal transcriptional responses via the same receptor and on the same promoter. This question was addressed quantitatively for the GR, using a panel of agonists, partial agonists and antagonists, on the endogenous GILZ gene in two different human cell lines. It was found that the extent of GR nuclear localization correlated with the efficacy for GILZ transactivation by the GR in U2OS cells. However, in A549 cells there was no significant correlation, with all ligands resulting in similar levels of GR nuclear localization, despite different levels of transcriptional activation of the GILZ gene. Chromatin immunoprecipitation analysis on the other hand, revealed ligand-specific differences in GILZ promoter occupancy in the A549 cells, which correlated with the transcriptional efficacy of the subset of ligands investigated. This suggests that ligand-specific differences in promoter occupancy by activated GR play a major role in discrimination between agonist, partial agonist and antagonist responses on the endogenous GILZ gene in A549 cells, while differences in nuclear localisation of liganded GR play a role in determining the transcriptional outcome in U2OS cells. These cell line-specific differences were not dependent on the amount of GR present, since transient overexpression of GR in U2OS did not alter the relative ligand-selective nuclear localisation. Our results show that there is a relationship between ligand-specific transactivation efficacy, extent of nuclear translocation and recruitment of GR to the promoter. However, the relative contribution of nuclear translocation and GR promoter recruitment to ligand-specific transactivation efficacy is cell-specific.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie E Hadley
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Cape Town, Private Bag X3, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
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27
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Beck IM, De Bosscher K, Haegeman G. Glucocorticoid receptor mutants: man-made tools for functional research. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2011; 22:295-310. [PMID: 21549614 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2011.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2010] [Revised: 03/20/2011] [Accepted: 03/31/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The glucocorticoid receptor (GR) is a ligand-dependent transcription factor that can bind to glucocorticoids (GCs). Upon ligand binding, GR sheds its cytoplasmic chaperoning complex and translocates to the nucleus, where it can act as a ligand-dependent transcription factor, transactivating or transrepressing specific gene promoters. Often, GR interacts with specific cofactors to implement a variety of gene promoter effects. GR activity and function is further modulated by post-translational modifications. To assess the diverse aspects of GR mechanisms of activation and gene regulation, researchers continue to use a range of artificial GR mutants. In this review we analyze the characteristics of GR mutants with the aim of assisting the design and interpretation of GR mutant-based experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilse M Beck
- Laboratory of Eukaryotic Gene Expression and Signal Transduction (LEGEST), Department of Physiology, Ghent University, K.L. Ledeganckstraat 35, B-9000 Gent, Belgium.
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28
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Matthews L, Johnson J, Berry A, Trebble P, Cookson A, Spiller D, Rivers C, Norman M, White M, Ray D. Cell cycle phase regulates glucocorticoid receptor function. PLoS One 2011; 6:e22289. [PMID: 21829454 PMCID: PMC3146484 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0022289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2011] [Accepted: 06/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The glucocorticoid receptor (GR) is a member of the nuclear hormone receptor superfamily of ligand-activated transcription factors. In contrast to many other nuclear receptors, GR is thought to be exclusively cytoplasmic in quiescent cells, and only translocate to the nucleus on ligand binding. We now demonstrate significant nuclear GR in the absence of ligand, which requires nuclear localisation signal 1 (NLS1). Live cell imaging reveals dramatic GR import into the nucleus through interphase and rapid exclusion of the GR from the nucleus at the onset of mitosis, which persists into early G(1). This suggests that the heterogeneity in GR distribution is reflective of cell cycle phase. The impact of cell cycle-driven GR trafficking on a panel of glucocorticoid actions was profiled. In G2/M-enriched cells there was marked prolongation of glucocorticoid-induced ERK activation. This was accompanied by DNA template-specific, ligand-independent GR transactivation. Using chimeric and domain-deleted receptors we demonstrate that this transactivation effect is mediated by the AF1 transactivation domain. AF-1 harbours multiple phosphorylation sites, which are consensus sequences for kinases including CDKs, whose activity changes during the cell cycle. In G2/M there was clear ligand independent induction of GR phosphorylation on residues 203 and 211, both of which are phosphorylated after ligand activation. Ligand-independent transactivation required induction of phospho-S211GR but not S203GR, thereby directly linking cell cycle driven GR modification with altered GR function. Cell cycle phase therefore regulates GR localisation and post-translational modification which selectively impacts GR activity. This suggests that cell cycle phase is an important determinant in the cellular response to Gc, and that mitotic index contributes to tissue Gc sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Matthews
