1
|
Mei H, Li Z, Lv Q, Li X, Wu Y, Feng Q, Jiang Z, Zhou Y, Zheng Y, Gao Z, Zhou J, Jiang C, Huang S, Li J. Sema3A secreted by sensory nerve induces bone formation under mechanical loads. Int J Oral Sci 2024; 16:5. [PMID: 38238300 PMCID: PMC10796360 DOI: 10.1038/s41368-023-00269-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Bone formation and deposition are initiated by sensory nerve infiltration in adaptive bone remodeling. Here, we focused on the role of Semaphorin 3A (Sema3A), expressed by sensory nerves, in mechanical loads-induced bone formation and nerve withdrawal using orthodontic tooth movement (OTM) model. Firstly, bone formation was activated after the 3rd day of OTM, coinciding with a decrease in sensory nerves and an increase in pain threshold. Sema3A, rather than nerve growth factor (NGF), highly expressed in both trigeminal ganglion and the axons of periodontal ligament following the 3rd day of OTM. Moreover, in vitro mechanical loads upregulated Sema3A in neurons instead of in human periodontal ligament cells (hPDLCs) within 24 hours. Furthermore, exogenous Sema3A restored the suppressed alveolar bone formation and the osteogenic differentiation of hPDLCs induced by mechanical overload. Mechanistically, Sema3A prevented overstretching of F-actin induced by mechanical overload through ROCK2 pathway, maintaining mitochondrial dynamics as mitochondrial fusion. Therefore, Sema3A exhibits dual therapeutic effects in mechanical loads-induced bone formation, both as a pain-sensitive analgesic and a positive regulator for bone formation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hongxiang Mei
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhengzheng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qinyi Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xingjian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yumeng Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qingchen Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhishen Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yimei Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yule Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ziqi Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jiawei Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Chen Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Shishu Huang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery and Orthopedic Research Institute, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
| | - Juan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Xu W, Dahlke SP, Sung M, Samal B, Emery AC, Elkahloun A, Eiden LE. ERK-dependent induction of the immediate-early gene Egr1 and the late gene Gpr50 contribute to two distinct phases of PACAP Gs-GPCR signaling for neuritogenesis. J Neuroendocrinol 2022; 34:e13182. [PMID: 35841324 PMCID: PMC9529758 DOI: 10.1111/jne.13182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Revised: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Gs-coupled GPCR-stimulated neuritogenesis in PC12 and NS-1 - cells depends on activation of the MAP kinase ERK. Here, we examine changes in ERK activation (phosphorylation), and the time course of ERK-dependent gene induction, to seek transcriptional determinants for this process. Quenching of ERK activation by inhibition of MEK with U0126 at any time point for at least 24 h following addition of PACAP resulted in arrest of neurite formation. Changes in the transcriptome profile throughout this time period revealed at least two phases of gene induction: an early phase dominated by induction of immediate-early genes, and a later phase of gene induction after 4-6 h of exposure to PACAP with persistent elevation of phospho-ERK levels. Genes induced by PACAP in both phases consisted in those whose induction was dependent on ERK (i.e., blocked by U0126), and some whose induction was blocked by the protein kinase A inhibitor H89. ERK-dependent "late gene" transcripts included Gpr50, implicated earlier in facilitation of NGF-induced neurite formation in NS-1 cells. Gpr50 induction by PACAP, but not NGF, was dependent on the guanine nucleotide exchange factor RapGEF2, which has been shown to be required for PACAP-induced neuritogenesis in NS-1 cells. Expression of a Gpr50-directed shRNA lowered basal levels of Gpr50 mRNA and attenuated Gpr50 mRNA and GPR50 protein induction by PACAP, with a corresponding attenuation of PACAP-induced neuritogenesis. Gs-GPCR-stimulated neuritogenesis first requires immediate-early gene induction, including that of Egr1 (Zif268/NGF1A/Krox24) as previously reported. This early phase of gene induction, however, is insufficient to maintain the neuritogenic process without ERK-dependent induction of additional late genes, including Gpr50, upon continuous exposure to neurotrophic neuropeptide. Early (Egr1) and late (Gpr50) gene induction by NGF, like that for PACAP, was inhibited by U0126, but was independent of RapGEF2, confirming distinct modes of ERK activation by Gs-coupled GPCRs and neurotrophic tyrosine receptor kinases, converging on a final common ERK-dependent signaling pathway for neuritogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenqin Xu
- Section on Molecular Neuroscience, National Institute of Mental Health-Intramural Research Program
| | - Sam P. Dahlke
- Section on Molecular Neuroscience, National Institute of Mental Health-Intramural Research Program
| | - Michelle Sung
- Section on Molecular Neuroscience, National Institute of Mental Health-Intramural Research Program
| | - Babru Samal
- Section on Molecular Neuroscience, National Institute of Mental Health-Intramural Research Program
| | - Andrew C. Emery
- Section on Molecular Neuroscience, National Institute of Mental Health-Intramural Research Program
| | - Abdel Elkahloun
- Microarray Core, National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Lee E. Eiden
- Section on Molecular Neuroscience, National Institute of Mental Health-Intramural Research Program
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Gabrych DR, Lau VZ, Niwa S, Silverman MA. Going Too Far Is the Same as Falling Short †: Kinesin-3 Family Members in Hereditary Spastic Paraplegia. Front Cell Neurosci 2019; 13:419. [PMID: 31616253 PMCID: PMC6775250 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2019.00419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 09/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Proper intracellular trafficking is essential for neuronal development and function, and when any aspect of this process is dysregulated, the resulting "transportopathy" causes neurological disorders. Hereditary spastic paraplegias (HSPs) are a family of such diseases attributed to over 80 spastic gait genes (SPG), specifically characterized by lower extremity spasticity and weakness. Multiple genes in the trafficking pathway such as those relating to microtubule structure and function and organelle biogenesis are representative disease loci. Microtubule motor proteins, or kinesins, are also causal in HSP, specifically mutations in Kinesin-I/KIF5A (SPG10) and two kinesin-3 family members; KIF1A (SPG30) and KIF1C (SPG58). KIF1A is a motor enriched in neurons, and involved in the anterograde transport of a variety of vesicles that contribute to pre- and post-synaptic assembly, autophagic processes, and neuron survival. KIF1C is ubiquitously expressed and, in addition to anterograde cargo transport, also functions in retrograde transport between the Golgi and the endoplasmic reticulum. Only a handful of KIF1C cargos have been identified; however, many have crucial roles such as neuronal differentiation, outgrowth, plasticity and survival. HSP-related kinesin-3 mutants are characterized mainly as loss-of-function resulting in deficits in motility, regulation, and cargo binding. Gain-of-function mutants are also seen, and are characterized by increased microtubule-on rates and hypermotility. Both sets of mutations ultimately result in misdelivery of critical cargos within the neuron. This likely leads to deleterious cell biological cascades that likely underlie or contribute to HSP clinical pathology and ultimately, symptomology. Due to the paucity of histopathological or cell biological data assessing perturbations in cargo localization, it has been difficult to positively link these mutations to the outcomes seen in HSPs. Ultimately, the goal of this review is to encourage future academic and clinical efforts to focus on "transportopathies" through a cargo-centric lens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dominik R Gabrych
- Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
| | - Victor Z Lau
- Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
| | - Shinsuke Niwa
- Frontier Research Institute for Interdisciplinary Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Michael A Silverman
- Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada.,Centre for Cell Biology, Development, and Disease, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Zhang M, Zhou Q, Luo Y, Nguyen T, Rosenblatt MI, Guaiquil VH. Semaphorin3A induces nerve regeneration in the adult cornea-a switch from its repulsive role in development. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0191962. [PMID: 29370308 PMCID: PMC5785010 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0191962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2017] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The peripheral sensory nerves that innervate the cornea can be easily damaged by trauma, surgery, infection or diabetes. Several growth factors and axon guidance molecules, such as Semaphorin3A (Sema3A) are upregulated upon cornea injury. Nerves can regenerate after injury but do not recover their original density and patterning. Sema3A is a well known axon guidance and growth cone repellent protein during development, however its role in adult cornea nerve regeneration remains undetermined. Here we investigated the neuro-regenerative potential of Sema3A on adult peripheral nervous system neurons such as those that innervate the cornea. First, we examined the gene expression profile of the Semaphorin class 3 family members and found that all are expressed in the cornea. However, upon cornea injury there is a fast increase in Sema3A expression. We then corroborated that Sema3A totally abolished the growth promoting effect of nerve growth factor (NGF) on embryonic neurons and observed signs of growth cone collapse and axonal retraction after 30 min of Sema3A addition. However, in adult isolated trigeminal ganglia or dorsal root ganglia neurons, Sema3A did not inhibited the NGF-induced neuronal growth. Furthermore, adult neurons treated with Sema3A alone produced similar neuronal growth to cells treated with NGF and the length of the neurites and branching was comparable between both treatments. These effects were replicated in vivo, where thy1-YFP neurofluorescent mice subjected to cornea epithelium debridement and receiving intrastromal pellet implantation containing Sema3A showed increased corneal nerve regeneration than those receiving pellets with vehicle. In adult PNS neurons, Sema3A is a potent inducer of neuronal growth in vitro and cornea nerve regeneration in vivo. Our data indicates a functional switch for the role of Sema3A in PNS neurons where the well-described repulsive role during development changes to a growth promoting effect during adulthood. The high expression of Sema3A in the normal and injured adult corneas could be related to its role as a growth factor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Min Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois-Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Qiang Zhou
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois-Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Yuncin Luo
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois-Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Tara Nguyen
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois-Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Mark I. Rosenblatt
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois-Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Victor H. Guaiquil
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois-Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Han SM, Baig HS, Hammarlund M. Mitochondria Localize to Injured Axons to Support Regeneration. Neuron 2017; 92:1308-1323. [PMID: 28009276 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2016.11.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2015] [Revised: 08/31/2016] [Accepted: 11/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Axon regeneration is essential to restore the nervous system after axon injury. However, the neuronal cell biology that underlies axon regeneration is incompletely understood. Here we use in vivo, single-neuron analysis to investigate the relationship between nerve injury, mitochondrial localization, and axon regeneration. Mitochondria translocate into injured axons so that average mitochondria density increases after injury. Moreover, single-neuron analysis reveals that axons that fail to increase mitochondria have poor regeneration. Experimental alterations to axonal mitochondrial distribution or mitochondrial respiratory chain function result in corresponding changes to regeneration outcomes. Axonal mitochondria are specifically required for growth-cone migration, identifying a key energy challenge for injured neurons. Finally, mitochondrial localization to the axon after injury is regulated in part by dual-leucine zipper kinase 1 (DLK-1), a conserved regulator of axon regeneration. These data identify regulation of axonal mitochondria as a new cell-biological mechanism that helps determine the regenerative response of injured neurons.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sung Min Han
- Departments of Genetics and Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Huma S Baig
- Departments of Genetics and Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Marc Hammarlund
- Departments of Genetics and Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06510, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Tian X, Yan H, Li J, Wu S, Wang J, Fan L. Neurotrophin Promotes Neurite Outgrowth by Inhibiting Rif GTPase Activation Downstream of MAPKs and PI3K Signaling. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:E148. [PMID: 28098758 PMCID: PMC5297781 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18010148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2016] [Revised: 01/01/2017] [Accepted: 01/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Members of the well-known semaphorin family of proteins can induce both repulsive and attractive signaling in neural network formation and their cytoskeletal effects are mediated in part by small guanosine 5'-triphosphatase (GTPases). The aim of this study was to investigate the cellular role of Rif GTPase in the neurotrophin-induced neurite outgrowth. By using PC12 cells which are known to cease dividing and begin to show neurite outgrowth responding to nerve growth factor (NGF), we found that semaphorin 6A was as effective as nerve growth factor at stimulating neurite outgrowth in PC12 cells, and that its neurotrophic effect was transmitted through signaling by mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) and phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K). We further found that neurotrophin-induced neurite formation in PC12 cells could be partially mediated by inhibition of Rif GTPase activity downstream of MAPKs and PI3K signaling. In conclusion, we newly identified Rif as a regulator of the cytoskeletal rearrangement mediated by semaphorins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxia Tian
- School of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010021, China.
