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Pande S, Pati F, Chakraborty P. Harnessing Peptide-Based Hydrogels for Enhanced Cartilage Tissue Engineering. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2024; 7:5885-5905. [PMID: 39159490 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.4c00879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/21/2024]
Abstract
Cartilage tissue engineering remains a formidable challenge due to its complex, avascular structure and limited regenerative capacity. Traditional approaches, such as microfracture, autografts, and stem cell delivery, often fail to restore functional tissue adequately. Recently, there has been a surge in the exploration of new materials that mimic the extracellular microenvironment necessary to guide tissue regeneration. This review investigates the potential of peptide-based hydrogels as an innovative solution for cartilage regeneration. These hydrogels, formed via supramolecular self-assembly, exhibit excellent properties, including biocompatibility, ECM mimicry, and controlled biodegradation, making them highly suitable for cartilage tissue engineering. This review explains the structure of cartilage and the principles of supramolecular and peptide hydrogels. It also delves into their specific properties relevant to cartilage regeneration. Additionally, this review presents recent examples and a comparative analysis of various peptide-based hydrogels used for cartilage regeneration. The review also addresses the translational challenges of these materials, highlighting regulatory hurdles and the complexities of clinical application. This comprehensive investigation provides valuable insights for biomedical researchers, tissue engineers, and clinical professionals aiming to enhance cartilage repair methodologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shreya Pande
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad, Kandi, Sangareddy 502284, Telangana, India
| | - Falguni Pati
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad, Kandi, Sangareddy 502284, Telangana, India
| | - Priyadarshi Chakraborty
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad, Kandi, Sangareddy 502284, Telangana, India
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Ruiz-Blázquez P, Fernández-Fernández M, Pistorio V, Martinez-Sanchez C, Costanzo M, Iruzubieta P, Zhuravleva E, Cacho-Pujol J, Ariño S, Del Castillo-Cruz A, Núñez S, Andersen JB, Ruoppolo M, Crespo J, García-Ruiz C, Pavone LM, Reinheckel T, Sancho-Bru P, Coll M, Fernández-Checa JC, Moles A. Cathepsin D is essential for the degradomic shift of macrophages required to resolve liver fibrosis. Mol Metab 2024; 87:101989. [PMID: 39019115 PMCID: PMC11327474 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2024.101989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2024] [Revised: 07/03/2024] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 07/19/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Fibrosis contributes to 45% of deaths in industrialized nations and is characterized by an abnormal accumulation of extracellular matrix (ECM). There are no specific anti-fibrotic treatments for liver fibrosis, and previous unsuccessful attempts at drug development have focused on preventing ECM deposition. Because liver fibrosis is largely acknowledged to be reversible, regulating fibrosis resolution could offer novel therapeutical options. However, little is known about the mechanisms controlling ECM remodeling during resolution. Changes in proteolytic activity are essential for ECM homeostasis and macrophages are an important source of proteases. Herein, in this study we evaluate the role of macrophage-derived cathepsin D (CtsD) during liver fibrosis. METHODS CtsD expression and associated pathways were characterized in single-cell RNA sequencing and transcriptomic datasets in human cirrhosis. Liver fibrosis progression, reversion and functional characterization were assessed in novel myeloid-CtsD and hepatocyte-CtsD knock-out mice. RESULTS Analysis of single-cell RNA sequencing datasets demonstrated CtsD was expressed in macrophages and hepatocytes in human cirrhosis. Liver fibrosis progression, reversion and functional characterization were assessed in novel myeloid-CtsD (CtsDΔMyel) and hepatocyte-CtsD knock-out mice. CtsD deletion in macrophages, but not in hepatocytes, resulted in enhanced liver fibrosis. Both inflammatory and matrisome proteomic signatures were enriched in fibrotic CtsDΔMyel livers. Besides, CtsDΔMyel liver macrophages displayed functional, phenotypical and secretomic changes, which resulted in a degradomic phenotypical shift, responsible for the defective proteolytic processing of collagen I in vitro and impaired collagen remodeling during fibrosis resolution in vivo. Finally, CtsD-expressing mononuclear phagocytes of cirrhotic human livers were enriched in lysosomal and ECM degradative signaling pathways. CONCLUSIONS Our work describes for the first-time CtsD-driven lysosomal activity as a central hub for restorative macrophage function during fibrosis resolution and opens new avenues to explore their degradome landscape to inform drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paloma Ruiz-Blázquez
- Institute of Biomedical Research of Barcelona, Spanish National Research Council, Barcelona, Spain; CiberEHD, Spain; University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain
| | - María Fernández-Fernández
- Institute of Biomedical Research of Barcelona, Spanish National Research Council, Barcelona, Spain; CiberEHD, Spain; University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Valeria Pistorio
- Institute of Biomedical Research of Barcelona, Spanish National Research Council, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy; Sorbonne Université, Inserm, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine (CRSA), Paris, France
| | | | - Michele Costanzo
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy; CEINGE-Biotecnologie Avanzate Franco Salvatore s.c.ar.l., Naples, Italy
| | - Paula Iruzubieta
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Marqués de Valdecilla University Hospital, Research Institute Marqués de Valdecilla (IDIVAL), Santander, Spain
| | - Ekaterina Zhuravleva
- Biotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC), Department of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; LEO Foundation Skin Immunology Research Center (SIC), Department of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Júlia Cacho-Pujol
- Institute of Biomedical Research of Barcelona, Spanish National Research Council, Barcelona, Spain; University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Silvia Ariño
- CiberEHD, Spain; University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | - Jesper B Andersen
- Biotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC), Department of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Margherita Ruoppolo
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy; CEINGE-Biotecnologie Avanzate Franco Salvatore s.c.ar.l., Naples, Italy
| | - Javier Crespo
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Marqués de Valdecilla University Hospital, Research Institute Marqués de Valdecilla (IDIVAL), Santander, Spain
| | - Carmen García-Ruiz
- Institute of Biomedical Research of Barcelona, Spanish National Research Council, Barcelona, Spain; CiberEHD, Spain; IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain; USC Research Center for ALPD, Los Angeles, United States; Associated Unit IIBB-IMIM, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Luigi Michele Pavone
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Thomas Reinheckel
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, Faculty of Medicine, Albert-Ludwigs-University, Freiburg, Germany; German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), DKFZ Partner Site Freiburg, Germany; Center for Biological Signaling Studies BIOSS, University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Pau Sancho-Bru
- CiberEHD, Spain; University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mar Coll
- CiberEHD, Spain; University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain; Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Spain
| | - José C Fernández-Checa
- Institute of Biomedical Research of Barcelona, Spanish National Research Council, Barcelona, Spain; CiberEHD, Spain; IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain; USC Research Center for ALPD, Los Angeles, United States; Associated Unit IIBB-IMIM, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anna Moles
- Institute of Biomedical Research of Barcelona, Spanish National Research Council, Barcelona, Spain; CiberEHD, Spain; IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain; Associated Unit IIBB-IMIM, Barcelona, Spain.