- Developmental Biomedicine Research Group, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - James Johnson
- Centre for Cell Imaging, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Berry
- Developmental Biomedicine Research Group, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Trebble
- Developmental Biomedicine Research Group, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Ann Cookson
- Developmental Biomedicine Research Group, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Dave Spiller
- Centre for Cell Imaging, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Caroline Rivers
- Division of Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Michael Norman
- Division of Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Mike White
- Centre for Cell Imaging, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - David Ray
- Developmental Biomedicine Research Group, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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Kim NK, Lim D, Lee SH, Cho YM, Park EW, Lee CS, Shin BS, Kim TH, Yoon D. Heat shock protein B1 and its regulator genes are negatively correlated with intramuscular fat content in the longissimus thoracis muscle of Hanwoo (Korean cattle) steers. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2011; 59:5657-5664. [PMID: 21524092 DOI: 10.1021/jf200217j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
In previous proteomic studies, heat shock protein β 1 (HSPB1) was detected as a candidate protein related to meat quality in cattle. This study sought to determine if its gene expression was associated with intramuscular fat content in the longissimus thoracis muscle of Korean cattle (Hanwoo). Tissue from two groups of 10 steers each, low-marbling (mean intramuscular fat content, 7.4 ± 1.5%) and high-marbling (23.5 ± 2.8%), were used for immunoblotting, real-time PCR, and statistical analyses. HSPB1 expression in both mRNA and protein was shown to be negatively related to intramuscular fat content (P < 0.05). Pathway analysis found two genes, TNF receptor superfamily member 6 (FAS) and angiotensinogen (AGT), that were regulators of the HSPB1 gene. The expression of the two genes showed a negative correlation with intramuscular fat content (P < 0.05). These results suggest that HSPB1, FAS, and AGT may be good candidate genes associated with intramuscular fat content in the longissimus muscle of Korean cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nam-Kuk Kim
- National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Suwon, Korea
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30
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Conway-Campbell BL, George CL, Pooley JR, Knight DM, Norman MR, Hager GL, Lightman SL. The HSP90 molecular chaperone cycle regulates cyclical transcriptional dynamics of the glucocorticoid receptor and its coregulatory molecules CBP/p300 during ultradian ligand treatment. Mol Endocrinol 2011; 25:944-54. [PMID: 21511880 PMCID: PMC3163797 DOI: 10.1210/me.2010-0073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
HSP90 regulates cyclical glucocorticoid receptor activity, cofactor recruitment, histone acetylation and transcriptional pulsing at the Period 1 promoter in response to ultradian glucocorticoid exposure. Glucocorticoid (GC) hormones are secreted from the adrenal gland in a characteristic pulsatile pattern. This ultradian secretory activity exhibits remarkable plasticity, with distinct changes in response to both physiological and stressful stimuli in humans and experimental animals. It is therefore important to understand how the pattern of GC exposure regulates intracellular signaling through the GC receptor (GR). We have previously shown that each pulse of ligand initiates rapid, transient GR activation in several physiologically relevant and functionally diverse target cell types. Using chromatin immunoprecipitation assays, we detect cyclical shifts in the net equilibrium position of GR association with regulatory elements of GC-target genes and have investigated in detail the mechanism of pulsatile transcriptional regulation of the GC-induced Period 1 gene. Transient recruitment of the histone acetyl transferase complex cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB) binding protein (CBP)/p300 is found to precisely track the ultradian hormone rhythm, resulting in transient localized net changes in lysine acetylation at GC-regulatory regions after each pulse. Pulsatile changes in histone H4 acetylation and concomitant recruitment of RNA polymerase 2 precede ultradian bursts of Period 1 gene transcription. Finally, we report the crucial underlying role of the intranuclear heat shock protein 90 molecular chaperone complex in pulsatile GR regulation. Pharmacological interference of heat shock protein 90 (HSP90) with geldanamycin during the intranuclear chaperone cycle completely ablated GR's cyclical activity, cyclical cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB) binding protein (CBP)/p300 recruitment, and the associated cyclical acetylation at the promoter region. These data imply a key role for an intact nuclear chaperone cycle in cyclical transcriptional responses, regulated in time by the pattern of pulsatile hormone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Becky L Conway-Campbell
- Henry Wellcome Laboratories for Integrative Neuroscience and Endocrinology, University of Bristol, Dorothy Hodgkin Building, Whitson Street, Bristol BS1 3NY, United Kingdom.
