1
|
IL-31: State of the Art for an Inflammation-Oriented Interleukin. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23126507. [PMID: 35742951 PMCID: PMC9223565 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23126507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Revised: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin 31 belongs to the IL-6 superfamily, and it is an itch mediator already studied in several diseases, comprising atopic dermatitis, allergic pathologies, and onco-hematological conditions. This research aims to assess the role of this cytokine in the pathogenesis of these conditions and its potential therapeutic role. The research has been conducted on articles, excluding reviews and meta-analysis, both on animals and humans. The results showed that IL-31 plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of systemic skin manifestations, prognosis, and itch severity. Traditional therapies target this interleukin indirectly, but monoclonal antibodies (Mab) directed against it have shown efficacy and safety profiles comparable with biological drugs that are already available. Future perspectives could include the development of new antibodies against IL-31 both for humans and animals, thus adding a new approach to the therapy, which often has proven to be prolonged and specific for each patient.
Collapse
|
2
|
Zou B, Yu Z, Huang J, Tan C, Wang H, Fu J, Li X, Wang X, Cui S, Tang T. Association of Interleukin-31 gene polymorphisms with risk of cryptorchidism in a Chinese population. Medicine (Baltimore) 2019; 98:e15861. [PMID: 31145337 PMCID: PMC6709342 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000015861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aims to investigate the possible association between Interleukin-31 (IL-31) gene polymorphisms and cryptorchidism risk.Two single nucleotide polymorphisms of IL-31, rs7977932 (C/G) and rs4758680 (C/A), were selected to be investigated in this study. Polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism methods were used to discriminate the selected single nucleotide polymorphisms of IL-31 gene. A hospital-based case-control study of 112 cryptorchidism patients and 425 healthy controls was conducted.The frequencies of the C allele of rs4758680 in the patients with cryptorchidism were significantly higher compared with those in controls (89% vs 83%, P = .02, OR = 0.58, 95% CI = 0. 37-0.92). Compared with CC genotype in dominant model, notable decreased frequencies of A carriers (CA/AA genotypes) were observed in cryptorchidism patients (P = . 03, OR = 0.58, 95% CI = 0.35-0.96).Results demonstrated that IL-31 gene polymorphisms were associated with the genetic susceptibility to cryptorchidism in a Chinese population. Compared with CC genotype, the A carriers (CA/AA genotypes) of rs4758680 were protect factors in cryptorchidism susceptibility.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bing Zou
- Department of Urology
- Urogenital Diseases Lab, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong
| | - Zhihai Yu
- Department of Urology, Chongqing Three Gorges Central Hospital, Wanzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Huang
- Department of Urology
- Urogenital Diseases Lab, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong
| | - Chunlin Tan
- Department of Urology
- Urogenital Diseases Lab, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong
| | - Haiyun Wang
- Department of Urology
- Urogenital Diseases Lab, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong
| | - Jian Fu
- Department of Urology
- Urogenital Diseases Lab, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong
| | - Xin Li
- Department of Urology
- Urogenital Diseases Lab, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong
| | - Xiaojun Wang
- Department of Urology
- Urogenital Diseases Lab, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong
| | - Shu Cui
- Department of Urology
- Urogenital Diseases Lab, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong
| | - Tielong Tang
- Department of Urology
- Urogenital Diseases Lab, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Ferretti E, Corcione A, Pistoia V. The IL-31/IL-31 receptor axis: general features and role in tumor microenvironment. J Leukoc Biol 2017; 102:711-717. [PMID: 28408397 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.3mr0117-033r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2017] [Revised: 03/15/2017] [Accepted: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
IL-31 is a recently identified cytokine with a well-defined role in the pathogenesis of pruritus. IL-31, whose production is induced by IL-4 and IL-33, binds a heterodimeric receptor (R) composed of the exclusive IL-31RA chain and the shared oncostatin M R. Signaling through the IL-31R involves the MAPK, PI3K/AKT and Jak/STAT pathways. Different variants and isoforms of IL-31RA with different signaling activities have been identified. IL-31 is produced predominantly by circulating Th2 lymphocytes and skin-homing CLA+CD45RO+ T cells. Studies in humans have demonstrated a pathogenic role for IL-31 in atopic dermatitis and allergic asthma. The first demonstration of the involvement of the IL-31/IL-31R axis in cancer came from studies in patients with mycosis fungoides/Sézary syndrome, the most frequent, cutaneous T cell lymphoma. Tumor cells were shown to produce IL-31, whose serum levels correlated with pruritus intensity. Follicular lymphoma (FL) B cells and their counterparts-germinal center B cells-produced IL-31 and expressed IL-31R, which signaled in the former, but not the latter, cells. IL-31 released in association with microvesicles promoted tumor growth through autocrine/paracrine loops. Malignant mast cells from patients with mastocytosis or Philadelphia-negative myeloproliferative disorder produced IL-31, which contributed to pruritus pathogenesis. Finally, patients with endometrial carcinoma displayed high serum levels of IL-31 and IL-33, which may represent promising disease biomarkers. Targeting strategies for the IL-31/IL-31R axis have been developed, including the CIMM331 humanized anti-human IL-31RA antibody recently tested in a phase I/Ib study.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Ferretti