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McAlinden A, Hudson DM, Fernandes AA, Ravindran S, Fernandes RJ. Biochemical and immuno-histochemical localization of type IIA procollagen in annulus fibrosus of mature bovine intervertebral disc. Matrix Biol Plus 2021; 12:100077. [PMID: 34337380 PMCID: PMC8313739 DOI: 10.1016/j.mbplus.2021.100077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
For next generation tissue-engineered constructs and regenerative medicine to succeed clinically, the basic biology and extracellular matrix composition of tissues that these repair techniques seek to restore have to be fully determined. Using the latest reagents coupled with tried and tested methodologies, we continue to uncover previously undetected structural proteins in mature intervertebral disc. In this study we show that the “embryonic” type IIA procollagen isoform (containing a cysteine-rich amino propeptide) was biochemically detectable in the annulus fibrosus of both calf and mature steer caudal intervertebral discs, but not in the nucleus pulposus where the type IIB isoform was predominantly localized. Specifically, the triple-helical type IIA procollagen isoform immunolocalized in the outer margins of the inner annulus fibrosus. Triple helical processed type II collagen exclusively localized within the inter-lamellae regions and with type IIA procollagen in the intra-lamellae regions. Mass spectrometry of the α1(II) collagen chains from the region where type IIA procollagen localized showed high 3-hydroxylation of Proline-944, a post-translational modification that is correlated with thin collagen fibrils as in the nucleus pulposus. The findings implicate small diameter fibrils of type IIA procollagen in select regions of the annulus fibrosus where it likely contributes to the organization of collagen bundles and structural properties within the type I-type II collagen transition zone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey McAlinden
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA.,Department of Cell Biology & Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA.,Shriners Hospitals for Children- St Louis, MO, USA
| | - David M Hudson
- Department of Orthopaedic & Sports Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Aysel A Fernandes
- Department of Orthopaedic & Sports Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Soumya Ravindran
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Russell J Fernandes
- Department of Orthopaedic & Sports Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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Wang L, You X, Lotinun S, Zhang L, Wu N, Zou W. Mechanical sensing protein PIEZO1 regulates bone homeostasis via osteoblast-osteoclast crosstalk. Nat Commun 2020; 11:282. [PMID: 31941964 PMCID: PMC6962448 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-14146-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 241] [Impact Index Per Article: 60.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Wolff’s law and the Utah Paradigm of skeletal physiology state that bone architecture adapts to mechanical loads. These models predict the existence of a mechanostat that links strain induced by mechanical forces to skeletal remodeling. However, how the mechanostat influences bone remodeling remains elusive. Here, we find that Piezo1 deficiency in osteoblastic cells leads to loss of bone mass and spontaneous fractures with increased bone resorption. Furthermore, Piezo1-deficient mice are resistant to further bone loss and bone resorption induced by hind limb unloading, demonstrating that PIEZO1 can affect osteoblast-osteoclast crosstalk in response to mechanical forces. At the mechanistic level, in response to mechanical loads, PIEZO1 in osteoblastic cells controls the YAP-dependent expression of type II and IX collagens. In turn, these collagen isoforms regulate osteoclast differentiation. Taken together, our data identify PIEZO1 as the major skeletal mechanosensor that tunes bone homeostasis. Mechanical forces induce bone remodeling, but how bone cells sense mechanical signaling is unclear. Here, the authors show that loss of the mechanotransduction channel Piezo1 in osteoblastic cells impairs osteoclast activity via YAP signaling and collagen expression, leading to reduced bone mass and spontaneous fractures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Xiuling You
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Sutada Lotinun
- Department of Physiology and Skeletal Disorders Research Unit, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Lingli Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Nan Wu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Weiguo Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China. .,Institute of Microsurgery on Extremities, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, 200233, China.
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5
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Luo Y, He Y, Reker D, Gudmann NS, Henriksen K, Simonsen O, Ladel C, Michaelis M, Mobasheri A, Karsdal M, Bay-Jensen AC. A Novel High Sensitivity Type II Collagen Blood-Based Biomarker, PRO-C2, for Assessment of Cartilage Formation. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19113485. [PMID: 30404167 PMCID: PMC6275061 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19113485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2018] [Revised: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 11/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
N-terminal propeptide of type II collagen (PIINP) is a biomarker reflecting cartilage formation. PIINP exists in two main splice variants termed as type IIA and type IIB collagen NH₂-propeptide (PIIANP, PIIBNP). PIIANP has been widely recognized as a cartilage formation biomarker. However, the utility of PIIBNP as a marker in preclinical and clinical settings has not been fully investigated yet. In this study, we aimed to characterize an antibody targeting human PIIBNP and to develop an immunoassay assessing type II collagen synthesis in human blood samples. A high sensitivity electrochemiluminescence immunoassay, hsPRO-C2, was developed using a well-characterized antibody against human PIIBNP. Human cartilage explants from replaced osteoarthritis knees were cultured for ten weeks in the presence of growth factors, insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) or recombinant human fibroblast growth factor 18 (rhFGF-18). The culture medium was changed every seven days, and levels of PIIBNP, PIIANP, and matrix metalloproteinase 9-mediated degradation of type II collagen (C2M) were analyzed herein. Serum samples from a cross-sectional knee osteoarthritis cohort, as well as pediatric and rheumatoid arthritis samples, were assayed for PIIBNP and PIIANP. Western blot showed that the antibody recognized PIIBNP either as a free fragment or attached to the main molecule. Immunohistochemistry demonstrated that PIIBNP was predominately located in the extracellular matrix of the superficial and deep zones and chondrocytes in both normal and osteoarthritic articular cartilage. In addition, the hsPRO-C2 immunoassay exhibits acceptable technical performances. In the human cartilage explants model, levels of PIIBNP, but not PIIANP and C2M, were increased (2 to 7-fold) time-dependently in response to IGF-1. Moreover, there was no significant correlation between PIIBNP and PIIANP levels when measured in knee osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, and pediatric serum samples. Serum PIIBNP was significantly higher in controls (KL0/1) compared to OA groups (KL2/3/4, p = 0.012). The hsPRO-C2 assay shows completely different biological and clinical patterns than PIIANP ELISA, suggesting that it may be a promising biomarker of cartilage formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunyun Luo
- Department of Rheumatology, Nordic Bioscience, Biomarkers and Research, 2730 Herlev, Denmark.
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 København, Denmark.
| | - Yi He
- Department of Rheumatology, Nordic Bioscience, Biomarkers and Research, 2730 Herlev, Denmark.
| | - Ditte Reker
- Department of Rheumatology, Nordic Bioscience, Biomarkers and Research, 2730 Herlev, Denmark.
| | - Natasja Stæhr Gudmann
- Department of Rheumatology, Nordic Bioscience, Biomarkers and Research, 2730 Herlev, Denmark.
| | - Kim Henriksen
- Department of Rheumatology, Nordic Bioscience, Biomarkers and Research, 2730 Herlev, Denmark.
| | - Ole Simonsen
- Department Orthopedic Surgery, Aalborg University Hospital, 9000 Aalborg, Denmark.
| | | | | | - Ali Mobasheri
- D-BOARD EU Consortium for Biomarker Discovery, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7AL, Surrey, UK.