| | - Huijuan Yan
- School of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010021, China.
| | - Jiayi Li
- School of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010021, China.
| | - Shuang Wu
- School of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010021, China.
| | - Junyu Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010021, China.
| | - Lifei Fan
- School of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010021, China.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Lin JYS, Wu CL, Liao CN, Higuchi A, Ling QD. Chemogenomic analysis of neuronal differentiation with pathway changes in PC12 cells. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2016; 12:283-94. [PMID: 26595144 DOI: 10.1039/c5mb00338e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway database creates networks from interrelations between molecular biology and underlying chemical elements. This allows for analysis of biologic networks, genomic information, and higher-order functional information at a system level. Through high throughput experiments and system biology analysis, we investigated the genes and pathways associated with NGF induced neuronal differentiation. We performed microarray experiments and used the KEGG database, system biology analysis, and annotation of pathway functions to study NGF-induced differentiation in PC12 cells. We identified 2020 NGF-induced genes with altered expressions over time. Cross-matching with the KEGG database revealed 830 genes; among which, 395 altered genes were found to have a 2-fold increase in gene expression over a two-hour period. We then identified 191 associated biologic pathways in the KEGG database; the top 15 pathways showed correlation with neural differentiation. These included the neurotrophin pathways, mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways, genes associated with axonal guidance and the Wnt pathways. The activation of these pathways synchronized with nerve growth factor (NGF)-induced differentiation in PC12 cells. In summary, we have established a model system that allows one to systematically characterize the functional pathway changes in a group of neuronal population after an external stimulus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jack Yu-Shih Lin
- Graduate Institute of Systems Biology and Bioinformatics, National Central University, Chungli, Taiwan, Republic of China. and Taipei Medical University Municipal Wan-Fang Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Chien Liang Wu
- Taipei Medical University Municipal Wan-Fang Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Chia Nan Liao
- Graduate Institute of Systems Biology and Bioinformatics, National Central University, Chungli, Taiwan, Republic of China.
| | - Akon Higuchi
- Department of Chemical & Materials Engineering, National Central University, Chungli, Taiwan, Republic of China and Department of Botany and Microbiology, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Qing-Dong Ling
- Graduate Institute of Systems Biology and Bioinformatics, National Central University, Chungli, Taiwan, Republic of China. and Cathay Medical Research Institute, Cathay General Hospital, No. 32, Ln 160, Jian-Cheng Road, Shi-Zhi, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Rehman M, Tamagnone L. Semaphorins in cancer: biological mechanisms and therapeutic approaches. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2013; 24:179-89. [PMID: 23099250 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2012.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2012] [Revised: 10/15/2012] [Accepted: 10/17/2012] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The hallmarks of cancer include multiple alterations in the physiological processes occurring in normal tissues, such as cell proliferation, apoptosis, and restricted cell migration. These aberrant behaviors are due to genetic and epigenetic changes that affect signaling pathways controlling cancer cells, as well as the surrounding "normal" cells in the tumor microenvironment. Semaphorins and their receptors (mainly plexins and neuropilins) are aberrantly expressed in human tumors, and multiple family members are emerging as pivotal signals deregulated in cancer. Notably, different semaphorins can promote or inhibit tumor progression, depending on the implicated receptor complexes and responsive cell type. The important role of semaphorin signals in the regulation of tumor angiogenesis, invasion and metastasis has initiated multiple experimental approaches aimed at targeting these pathways to inhibit cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Rehman
- Institute for Cancer Research at Candiolo (IRC@C), University of Torino-Dept. of Oncology, 10060 Candiolo, Italy
| | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Valero T, Moschopoulou G, Mayor-Lopez L, Kintzios S. Moderate superoxide production is an early promoter of mitochondrial biogenesis in differentiating N2a neuroblastoma cells. Neurochem Int 2012; 61:1333-43. [PMID: 23022608 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2012.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2012] [Revised: 09/07/2012] [Accepted: 09/13/2012] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) have been widely considered as harmful for cell development and as promoters of cell aging by increasing oxidative stress. However, ROS have an important role in cell signaling and they have been demonstrated to be beneficial by triggering hormetic signals, which could protect the organism from later insults. In the present study, N2a murine neuroblastoma cells were used as a paradigm of cell-specific (neural) differentiation partly mediated by ROS. Differentiation was triggered by the established treatments of serum starvation, forskolin or dibutyryl cyclic AMP. A marked differentiation, expressed as the development of neurites, was detected by fixation and staining with coomassie brilliant blue after 48 h treatment. This was accompanied by an increase in mitochondrial mass detected by mitotracker green staining, an increased expression of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) coactivator 1-alpha (PGC-1α) and succinate dehydrogenase activity as detected by MTT. In line with these results, an increase in free radicals, specifically superoxide anion, was detected in differentiating cells by flow cytometry. Superoxide scavenging by MnTBAP and MAPK inhibition by PD98059 partially reversed differentiation and mitochondrial biogenesis. In this way, we demonstrated that mitochondrial biogenesis and differentiation are mediated by superoxide and MAPK cues. Our data suggest that differentiation and mitochondrial biogenesis in N2a cells are part of a hormetic response which is triggered by a modest increase of superoxide anion concentration within the mitochondria.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T Valero
- Department of Physiology and Morphology, Faculty of Biotechnology, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, 11855 Athens, Greece.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Abstract
Semaphorins are key players in the control of neural circuit development. Recent studies have uncovered several exciting and novel aspects of neuronal semaphorin signalling in various cellular processes--including neuronal polarization, topographical mapping and axon sorting--that are crucial for the assembly of functional neuronal connections. This progress is important for further understanding the many neuronal and non-neuronal functions of semaphorins and for gaining insight into their emerging roles in the perturbed neural connectivity that is observed in some diseases. This Review discusses recent advances in semaphorin research, focusing on novel aspects of neuronal semaphorin receptor regulation and previously unexplored cellular functions of semaphorins in the nervous system.