- Laboratory of Oncology, Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genova, Italy; and
| | - Anna Corcione
- Laboratory of Oncology, Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genova, Italy; and
| | - Vito Pistoia
- Immunology Area, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, Roma, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Li B, Su H, Cao J, Zhang L. CXCL13 rather than IL-31 is a potential indicator in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. Cytokine 2016; 89:91-97. [PMID: 27663978 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2016.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2016] [Revised: 08/15/2016] [Accepted: 08/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the expression and role of serum CXC chemokine ligand 13 (CXCL13) and cytokine IL-31 in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients. METHODS A case-control study including preoperative serum samples of 78 patients with HCC, 78 patients with chronic hepatitis B (CHB) and 36 healthy controls (HCs) was conducted. The levels of serum CXCL13 and IL-31 were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. The correlation of serum cytokines and clinical characteristics, laboratory parameters were analyzed retrospectively. RESULTS Serum CXCL13, rather than IL-31, was significantly higher in patients with HCC compared with CHB patients or healthy controls. Moreover, there were no statistical differences between CHB patients and healthy controls. Serum CXCL13 was further increased in patients with large tumor size, metastasis and advanced HCC (TNM III-IV Stage). On correlation analysis, the levels of serum CXCL13 were related to HB, ALB, CHE, INR and Child-Pugh scores. The area under the ROC curve values for combination of CXCL13 and AFP was 0.938, whose sensitivity and specificity was 82.8% and 100%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS This study indicated that CXCL13 rather than IL-31 may have clinical values of diagnosis and prognosis in HCC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bing Li
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Huiting Su
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Ju Cao
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Liping Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
|
6
|
Hermanns HM. Oncostatin M and interleukin-31: Cytokines, receptors, signal transduction and physiology. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2015.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
|
7
|
Görtz D, Braun GS, Maruta Y, Djudjaj S, van Roeyen CR, Martin IV, Küster A, Schmitz-Van de Leur H, Scheller J, Ostendorf T, Floege J, Müller-Newen G. Anti-interleukin-6 therapy through application of a monogenic protein inhibitor via gene delivery. Sci Rep 2015; 5:14685. [PMID: 26423228 PMCID: PMC4589789 DOI: 10.1038/srep14685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2015] [Accepted: 08/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Anti-cytokine therapies have substantially improved the treatment of inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. Cytokine-targeting drugs are usually biologics such as antibodies or other engineered proteins. Production of biologics, however, is complex and intricate and therefore expensive which might limit therapeutic application. To overcome this limitation we developed a strategy that involves the design of an optimized, monogenic cytokine inhibitor and the protein producing capacity of the host. Here, we engineered and characterized a receptor fusion protein, mIL-6-RFP-Fc, for the inhibition of interleukin-6 (IL-6), a well-established target in anti-cytokine therapy. Upon application in mice mIL-6-RFP-Fc inhibited IL-6-induced activation of the transcription factor STAT3 and ERK1/2 kinases in liver and kidney. mIL-6-RFP-Fc is encoded by a single gene and therefore most relevant for gene transfer approaches. Gene transfer through hydrodynamic plasmid delivery in mice resulted in hepatic production and secretion of mIL-6-RFP-Fc into the blood in considerable amounts, blocked hepatic acute phase protein synthesis and improved kidney function in an ischemia and reperfusion injury model. Our study establishes receptor fusion proteins as promising agents in anti-cytokine therapies through gene therapeutic approaches for future targeted and cost-effective treatments. The strategy described here is applicable for many cytokines involved in inflammatory and other diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dieter Görtz
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Gerald S Braun
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany.,Division of Nephrology and Immunology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Yuichi Maruta
- Division of Nephrology and Immunology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Sonja Djudjaj
- Division of Nephrology and Immunology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany.,Institute of Pathology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | | | - Ina V Martin
- Division of Nephrology and Immunology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Andrea Küster
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | | | - Jürgen Scheller
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Tammo Ostendorf
- Division of Nephrology and Immunology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Jürgen Floege
- Division of Nephrology and Immunology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Gerhard Müller-Newen
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Wittmann M, McGonagle D, Werfel T. Cytokines as therapeutic targets in skin inflammation. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2014; 25:443-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2014.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2014] [Accepted: 07/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
|
9
|