- Arthritis Research UK Centre for Sport, Exercise and Osteoarthritis, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham NG7 2UH, Nottinghamshire, UK.
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, State Research Institute Centre for Innovative Medicine, LT-01102 Vilnius, Lithuania.
| | - Morten Karsdal
- Department of Rheumatology, Nordic Bioscience, Biomarkers and Research, 2730 Herlev, Denmark.
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Aisenbrey EA, Bryant SJ. A MMP7-sensitive photoclickable biomimetic hydrogel for MSC encapsulation towards engineering human cartilage. J Biomed Mater Res A 2018; 106:2344-2355. [PMID: 29577606 PMCID: PMC6030485 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.36412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2017] [Revised: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 03/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Cartilage tissue engineering strategies that use in situ forming degradable hydrogels for mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) delivery are promising for treating chondral defects. Hydrogels that recapitulate aspects of the native tissue have the potential to encourage chondrogenesis, permit cellular mediated degradation, and facilitate tissue growth. This study investigated photoclickable poly(ethylene glycol) hydrogels, which were tailored to mimic the cartilage microenvironment by incorporating extracellular matrix analogs, chondroitin sulfate and RGD, and crosslinks sensitive to matrix metalloproteinase 7 (MMP7). Human MSCs were encapsulated in the hydrogel, cultured up to nine weeks, and assessed by mRNA expression, protein production and biochemical analysis. Chondrogenic genes, SOX9, ACAN, and COL2A1, significantly increased with culture time, and the ratios of COL2A1:COL10A1 and SOX9:RUNX2 reached values of ∼20-100 by week 6. The encapsulated MSCs degraded the hydrogel, which was nearly undetectable by week 9. There was substantial deposition of aggrecan and collagen II, which correlated with degradation of the hydrogel. Minimal collagen X was detectable, but collagen I was prevalent. After week 1, extracellular matrix elaboration was accompanied by a ∼twofold increase in compressive modulus with culture time. The MMP7-sensitive cartilage mimetic hydrogel supported MSC chondrogenesis and promoted macroscopic neocartilaginous matrix elaboration representative of fibrocartilage. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 106A: 2344-2355, 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A Aisenbrey
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309
- BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309
| | - Stephanie J. Bryant
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309
- BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309
- Material Science and Engineering Program, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309
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7
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Ricard-Blum S, Vallet SD. Fragments generated upon extracellular matrix remodeling: Biological regulators and potential drugs. Matrix Biol 2017; 75-76:170-189. [PMID: 29133183 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2017.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Revised: 11/05/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The remodeling of the extracellular matrix (ECM) by several protease families releases a number of bioactive fragments, which regulate numerous biological processes such as autophagy, angiogenesis, adipogenesis, fibrosis, tumor growth, metastasis and wound healing. We review here the proteases which generate bioactive ECM fragments, their ECM substrates, the major bioactive ECM fragments, together with their biological properties and their receptors. The translation of ECM fragments into drugs is challenging and would take advantage of an integrative approach to optimize the design of pre-clinical and clinical studies. This could be done by building the contextualized interaction network of the ECM fragment repertoire including their parent proteins, remodeling proteinases, and their receptors, and by using mathematical disease models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvie Ricard-Blum
- Univ Lyon, University Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, INSA Lyon, CPE, Institute of Molecular and Supramolecular Chemistry and Biochemistry, UMR 5246, F-69622 Villeurbanne cedex, France.
| | - Sylvain D Vallet
- Univ Lyon, University Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, INSA Lyon, CPE, Institute of Molecular and Supramolecular Chemistry and Biochemistry, UMR 5246, F-69622 Villeurbanne cedex, France.
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8
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Schneevoigt J, Fabian C, Leovsky C, Seeger J, Bahramsoltani M. In VitroExpression of the Extracellular Matrix Components Aggrecan, Collagen Types I and II by Articular Cartilage-Derived Chondrocytes. Anat Histol Embryol 2016; 46:43-50. [DOI: 10.1111/ahe.12230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Accepted: 02/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. Schneevoigt
- Institute of Anatomy; Histology and Embryology; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; University of Leipzig; Leipzig Germany
| | - C. Fabian
- Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology; Leipzig Germany
| | - C. Leovsky
- Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology; Leipzig Germany
| | - J. Seeger
- Institute of Anatomy; Histology and Embryology; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; University of Leipzig; Leipzig Germany
| | - M. Bahramsoltani
- Institute of Veterinary Anatomy; Department of Veterinary Medicine; Freie Universität Berlin; Berlin Germany
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9
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Ricard-Blum S, Vallet SD. Proteases decode the extracellular matrix cryptome. Biochimie 2015; 122:300-13. [PMID: 26382969 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2015.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2015] [Accepted: 09/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The extracellular matrix is comprised of 1100 core-matrisome and matrisome-associated proteins and of glycosaminoglycans. This structural scaffold contributes to the organization and mechanical properties of tissues and modulates cell behavior. The extracellular matrix is dynamic and undergoes constant remodeling, which leads to diseases if uncontrolled. Bioactive fragments, called matricryptins, are released from the extracellular proteins by limited proteolysis and have biological activities on their own. They regulate numerous physiological and pathological processes such as angiogenesis, cancer, diabetes, wound healing, fibrosis and infectious diseases and either improve or worsen the course of diseases depending on the matricryptins and on the molecular and biological contexts. Several protease families release matricryptins from core-matrisome and matrisome-associated proteins both in vitro and in vivo. The major proteases, which decrypt the extracellular matrix, are zinc metalloproteinases of the metzincin superfamily (matrixins, adamalysins and astacins), cysteine proteinases and serine proteases. Some matricryptins act as enzyme inhibitors, further connecting protease and matricryptin fates and providing intricate regulation of major physiopathological processes such as angiogenesis and tumorigenesis. They strengthen the role of the extracellular matrix as a key player in tissue failure and core-matrisome and matrisome-associated proteins as important therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvie Ricard-Blum
- UMR 5086 CNRS - Université Lyon 1, 7 Passage du Vercors, 69367 Lyon Cedex 07, France.
| | - Sylvain D Vallet
- UMR 5086 CNRS - Université Lyon 1, 7 Passage du Vercors, 69367 Lyon Cedex 07, France.