Collapse
|
11
|
Gene expression of neuropilin-1 and its receptors, VEGF/Semaphorin 3a, in normal and cancer cells. Cell Biochem Biophys 2011; 59:39-47. [PMID: 20711684 DOI: 10.1007/s12013-010-9109-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular domains of the transmembrane glycoprotein, neuropilin-1 (Np1), specifically bind an array of factors and co-receptors including class-3 semaphorins (Sema3a), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), hepatocyte growth factor, platelet-derived growth factor BB, transforming growth factor-β 1 (TGF-β1), and fibroblast growth factor2 (FGF2). Np1 may have a role in immune response, tumor cell growth, and angiogenesis, but its relative expression in comparison to its co-primary receptors, VEGF and Sema3a, is not known. In this study we determined the mRNA expression of Np1 and its co-receptors, VEGF and Sema3a, and the ratio of VEGF/Sema3a in different human and rodent cell lines. Expression of Np1, VEGF and Sema3a is very low in cells derived from normal tissues, but these proteins are highly expressed in tumor-derived cells. Furthermore, the ratio of VEGF/Sema3a is highly variable in different tumor cells. The elevated mRNA expression of Np1 and its putative receptors in tumor cells suggests a role for these proteins in tumor cell migration and angiogenesis. As different tumor cells exhibit varying VEGF/Sema3a ratios, it appears that cancer cells show differential response to angiogenic factors. These results bring to light the individual variation among the cancer-related genes, Np1, VEGF, and Sema3a, and provide an important impetus for the possible personalized therapeutic approaches for cancer patients.
Collapse
|
12
|
VEGF-A and Semaphorin3A: modulators of vascular sympathetic innervation. Dev Biol 2009; 334:119-32. [PMID: 19631637 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2009.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2009] [Revised: 06/29/2009] [Accepted: 07/09/2009] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Sympathetic nerve activity regulates blood pressure by altering peripheral vascular resistance. Variations in vascular sympathetic innervation suggest that vascular-derived cues promote selective innervation of particular vessels during development. As axons extend towards peripheral targets, they migrate along arterial networks following gradients of guidance cues. Collective ratios of these gradients may determine whether axons grow towards and innervate vessels or continue past non-innervated vessels towards peripheral targets. Utilizing directed neurite outgrowth in a three-dimensional (3D) co-culture, we observed increased axon growth from superior cervical ganglion explants (SCG) towards innervated compared to non-innervated vessels, mediated in part by vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF-A) and Semaphorin3A (Sema3A) which both signal via neuropilin-1 (Nrp1). Exogenous VEGF-A, delivered by high-expressing VEGF-A-LacZ vessels or by rhVEGF-A/alginate spheres, increased sympathetic neurite outgrowth while exogenous rhSema3A/Fc decreased neurite outgrowth. VEGF-A expression is similar between the innervated and non-innervated vessels examined. Sema3A expression is higher in non-innervated vessels. Spatial gradients of Sema3A and VEGF-A may promote differential Nrp1 binding. Vessels expressing high levels of Sema3A favor Nrp1-PlexinA1 signaling, producing chemorepulsive cues limiting sympathetic neurite outgrowth and vascular innervation; while low Sema3A expressing vessels favor Nrp1-VEGFR2 signaling providing chemoattractive cues for sympathetic neurite outgrowth and vascular innervation.