Cevikbas F, Wang X, Akiyama T, Kempkes C, Savinko T, Antal A, Kukova G, Buhl T, Ikoma A, Buddenkotte J, Soumelis V, Feld M, Alenius H, Dillon SR, Carstens E, Homey B, Basbaum A, Steinhoff M. A sensory neuron-expressed IL-31 receptor mediates T helper cell-dependent itch: Involvement of TRPV1 and TRPA1. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2014; 133:448-60. [PMID: 24373353 PMCID: PMC3960328 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2013.10.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 484] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2013] [Revised: 10/18/2013] [Accepted: 10/23/2013] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although the cytokine IL-31 has been implicated in inflammatory and lymphoma-associated itch, the cellular basis for its pruritic action is yet unclear. OBJECTIVE We sought to determine whether immune cell-derived IL-31 directly stimulates sensory neurons and to identify the molecular basis of IL-31-induced itch. METHODS We used immunohistochemistry and quantitative real-time PCR to determine IL-31 expression levels in mice and human subjects. Immunohistochemistry, immunofluorescence, quantitative real-time PCR, in vivo pharmacology, Western blotting, single-cell calcium imaging, and electrophysiology were used to examine the distribution, functionality, and cellular basis of the neuronal IL-31 receptor α in mice and human subjects. RESULTS Among all immune and resident skin cells examined, IL-31 was predominantly produced by TH2 and, to a significantly lesser extent, mature dendritic cells. Cutaneous and intrathecal injections of IL-31 evoked intense itch, and its concentrations increased significantly in murine atopy-like dermatitis skin. Both human and mouse dorsal root ganglia neurons express IL-31RA, largely in neurons that coexpress transient receptor potential cation channel vanilloid subtype 1 (TRPV1). IL-31-induced itch was significantly reduced in TRPV1-deficient and transient receptor channel potential cation channel ankyrin subtype 1 (TRPA1)-deficient mice but not in c-kit or proteinase-activated receptor 2 mice. In cultured primary sensory neurons IL-31 triggered Ca(2+) release and extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 phosphorylation, inhibition of which blocked IL-31 signaling in vitro and reduced IL-31-induced scratching in vivo. CONCLUSION IL-31RA is a functional receptor expressed by a small subpopulation of IL-31RA(+)/TRPV1(+)/TRPA1(+) neurons and is a critical neuroimmune link between TH2 cells and sensory nerves for the generation of T cell-mediated itch. Thus targeting neuronal IL-31RA might be effective in the management of TH2-mediated itch, including atopic dermatitis and cutaneous T-cell lymphoma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ferda Cevikbas
- Departments of Dermatology and Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, Calif; Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Xidao Wang
- Department of Anatomy and the W.M. Keck Foundation Center for Integrative Neuroscience, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, Calif
| | - Tasuku Akiyama
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology and Behavior, University of California, Davis, Calif
| | - Cordula Kempkes
- Departments of Dermatology and Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, Calif
| | - Terhi Savinko
- Unit of Toxicology, Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Attila Antal
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Gabriela Kukova
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Timo Buhl
- Departments of Dermatology and Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, Calif
| | - Akihiko Ikoma
- Departments of Dermatology and Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, Calif
| | - Joerg Buddenkotte
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Münster, Muenster, Germany
| | | | - Micha Feld
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Harri Alenius
- Unit of Toxicology, Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Stacey R Dillon
- ZymoGenetics (a Bristol-Myers Squibb Company), Seattle, Wash
| | - Earl Carstens
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology and Behavior, University of California, Davis, Calif
| | - Bernhard Homey
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - Allan Basbaum
- Department of Anatomy and the W.M. Keck Foundation Center for Integrative Neuroscience, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, Calif.
| | - Martin Steinhoff
- Departments of Dermatology and Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, Calif; Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Correlation between serum interleukin-31 level and the severity of disease in children with atopic dermatitis. Postepy Dermatol Alergol 2013; 30:282-5. [PMID: 24353487 PMCID: PMC3858655 DOI: 10.5114/pdia.2013.38356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2013] [Revised: 04/11/2013] [Accepted: 05/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic inflammatory skin disease, characterized by intense itch, typical localization and a specific image of skin lesions. Pathogenesis of pruritus in AD is not fully understood, but recent studies emphasize the role of interleukin-31 (IL-31). This relatively recently described cytokine is considered to be a potential mediator inducing pruritus in AD. Aim To assess the correlation of serum IL-31 level and the disease severity in children with AD. Material and methods Twenty-five children (16 girls and 9 boys) with AD aged from 4 months to 17 years (mean age: 4.2 years) were enrolled in the study. Disease severity in children with AD was assessed using the SCORAD (Severity SCORing of Atopic Dermatitis) index. Serum IL-31 levels were measured using ELISA with standard kits from EIAab R&D Systems. Results Serum IL-31 level was significantly higher in AD children than in healthy children. There was no statistic correlation between serum IL-31 level and the disease severity or itch intensity. Conclusions The disease severity and itch intensity do not correlate with serum IL-31 level in children with atopic dermatitis.
