1
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Elkrief D, Matusovsky O, Cheng YS, Rassier DE. From amino-acid to disease: the effects of oxidation on actin-myosin interactions in muscle. J Muscle Res Cell Motil 2023; 44:225-254. [PMID: 37805961 DOI: 10.1007/s10974-023-09658-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
Actin-myosin interactions form the basis of the force-producing contraction cycle within the sarcomere, serving as the primary mechanism for muscle contraction. Post-translational modifications, such as oxidation, have a considerable impact on the mechanics of these interactions. Considering their widespread occurrence, the explicit contributions of these modifications to muscle function remain an active field of research. In this review, we aim to provide a comprehensive overview of the basic mechanics of the actin-myosin complex and elucidate the extent to which oxidation influences the contractile cycle and various mechanical characteristics of this complex at the single-molecule, myofibrillar and whole-muscle levels. We place particular focus on amino acids shown to be vulnerable to oxidation in actin, myosin, and some of their binding partners. Additionally, we highlight the differences between in vitro environments, where oxidation is controlled and limited to actin and myosin and myofibrillar or whole muscle environments, to foster a better understanding of oxidative modification in muscle. Thus, this review seeks to encompass a broad range of studies, aiming to lay out the multi layered effects of oxidation in in vitro and in vivo environments, with brief mention of clinical muscular disorders associated with oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daren Elkrief
- Department of Physiology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Oleg Matusovsky
- Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Yu-Shu Cheng
- Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Dilson E Rassier
- Department of Physiology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.
- Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.
- Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada.
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2
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Hernandez-Toledano D, Vega L. The cytoskeleton as a non-cholinergic target of organophosphate compounds. Chem Biol Interact 2021; 346:109578. [PMID: 34265256 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2021.109578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 06/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Current organophosphate (OP) toxicity research now considers potential non-cholinergic mechanisms for these compounds, since the inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) cannot completely explain all the adverse biological effects of OP. Thanks to the development of new strategies for OP detection, some potential molecular targets have been identified. Among these molecules are several cytoskeletal proteins, including actin, tubulin, intermediate filament proteins, and associated proteins, such as motor proteins, microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs), and cofilin. in vitro, ex vivo, and some in vivo reports have identified alterations in the cytoskeleton following OP exposure, including cell morphology defects, cells detachments, intracellular transport disruption, aberrant mitotic spindle formation, modification of cell motility, and reduced phagocytic capability, which implicate the cytoskeleton in OP toxicity. Here, we reviewed the evidence indicating the cytoskeletal targets of OP compounds, including their strategies, the potential effects of their alterations, and their possible participation in neurotoxicity, embryonic development, cell division, and immunotoxicity related to OP compounds exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Hernandez-Toledano
- Department of Toxicology, Center for Research and Advanced Studies of the National Polytechnic Institute. Av. IPN 2508, San Pedro Zacatenco, C.P. 07360, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Libia Vega
- Department of Toxicology, Center for Research and Advanced Studies of the National Polytechnic Institute. Av. IPN 2508, San Pedro Zacatenco, C.P. 07360, Mexico City, Mexico.
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3
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Oda T, Takeda S, Narita A, Maéda Y. Structural Polymorphism of Actin. J Mol Biol 2019; 431:3217-3228. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2019.05.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Revised: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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4
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Umeki N, Shibata K, Noguchi TQP, Hirose K, Sako Y, Uyeda TQP. K336I mutant actin alters the structure of neighbouring protomers in filaments and reduces affinity for actin-binding proteins. Sci Rep 2019; 9:5353. [PMID: 30926871 PMCID: PMC6441083 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-41795-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutation of the Lys-336 residue of actin to Ile (K336I) or Asp (K336E) causes congenital myopathy. To understand the effect of this mutation on the function of actin filaments and gain insight into the mechanism of disease onset, we prepared and biochemically characterised K336I mutant actin from Dictyostelium discoideum. Subtilisin cleavage assays revealed that the structure of the DNase-I binding loop (D-loop) of monomeric K336I actin, which would face the adjacent actin-protomer in filaments, differed from that of wild type (WT) actin. Although K336I actin underwent normal salt-dependent reversible polymerisation and formed apparently normal filaments, interactions of K336I filaments with alpha-actinin, myosin II, and cofilin were disrupted. Furthermore, co-filaments of K336I and WT actins also exhibited abnormal interactions with cofilin, implying that K336I actin altered the structure of the neighbouring WT actin protomers such that interaction between cofilin and the WT actin protomers was prevented. We speculate that disruption of the interactions between co-filaments and actin-binding proteins is the primary reason why the K336I mutation induces muscle disease in a dominant fashion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuhisa Umeki
- Cellular Informatics Lab., RIKEN, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan. .,Biomedical Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8562, Japan.