Collapse
|
13
|
Schlomann U, Schwamborn JC, Müller M, Fässler R, Püschel AW. The stimulation of dendrite growth by Sema3A requires integrin engagement and focal adhesion kinase. J Cell Sci 2009; 122:2034-42. [PMID: 19454481 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.038232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The rate and direction of axon and dendrite growth depend on multiple guidance signals and growth factors. Semaphorin 3A (Sema3A) acts as a repellent for axons and attractant for dendrites. Here, we show that the requirement for integrin engagement distinguishes the response of axons and dendrites to Sema3A in hippocampal neurons. Sema3A promotes the extension of hippocampal dendrites by a pathway that requires focal adhesion kinase (FAK). The stimulation of dendrite growth and FAK phosphorylation by Sema3A depend on integrin engagement. Unlike their function as a target of Sema3A during the collapse of axonal growth cones, integrins facilitate the stimulation of dendrite extension. Conditional inactivation of the genes encoding beta1 integrin or FAK blocks the growth-promoting effect of Sema3A but not the collapse of axonal growth cones. Our results demonstrate that different pathways mediate the stimulation of dendrite growth and the collapse of axonal growth cones by Sema3A.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Uwe Schlomann
- Institut für Allgemeine Zoologie und Genetik, Westfalische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Schlossplatz 5, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Gonthier B, Koncina E, Satkauskas S, Perraut M, Roussel G, Aunis D, Kapfhammer JP, Bagnard D. A PKC-dependent recruitment of MMP-2 controls semaphorin-3A growth-promoting effect in cortical dendrites. PLoS One 2009; 4:e5099. [PMID: 19352510 PMCID: PMC2663036 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0005099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2008] [Accepted: 03/05/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
There is increasing evidence for a crucial role of proteases and metalloproteinases during axon growth and guidance. In this context, we recently described a functional link between the chemoattractive Sema3C and Matrix metalloproteinase 3 (MMP3). Here, we provide data demonstrating the involvement of MMP-2 to trigger the growth-promoting effect of Sema3A in cortical dendrites. The in situ analysis of MMP-2 expression and activity is consistent with a functional growth assay demonstrating in vitro that the pharmacological inhibition of MMP-2 reduces the growth of cortical dendrites in response to Sema3A. Hence, our results suggest that the selective recruitment and activation of MMP-2 in response to Sema3A requires a PKC alpha dependent mechanism. Altogether, we provide a second set of data supporting MMPs as effectors of the growth-promoting effects of semaphorins, and we identify the potential signalling pathway involved.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bertrand Gonthier
- INSERM U575, Physiopathologie du Système Nerveux, Strasbourg, France
| | - Eric Koncina
- INSERM U575, Physiopathologie du Système Nerveux, Strasbourg, France
| | - Saulius Satkauskas
- INSERM U575, Physiopathologie du Système Nerveux, Strasbourg, France
- Vytautas Magnus University, Department of Biology, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Martine Perraut
- INSERM U575, Physiopathologie du Système Nerveux, Strasbourg, France
| | - Guy Roussel
- INSERM U575, Physiopathologie du Système Nerveux, Strasbourg, France
| | - Dominique Aunis
- INSERM U575, Physiopathologie du Système Nerveux, Strasbourg, France
| | - Josef P. Kapfhammer
- Developmental Neurobiology, Institute of Anatomy, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Dominique Bagnard
- INSERM U575, Physiopathologie du Système Nerveux, Strasbourg, France
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Swiercz JM, Worzfeld T, Offermanns S. ErbB-2 and Met Reciprocally Regulate Cellular Signaling via Plexin-B1. J Biol Chem 2008; 283:1893-901. [DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m706822200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
|
16
|
Püschel AW. GTPases in semaphorin signaling. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2007; 600:12-23. [PMID: 17607943 DOI: 10.1007/978-0-387-70956-7_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
A hallmark of semaphorin receptors is their interaction with multiple GTPases. Plexins, the signal transducing component of semaphorin receptors, directly associate with several GTPases. In addition, they not only recruit guaninine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs) and GTPase activating proteins (GAPs) but also are the only known integral membrane proteins that show a catalytic activity as GAPs for small GTPases. GTPases function upstream of semaphorin receptors and regulate the activity of plexins through an interaction with the cytoplasmic domain. The association of Plexin-Al (Sema3A receptor) or Plexin-B1 (Sema4D receptor) with the GTPase Rnd1 and ligand-dependent receptor clustering are required for their activity as R-Ras GAPs. The GTPases R-Ras and Rho function downstream of plexins and are required for the repulsive effects of semaphorins. In this review, I will focus on the role of GTPases in signaling by two plexins that have been analyzed in most detail, Plexin-A1 and Plexin-B1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andreas W Püschel
- Abteilung Molekularbiologie, Institut für Allgemeine Zoologie und Genetik, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Schlogplatz 5, 48149 Münster, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Sachdev P, Menon S, Kastner DB, Chuang JZ, Yeh TY, Conde C, Caceres A, Sung CH, Sakmar TP. G protein beta gamma subunit interaction with the dynein light-chain component Tctex-1 regulates neurite outgrowth. EMBO J 2007; 26:2621-32. [PMID: 17491591 PMCID: PMC1888676 DOI: 10.1038/sj.emboj.7601716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2006] [Accepted: 04/12/2007] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Tctex-1, a light-chain component of the cytoplasmic dynein motor complex, can function independently of dynein to regulate multiple steps in neuronal development. However, how dynein-associated and dynein-free pools of Tctex-1 are maintained in the cell is not known. Tctex-1 was recently identified as a Gbetagamma-binding protein and shown to be identical to the receptor-independent activator of G protein signaling AGS2. We propose a novel role for the interaction of Gbetagamma with Tctex-1 in neurite outgrowth. Ectopic expression of either Tctex-1 or Gbetagamma promotes neurite outgrowth whereas interfering with their function inhibits neuritogenesis. Using embryonic mouse brain extracts, we demonstrate an endogenous Gbetagamma-Tctex-1 complex and show that Gbetagamma co-segregates with dynein-free fractions of Tctex-1. Furthermore, Gbeta competes with the dynein intermediate chain for binding to Tctex-1, regulating assembly of Tctex-1 into the dynein motor complex. We propose that Tctex-1 is a novel effector of Gbetagamma, and that Gbetagamma-Tctex-1 complex plays a key role in the dynein-independent function of Tctex-1 in regulating neurite outgrowth in primary hippocampal neurons, most likely by modulating actin and microtubule dynamics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pallavi Sachdev