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Sukumaran S, Jusko WJ, DuBois DC, Almon RR. Mechanistic modeling of the effects of glucocorticoids and circadian rhythms on adipokine expression. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2011; 337:734-46. [PMID: 21398515 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.111.179960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
A mechanism-based model was developed to describe the effects of methylprednisolone (MPL), circadian rhythms, and the glucose/free fatty acid (FFA)/insulin system on leptin and adiponectin expression in white adipose tissue in rats. Fifty-four normal Wistar rats received 50 mg/kg MPL intramuscularly and were sacrificed at various times. An additional set of 54 normal Wistar rats were sacrificed at 18 time points across the 24-h light/dark cycle and served as controls. Measurements included plasma MPL, glucocorticoid receptor (GR) mRNA, leptin mRNA, adiponectin mRNA, plasma leptin, adiponectin, glucose, FFA, and insulin. MPL pharmacokinetics was described by a two-compartment model with two absorption components. All measured plasma markers and mRNA expression exhibited circadian patterns except for adiponectin and were described by Fourier harmonic functions. MPL caused significant down-regulation in GR mRNA with the nadir occurring at 5 h. MPL disrupted the circadian patterns in plasma glucose and FFA by stimulating their production. Plasma glucose and FFA subsequently caused an increase in plasma insulin. Furthermore, MPL disrupted the circadian patterns in leptin mRNA expression by stimulating its production. This rise was closely followed by an increase in plasma leptin. Both leptin mRNA and plasma leptin peaked at 12 h after MPL and eventually returned back to their circadian baselines. MPL and insulin had opposing effects on adiponectin mRNA expression and plasma adiponectin, which resulted in biphasic pharmacodynamic profiles. This small systems model quantitatively describes, integrates, and provides additional insights into various factors controlling adipokine gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siddharth Sukumaran
- Department of Biological Sciences, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA
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32
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Li H, Wang H. Activation of xenobiotic receptors: driving into the nucleus. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2010; 6:409-26. [PMID: 20113149 DOI: 10.1517/17425251003598886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE OF THE FIELD Xenobiotic receptors (XRs) play pivotal roles in regulating the expression of genes that determine the clearance and detoxification of xenobiotics, such as drugs and environmental chemicals. Recently, it has become increasingly evident that most XRs shuttle between the cytoplasm and nucleus, and activation of such receptors is directly associated with xenobiotic-induced nuclear import. AREAS COVERED IN THIS REVIEW The scope of this review covers research literature that discusses nuclear translocation and activation of XRs, as well as unpublished data generated from this laboratory. Specific emphasis is given to the constitutive androstane receptor (CAR), the pregnane X receptor and the aryl hydrocarbon receptor. WHAT THE READERS WILL GAIN A number of molecular chaperons presumably associated with cellular localization of XRs have been identified. Primary hepatocyte cultures have been established as a unique model retaining inactive CAR in the cytoplasm. Moreover, several splicing variants of human CAR exhibit altered cellular localization and chemical activation. TAKE HOME MESSAGE Nuclear accumulation is an essential step in the activation of XRs. Although great strides have been made, much remains to be understood concerning the mechanisms underlying intracellular localization and trafficking of XRs, which involve both direct ligand-binding and indirect pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haishan Li
- University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 20 Penn Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
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Specificity of glucocorticoid receptor primary antibodies for analysis of receptor localization patterns in cultured cells and rat hippocampus. Brain Res 2010; 1331:1-11. [PMID: 20307510 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2010.03.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2009] [Revised: 03/02/2010] [Accepted: 03/14/2010] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
After glucocorticoid stimulation, glucocorticoid receptors (GRs) are translocated to the nucleus to modulate transcription of glucocorticoid target genes. The subcellular distribution and trafficking of GR in cultured cells has been studied quite intensively using several techniques. However, the intracellular localization of nuclear receptors in ligand-free and stimulated conditions in vivo is still controversial, in part because of inconsistent results with different antibodies. Knowledge of trafficking of GR in vivo could greatly contribute to understanding nuclear receptor signaling. Therefore, in this study we systematically compared a panel of different primary GR antibodies using immunohistochemistry and confocal imaging. Nuclear translocation patterns at different time points after glucocorticoid stimulation were compared in cultured AtT20 cells and rat hippocampal CA1 and dentate gyrus cells. The BuGR2 antibody consistently detected GR nuclear translocation patterns between in vivo and in vitro settings, but the other GR primary antibodies provided contradictory results. While GR H300 and P20 strongly detected nuclear GR immunoreactivity after glucocorticoid stimulation in both CA1 and dentate gyrus cells, the same antibodies provided poor results in cultured cells. The opposite was found for the primary GR M20 antibody. These data indicate that with a particular glucocorticoid receptor antibody the findings in cell culture studies cannot always be extrapolated to in vivo situations. Moreover, different antibodies disclose different features of the glucocorticoid receptor translocation process.