| | - Keitaro Shibata
- Biomedical Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8562, Japan.,Advanced ICT Research Institute, National Institute of Information and Communications Technology (NICT), Kobe, Hyogo, 651-2492, Japan
| | - Taro Q P Noguchi
- National Institute of Technology, Miyakonojo College, Miyakonojo, Miyazaki, 885-8567, Japan
| | - Keiko Hirose
- Biomedical Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8562, Japan
| | - Yasushi Sako
- Cellular Informatics Lab., RIKEN, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
| | - Taro Q P Uyeda
- Biomedical Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8562, Japan.,Department of Physics, Waseda University, Shinjuku, Tokyo, 169-8555, Japan
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5
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Steinz MM, Persson M, Aresh B, Olsson K, Cheng AJ, Ahlstrand E, Lilja M, Lundberg TR, Rullman E, Möller KÄ, Sandor K, Ajeganova S, Yamada T, Beard N, Karlsson BC, Tavi P, Kenne E, Svensson CI, Rassier DE, Karlsson R, Friedman R, Gustafsson T, Lanner JT. Oxidative hotspots on actin promote skeletal muscle weakness in rheumatoid arthritis. JCI Insight 2019; 5:126347. [PMID: 30920392 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.126347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle weakness in patients suffering from rheumatoid arthritis (RA) adds to their impaired working abilities and reduced quality of life. However, little molecular insight is available on muscle weakness associated with RA. Oxidative stress has been implicated in the disease pathogenesis of RA. Here we show that oxidative post-translational modifications of the contractile machinery targeted to actin result in impaired actin polymerization and reduced force production. Using mass spectrometry, we identified the actin residues targeted by oxidative 3-nitrotyrosine (3-NT) or malondialdehyde adduct (MDA) modifications in weakened skeletal muscle from mice with arthritis and patients afflicted by RA. The residues were primarily located to three distinct regions positioned at matching surface areas of the skeletal muscle actin molecule from arthritis mice and RA patients. Moreover, molecular dynamic simulations revealed that these areas, here coined "hotspots", are important for the stability of the actin molecule and its capacity to generate filaments and interact with myosin. Together, these data demonstrate how oxidative modifications on actin promote muscle weakness in RA patients and provide novel leads for targeted therapeutic treatment to improve muscle function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maarten M Steinz
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Molecular Muscle Physiology and Pathophysiology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Malin Persson
- Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Bejan Aresh
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Karl Olsson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Clinical Physiology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Arthur J Cheng
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Molecular Muscle Physiology and Pathophysiology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Emma Ahlstrand
- Department of Chemistry and Biomedical Sciences, Linnaeus University, Kalmar, Sweden
| | - Mats Lilja
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Clinical Physiology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tommy R Lundberg
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Clinical Physiology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Eric Rullman
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Clinical Physiology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Katalin Sandor
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Center for Molecular Medicine, and
| | - Sofia Ajeganova
- Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Takashi Yamada
- Department of Physical Therapy, Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Nicole Beard
- Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Canberra, Australia
| | - Björn Cg Karlsson
- Department of Chemistry and Biomedical Sciences, Linnaeus University, Kalmar, Sweden
| | - Pasi Tavi
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Molecular Muscle Physiology and Pathophysiology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,A.I. Virtanen Institute, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Ellinor Kenne
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Molecular Muscle Physiology and Pathophysiology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Camilla I Svensson
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Center for Molecular Medicine, and
| | - Dilson E Rassier
- Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Roger Karlsson
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ran Friedman
- Department of Chemistry and Biomedical Sciences, Linnaeus University, Kalmar, Sweden
| | - Thomas Gustafsson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Clinical Physiology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Johanna T Lanner
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Molecular Muscle Physiology and Pathophysiology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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6