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Santosh Menon
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - David B Kastner
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jen-Zen Chuang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ting-Yu Yeh
- Department of Ophthalmology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
| | | | | | - Ching-Hwa Sung
- Department of Ophthalmology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Thomas P Sakmar
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, Box 187, New York City, NY 10021, USA. Tel.: +1 212 327 8288; Fax: +1 212 327 7904; E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Shifman MI, Selzer ME. Differential expression of class 3 and 4 semaphorins and netrin in the lamprey spinal cord during regeneration. J Comp Neurol 2007; 501:631-46. [PMID: 17278142 PMCID: PMC3917508 DOI: 10.1002/cne.21283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
To explore the role of axon guidance molecules during regeneration in the lamprey spinal cord, we examined the expression of mRNAs for semaphorin 3 (Sema3), semaphorin 4 (Sema4), and netrin during regeneration by in situ hybridization. Control lampreys contained netrin-expressing neurons along the length of the spinal cord. After spinal transection, netrin expression was downregulated in neurons close (500 mum to 10 mm) to the transection at 2 and 4 weeks. A high level of Sema4 expression was found in the neurons of the gray matter and occasionally in the dorsal and the edge cells. Fourteen days after spinal cord transection Sema4 mRNA expression was absent from dorsal and edge cells but was still present in neurons of the gray matter. At 30 days the expression had declined to some extent in neurons and was absent in dorsal and edge cells. In control animals, Sema3 was expressed in neurons of the gray matter and in dorsal and edge cells. Two weeks after transection, Sema3 expression was upregulated near the lesion, but absent in dorsal cells. By 4 weeks a few neurons expressed Sema3 at 20 mm caudal to the transection but no expression was detected 1 mm from the transection. Isolectin I-B(4) labeling for microglia/macrophages showed that the number of Sema3-expressing microglia/macrophages increased dramatically at the injury site over time. The downregulation of netrin and upregulation of Sema3 near the transection suggests a possible role of netrin and semaphorins in restricting axonal regeneration in the injured spinal cord.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael I Shifman
- Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Schwamborn JC, Müller M, Becker AHM, Püschel AW. Ubiquitination of the GTPase Rap1B by the ubiquitin ligase Smurf2 is required for the establishment of neuronal polarity. EMBO J 2007; 26:1410-22. [PMID: 17318188 PMCID: PMC1817628 DOI: 10.1038/sj.emboj.7601580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2006] [Accepted: 01/09/2007] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of a polarised morphology with multiple dendrites and a single axon is an essential step in the differentiation of neurons. The establishment of neuronal polarity is directed by the sequential activity of the GTPases Rap1B and Cdc42. Rap1B is initially present in all neurites of unpolarised neurons, but becomes restricted to the tip of a single process during the establishment of neuronal polarity where it specifies axonal identity. Here, we show that the ubiquitin ligases Smad ubiquitination regulatory factor-1 (Smurf1) and Smurf2 are essential for neurite growth and neuronal polarity, respectively, and regulate the GTPases Rho and Rap1B in hippocampal neurons. Smurf2 is required for the restriction of Rap1B to a single neurite. Smurf2 ubiquitinates inactive Rap1B and initiates its degradation through the ubiquitin/proteasome pathway (UPS). Degradation of Rap1B restricts it to a single neurite and thereby ensures that neurons extend a single axon.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jens C Schwamborn
- Abteilung Molekularbiologie, Institut für Allgemeine Zoologie und Genetik, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Myriam Müller
- Abteilung Molekularbiologie, Institut für Allgemeine Zoologie und Genetik, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Annemarie HM Becker
- Abteilung Molekularbiologie, Institut für Allgemeine Zoologie und Genetik, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Andreas W Püschel
- Abteilung Molekularbiologie, Institut für Allgemeine Zoologie und Genetik, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Münster, Germany
- Abteilung Molekularbiologie, Institut für Allgemeine Zoologie und Genetik, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Schloßplatz 5, 48149 Münster, Germany. Tel.: +49 2518323841; Fax: +49 2518324723; E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Gonthier B, Nasarre C, Roth L, Perraut M, Thomasset N, Roussel G, Aunis D, Bagnard D. Functional interaction between matrix metalloproteinase-3 and semaphorin-3C during cortical axonal growth and guidance. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 17:1712-21. [PMID: 17021275 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhl082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
In the developing cortex, axons and dendrites extend progressively in response to environmental cues attracting or repelling growing processes. Recent evidence suggests the existence of a functional link between guidance molecules and metalloproteinases. Here, we analyzed the putative functional interaction of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) with guidance cues of the semaphorin family during growth and guidance of cortical axons. Our results demonstrate that the expression pattern and the proteolytic activity of MMP-3 are consistent with a role of this particular MMP during cortical axon outgrowth. We found that MMP-3 is required for an optimal axon extension and is involved in the Sema3C-dependent chemoattraction of cortical axons by modulating both the growth capacity and the orientation of growth. Interestingly, the inhibitory Sema3A decreased both the expression and activity of MMP-3. Taken together, our results reveal a molecular interaction between MMPs and semaphorins providing new insight into the molecular mechanism allowing axonal growth cone to respond to environmental guidance cues in the context of cortical development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B Gonthier