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Sarabdjitsingh RA, Isenia S, Polman A, Mijalkovic J, Lachize S, Datson N, de Kloet ER, Meijer OC. Disrupted corticosterone pulsatile patterns attenuate responsiveness to glucocorticoid signaling in rat brain. Endocrinology 2010; 151:1177-86. [PMID: 20080870 DOI: 10.1210/en.2009-1119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Chronically elevated circulating glucocorticoid levels are although to enhance vulnerability to psychopathology. Here we hypothesized that such sustained glucocorticoid levels, disturbing corticosterone pulsatility, attenuate glucocorticoid receptor signaling and target gene responsiveness to an acute challenge in the rat brain. Rats were implanted with vehicle or 40 or 100% corticosterone pellets known to flatten ultradian and circadian rhythmicity while maintaining daily average levels or mimic pathological conditions. Additionally, recovery from constant exposure was studied in groups that had the pellet removed 24 h prior to the challenge. Molecular markers for receptor responsiveness (receptor levels, nuclear translocation, promoter occupancy, and target gene expression) to an acute challenge mimicking the stress response (3 mg/kg ip) were studied in the hippocampal area. Implantation of 40 and 100% corticosterone pellets dose-dependently down-regulated glucocorticoid receptor and attenuated mineralocorticoid receptor and glucocorticoid receptor translocation to the acute challenge. Interestingly, whereas target gene Gilz expression to the challenge was already attenuated by tonic daily average levels (40%), Sgk-1 was affected only after constant high corticosterone exposure (100%), indicating altered receptor responsiveness due to treatment. Washout of 100% corticosterone recovered all molecular markers (partial), whereas removal of the 40% corticosterone pellet still attenuated responsiveness to the challenge. We propose that corticosteroid pulsatility is crucial in maintaining normal responsiveness to glucocorticoids. Whereas the results with 100% corticosterone are likely attributed to receptor saturation, subtle changes in the pattern of exposure (40%) induces changes at least as severe for glucocorticoid signaling as overt hypercorticism, suggesting an underlying mechanism sensitive to the pattern of hormone exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Angela Sarabdjitsingh
- Division of Medical Pharmacology, Leiden/Amsterdam Centre for Drug Research/Leiden University Medical Centre, University of Leiden, Einsteinweg 55, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands.
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Beck IME, Vanden Berghe W, Vermeulen L, Yamamoto KR, Haegeman G, De Bosscher K. Crosstalk in inflammation: the interplay of glucocorticoid receptor-based mechanisms and kinases and phosphatases. Endocr Rev 2009; 30:830-82. [PMID: 19890091 PMCID: PMC2818158 DOI: 10.1210/er.2009-0013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 214] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2009] [Accepted: 08/18/2009] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Glucocorticoids (GCs) are steroidal ligands for the GC receptor (GR), which can function as a ligand-activated transcription factor. These steroidal ligands and derivatives thereof are the first line of treatment in a vast array of inflammatory diseases. However, due to the general surge of side effects associated with long-term use of GCs and the potential problem of GC resistance in some patients, the scientific world continues to search for a better understanding of the GC-mediated antiinflammatory mechanisms. The reversible phosphomodification of various mediators in the inflammatory process plays a key role in modulating and fine-tuning the sensitivity, longevity, and intensity of the inflammatory response. As such, the antiinflammatory GCs can modulate the activity and/or expression of various kinases and phosphatases, thus affecting the signaling efficacy toward the propagation of proinflammatory gene expression and proinflammatory gene mRNA stability. Conversely, phosphorylation of GR can affect GR ligand- and DNA-binding affinity, mobility, and cofactor recruitment, culminating in altered transactivation and transrepression capabilities of GR, and consequently leading to a modified antiinflammatory potential. Recently, new roles for kinases and phosphatases have been described in GR-based antiinflammatory mechanisms. Moreover, kinase inhibitors have become increasingly important as antiinflammatory tools, not only for research but also for therapeutic purposes. In light of these developments, we aim to illuminate the integrated interplay between GR signaling and its correlating kinases and phosphatases in the context of the clinically important combat of inflammation, giving attention to implications on GC-mediated side effects and therapy resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilse M E Beck
- Laboratory of Eukaryotic Gene Expression and Signal Transduction, K.L. Ledeganckstraat 35, B-9000 Gent, Belgium
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36
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Kanno Y, Miyama Y, Ando M, Inouye Y. Dependence on the Microtubule Network and 90-kDa Heat Shock Protein of Phenobarbital-Induced Nuclear Translocation of the Rat Constitutive Androstane Receptor. Mol Pharmacol 2009; 77:311-6. [DOI: 10.1124/mol.109.060434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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37
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Lehner M, Wisłowska-Stanek A, Taracha E, Maciejak P, Szyndler J, Skórzewska A, Turzyńska D, Sobolewska A, Hamed A, Bidziński A, Płaźnik A. The expression of c-Fos and colocalisation of c-Fos and glucocorticoid receptors in brain structures of low and high anxiety rats subjected to extinction trials and re-learning of a conditioned fear response. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2009; 92:535-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2009.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2009] [Revised: 06/16/2009] [Accepted: 07/03/2009] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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38
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Nestin modulates glucocorticoid receptor function by cytoplasmic anchoring. PLoS One 2009; 4:e6084. [PMID: 19562035 PMCID: PMC2698154 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0006084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2008] [Accepted: 05/27/2009] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Nestin is the characteristic intermediate filament (IF) protein of rapidly proliferating progenitor cells and regenerating tissue. Nestin copolymerizes with class III IF-proteins, mostly vimentin, into heteromeric filaments. Its expression is downregulated with differentiation. Here we show that a strong nestin expression in mouse embryo tissue coincides with a strong accumulation of the glucocorticoid receptor (GR), a key regulator of growth and differentiation in embryonic development. Microscopic studies on cultured cells show an association of GR with IFs composed of vimentin and nestin. Cells lacking nestin, but expressing vimentin, or cells expressing vimentin, but lacking nestin accumulate GR in the nucleus. Completing these networks with an exogenous nestin, respectively an exogenous vimentin restores cytoplasmic anchoring of GR to the IF system. Thus, heteromeric filaments provide the basis for anchoring of GR. The reaction pattern with phospho-GR specific antibodies and the presence of the chaperone HSC70 suggest that specifically the unliganded receptor is anchored to the IF system. Ligand addition releases GR from IFs and shifts the receptor into the nucleus. Suppression of nestin by specific shRNA abolishes anchoring of GR, induces its accumulation in the nucleus and provokes an irreversible G1/S cell cycle arrest. Suppression of GR prior to that of nestin prevents entry into the arrest. The data give evidence that nestin/vimentin specific anchoring modulates growth suppression by GR. We hypothesize that expression of nestin is a major determinant in suppression of anti-proliferative activity of GR in undifferentiated tissue and facilitates activation of this growth control in a precise tissue and differentiation dependent manner.