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Huang Y, Wang M, Zhao X, Shi Q. Transcriptome sequencing of the gill and barbel of Southern catfish (Silurus meridionalis) revealed immune responses and novel rhamnose-binding lectins (RBLs). Genomics 2018; 111:222-230. [PMID: 30465915 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2018.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Revised: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Southern catfish (Silurus meridionalis) is an economically important species widely cultured in China. It is well known for its fast growth, strong resistance to diseases and euryphage. However, little is known about the mechanisms for its powerful immune systems. Our Fish-T1K project has finished its first phase of 200 fish transcriptomes, with sequencing of gills in most examined fishes. In this study, we performed transcriptome sequencing of the gill and the maxillary barbel of Southern catfish, with the latter as a control. High expression of immune-related transcripts were observed in these two tissues. We observed that genes in the T cell receptor signaling pathway had higher transcription values in the gill than in the barbel. In addition, eight new rhamnose-binding lectins (RBLs) were identified and their carbohydrate recognition domains (CRDs) were classified according to the eight conserved cysteine residues and two conserved motifs (-YGR- and -DPC-). This is the first transcriptome report by high-throughput sequencing of the Southern catfish. Our genomic data and discovery of novel RBLs in this project should be able to promote better understandings of the roles of gills in immune responses and disease prevention for further aquaculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Huang
- BGI Education Center, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518083, China; Shenzhen Key Lab of Marine Genomics, Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Molecular Breeding in Marine Economic Animals, BGI Academy of Marine Sciences, BGI Marine, BGI, Shenzhen 518083, China.
| | - Min Wang
- Shenzhen Key Lab of Marine Genomics, Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Molecular Breeding in Marine Economic Animals, BGI Academy of Marine Sciences, BGI Marine, BGI, Shenzhen 518083, China; BGI Zhenjiang Institute of Hydrobiology, Zhenjiang 212000, China.
| | - Xiaomeng Zhao
- BGI Education Center, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518083, China; Shenzhen Key Lab of Marine Genomics, Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Molecular Breeding in Marine Economic Animals, BGI Academy of Marine Sciences, BGI Marine, BGI, Shenzhen 518083, China.
| | - Qiong Shi
- BGI Education Center, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518083, China; Shenzhen Key Lab of Marine Genomics, Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Molecular Breeding in Marine Economic Animals, BGI Academy of Marine Sciences, BGI Marine, BGI, Shenzhen 518083, China; Laboratory of Aquatic Genomics, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China.
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7
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Liu Y, Long YH, Wang SQ, Zhang YY, Li YF, Mi JS, Yu CH, Li DY, Zhang JH, Zhang XJ. JMJD6 regulates histone H2A.X phosphorylation and promotes autophagy in triple-negative breast cancer cells via a novel tyrosine kinase activity. Oncogene 2018; 38:980-997. [PMID: 30185813 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-018-0466-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2018] [Revised: 07/04/2018] [Accepted: 07/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Overexpression of Jumonji domain-containing 6 (JMJD6) has been reported to be associated with more aggressive breast cancer characteristics. However, the precise role of JMJD6 in breast cancer development remains unclear. Here, we demonstrate that JMJD6 has intrinsic tyrosine kinase activity and can utilize ATP and GTP as phosphate donors to phosphorylate Y39 of histone H2A.X (H2A.XY39ph). High JMJD6 levels promoted autophagy in triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) cells by regulating the expression of autophagy-related genes. The JMJD6-H2A.XY39ph axis promoted TNBC cell growth via the autophagy pathway. We show that combined inhibition of JMJD6 kinase activity and autophagy efficiently decreases TNBC growth. Together, these findings suggest an effective strategy for TNBC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Liu
- College of Life Science, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, China.,Cancer Institute, Tangshan People's Hospital, Tangshan, China
| | - Yue-Hong Long
- College of Life Science, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, China
| | - Shu-Qing Wang
- Hospital of North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, China.
| | - Yuan-Yue Zhang
- College of Life Science, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, China.,Cancer Institute, Tangshan People's Hospital, Tangshan, China
| | - Yu-Feng Li
- Cancer Institute, Tangshan People's Hospital, Tangshan, China
| | | | | | - De-Yan Li
- People's Hospital of Zunhua, Zunhua, China
| | - Jing-Hua Zhang
- Cancer Institute, Tangshan People's Hospital, Tangshan, China.