- INSERM U575, Physiopathologie du Système Nerveux, Centre de Neurochimie, 67084 Strasbourg, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Tsatmali M, Walcott EC, Makarenkova H, Crossin KL. Reactive oxygen species modulate the differentiation of neurons in clonal cortical cultures. Mol Cell Neurosci 2006; 33:345-57. [PMID: 17000118 PMCID: PMC1797198 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2006.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2006] [Revised: 08/08/2006] [Accepted: 08/17/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are important regulators of intracellular signaling. We examined the expression of ROS during rat brain development and explored their role in differentiation using cortical cultures. High levels of ROS were found in newborn neurons. Neurons produced ROS, not connected with cell death, throughout embryogenesis and postnatal stages. By P20, ROS-producing cells were found only in neurogenic regions. Cells with low levels of ROS, isolated from E15 brains by FACS, differentiated into neurons, oligodendrocytes, and astrocytes in clonal cultures. Neurons produced high ROS early in culture and later differentiated into two types: large pyramidal-like neurons that fired no or only a single action potential and smaller neurons that expressed nuclear calretinin and fired repeated action potentials. Antioxidant treatment did not alter neuron number but increased the ratio of small to large neurons. These findings suggest that modulation of ROS levels influences multiple aspects of neuronal differentiation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marina Tsatmali
- Department of Neurobiology, SBR-14, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Elisabeth C. Walcott
- The Neurosciences Institute, 10640 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Helen Makarenkova
- The Neurosciences Institute, 10640 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Kathryn L. Crossin
- Department of Neurobiology, SBR-14, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- *Corresponding Author: Fax: 858 784 2646., E-mail address: (K.L. Crossin)
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Shifman MI, Selzer ME. Semaphorins and their receptors in lamprey CNS: Cloning, phylogenetic analysis, and developmental changes during metamorphosis. J Comp Neurol 2006; 497:115-32. [PMID: 16680764 DOI: 10.1002/cne.20990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The large, conserved semaphorin gene family encodes axon guidance molecules in both invertebrates and vertebrates. The primitive vertebrate lamprey diverged near the time of vertebrate origins and is useful for understanding the gene duplication events that led to the increased complexity of the vertebrate genome. We characterized the sequence and expression pattern of semaphorins and their receptors genes in the sea lamprey, Petromyzon marinus. We uncovered two members of the semaphorin family in sea lamprey. The first encodes a diffusible class 3 type semaphorin protein that is most similar to the human and mouse Sema3F (71% amino acid identity). The second encodes a transmembrane class 4 type semaphorin that is most similar to mouse Sema4D and human Sema4G, with 38% amino acid identity within the Sema domain. We also identified in lamprey two members of the semaphorin receptor family, lamprey Plexin A1 and Plexin A2. Phylogenetic analysis indicates that lamprey Sema3 and Sema4 represent precursor genes existing prior to the origin of the vertebrate Sema3A-G and Sema4A-G subfamilies. Therefore, the gene duplication event that gave rise to those subfamilies must have occurred after the divergence of jawed vertebrates from jawless fish. These semaphorins and plexins are expressed in unique and dynamic patterns in lamprey spinal cord and brain during development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael I Shifman
- Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Narazaki M, Tosato G. Ligand-induced internalization selects use of common receptor neuropilin-1 by VEGF165 and semaphorin3A. Blood 2006; 107:3892-901. [PMID: 16424390 PMCID: PMC1895286 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2005-10-4113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuropilin-1 (Npn-1) is a receptor shared by class 3 semaphorins and heparin-binding forms of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), protein families that regulate endothelial and neuronal-cell function. Ligand interaction with Npn-1 dictates the choice of signal transducer; plexins transduce semaphorin signals, and VEGF receptors transduce VEGF signals. It is not clear how class 3 semaphorins affect endothelial-cell function and how the shared receptor Npn-1 selects its ligand. We report that semaphorin3A (Sema3A) inhibits endothelial-cell lamellipodia formation, adhesion, survival, proliferation, and cord formation. VEGF(165), but not VEGF(121), could block all these effects of Sema3A. VEGF(165) competed with Sema3A for binding to endothelial cells, effectively reduced cell-surface Npn-1, and promoted its internalization. Use of soluble forms of Npn-1 or VEGF receptor-1 to block VEGF(165) binding to Npn-1 or to VEGF receptors provided evidence that surface Npn-1 and VEGF receptors are required for VEGF(165)-induced Npn-1 internalization. Sema3A also reduced cell-surface Npn-1 in endothelial cells and promoted its internalization, but required a higher concentration than VEGF(165). These results demonstrate that preferential receptor binding and internalization by a ligand are mechanisms by which the common receptor Npn-1 can play an essential role in prioritizing conflicting signals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Masashi Narazaki
- Basic Research Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive 12N226, Bethesda, MD 20892-1907.
| | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Bacsi A, Stanton GJ, Hughes TK, Kruze M, Boldogh I. Colostrinin-Driven Neurite Outgrowth Requires p53 Activation in PC12 Cells. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2005; 25:1123-39. [PMID: 16392041 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-005-8222-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2004] [Accepted: 08/29/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
1. Colostrinin (CLN) induces maturation and differentiation of murine thymocytes, promotes proliferation of peripheral blood leukocytes, induces immunomodulator cytokines, and ameliorates oxidative stress-mediated activation of c-Jun NH2-terminal kinases. 2. Here we report that upon treatment with CLN, medullary pheochromocytoma (PC12) cells ceased to proliferate and extend neurites. 3. The arrest of CLN-treated PC12 cells in the G1 phase of the cell cycle was due to an increase in the phosphorylation of p53 at serine(15) (p53ser15) and expression of p21WAF1. PC12 cells treated with inhibitory oligonucleotides to p53 lacked p53ser15 and p21WAF1 expression, and did not show morphological changes after CLN exposure. Transfection with inhibitory oligonucleotides to p21WAF1 had no effect on p53 activation; however, cells failed to arrest or extend neurites. An oligonucleotide inhibiting luciferase expression had no effect on CLN-mediated p53 activation, p21WAF1 expression, growth arrest, or neurite outgrowth. 