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Abstract
Over two decades ago, two isoforms of the type II procollagen gene (COL2A1) were discovered. These isoforms, named IIA and IIB, are generated in a developmentally-regulated manner by alternative splicing of exon 2. Chondroprogenitor cells synthesize predominantly IIA isoforms (containing exon 2) while differentiated chondrocytes produce mainly IIB transcripts (devoid of exon 2). Importantly, this IIA-to-IIB alternative splicing switch occurs only during chondrogenesis. More recently, two other isoforms have been reported (IIC and IID) that also involve splicing of exon 2; these findings highlight the complexities involving regulation of COL2A1 expression. The biological significance of why different isoforms of COL2A1 exist within the context of skeletal development and maintenance is still not completely understood. This review will provide current knowledge on COL2A1 isoform expression during chondrocyte differentiation and what is known about some of the mechanisms that control exon 2 alternative splicing. Utilization of mouse models to address the biological significance of Col2a1 alternative splicing in vivo will also be discussed. From the knowledge acquired to date, some new questions and concepts are now being proposed on the importance of Col2a1 alternative splicing in regulating extracellular matrix assembly and how this may subsequently affect cartilage and endochondral bone quality and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey McAlinden
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Musculoskeletal Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine , St Louis, MO , USA
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11
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Characterization of a murine type IIB procollagen-specific antibody. Matrix Biol 2013; 34:154-60. [PMID: 24211541 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2013.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2013] [Revised: 10/25/2013] [Accepted: 10/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Type II collagen is the major collagenous component of the cartilage extracellular matrix; formation of a covalently cross-linked type II collagen network provides cartilage with important tensile properties. The Col2a1 gene is encoded by 54 exons, of which exon 2 is subject to alternative splicing, resulting in different isoforms named IIA, IIB, IIC and IID. The two major procollagen protein isoforms are type IIA and type IIB procollagen. Type IIA procollagen mRNA contains exon 2 and is generated predominantly by chondroprogenitor cells and other non-cartilaginous tissues. Differentiated chondrocytes generate type IIB procollagen, devoid of exon 2. Although type IIA procollagen is produced in certain non-collagenous tissues during development, this developmentally-regulated alternative splicing switch to type IIB procollagen is restricted to cartilage cells. Though a much studied and characterized molecule, the importance of the various type II collagen protein isoforms in cartilage development and homeostasis is still not completely understood. Effective antibodies against specific epitopes of these isoforms can be useful tools to decipher function. However, most type II collagen antibodies to date recognize either all isoforms or the IIA procollagen isoform. To specifically identify the murine type IIB procollagen, we have generated a rabbit antibody (termed IIBN) directed to a peptide sequence that spans the murine exon 1-3 peptide junction. Characterization of the affinity-purified antibody by western blotting of collagens extracted from wild type murine cartilage or cartilage from Col2a1(+ex2) knock-in mice (which generates predominantly the type IIA procollagen isoform) demonstrated that the IIBN antibody is specific to the type IIB procollagen isoform. IIBN antibody was also able to detect the native type IIB procollagen in the hypertrophic chondrocytes of the wild type growth plate, but not in those of the Col2a1(+ex2) homozygous knock-in mice, by both immunofluorescence and immunohistochemical studies. Thus the IIBN antibody will permit an in-depth characterization of the distribution of IIB procollagen isoform in mouse skeletal tissues. In addition, this antibody will be an important reagent for characterizing mutant type II collagen phenotypes and for monitoring type II procollagen processing and trafficking.
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Aubert-Foucher E, Mayer N, Pasdeloup M, Pagnon A, Hartmann D, Mallein-Gerin F. A unique tool to selectively detect the chondrogenic IIB form of human type II procollagen protein. Matrix Biol 2013; 34:80-8. [PMID: 24055103 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2013.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2013] [Revised: 09/05/2013] [Accepted: 09/07/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Type II collagen, the major fibrillar collagen of cartilage, is synthesized as precursor forms (procollagens) containing N- and C-terminal propeptides. Three splice variants are thought to be translated to produce procollagen II isoforms (IIA/D and IIB) which differ in their amino propeptide parts. The IIA and IID are transient embryonic isoforms that include an additional cysteine-rich domain encoded by exon 2. The IIA and IID transcripts are co-expressed during chondrogenesis then decline and the IIB isoform is the only one expressed and synthesized in fully differentiated chondrocytes. Additionally, procollagens IIA/D can be re-expressed by dedifferentiating chondrocytes and in osteoarthritic cartilage. Therefore, it is an important point to determine which isoform(s) is (are) synthesized in vivo in normal and pathological situations and in vitro, to fully assess the phenotype of cells producing type II collagen protein. Antibodies directed against the cysteine-rich extra domain found in procollagens IIA and IID are already available but antibodies detecting only the chondrogenic IIB form of type II procollagen were missing so far. A synthetic peptide encompassing the junction between exon 1 and exon 3 of the human sequence was used as immunogen to produce rabbit polyclonal antibodies to procollagen IIB. After affinity purification on immobilized peptide their absence of crossreaction with procollagens IIA/D and with the fibrillar procollagens I, III and V was demonstrated by Western blotting. These antibodies were used to reveal at the protein level that the treatment of dedifferentiated human chondrocytes by bone morphogenic protein (BMP)-2 induces the synthesis of the IIB (chondrocytic) isoform of procollagen II. In addition, immunohistochemical staining of bovine cartilage demonstrates the potential of these antibodies in the analysis of the differential spatiotemporal distribution of N-propeptides of procollagens IIA/D and IIB during normal development and in pathological situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Aubert-Foucher
- Université Lyon 1, Univ Lyon, CNRS, UMR 5305-LBTI: Laboratoire de Biologie Tissulaire et Ingénierie thérapeuthique, IBCP, 7 passage du Vercors, F69367 Lyon, France
| | - Nathalie Mayer
- Université Lyon 1, Univ Lyon, CNRS, UMR 5305-LBTI: Laboratoire de Biologie Tissulaire et Ingénierie thérapeuthique, IBCP, 7 passage du Vercors, F69367 Lyon, France
| | - Marielle Pasdeloup
- Université Lyon 1, Univ Lyon, CNRS, UMR 5305-LBTI: Laboratoire de Biologie Tissulaire et Ingénierie thérapeuthique, IBCP, 7 passage du Vercors, F69367 Lyon, France
| | | | - Daniel Hartmann
- UCBL 1/ISPB, Faculté de Pharmacie, UMR CNRS 5510/MATEIS, Equipe I2B-"Interactions Biologiques et Biomatériaux", 8 avenue Rockefeller, F69373 Lyon, Cedex 08, France
| | - Frédéric Mallein-Gerin
- Université Lyon 1, Univ Lyon, CNRS, UMR 5305-LBTI: Laboratoire de Biologie Tissulaire et Ingénierie thérapeuthique, IBCP, 7 passage du Vercors, F69367 Lyon, France.