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Pérez-Pérez R, Ortega-Delgado FJ, García-Santos E, López JA, Camafeita E, Ricart W, Fernández-Real JM, Peral B. Differential Proteomics of Omental and Subcutaneous Adipose Tissue Reflects Their Unalike Biochemical and Metabolic Properties. J Proteome Res 2009; 8:1682-93. [DOI: 10.1021/pr800942k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Pérez-Pérez
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas & Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, E-28029 Madrid, Spain, Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, and CIBEROBN Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Hospital Dr. Josep Trueta, E-17007 Girona, Spain, Unidad de Proteomica, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), E-28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco J. Ortega-Delgado
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas & Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, E-28029 Madrid, Spain, Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, and CIBEROBN Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Hospital Dr. Josep Trueta, E-17007 Girona, Spain, Unidad de Proteomica, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), E-28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Eva García-Santos
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas & Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, E-28029 Madrid, Spain, Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, and CIBEROBN Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Hospital Dr. Josep Trueta, E-17007 Girona, Spain, Unidad de Proteomica, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), E-28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan A. López
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas & Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, E-28029 Madrid, Spain, Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, and CIBEROBN Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Hospital Dr. Josep Trueta, E-17007 Girona, Spain, Unidad de Proteomica, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), E-28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Emilio Camafeita
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas & Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, E-28029 Madrid, Spain, Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, and CIBEROBN Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Hospital Dr. Josep Trueta, E-17007 Girona, Spain, Unidad de Proteomica, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), E-28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Wifredo Ricart
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas & Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, E-28029 Madrid, Spain, Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, and CIBEROBN Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Hospital Dr. Josep Trueta, E-17007 Girona, Spain, Unidad de Proteomica, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), E-28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - José-Manuel Fernández-Real
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas & Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, E-28029 Madrid, Spain, Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, and CIBEROBN Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Hospital Dr. Josep Trueta, E-17007 Girona, Spain, Unidad de Proteomica, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), E-28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Belén Peral
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas & Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, E-28029 Madrid, Spain, Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, and CIBEROBN Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Hospital Dr. Josep Trueta, E-17007 Girona, Spain, Unidad de Proteomica, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), E-28029 Madrid, Spain
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40
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New aspects of adipogenesis: Radicals and oxidative stress. Differentiation 2009; 77:115-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.diff.2008.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2008] [Revised: 07/06/2008] [Accepted: 07/25/2008] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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41
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Sarabdjitsingh RA, Meijer OC, Schaaf MJ, de Kloet ER. Subregion-specific differences in translocation patterns of mineralocorticoid and glucocorticoid receptors in rat hippocampus. Brain Res 2009; 1249:43-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2008.10.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2008] [Revised: 09/07/2008] [Accepted: 10/11/2008] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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42
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Grespin ME, Bonamy GMC, Roggero VR, Cameron NG, Adam LE, Atchison AP, Fratto VM, Allison LA. Thyroid hormone receptor alpha1 follows a cooperative CRM1/calreticulin-mediated nuclear export pathway. J Biol Chem 2008; 283:25576-25588. [PMID: 18641393 PMCID: PMC2533095 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m710482200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2007] [Revised: 06/09/2008] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The thyroid hormone receptor alpha1 (TRalpha) exhibits a dual role as an activator or repressor of its target genes in response to thyroid hormone (T(3)). Previously, we have shown that TRalpha, formerly thought to reside solely in the nucleus bound to DNA, actually shuttles rapidly between the nucleus and cytoplasm. An important aspect of the shuttling activity of TRalpha is its ability to exit the nucleus through the nuclear pore complex. TRalpha export is not sensitive to treatment with the CRM1-specific inhibitor leptomycin B (LMB) in heterokaryon assays, suggesting a role for an export receptor other than CRM1. Here, we have used a combined approach of in vivo fluorescence recovery after photobleaching experiments, in vitro permeabilized cell nuclear export assays, and glutathione S-transferase pull-down assays to investigate the export pathway used by TRalpha. We show that, in addition to shuttling in heterokaryons, TRalpha shuttles rapidly in an unfused monokaryon system as well. Furthermore, our data show that TRalpha directly interacts with calreticulin, and point to the intriguing possibility that TRalpha follows a cooperative export pathway in which both calreticulin and CRM1 play a role in facilitating efficient translocation of TRalpha from the nucleus to cytoplasm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew E Grespin