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8
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Actin Tyrosine-53-Phosphorylation in Neuronal Maturation and Synaptic Plasticity. J Neurosci 2017; 36:5299-313. [PMID: 27170127 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2649-15.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2015] [Accepted: 03/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Rapid reorganization and stabilization of the actin cytoskeleton in dendritic spines enables cellular processes underlying learning, such as long-term potentiation (LTP). Dendritic spines are enriched in exceptionally short and dynamic actin filaments, but the studies so far have not revealed the molecular mechanisms underlying the high actin dynamics in dendritic spines. Here, we show that actin in dendritic spines is dynamically phosphorylated at tyrosine-53 (Y53) in rat hippocampal and cortical neurons. Our findings show that actin phosphorylation increases the turnover rate of actin filaments and promotes the short-term dynamics of dendritic spines. During neuronal maturation, actin phosphorylation peaks at the first weeks of morphogenesis, when dendritic spines form, and the amount of Y53-phosphorylated actin decreases when spines mature and stabilize. Induction of LTP transiently increases the amount of phosphorylated actin and LTP induction is deficient in neurons expressing mutant actin that mimics phosphorylation. Actin phosphorylation provides a molecular mechanism to maintain the high actin dynamics in dendritic spines during neuronal development and to induce fast reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton in synaptic plasticity. In turn, dephosphorylation of actin is required for the stabilization of actin filaments that is necessary for proper dendritic spine maturation and LTP maintenance. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Dendritic spines are small protrusions from neuronal dendrites where the postsynaptic components of most excitatory synapses reside. Precise control of dendritic spine morphology and density is critical for normal brain function. Accordingly, aberrant spine morphology is linked to many neurological diseases. The actin cytoskeleton is a structural element underlying the proper morphology of dendritic spines. Therefore, defects in the regulation of the actin cytoskeleton in neurons have been implicated in neurological diseases. Here, we revealed a novel mechanism for regulating neuronal actin cytoskeleton that explains the specific organization and dynamics of actin in spines. The better we understand the regulation of the dendritic spine morphology, the better we understand what goes wrong in neurological diseases.
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9
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Bertling E, Hotulainen P. New waves in dendritic spine actin cytoskeleton: From branches and bundles to rings, from actin binding proteins to post-translational modifications. Mol Cell Neurosci 2017; 84:77-84. [PMID: 28479292 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2017.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2016] [Revised: 04/24/2017] [Accepted: 05/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic spines are small actin-rich protrusions from neuronal dendrites that form the postsynaptic part of most excitatory synapses. Changes in the number or strength of synapses are physiological mechanisms behind learning. The growth and maturation of dendritic spines and the activity-induced changes to their morphology are all based on changes to the actin cytoskeleton. In this review, we will discuss the regulation of the actin cytoskeleton in dendritic spine formation and maturation, as well as in synaptic strengthening. Concerning spine formation, we will focus on spine initiation, which has received less attention in the literature. We will also examine the recently revealed regulation of the actin cytoskeleton through post-translational modifications of actin monomers, in addition to the conventional regulation of actin via actin-binding proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enni Bertling
- Minerva Foundation Institute for Medical Research, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Pirta Hotulainen
- Minerva Foundation Institute for Medical Research, Helsinki, Finland.