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Lewis R, Ravindran S, Wirthlin L, Traeger G, Fernandes RJ, McAlinden A. Disruption of the developmentally-regulated Col2a1 pre-mRNA alternative splicing switch in a transgenic knock-in mouse model. Matrix Biol 2012; 31:214-26. [PMID: 22248926 PMCID: PMC3295890 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2011.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2011] [Revised: 12/16/2011] [Accepted: 12/19/2011] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The present study describes the generation of a knock-in mouse model to address the role of type II procollagen (Col2a1) alternative splicing in skeletal development and maintenance. Alternative splicing of Col2a1 precursor mRNA is a developmentally-regulated event that only occurs in chondrogenic tissue. Normally, chondroprogenitor cells synthesize predominantly exon 2-containing mRNA isoforms (type IIA and IID) while Col2a1 mRNA devoid of exon 2 (type IIB) is the major isoform produced by differentiated chondrocytes. Another isoform, IIC, has also been identified that contains a truncated exon 2 and is not translated into protein. The biological significance of this IIA/IID to IIB splicing switch is not known. Utilizing a splice site targeting knock-in approach, a 4 nucleotide mutation was created to convert the 5' splice site of Col2a1 exon 2 from a weak, non-consensus sequence to a strong, consensus splice site. This resulted in apparent expression of only the IIA mRNA isoform, as confirmed in vitro by splicing of a type II procollagen mini-gene containing the 5' splice site mutation. To test the splice site targeting approach in vivo, homozygote mice engineered to retain IIA exon 2 (Col2a1(+ex2)) were generated. Chondrocytes from hindlimb epiphyseal cartilage of homozygote mice were shown to express only IIA mRNA and protein at all pre- and post-natal developmental stages analyzed (E12.5, E16.5, P0, P3, P7, P14, P28 and P70). As expected, type IIB procollagen was the major isoform produced in wild type cartilage at all post-natal time points. Col2a1(+ex2) homozygote mice are viable, appear healthy and display no overt phenotype to date. However, research is currently underway to investigate the biological consequence of persistent expression of the exon 2-encoded conserved cysteine-rich domain in post-natal skeletal tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renate Lewis
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO
| | - Soumya Ravindran
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO
| | - Louisa Wirthlin
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO
| | - Geoffrey Traeger
- Department of Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Russell J. Fernandes
- Department of Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Audrey McAlinden
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO
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Chan WCW, Sze KL, Samartzis D, Leung VYL, Chan D. Structure and biology of the intervertebral disk in health and disease. Orthop Clin North Am 2011; 42:447-64, vii. [PMID: 21944583 DOI: 10.1016/j.ocl.2011.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The intervertebral disks along the spine provide motion and protection against mechanical loading. The 3 structural components, nucleus pulposus, annulus fibrosus, and cartilage endplate, function as a synergistic unit, though each has its own role. The cells within each of these components have distinct origins in development and morphology, producing specific extracellular matrix proteins that are organized into unique architectures fit for intervertebral disk function. This article focuses on various aspects of intervertebral disk biology and disruptions that could lead to diseases such as intervertebral disk degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilson C W Chan
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of Hong Kong, LKS Faculty of Medicine, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
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15
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Hayashi S, Wang Z, Bryan J, Kobayashi C, Faccio R, Sandell LJ. The type II collagen N-propeptide, PIIBNP, inhibits cell survival and bone resorption of osteoclasts via integrin-mediated signaling. Bone 2011; 49:644-52. [PMID: 21708300 PMCID: PMC3166963 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2011.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2011] [Accepted: 06/10/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Type IIB procollagen is characteristic of cartilage, comprising 50% of the extracellular matrix. The NH(2)-propeptide of type IIB collagen, PIIBNP, can kill tumor cells via binding to integrins α(V)β(3) and α(V)β(5). As osteoclasts rely on α(V)β(3) integrins for function in bone erosion, we sought to determine whether PIIBNP could inhibit osteoclast function. METHODS We undertook in vitro and in vivo experiments to evaluate both osteoblast and osteoclast functions in the presence of recombinant PIIBNP. Adhesion of osteoclasts to PIIBNP was analyzed by staining of attached cells with crystal violet. PIIBNP-induced cell death was evaluated by counting Trypan Blue stained cells. The mechanism of cell death was evaluated by DNA fragmentation, TUNEL staining and western blotting to detect cleaved caspases. To determine the role of α(V)β(3) integrin, osteoclasts were pretreated with α(V) or β(3) integrin specific siRNA before the treatment with PIIBNP. To explore PIIBNP function in vivo, a lipopolysaccharide-induced mouse calvaria lysis model was employed. RESULTS Osteoclasts adhered to PIIBNP via an RGD-mediated mechanism. When osteoclasts were plated on extracellular matrix proteins, PIIBNP induced apoptosis of osteoclasts via caspase 3/8 activation. Osteoblasts and macrophages were not killed. Reduction of α(V) or β(3) integrin levels on osteoclasts by siRNA reduced cell death in a dose-dependent manner. In vivo, PIIBNP could inhibit bone resorption. CONCLUSION We conclude that PIIBNP can inhibit osteoclast survival and bone resorption via signal transduction through the α(V)β(3) integrins. Because of this property and the cell specificity, we propose that PIIBNP may play a role in vivo in protecting cartilage from osteoclast invasion and also could be a new therapeutic strategy for decreasing bone loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinya Hayashi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Zhepeng Wang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Jennifer Bryan
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Chikashi Kobayashi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Roberta Faccio
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Linda J. Sandell
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
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Bahney CS, Hsu CW, Yoo JU, West JL, Johnstone B. A bioresponsive hydrogel tuned to chondrogenesis of human mesenchymal stem cells. FASEB J 2011; 25:1486-96. [PMID: 21282205 DOI: 10.1096/fj.10-165514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Cartilage tissue engineering aims to replace damaged or diseased tissue with a functional regenerate that restores joint function. Scaffolds are used to deliver cells and facilitate tissue development, but they can also interfere with the structural assembly of the cartilage matrix. Biodegradable scaffolds have been proposed as a means to improve matrix deposition and the biomechanical properties of neocartilage. The challenge is designing scaffolds with appropriate degradation rates, ideally such that scaffold degradation is proportional to matrix deposition. In this study, we developed a bioresponsive hydrogel with cell-mediated degradation aligned to the chondrogenic differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs). We identified matrix metalloproteinase 7 (MMP7) as an enzyme with a temporal expression pattern that corresponded with cartilage development. By embedding MMP7 peptide substrates within a poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate backbone, we built MMP7-sensitive hydrogels with distinct degradation rates. When MMP7-sensitive scaffolds were compared with nondegradable scaffolds in vitro, photoencapsulated hMSCs produced neocartilage constructs with more extensive collagenous matrices, as demonstrated through immunohistochemistry and biochemical quantification of matrix molecules. Furthermore, these changes translated into an increased dynamic compressive modulus. This work presents a practical strategy for designing biomaterials uniquely tuned to individual biological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chelsea S Bahney
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239, USA