- Department of Biology, College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, Virginia 23187
| | - Ghislain M C Bonamy
- Department of Biology, College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, Virginia 23187
| | - Vincent R Roggero
- Department of Biology, College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, Virginia 23187
| | - Nicole G Cameron
- Department of Biology, College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, Virginia 23187
| | - Lindsay E Adam
- Department of Biology, College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, Virginia 23187
| | - Andrew P Atchison
- Department of Biology, College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, Virginia 23187
| | - Victoria M Fratto
- Department of Biology, College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, Virginia 23187
| | - Lizabeth A Allison
- Department of Biology, College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, Virginia 23187.
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43
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Beck IME, Vanden Berghe W, Vermeulen L, Bougarne N, Vander Cruyssen B, Haegeman G, De Bosscher K. Altered subcellular distribution of MSK1 induced by glucocorticoids contributes to NF-kappaB inhibition. EMBO J 2008; 27:1682-93. [PMID: 18511904 PMCID: PMC2435130 DOI: 10.1038/emboj.2008.95] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2007] [Accepted: 04/15/2008] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucocorticoids are widely used anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory agents, of which the action mechanism is mainly based on interference of hormone-activated glucocorticoid receptor (GR) with the activity of transcription factors, such as nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB). In addition to the well described interaction-based mutual repression mechanism between the GR and NF-kappaB, additional mechanisms are at play, which help to explain the efficacy of glucocorticoid-mediated gene repression. In this respect, we found that glucocorticoids counteract the recruitment of activated Mitogen- and Stress-activated protein Kinase-1 (MSK1) at inflammatory gene promoters resulting in the inhibition of NF-kappaB p65 transactivation and of concurrent histone H3 phosphorylation. Additionally, we observed that activated GR can trigger redistribution of nuclear MSK1 to the cytoplasm through a CRM1-dependent export mechanism, as a result of an interaction between liganded GR and activated MSK1. These findings unveil a novel aspect within the GR-mediated NF-kappaB-targeting anti-inflammatory mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilse M E Beck
- Laboratory of Eukaryotic Gene Expression and Signal Transduction (LEGEST), Department of Molecular Biology, Gent University, Gent, Belgium
| | - Wim Vanden Berghe
- Laboratory of Eukaryotic Gene Expression and Signal Transduction (LEGEST), Department of Molecular Biology, Gent University, Gent, Belgium
| | - Linda Vermeulen
- Laboratory of Eukaryotic Gene Expression and Signal Transduction (LEGEST), Department of Molecular Biology, Gent University, Gent, Belgium
| | - Nadia Bougarne
- Laboratory of Eukaryotic Gene Expression and Signal Transduction (LEGEST), Department of Molecular Biology, Gent University, Gent, Belgium
| | | | - Guy Haegeman
- Laboratory of Eukaryotic Gene Expression and Signal Transduction (LEGEST), Department of Molecular Biology, Gent University, Gent, Belgium
- Both of these authors share senior authorship
| | - Karolien De Bosscher
- Laboratory of Eukaryotic Gene Expression and Signal Transduction (LEGEST), Department of Molecular Biology, Gent University, Gent, Belgium
- Both of these authors share senior authorship
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44
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Yao Z, Hoffman EP, Ghimbovschi S, DuBois DC, Almon RR, Jusko WJ. Pharmacodynamic/pharmacogenomic modeling of insulin resistance genes in rat muscle after methylprednisolone treatment: exploring regulatory signaling cascades. GENE REGULATION AND SYSTEMS BIOLOGY 2008; 2:141-61. [PMID: 19787081 PMCID: PMC2733097 DOI: 10.4137/grsb.s613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Corticosteroids (CS) effects on insulin resistance related genes in rat skeletal muscle were studied. In our acute study, adrenalectomized (ADX) rats were given single doses of 50 mg/kg methylprednisolone (MPL) intravenously. In our chronic study, ADX rats were implanted with Alzet mini-pumps giving zero-order release rates of 0.3 mg/kg/h MPL and sacrificed at various times up to 7 days. Total RNA was extracted from gastrocnemius muscles and hybridized to Affymetrix GeneChips. Data mining and literature searches identified 6 insulin resistance related genes which exhibited complex regulatory pathways. Insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1), uncoupling protein 3 (UCP3), pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase isoenzyme 4 (PDK4), fatty acid translocase (FAT) and glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase (GPAT) dynamic profiles were modeled with mutual effects by calculated nuclear drug-receptor complex (DR(N)) and transcription factors. The oscillatory feature of endothelin-1 (ET-1) expression was depicted by a negative feedback loop. These integrated models provide testable quantitative hypotheses for these regulatory cascades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenling Yao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York 14260, USA