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10
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Kumpula EP, Kursula I. Towards a molecular understanding of the apicomplexan actin motor: on a road to novel targets for malaria remedies? Acta Crystallogr F Struct Biol Commun 2015; 71:500-13. [PMID: 25945702 PMCID: PMC4427158 DOI: 10.1107/s2053230x1500391x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2014] [Accepted: 02/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Apicomplexan parasites are the causative agents of notorious human and animal diseases that give rise to considerable human suffering and economic losses worldwide. The most prominent parasites of this phylum are the malaria-causing Plasmodium species, which are widespread in tropical and subtropical regions, and Toxoplasma gondii, which infects one third of the world's population. These parasites share a common form of gliding motility which relies on an actin-myosin motor. The components of this motor and the actin-regulatory proteins in Apicomplexa have unique features compared with all other eukaryotes. This, together with the crucial roles of these proteins, makes them attractive targets for structure-based drug design. In recent years, several structures of glideosome components, in particular of actins and actin regulators from apicomplexan parasites, have been determined, which will hopefully soon allow the creation of a complete molecular picture of the parasite actin-myosin motor and its regulatory machinery. Here, current knowledge of the function of this motor is reviewed from a structural perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esa-Pekka Kumpula
- Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Oulu, PO Box 3000, 90014 Oulu, Finland
- Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
- German Electron Synchrotron, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Inari Kursula
- Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Oulu, PO Box 3000, 90014 Oulu, Finland
- Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
- German Electron Synchrotron, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Jonas Lies vei 91, 5009 Bergen, Norway
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11
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Liu X, Shu S, Yu S, Lee DY, Piszczek G, Gucek M, Wang G, Korn ED. Biochemical and biological properties of cortexillin III, a component of Dictyostelium DGAP1-cortexillin complexes. Mol Biol Cell 2014; 25:2026-38. [PMID: 24807902 PMCID: PMC4072576 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e13-08-0457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cortexillin III, a member of the α-actinin/spectrin subfamily of Dictyostelium calponin homology proteins, forms heterodimers with cortexillins I and II that bind to the GAP protein DGAP1 in vivo. Cortexillin III complexes may be negative regulators of cell growth, pinocytosis, and phagocytosis, as all are enhanced in cortexillin III–null cells. Cortexillins I–III are members of the α-actinin/spectrin subfamily of Dictyostelium calponin homology proteins. Unlike recombinant cortexillins I and II, which form homodimers as well as heterodimers in vitro, we find that recombinant cortexillin III is an unstable monomer but forms more stable heterodimers when coexpressed in Escherichia coli with cortexillin I or II. Expressed cortexillin III also forms heterodimers with both cortexillin I and II in vivo, and the heterodimers complex in vivo with DGAP1, a Dictyostelium GAP protein. Binding of cortexillin III to DGAP1 requires the presence of either cortexillin I or II; that is, cortexillin III binds to DGAP1 only as a heterodimer, and the heterodimers form in vivo in the absence of DGAP1. Expressed cortexillin III colocalizes with cortexillins I and II in the cortex of vegetative amoebae, the leading edge of motile cells, and the cleavage furrow of dividing cells. Colocalization of cortexillin III and F-actin may require the heterodimer/DGAP1 complex. Functionally, cortexillin III may be a negative regulator of cell growth, cytokinesis, pinocytosis, and phagocytosis, as all are enhanced in cortexillin III–null cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiong Liu
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Shi Shu
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Shuhua Yu
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Duck-Yeon Lee
- Biochemistry Core, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Grzegorz Piszczek
- Biophysics Core, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Marjan Gucek
- Proteomics Core, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Guanghui Wang
- Proteomics Core, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Edward D Korn
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
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12