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Rickert M, Dreier R, Radons J, Opolka A, Grifka J, Anders S, Grässel S. Interaction of periosteal explants with articular chondrocytes alters expression profile of matrix metalloproteinases. J Orthop Res 2010; 28:1576-85. [PMID: 20973060 DOI: 10.1002/jor.21154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Periosteal tissue is a source of growth factors and of osteochondral progenitor cells which makes it suitable for implantation in chondral defects as known in autologous chondrocyte implantation. The aim of this study was to determine the interaction between periosteal tissue and articular chondrocytes with respect to catabolic effectors such as matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and IL-6. Human articular chondrocytes were cultured for up to 28 days as micromass pellets in coculture either with physical contact to periosteal explants or allowing paracrine interactions only. Expression, secretion, and activation of MMPs and IL-6 were analyzed in chondrocytes, periosteum, and culture supernatants. Both coculture conditions influence gene expression levels of MMPs and IL-6 in a time-, culture-, and tissue-dependent manner. Coculturing of periosteum with chondrocytes promotes gene expression and secretion of IL-6. In periosteum, physical contact inhibits MMP-2 and MMP-13 gene expression while paracrine coculture induces expression of IL-6, MMP-2, -7, and -13. Pro-MMP-2, -7, and -13 were detected in supernatants of all culture regimens whereas pro-MMP-9 was secreted from periosteum only. As a balanced amount of MMP activity is likely required to achieve sufficient integration of the regenerate tissue with the surrounding healthy cartilage, an exceeding expression of proteinases might result in degradation, hypertrophy or rejection of the graft.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Rickert
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Experimental Orthopaedics, University Hospital of Regensburg, 93077 Bad Abbach, Germany
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Wang Z, Bryan J, Franz C, Havlioglu N, Sandell LJ. Type IIB procollagen NH(2)-propeptide induces death of tumor cells via interaction with integrins alpha(V)beta(3) and alpha(V)beta(5). J Biol Chem 2010; 285:20806-17. [PMID: 20439458 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.118521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Cartilage is resistant to tumor invasion. In the present study, we found that the NH(2)-propeptide of the cartilage-characteristic collagen, type IIB, PIIBNP, is capable of killing tumor cells. The NH(2)-propeptide is liberated into the extracellular matrix prior to deposition of the collagen fibrils. This peptide adheres to and kills cells from chondrosarcoma and cervical and breast cancer cell lines via the integrins alpha(v)beta(5) and alpha(v)beta(3). Adhesion is abrogated by blocking with anti alpha(v)beta(5) and alpha(v)beta(3) antibodies. When alpha(v) is suppressed by small intefering RNA, adhesion and cell killing are blocked. Normal chondrocytes from developing cartilage do not express alpha(v)beta(3) and alpha(v)beta(5) integrins and are thus protected from cell death. Morphological, DNA, and biochemical evidence indicates that the cell death is not by apoptosis but probably by necrosis. In an assay for invasion, PIIBNP reduced the number of cells crossing the membrane. In vivo, in a tumor model for breast cancer, PIIBNP was consistently able to reduce the size of the tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhepeng Wang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, Barnes-Jewish Hospital, St. Louis, MI 63110, USA
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Madsen SH, Sondergaard BC, Bay-Jensen AC, Karsdal MA. Cartilage formation measured by a novel PIINP assay suggests that IGF-I does not stimulate but maintains cartilage formation ex vivo. Scand J Rheumatol 2009; 38:222-6. [PMID: 19214869 DOI: 10.1080/03009740802464186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to investigate the time-dependent effect of insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF)-I on cartilage, evaluated by a novel procollagen type II N-terminal propeptide (PIINP) formation assay. This was performed in a cartilage model. METHODS Bovine articular cartilage explants were cultured in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (DMEM):F12 in the presence of 0, 0.01, 0.1, 1, 10, or 100 ng/mL of IGF-I. The viability of the chondrocytes was measured by the colorimetric Alamar blue assay. Collagen formation was assessed from the conditioned medium by the PIINP assay. Proteoglycan levels retained in the explants after 22 days of culture were extracted and measured by the sulfated glycosaminoglycan (sGAG) assay. RESULTS In the absence of stimulation, PIINP markedly decreased as a function of time (99.4%, p < 0.001). IGF-I dose-dependently stimulated collagen formation and more than 3000% (p < 0.0005) at 100 ng/mL IGF-I at day 20 compared to vehicle control (W/O). IGF-I maintained PIINP at levels comparable to that of day 1. IGF-I dose-dependently protected against proteoglycan loss. CONCLUSION IGF-I dose-dependently maintained cartilage formation. The current developed techniques aid the model to represent a more physiologically relevant model to test novel anabolic drugs for osteoarthritis (OA).
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Hayashida M, Okazaki K, Fukushi J, Sakamoto A, Iwamoto Y. CCAAT/enhancer binding protein beta mediates expression of matrix metalloproteinase 13 in human articular chondrocytes in inflammatory arthritis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 60:708-16. [PMID: 19248099 DOI: 10.1002/art.24332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the function of CCAAT/enhancer binding protein beta (C/EBPbeta) in the expression of matrix metalloproteinase 13 (MMP-13) in chondrocytes in inflammatory arthritis. METHODS Cartilage obtained from patients with rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis was immunostained for expression of C/EBPbeta or MMP-13. Interleukin-1beta- or tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha)-stimulated chondrocytes were subjected to Western blotting and real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). MMP-13 promoter assays were conducted, and the C/EBPbeta response element was characterized by deletion and mutation analysis. C-28/I2 cells were treated with TNFalpha and subjected to chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assays. Finally, C/EBPbeta-liver-enriched activator protein (LAP) was overexpressed in C-28/I2 cells or cartilage tissues, and MMP-13 expression was analyzed. RESULTS C/EBPbeta and MMP-13 expression was colocalized in chondrocytes in arthritic cartilage. MMP-13 promoter activity was stimulated by C/EBPbeta overexpression in a dose-dependent manner. Luciferase assays revealed that a -981-bp promoter had the greatest activity, while deletion to -936 bp strongly diminished promoter activity. Luciferase activity was repressed to basal levels by mutations in potential C/EBP binding sites. The stimulatory effects of C/EBPbeta overexpression were diminished by mutation. ChIP assays revealed that TNFalpha treatment enhanced the binding of C/EBPbeta to the MMP-13 promoter. When C/EBPbeta-LAP was overexpressed in C-28/I2 cells, endogenous MMP-13 expression was stimulated up to 32-fold as detected by real-time RT-PCR. Furthermore, following adenoviral overexpression of C/EBPbeta-LAP in organ culture of articular cartilage, stimulation of MMP-13 was also detected by immunohistochemistry. CONCLUSION C/EBPbeta directly binds to the MMP-13 promoter region and stimulates the expression of MMP-13 in chondrocytes in inflammatory arthritis.
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Nemirovskiy OV, Sunyer T, Aggarwal P, Abrams M, Hellio Le Graverand MP, Mathews WR. Discovery and development of the N-terminal procollagen type II (NPII) biomarker: a tool for measuring collagen type II synthesis. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2008; 16:1494-500. [PMID: 18556223 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2008.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2007] [Accepted: 04/27/2008] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Progression of joint damage in osteoarthritis (OA) is likely to result from an imbalance between cartilage degradation and synthesis processes. Markers reflecting these two components appear to be promising in predicting the rate of OA progression. Both N- and C-terminal propeptides of type II collagen reflect the rates of collagen type II synthesis. The ability to quantify the procollagen peptides in biological fluids would enable a better understanding of OA disease pathology and provide means for assessing the proof of mechanism of anabolic disease modifying OA drugs (DMOADs). METHODS A polyclonal antibody that recognizes the sequence GPKGQKGEPGDIKDI in the propeptide region of rat, dog, and human type II collagen was raised in chicken and peptide-affinity purified. The immunoaffinity liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) was used to extensively characterize N-terminal procollagen type II (NPII) peptides found in biological fluids. The novel competition enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) assay was developed to quantitatively measure the NPII peptides. RESULTS Several peptides ranging from 17 to 41 amino acids with various modifications including hydroxylations on proline and lysine residues, oxidation of lysines to allysines, and attachments of glucose and galactose moieties to hydroxylysines were identified in a simple system such as ex vivo cultures of human articular cartilage (HAC) explants as well as in more complex biological fluids such as human urine and plasma. A competitive ELISA assay has been developed and applied to urine, plasma, and synovial fluid matrices in human, rat and dog samples. CONCLUSION A novel NPII assay has been developed and applied to OA and normal human subjects to understand the changes in collagen type II synthesis related to the pathology of OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- O V Nemirovskiy
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, St Louis, MO 63017, USA.