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45
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Sorokin AV, Kim ER, Ovchinnikov LP. Nucleocytoplasmic transport of proteins. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2008; 72:1439-57. [PMID: 18282135 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297907130032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
In eukaryotic cells, the movement of macromolecules between the nucleus and cytoplasm occurs through the nuclear pore complex (NPC)--a large protein complex spanning the nuclear envelope. The nuclear transport of proteins is usually mediated by a family of transport receptors known as karyopherins. Karyopherins bind to their cargoes via recognition of nuclear localization signal (NLS) for nuclear import or nuclear export signal (NES) for export to form a transport complex. Its transport through NPC is facilitated by transient interactions between the karyopherins and NPC components. The interactions of karyopherins with their cargoes are regulated by GTPase Ran. In the current review, we describe the NPC structure, NLS, and NES, as well as the model of classic Ran-dependent transport, with special emphasis on existing alternative mechanisms; we also propose a classification of the basic mechanisms of protein transport regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A V Sorokin
- Institute of Protein Research, Russian Academy of Sciences, 142290 Pushchino, Moscow Region, Russia
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46
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Kanno Y, Inouye Y. Molecular Basis of the Intracellular Localization of the Constitutive Androstane Receptor (CAR). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1248/jhs.54.261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuichiro Kanno
- Department of Environmental Hygiene, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toho University
| | - Yoshio Inouye
- Department of Environmental Hygiene, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toho University
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47
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Hazra A, Pyszczynski NA, DuBois DC, Almon RR, Jusko WJ. Modeling of corticosteroid effects on hepatic low-density lipoprotein receptors and plasma lipid dynamics in rats. Pharm Res 2007; 25:769-80. [PMID: 17674160 PMCID: PMC4196440 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-007-9371-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2007] [Accepted: 06/04/2007] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study examines methylprednisolone (MPL) effects on the dynamics of hepatic low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) mRNA and plasma lipids associated with increased risks for atherosclerosis. MATERIALS AND METHODS Normal male Wistar rats were given 50 mg/kg MPL intramuscularly (IM) and sacrificed at various times. Measurements included plasma MPL and CST, hepatic glucocorticoid receptor (GR) mRNA, cytosolic GR density and hepatic LDLR mRNA, and plasma total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDLC), high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDLC), and triglycerides (TG). RESULTS MPL showed bi-exponential disposition with two first-order absorption components. Hepatic GR and LDLR mRNA exhibited circadian patterns which were disrupted by MPL. Down-regulation in GR mRNA (40-50%) was followed by a delayed rebound phase. LDLR mRNA exhibited transient down-regulation (60-70%). Cytosolic GR density was significantly suppressed but returned to baseline by 72 h. Plasma TC and LDLC showed increases (55 and 142%) at 12 h. A mechanistic receptor/gene pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic model was developed to describe CS effects on hepatic LDLR mRNA and plasma cholesterols. CONCLUSIONS Our PK/PD model was able to satisfactorily capture the MPL effects on hepatic LDLR, its relationship to various plasma cholesterols, and builds the foundation to explore this area in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anasuya Hazra
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 565 Hochstetter Hall, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, 14260, USA
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48
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Hazra A, Pyszczynski N, DuBois DC, Almon RR, Jusko WJ. Modeling receptor/gene-mediated effects of corticosteroids on hepatic tyrosine aminotransferase dynamics in rats: dual regulation by endogenous and exogenous corticosteroids. J Pharmacokinet Pharmacodyn 2007; 34:643-67. [PMID: 17593325 PMCID: PMC4180077 DOI: 10.1007/s10928-007-9063-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2006] [Accepted: 05/07/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Receptor/gene-mediated effects of corticosteroids on hepatic tyrosine aminotransferase (TAT) were evaluated in normal rats. A group of normal male Wistar rats were injected with 50 mg/kg methylprednisolone (MPL) intramuscularly at the nadir of their plasma corticosterone (CST) rhythm (early light cycle) and sacrificed at various time points up to 96 h post-treatment. Blood and livers were collected to measure plasma MPL, CST, hepatic glucocorticoid receptor (GR) mRNA, cytosolic GR density, TAT mRNA, and TAT activity. The pharmacokinetics of MPL showed bi-exponential disposition with two first-order absorption components from the injection site and bioavailability was 21%. Plasma CST was reduced after MPL dosing, but resumed its daily circadian pattern within 36 h. Cytosolic receptor density was significantly suppressed (90%) and returned to baseline by 72 h resuming its biphasic pattern. Hepatic GR mRNA follows a circadian pattern which was disrupted by MPL and did not return during the study. MPL caused significant down-regulation (50%) in GR mRNA which was followed by a delayed rebound phase (60-70 h). Hepatic TAT mRNA and activity showed up-regulation as a consequence of MPL, and returned to their circadian baseline within 72 and 24 h of treatment. A mechanistic receptor/gene-mediated pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic model was able to satisfactorily describe the complex interplay of exogenous and endogenous corticosteroid effects on hepatic GR mRNA, cytosolic free GR, TAT mRNA, and TAT activity in normal rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anasuya Hazra