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Vahokoski J, Bhargav SP, Desfosses A, Andreadaki M, Kumpula EP, Martinez SM, Ignatev A, Lepper S, Frischknecht F, Sidén-Kiamos I, Sachse C, Kursula I. Structural differences explain diverse functions of Plasmodium actins. PLoS Pathog 2014; 10:e1004091. [PMID: 24743229 PMCID: PMC3990709 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2013] [Accepted: 03/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Actins are highly conserved proteins and key players in central processes in all eukaryotic cells. The two actins of the malaria parasite are among the most divergent eukaryotic actins and also differ from each other more than isoforms in any other species. Microfilaments have not been directly observed in Plasmodium and are presumed to be short and highly dynamic. We show that actin I cannot complement actin II in male gametogenesis, suggesting critical structural differences. Cryo-EM reveals that Plasmodium actin I has a unique filament structure, whereas actin II filaments resemble canonical F-actin. Both Plasmodium actins hydrolyze ATP more efficiently than α-actin, and unlike any other actin, both parasite actins rapidly form short oligomers induced by ADP. Crystal structures of both isoforms pinpoint several structural changes in the monomers causing the unique polymerization properties. Inserting the canonical D-loop to Plasmodium actin I leads to the formation of long filaments in vitro. In vivo, this chimera restores gametogenesis in parasites lacking actin II, suggesting that stable filaments are required for exflagellation. Together, these data underline the divergence of eukaryotic actins and demonstrate how structural differences in the monomers translate into filaments with different properties, implying that even eukaryotic actins have faced different evolutionary pressures and followed different paths for developing their polymerization properties. Malaria parasites have two actin isoforms, which are among the most divergent within the actin family that comprises highly conserved proteins, essential in all eukaryotic cells. In Plasmodium, actin is indispensable for motility and, thus, the infectivity of the deadly parasite. Yet, actin filaments have not been observed in vivo in these pathogens. Here, we show that the two Plasmodium actins differ from each other in both monomeric and filamentous form and that actin I cannot replace actin II during male gametogenesis. Whereas the major isoform actin I cannot form stable filaments alone, the mosquito-stage-specific actin II readily forms long filaments that have dimensions similar to canonical actins. A chimeric actin I mutant that forms long filaments in vitro also rescues gametogenesis in parasites lacking actin II. Both Plasmodium actins rapidly hydrolyze ATP and form short oligomers in the presence of ADP, which is a fundamental difference to all other actins characterized to date. Structural and functional differences in the two Plasmodium actin isoforms compared both to each other and to canonical actins reveal how the polymerization properties of eukaryotic actins have evolved along different avenues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juha Vahokoski
- Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | | | - Ambroise Desfosses
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Structural and Computational Biology Unit, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Maria Andreadaki
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology – Hellas, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Esa-Pekka Kumpula
- Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Centre for Structural Systems Biology; Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research and German Electron Synchrotron, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Alexander Ignatev
- Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Simone Lepper
- Parasitology – Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Heidelberg Medical School, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Friedrich Frischknecht
- Parasitology – Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Heidelberg Medical School, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Inga Sidén-Kiamos
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology – Hellas, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Carsten Sachse
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Structural and Computational Biology Unit, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Inari Kursula
- Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Centre for Structural Systems Biology; Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research and German Electron Synchrotron, Hamburg, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Shu S, Liu X, Kriebel PW, Daniels MP, Korn ED. Actin cross-linking proteins cortexillin I and II are required for cAMP signaling during Dictyostelium chemotaxis and development. Mol Biol Cell 2011; 23:390-400. [PMID: 22114350 PMCID: PMC3258182 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e11-09-0764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Double deletion of actin-binding proteins cortexillin I and II alters the actin cytoskeleton (bundled actin filaments accumulate in the cell cortex) of Dictyostelium, substantially inhibits all molecular responses to extracellular cAMP, and completely blocks cell streaming and development of cells into mature fruiting bodies. Starvation induces Dictyostelium amoebae to secrete cAMP, toward which other amoebae stream, forming multicellular mounds that differentiate and develop into fruiting bodies containing spores. We find that the double deletion of cortexillin (ctx) I and II alters the actin cytoskeleton and substantially inhibits all molecular responses to extracellular cAMP. Synthesis of cAMP receptor and adenylyl cyclase A (ACA) is inhibited, and activation of ACA, RasC, and RasG, phosphorylation of extracellular signal regulated kinase 2, activation of TORC2, and stimulation of actin polymerization and myosin assembly are greatly reduced. As a consequence, cell streaming and development are completely blocked. Expression of ACA–yellow fluorescent protein in the ctxI/ctxII–null cells significantly rescues the wild-type phenotype, indicating that the primary chemotaxis and development defect is the inhibition of ACA synthesis and cAMP production. These results demonstrate the critical importance of a properly organized actin cytoskeleton for cAMP-signaling pathways, chemotaxis, and development in Dictyostelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi Shu