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22
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Huang J, Wong Po Foo C, Kaplan DL. Biosynthesis and Applications of Silk‐like and Collagen‐like Proteins. POLYM REV 2007. [DOI: 10.1080/15583720601109560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Page-McCaw A, Ewald AJ, Werb Z. Matrix metalloproteinases and the regulation of tissue remodelling. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2007; 8:221-33. [PMID: 17318226 PMCID: PMC2760082 DOI: 10.1038/nrm2125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2085] [Impact Index Per Article: 122.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) were discovered because of their role in amphibian metamorphosis, yet they have attracted more attention because of their roles in disease. Despite intensive scrutiny in vitro, in cell culture and in animal models, the normal physiological roles of these extracellular proteases have been elusive. Recent studies in mice and flies point to essential roles of MMPs as mediators of change and physical adaptation in tissues, whether developmentally regulated, environmentally induced or disease associated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Page-McCaw
- Department of Biology and Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, USA
| | - Andrew J. Ewald
- Department of Anatomy and Program in Biomedical Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143-0452, USA
| | - Zena Werb
- Department of Anatomy and Program in Biomedical Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143-0452, USA
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Olsen AK, Sondergaard BC, Byrjalsen I, Tanko LB, Christiansen C, Müller A, Hein GE, Karsdal MA, Qvist P. Anabolic and catabolic function of chondrocyte ex vivo is reflected by the metabolic processing of type II collagen. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2007; 15:335-42. [PMID: 17045814 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2006.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2006] [Accepted: 08/27/2006] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of the present study was to investigate collagen metabolism after anabolic and catabolic stimulation of chondrocytes ex vivo. DESIGN Metabolic activities in ex vivo bovine cartilage explants were stimulated with insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) or a combination of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha) and oncostatin M (OSM). Supernatants were assessed for changes in biochemical markers, N-terminal propeptide of type II (PIINP) collagen and fragments of C-telopeptide of type II collagen (CTX-II). Matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) were added to metabolic inactivated cartilage and evaluated by the two biochemical markers for formation or degradation, respectively. Finally, urinary CTX-II and PIINP were evaluated for assessment of type II collagen turnover in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). RESULTS In the bovine articular cartilage explants, IGF-I induced an increase in PIINP level up to 4.8+/-1.1[ng/ml]/mg cartilage whereas CTX-II remained below 0.1+/-0.1[ng/ml]/mg cartilage. In the catabolic stimulated explants both PIINP and CTX-II were released to the supernatant, reaching concentrations of 9.0+/-1.4 and 9.1+/-2.2[ng/ml]/mg cartilage, respectively. RA patients had significantly lower serum concentrations of PIINP (3.4+/-3.7 ng/ml) compared with those healthy individuals (18.7+/-12.41 ng/ml, P<0.001). In contrast, RA patients had significantly higher urinary CTX-II (0.8+/-0.8 mg/mmol) compared to the healthy controls (0.1+/-0.08 mg/mmol, P=0.004). CONCLUSIONS This study is the first to demonstrate that precursors and degradation products of type II collagen released into the supernatant can effectively reflect the anabolic and catabolic activities of stimulated cartilage explants.
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Affiliation(s)
- A K Olsen
- Nordic Bioscience Diagnostics A/S, Herlev, Denmark.
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25
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Le Goff C, Somerville RPT, Kesteloot F, Powell K, Birk DE, Colige AC, Apte SS. Regulation of procollagen amino-propeptide processing during mouse embryogenesis by specialization of homologous ADAMTS proteases: insights on collagen biosynthesis and dermatosparaxis. Development 2006; 133:1587-96. [PMID: 16556917 DOI: 10.1242/dev.02308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in ADAMTS2, a procollagen amino-propeptidase, cause severe skin fragility, designated as dermatosparaxis in animals, and a subtype of the Ehlers-Danlos syndrome (dermatosparactic type or VIIC) in humans. Not all collagen-rich tissues are affected to the same degree, which suggests compensation by the ADAMTS2 homologs ADAMTS3 and ADAMTS14. In situ hybridization of Adamts2, Adamts3 and Adamts14, and of the genes encoding the major fibrillar collagens, Col1a1, Col2a1 and Col3a1, during mouse embryogenesis, demonstrated distinct tissue-specific, overlapping expression patterns of the protease and substrate genes. Adamts3, but not Adamts2 or Adamts14, was co-expressed with Col2a1 in cartilage throughout development, and with Col1a1 in bone and musculotendinous tissues. ADAMTS3 induced procollagen I processing in dermatosparactic fibroblasts, suggesting a role in procollagen I processing during musculoskeletal development. Adamts2,but not Adamts3 or Adamts14, was co-expressed with Col3a1 in many tissues including the lungs and aorta, and Adamts2-/- mice showed widespread defects in procollagen III processing. Adamts2-/- mice had abnormal lungs,characterized by a decreased parenchymal density. However, the aorta and collagen fibrils in the aortic wall appeared normal. Although Adamts14 lacked developmental tissue-specific expression, it was co-expressed with Adamts2 in mature dermis, which possibly explains the presence of some processed skin procollagen in dermatosparaxis. The data show how evolutionarily related proteases with similar substrate preferences may have distinct biological roles owing to tissue-specific gene expression,and provide insights into collagen biosynthesis and the pathobiology of dermatosparaxis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carine Le Goff
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Orthopaedic Research Center, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
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D'Antonio M, Michalovich D, Paterson M, Droggiti A, Woodhoo A, Mirsky R, Jessen KR. Gene profiling and bioinformatic analysis of Schwann cell embryonic development and myelination. Glia 2006; 53:501-15. [PMID: 16369933 DOI: 10.1002/glia.20309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
To elucidate the molecular mechanisms involved in Schwann cell development, we profiled gene expression in the developing and injured rat sciatic nerve. The genes that showed significant changes in expression in developing and dedifferentiated nerve were validated with RT-PCR, in situ hybridisation, Western blot and immunofluorescence. A comprehensive approach to annotating micro-array probes and their associated transcripts was performed using Biopendium, a database of sequence and structural annotation. This approach significantly increased the number of genes for which a functional insight could be found. The analysis implicates agrin and two members of the collapsin response-mediated protein (CRMP) family in the switch from precursors to Schwann cells, and synuclein-1 and alphaB-crystallin in peripheral nerve myelination. We also identified a group of genes typically related to chondrogenesis and cartilage/bone development, including type II collagen, that were expressed in a manner similar to that of myelin-associated genes. The comprehensive function annotation also identified, among the genes regulated during nerve development or after nerve injury, proteins belonging to high-interest families, such as cytokines and kinases, and should therefore provide a uniquely valuable resource for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurizio D'Antonio