4. We conclude that CLN induces delicate cassettes of signaling pathways common to cell proliferation and differentiation, and mediates activities that are similar to those of hormones and neurotrophins, leading to neurite outgrowth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Attila Bacsi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Barberis D, Casazza A, Sordella R, Corso S, Artigiani S, Settleman J, Comoglio PM, Tamagnone L. p190 Rho-GTPase activating protein associates with plexins and it is required for semaphorin signalling. J Cell Sci 2005; 118:4689-700. [PMID: 16188938 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.02590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Plexins are transmembrane receptors for semaphorins, guiding cell migration and axon extension. Plexin activation leads to the disassembly of integrin-based focal adhesive structures and to actin cytoskeleton remodelling and inhibition of cell migration; however, the underlying molecular mechanisms are unclear. We consistently observe a transient decrease of cellular RhoA-GTP levels upon plexin activation in adherent cells. One of the main effectors of RhoA downregulation is p190, a ubiquitously expressed GTPase activating protein (GAP). We show that, in p190-deficient fibroblasts, the typical functional activities mediated by plexins (such as cell collapse and inhibition of integrin-based adhesion) are blocked or greatly impaired. Notably, the functional response can be rescued in these cells by re-expressing exogenous p190, but not a mutant form specifically lacking RhoGAP activity. We furthermore demonstrate that semaphorin function is blocked in epithelial cells, primary endothelial cells and neuroblasts upon treatment with small interfering RNAs that knockdown p190 expression. Finally, we show that p190 transiently associates with plexins, and its RhoGAP activity is increased in response to semaphorin stimulation. We conclude that p190-RhoGAP is crucially involved in semaphorin signalling to the actin cytoskeleton, via interaction with plexins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Davide Barberis
- Institute for Cancer Research and Treatment (IRCC), University of Turin Medical School, Candiolo, Torino 10060, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Yasuhara T, Shingo T, Muraoka K, Kameda M, Agari T, Wenji Y, Hishikawa T, Matsui T, Miyoshi Y, Kimura T, Borlongan CV, Date I. Toxicity of semaphorin3A for dopaminergic neurons. Neurosci Lett 2005; 382:61-5. [PMID: 15911122 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2005.02.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2004] [Revised: 02/15/2005] [Accepted: 02/22/2005] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Semaphorin3A (Sema3A) is known to cause neuronal apoptosis and serves as a chemorepellent factor for axonal growth. In our previous report, we found that Sema3A was up-regulated in the 6-OHDA-injected striatum of rats, suggesting that Sema3A was likely involved in dopaminergic (DA) depletion. In this study, we investigated whether Sema3A directly worked as a neurotoxin to DA neurons both in vitro and in vivo. First, effects of various dosages of Sema3A administration on the DA neurons of the E14 murine ventral mesencephalon were examined in vitro. Sema3A at a dose over 500 ng/ml induced apoptosis to DA neurons. Next, we examined whether the continuous infusion of Sema3A exerted degeneration of DA neurons in rats. We established a Sema3A-secreting cell line (BHK-Sema3A), confirming the secreting functions by immunocytochemical and Western blot assays. Adult Sprague-Dawley rats were unilaterally implanted into the striatum with BHK-Sema3A or BHK non-Sema3A control cells, and subsequently underwent behavioral and immunohistochemical evaluations. Rats that received BHK-Sema3A did not show significant differences in the number of amphetamine- and apomorphine-induced rotations and TH-positive neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta compared to the control group. Our results revealed that Sema3A was toxic to cultured DA neurons at very high dosages, but the continuous secretion of Sema3A at modest dosage in vivo did not produce Parkinsonian pathophysiologic symptoms. Optimizing the dosage and infusion location (i.e., nigra) and timing (more than 1 week post-transplantation) might further reveal the contribution of Sema3A to the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takao Yasuhara
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine and Dentistry, 2-5-1, Okayama 700-8558, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Fiore R, Rahim B, Christoffels VM, Moorman AFM, Püschel AW. Inactivation of the Sema5a gene results in embryonic lethality and defective remodeling of the cranial vascular system. Mol Cell Biol 2005; 25:2310-9. [PMID: 15743826 PMCID: PMC1061610 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.25.6.2310-2319.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The semaphorins are a large family of proteins involved in the patterning of both the vascular and the nervous systems. In order to analyze the function of the membrane-bound semaphorin 5A (Sema5A), we generated mice homozygous for a null mutation in the Sema5a gene. Homozygous null mutants die between embryonic development days 11.5 (E11.5) and E12.5, indicating an essential role of Sema5A during embryonic development. Mutant embryos did not show any morphological defects that could account for the lethality of the mutation. A detailed analysis of the vascular system uncovered a role of Sema5A in the remodeling of the cranial blood vessels. In Sema5A null mutants, the complexity of the hierarchically organized branches of the cranial cardinal veins was decreased. Our results represent the first genetic analysis of the function of a class 5 semaphorin during embryonic development and identify a role of Sema5A in the regional patterning of the vasculature.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Fiore
- Abteilung Molekularbiologie, Institut für Allgemeine Zoologie und Genetik, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Schlossplatz 5, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Brown M, Jacobs T, Eickholt B, Ferrari G, Teo M, Monfries C, Qi RZ, Leung T, Lim L, Hall C. Alpha2-chimaerin, cyclin-dependent Kinase 5/p35, and its target collapsin response mediator protein-2 are essential components in semaphorin 3A-induced growth-cone collapse. J Neurosci 2005; 24:8994-9004. [PMID: 15483118 PMCID: PMC6730050 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3184-04.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurite outgrowth is influenced by positive and negative signals that include the semaphorins, an important family of axonal outgrowth inhibitors. Here we report that the Rac GTPase activating protein (GAP)alpha2-chimaerin is involved in Semaphorin 3A (Sema 3A) signaling. In dorsal root ganglion neurons, Sema 3A-induced growth cone collapse was inhibited by alpha2-chimaerin mutated to eliminate GAP activity or interaction with phosphotyrosine. Activation of alpha2-chimaerin by phorbol ester caused growth cone collapse. Active alpha2-chimaerin interacts with collapsin response mediator protein-2 (CRMP-2) and cyclin-dependent kinase (Cdk) 5/p35 kinase through its SH2 and GAP domains, respectively. Cdk5 phosphorylates CRMP-2 at serine 522, possibly facilitating phosphorylation of serine 518 and threonine 514 by glycogen synthase kinase 3beta (GSK3beta), a kinase previously implicated in Sema 3A signaling. Phosphorylation of CRMP-2 serine 522 was essential for Sema 3A-induced growth cone collapse, which is dependent on Cdk5 but not Rho kinase activity. alpha2-chimaerin, like CRMP-2, can associate with the Sema 3A receptor. These results indicate that active alpha2-chimaerin Rac GAP, Cdk5/p35, and its substrate CRMP-2, are implicated in the dynamics of growth cone guidance initiated through Sema 3A signaling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Brown
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London WC1N 1PJ, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|