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Umeki N, Uyeda TQP. Single restriction enzyme-assisted megaprimer polymerase chain reaction to fuse two DNA sequences on separate cloning vectors. Anal Biochem 2011; 414:309-11. [PMID: 21440526 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2011.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2011] [Accepted: 03/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We describe a simple and versatile method to fuse two DNA sequences on separate cloning vectors in a single polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The method, termed restriction enzyme-assisted megaprimer PCR (REM-PCR), requires that the two cloning vectors share a common sequence and that the DNA sequences to be fused are cloned in the same orientation with respect to the common sequence. Fusion of the two sequences is achieved by mutual priming at the common sequence between two DNA fragments that were generated by restriction enzyme and linearly amplified by repetitive priming in the PCR reaction mixture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuhisa Umeki
- Biomedical Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
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Tyrosine phosphorylation of actin during microcyst formation and germination in Polysphondylium pallidum. Protist 2011; 162:490-502. [PMID: 21316301 DOI: 10.1016/j.protis.2010.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2010] [Accepted: 11/25/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
High osmolarity causes amoebae of the cellular slime mould Polysphondylium pallidum to individually encyst, forming microcysts. During microcyst differentiation, actin is tyrosine phosphorylated. Tyrosine phosphorylation of actin is independent of encystment conditions and occurs during the final stages of microcyst formation. During microcyst germination, actin undergoes dephosphorylation prior to amoebal emergence. Renewed phosphorylation of actin in germinating microcysts can be triggered by increasing the osmolarity of the medium which inhibits emergence. Immunofluorescence reveals that actin is dispersed throughout the cytoplasm in dormant microcysts. Following the onset of germination, actin is observed around vesicles where it co-localizes with phosphotyrosine. Prior to emergence, actin localizes to patches near the cell surface. Increasing osmolarity disrupts this localization and causes actin to redistribute throughout the cytoplasm, a situation similar to that observed in dormant microcysts. The tyrosine phosphorylation state of actin does not appear to influence the long-term viability of dormant microcysts. Together, these results indicate an association between actin tyrosine phosphorylation, organization of the actin cytoskeleton, and microcyst dormancy.
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Shu S, Liu X, Kriebel PW, Hong MS, Daniels MP, Parent CA, Korn ED. Expression of Y53A-actin in Dictyostelium disrupts the cytoskeleton and inhibits intracellular and intercellular chemotactic signaling. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:27713-25. [PMID: 20610381 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.116277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
We showed previously that phosphorylation of Tyr(53), or its mutation to Ala, inhibits actin polymerization in vitro with formation of aggregates of short filaments, and that expression of Y53A-actin in Dictyostelium blocks differentiation and development at the mound stage (Liu, X., Shu, S., Hong, M. S., Levine, R. L., and Korn, E. D. (2006) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 103, 13694-13699; Liu, X., Shu, S., Hong, M. S., Yu, B., and Korn, E. D. (2010) J. Biol. Chem. 285, 9729-9739). We now show that expression of Y53A-actin, which does not affect cell growth, phagocytosis, or pinocytosis, inhibits the formation of head-to-tail cell streams during cAMP-induced aggregation, although individual amoebae chemotax normally. We show that expression of Y53A-actin causes a 50% reduction of cell surface cAMP receptors, and inhibits cAMP-induced increases in adenylyl cyclase A activity, phosphorylation of ERK2, and actin polymerization. Trafficking of vesicles containing adenylyl cyclase A to the rear of the cell and secretion of the ACA vesicles are also inhibited. The actin cytoskeleton of cells expressing Y53A-actin is characterized by numerous short filaments, and bundled and aggregated filaments similar to the structures formed by copolymerization of purified Y53A-actin and wild-type actin in vitro. This disorganized actin cytoskeleton may be responsible for the inhibition of intracellular and intercellular cAMP signaling in cells expressing F-Y53A-actin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi Shu
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, NHLBI, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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