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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Kim KW, Ha KY, Park JB, Woo YK, Chung HN, An HS. Expressions of membrane-type I matrix metalloproteinase, Ki-67 protein, and type II collagen by chondrocytes migrating from cartilage endplate into nucleus pulposus in rat intervertebral discs: a cartilage endplate-fracture model using an intervertebral disc organ culture. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2005; 30:1373-8. [PMID: 15959365 DOI: 10.1097/01.brs.0000166155.48168.0e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
STUDY DESIGN Immunohistochemistry was performed in organ-cultured intact and cartilage endplate (CE)-fractured rat intervertebral discs (IVDs). OBJECTIVES To demonstrate biologic events associated with migration of chondrocytes from hyaline CE into nucleus pulposus (NP). SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA It was recently revealed that the transition from a notochordal NP to a fibrocartilaginous NP in the rabbit IVD is accomplished exogenously by chondrocytes migrating from CEs into the NP. This observation has not been studied in other animal models, and the biologic events associated with chondrocyte migration have not been elucidated in the literature. METHODS IVDs including cranial and caudal CEs were obtained from 4-week, 6-month, 12-month, and 18-month old Wistar rats. To accelerate chondrocyte migration, CEs of IVDs were fractured and cultured for 48 hours. IVDs without CE-fracture were used as a control for each age group. Expressions of membrane-type I matrix metalloproteinase (MT1-MMP, as a marker for cell migration and extracellular matrix digestion) and Ki-67 protein (as a proliferation marker) and pericellular deposition of type II collagen (as a marker for fibrocartilaginous matrix) by the chondrocytes migrating from CE into NP were examined immunohistochemically. RESULTS In the control groups, chondrocyte migration limited only along the periphery of the notochordal NP and no chondrocytes were inside the NP proper. However, all the IVDs in the CE-fracture groups showed direct and more extensive migration of chondrocytes from CEs into the NP proper. The migrating chondrocytes in both control and CE-fracture groups expressed MT1-MMP and Ki-67 protein and deposited type II collagen in the NP. CONCLUSIONS This report demonstrates the chondrocyte migration from CE into NP in the organ-cultured rat IVDs. This phenomenon is accelerated in the presence of CE fracture. The chondrocytes migrating from CEs into the NP expressed MT1-MMP and Ki-67 protein and deposited type II collagen. These biologic strategies probably enable chondrocytes of the hyaline CE to migrate into the ectopic NP region, replace notochordal cells, and change the notochordal tissue into fibrocartilage. These results suggest that similar biologic mechanisms may be involved in the natural transition from the notochordal NP to the fibrocartilaginous NP in other animal models, including human.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ki-Won Kim
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, St. Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea.
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Hu J, Fiten P, Van den Steen PE, Chaltin P, Opdenakker G. Simulation of Evolution-Selected Propeptide by High-Throughput Selection of a Peptidomimetic Inhibitor on a Capillary DNA Sequencer Platform. Anal Chem 2005; 77:2116-24. [PMID: 15801745 DOI: 10.1021/ac048631p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Many proteinases, including gelatinase B/MMP-9, fulfill crucial regulatory or effector functions in disease states and may be pharmacologically targeted by specific inhibitors. Denatured collagen type II provides one of the best gelatinase B substrates, and the characteristics of its cleavage were employed to define the requirements of a novel optimal substrate probe. A synthetic fluorescent derivative was used for the development of a new high-throughput technology for the selection of inhibitors on the principles of sensitivity of confocal fluorescence detection, resolution capacity of capillary electrophoresis, and multichannel power of DNA sequencers. Combinatorial chemical synthesis of a library of peptide-based inhibitors, library deconvolution, high-throughput screening, isolation, and mass spectrometric techniques enabled us to identify a novel single-peptide gelatinase B inhibitor. A notable finding is that the in vitro-selected inhibitor mimics many of the characteristics of the evolution-selected MMP propeptide sequence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jialiang Hu
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, University of Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium
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Rousseau JC, Zhu Y, Miossec P, Vignon E, Sandell LJ, Garnero P, Delmas PD. Serum levels of type IIA procollagen amino terminal propeptide (PIIANP) are decreased in patients with knee osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2004; 12:440-7. [PMID: 15135140 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2004.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2003] [Accepted: 02/03/2004] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to develop a specific immunoassay for PIIANP and measure its serum concentration in healthy controls and in patients with osteoarthritis (OA) and rheumatoid arthritis (RA). In addition, we investigated circulating forms recognized by antiserum IIA in pools of serum from healthy adults, patients with OA and patients with RA. DESIGN Using as immunogen and standard the recombinant human Glutathione S-Transferase (GST)-exon 2 fusion protein of type II collagen, we developed a competitive polyclonal antibody-based ELISA. We compare serum PIIANP levels in 43 patients with knee OA (23 women and 20 men; mean age: 62.6+/-9.6 yr), 63 women with RA (mean age: 54+/-16 yr) and 88 healthy controls (67 women, mean age: 53+/-13 yr and 21 men, mean age: 63+/-7 yr). We randomly selected serum in each group for analyze circulating forms. RESULTS The immunoassay we developed demonstrated adequate intra and inter-assay precision (CV<10%) and dilution recovery (mean: 96%), allowing accurate measurements of serum PIIANP from 1.13 to 40 ng/ml. No significant cross-reactivity of the ELISA was observed with purified intact human procollagen type I N-propeptide, circulating thrombospondin and von Willebrand factor, proteins which exhibit significant sequence homology with PIIANP. Western blot analysis showed that antiserum IIA recognized two circulating immunoreactive forms of approximately 80 and 100 KDa respectively in serum from healthy adults, patients with OA and RA but also in a pool of synovial fluids from patients with OA. Serum PIIANP levels were markedly decreased in patients with knee OA (12.0+/-3.2 vs 25.8+/-7.5 ng/ml for OA and controls respectively, P<0.0001) and RA (14.1+/-2.5 ng/ml vs 21.7+/-7.6 ng/ml for RA and controls respectively, P<0.0001). In patients with RA, serum PIIANP levels were higher in those taking low-dose prednisone compared to non-users (15.0+/-2.4 vs 13.5+/-2.4 ng/ml, P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS We have developed the first specific immunoassay for serum PIIANP which exhibits adequate technical performances. This assay detects specifically two immunoreactive forms both in healthy adults and patients with arthritis and does not cross react with other proteins with sequence homology with PIIANP. Levels of PIIANP were significantly decreased in patients with knee OA and RA suggesting that type IIA collagen synthesis may be altered in these arthritic diseases. The measurement of type IIA collagen synthesis with this new molecular marker may be useful for the clinical investigation of patients with joint diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- J-C Rousseau
- INSERM Unit 403, Pavillon F, Hôpital E. Herriot, Lyon, France.
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