Collapse
|
11
|
Choi JK, Kim SH. Rutin suppresses atopic dermatitis and allergic contact dermatitis. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2013; 238:410-7. [DOI: 10.1177/1535370213477975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) and allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) is a common allergic inflammatory skin disease caused by a combination of eczematous, scratching, pruritus and cutaneous sensitization with allergens. The aim of our study was to examine whether rutin, a predominant flavonoid having anti-inflammatory and antioxidative potential, modulates AD and ACD symptoms. We established an atopic dermatitis model in BALB/c mice by repeated local exposure of house dust mite ( Dermatophagoides farinae) extract (DFE) and 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB) to the ears. In addition, 2,4-dinitroflourobenzene-sensitized a local lymph node assay was used for the ACD model. Repeated alternative treatment of DFE/DNCB caused AD symptoms. Topical application of rutin reduced AD based on ear thickness and histopathological analysis, in addition to serum IgE levels. Rutin inhibited mast cell infiltration into the ear and serum histamine level. Rutin suppressed DFE/DNCB-induced expression of interleukin (IL)-4, IL-5, IL-13, IL-31, IL-32 and interferon (INF)- γ in the tissue. In addition, rutin suppressed ACD based on ear thickness and lymphocyte proliferation, serum IgG2a levels, and expression of INF- γ, IL-4, IL-5, IL-10, IL-17 and tumour necrosis factor- α in ACD ears. This study demonstrates that rutin inhibits AD and ACD, suggesting that rutin might be a candidate for the treatment of allergic skin diseases.
Collapse
|
12
|
The release of IL-31 and IL-13 after nasal allergen challenge and their relation to nasal symptoms. Clin Transl Allergy 2012; 2:13. [PMID: 22853438 PMCID: PMC3509028 DOI: 10.1186/2045-7022-2-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2012] [Accepted: 07/17/2012] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background IL-31, a recently discovered member of the gp130/IL-6 cytokine family, is mainly expressed by human mast cells and T helper type 2 cells. IL-31 is a key trigger of atopic dermatitis. Recent studies also suggest a role of IL-31 in the pathogenesis of other allergic diseases including allergic rhinitis. In the present study we studied the release of IL-31 and IL-13 in allergen-challenged allergic rhinitis patients. Methods Seven seasonal allergic volunteers underwent unilateral nasal provocation with allergen (and a control challenge) with the disc method out of the allergy season. Nasal symptom scores (rhinorrhea, itching, sneezing, obstruction) and bilateral nasal secretions were quantified before and after allergen provocation. IL-13 and IL-31 in nasal secretions and serum were measured by electrochemiluminescent immunoassay or ELISA, respectively. Results Nasal allergen challenge induced the typical clinical symptoms and physiological changes. IL-31 and IL-13 in nasal secretions increased in four and five, respectively, volunteers at 5 h after allergen but not after control challenge. We observed correlation trends between nasal IL-31 concentrations and IL-13 concentrations (r = 0.9, p = 0.002), and IL-31 contents and symptom scores (r = 0.9, p = 0.013) 5 h after allergen provocation. No IL-31 could be detected contralaterally or systemically in the sera. Conclusions The observed local upregulation of IL-31 mainly during the late phase reaction after nasal allergen challenge suggests a role of IL-31 in allergic rhinitis. In which way IL-31 modulates the inflammatory reaction and type 2 responses in allergic rhinitis remains to be investigated.