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, 565 Hochstetter Hall, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA
- Clinical Pharmacology, Pfizer Inc., Groton, CT 06340, USA
| | - Nancy Pyszczynski
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, 565 Hochstetter Hall, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA
| | - Debra C. DuBois
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, 565 Hochstetter Hall, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA
| | - Richard R. Almon
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, 565 Hochstetter Hall, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA
| | - William J. Jusko
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, 565 Hochstetter Hall, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA
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49
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Hazra A, DuBois DC, Almon RR, Jusko WJ. Assessing the dynamics of nuclear glucocorticoid-receptor complex: adding flexibility to gene expression modeling. J Pharmacokinet Pharmacodyn 2007; 34:333-54. [PMID: 17285360 PMCID: PMC4184272 DOI: 10.1007/s10928-007-9049-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2006] [Accepted: 01/02/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
A retrospective analysis was performed to modify our fourth-generation pharmacodynamic model for glucocorticoid receptor (GR) dynamics with incorporation of more physiological features. This modified model was developed by integrating previously reported free cytosolic GR and GR mRNA data following single (10, 50 mg/kg) and dual (50 mg/kg at 0 and 24 hr) intravenous doses of methylprednisolone (MPL) in adrenalectomized (ADX) male Wistar rats with several in vitro studies describing real-time kinetics of the transfer of rat steroid-receptor complex from the cell cytosol to the nucleus. Additionally, free hepatic cytosolic GR and its mRNA data from a chronic infusion dosing study of MPL (0.1 and 0.3 mg/kg/hr) in male ADX Wistar rats were used to verify the predictability of the model. Incorporation of information regarding in vitro receptor kinetics allowed us to describe the receptor-mediated pharmacogenomic effects of MPL for a larger variety of genes in rat liver from microarray studies. These included early responsive gene like CCAAT/enhancer binding protein-beta (CEBP-beta), a transcription factor, as well as the later responsive gene for tyrosine aminotransferase (TAT), a classical biomarker of glucocorticoid (GC) genomic effects. This more mechanistic model of GR dynamics can be applied to characterize profiles for a greater number of genes in liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anasuya Hazra
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, 565 Hochstetter Hall, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA
| | - Debra C. DuBois
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, 565 Hochstetter Hall, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA
| | - Richard R. Almon
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, 565 Hochstetter Hall, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA
| | - William J. Jusko
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, 565 Hochstetter Hall, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA
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50
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Carrigan A, Walther RF, Salem HA, Wu D, Atlas E, Lefebvre YA, Haché RJG. An active nuclear retention signal in the glucocorticoid receptor functions as a strong inducer of transcriptional activation. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:10963-71. [PMID: 17314103 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m602931200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The glucocorticoid receptor (GR) cycles between a naive chaperone-complexed form in the cytoplasm and a transcriptionally active steroid-bound nuclear form. Nuclear import of GR occurs rapidly and is mediated through the importin alpha/beta karyopherin import pathway. By contrast, nuclear export of GR occurs only slowly under most conditions, despite a dependence on active signaling. In this study we have defined a nuclear retention signal (NRS) in the hinge region of GR that actively opposes the nuclear export of GR as well as the nuclear export mediated through an ectopic CRM1-dependent nuclear export signal (NES). The GR NRS overlaps closely with the basic NL1 nuclear localization signal (NLS) but can be distinguished from NL1 by targeted mutagenesis. Substitution of the classical NLS from SV40 T antigen for the GR NL1 results in a receptor in which nuclear export is accelerated. Remarkably, although the SV40-modified GR remains predominantly nuclear in the presence of steroid and is recruited to transcriptional regulatory regions indistinguishably from wild-type GR, the substitution dramatically weakens the ability of GR to activate transcription of a mouse mammary tumor virus reporter gene. These results suggest that active nuclear retention of GR plays an integral role in glucocorticoid signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Carrigan
- Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa Health Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario K1Y 4K9, Canada
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