Collapse
|
13
|
Marsella R, Sousa CA, Gonzales AJ, Fadok VA. Current understanding of the pathophysiologic mechanisms of canine atopic dermatitis. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2012; 241:194-207. [DOI: 10.2460/javma.241.2.194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
14
|
Schwache D, Müller-Newen G. Receptor fusion proteins for the inhibition of cytokines. Eur J Cell Biol 2012; 91:428-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2011.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2011] [Revised: 07/28/2011] [Accepted: 07/28/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
|
15
|
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) accounts for a significant share of chronic inflammatory skin disorders. There is a niche for the development of biologics to treat recalcitrant autoinflammatory stage AD seen mostly in adults. The heterogeneity of patient response to various existing biotherapies points to involvement of various immune responses and suggests that therapies must preferably target early development of allergen-specific B- and T-cell clones. In addition to immune targets, tissue factors that help restore the normal epidermal environment constitute interesting therapeutic tools. Several approaches are needed to find the appropriate targets in a field where so many have been investigated without definitive proof of concept for human systemic therapy. The keys to success are probably (1) to influence the inflammatory skin pattern towards less pruritogenic effects, requiring us to better understand pruritogenic inflammation and (2) to limit the amplification loop of disease by attacking abnormal regulatory mechanisms which perpetuate skin autoinflammation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alain Taïeb
- Department of Dermatology and Pediatric Dermatology, Inserm U 1035, University Bordeaux Segalen, France.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Abstract
Recently, important novel insights into the complex pathophysiology of atopic dermatitis (AD) have been gained. However, in most cases the therapy of AD is limited to base line therapy with emollients combined with symptomatic, rather general immunosuppressive treatment approaches of the flare-ups. Latest research findings together with experiences from daily clinical practice, which support the concept that a combination of general disease features together with specific trigger factors in the individual patients drive the disease, might be helpful for a subclassification of patients with AD based on the most relevant pathophysiologic modifications. Subclassification of patients with AD seems indispensable to introduce rationale-based, individualized treatment approaches of AD, which target specific modified pathways. In this review, we provide an overview about a selection of pathophysiologic pathways, which hold promise to represent targets of such therapeutic approaches in the near future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Natalija Novak
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.
| | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Shen M, Siu S, Byrd S, Edelmann KH, Patel N, Ketchem RR, Mehlin C, Arnett HA, Hasegawa H. Diverse functions of reactive cysteines facilitate unique biosynthetic processes of aggregate-prone interleukin-31. Exp Cell Res 2011; 317:976-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2010.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2010] [Revised: 12/10/2010] [Accepted: 12/13/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
18
|
Brolund L, Küster A, Korr S, Vogt M, Müller-Newen G. A receptor fusion protein for the inhibition of murine oncostatin M. BMC Biotechnol 2011; 11:3. [PMID: 21223559 PMCID: PMC3040522 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6750-11-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2010] [Accepted: 01/11/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Most cytokines signal through heteromeric receptor complexes consisting of two or more different receptor subunits. Fusion proteins of the extracellular parts of receptor subunits turned out to be promising cytokine inhibitors useful in anti-cytokine therapy and cytokine research. Results We constructed receptor fusion proteins (RFP) consisting of the ligand binding domains of the murine oncostatin M (mOSM) receptor subunits mOSMR and mgp130 connected by a flexible linker as potential mOSM inhibitors. mgp130 is a shared cytokine receptor that is also used by other cytokines such as IL-6 and leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF). In this study we compare four types of mOSM-RFPs that contain either domains D1-D3 or domains D2-D3 of mgp130 and are arranged in two ways. Domain D1 of mgp130 turned out to be dispensable for mOSM-binding. However, the arrangement of the two receptor subunits is essential for the inhibitory activity. We found mOSM induced STAT3 phosphorylation to be suppressed only when the mOSMR fragment was fused in front of the mgp130 fragment. Conclusions mOSM-RFP consisting of D1-D4 of mOSMR and D2-D3 of mgp130 is a highly potent and specific inhibitor of mOSM. Since mOSM-RFP is encoded by a single gene it offers numerous possibilities for specific cytokine inhibition in gene delivery approaches based on viral vectors, transgenic animals and finally gene therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liv Brolund
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical School, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Castellani ML, Felaco P, Galzio RJ, Tripodi D, Toniato E, De Lutiis MA, Fulcheri M, Caraffa A, Antinolfi P, Tetè S, Felaco M, Conti F, Pandolfi F, Theoharides TC, Shaik-Dasthagirisaheb YB. IL-31 a Th2 cytokine involved in immunity and inflammation. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol 2010; 23:709-13. [PMID: 20943040 DOI: 10.1177/039463201002300304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytokines are immunal regulatory proteins, however they also play a relevant role in inflammatory diseases. IL-31 is a newly discovered cytokine expressed primarily in TH2 cells, introduced by activated CD4+ T cells. IL-31 is capable of inducing chemokines and other cytokines in several inflammatory diseases via its surface receptor. This cytokine is also produced by mast cells and mast cell line, suggesting a role in allergic diseases. In this editorial we revisit the biological role of IL-31 in immunity and inflammation.
Collapse
|