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Martin A, Dierlamm N, Zocher G, Li SM. A basidomycetous hydroxynaphthalene-prenylating enzyme exhibits promiscuity toward prenyl donors. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2023:10.1007/s00253-023-12621-1. [PMID: 37326682 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-023-12621-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The fungal prenyltransferase ShPT from Stereum hirsutum was believed to prenylate 4-hydroxybenzyl alcohol and thereby be involved in the vibralactone biosynthesis. In this study, we demonstrate that hydroxynaphthalenes instead of benzyl alcohol or aldehyde were accepted by ShPT for regular C-prenylation in the presence of both dimethylallyl and geranyl diphosphate. Although the natural substrate of ShPT remains unknown, our results provide one additional prenyltransferase from basidiomycetes, which are less studied, in comparison to those from other sources. Furthermore, this study expands the chemical toolbox for regioselective production of prenylated naphthalene derivatives. KEY POINTS: •Basidiomycetous prenyltransferase •Biochemical characterization •A DMATS prenyltransferase prenylating hydroxynaphthalene derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Martin
- Institut für Pharmazeutische Biologie und Biotechnologie, Fachbereich Pharmazie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Robert-Koch Straße 4, 35037, Marburg, Germany
| | - Nele Dierlamm
- Interfaculty Institute of Biochemistry (IFIB), University of Tübingen, Auf Der Morgenstelle 34, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Georg Zocher
- Interfaculty Institute of Biochemistry (IFIB), University of Tübingen, Auf Der Morgenstelle 34, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Shu-Ming Li
- Institut für Pharmazeutische Biologie und Biotechnologie, Fachbereich Pharmazie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Robert-Koch Straße 4, 35037, Marburg, Germany.
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2
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An T, Feng X, Li C. Prenylation: A Critical Step for Biomanufacturing of Prenylated Aromatic Natural Products. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:2211-2233. [PMID: 36716399 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c07287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Prenylated aromatic natural products (PANPs) have received much attention due to their biomedical benefits for human health. The prenylation of aromatic natural products (ANPs), which is mainly catalyzed by aromatic prenyltransferases (aPTs), contributes significantly to their structural and functional diversity by providing higher lipophilicity and enhanced bioactivity. aPTs are widely distributed in bacteria, fungi, animals, and plants and play a key role in the regiospecific prenylation of ANPs. Recent studies have greatly advanced our understanding of the characteristics and application of aPTs. In this review, we comment on research progress regarding sources, evolutionary relationships, structural features, reaction mechanism, engineering modification, and application of aPTs. Particular emphasis is also placed on recent advances, challenges, and prospects about applications of aPTs in microbial cell factories for producing PANPs. Generally, this review could provide guidance for using aPTs as robust biocatalytic tools to produce various PANPs with high efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting An
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecule Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Institute of Biochemical Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Xudong Feng
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecule Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Institute of Biochemical Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Chun Li
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecule Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Institute of Biochemical Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Key Lab for Industrial Biocatalysis, Ministry of Education, Center for Synthetic and Systems Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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3
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Malico AA, Calzini MA, Gayen AK, Williams GJ. Synthetic biology, combinatorial biosynthesis, and chemo‑enzymatic synthesis of isoprenoids. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 47:675-702. [PMID: 32880770 PMCID: PMC7666032 DOI: 10.1007/s10295-020-02306-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Isoprenoids are a large class of natural products with myriad applications as bioactive and commercial compounds. Their diverse structures are derived from the biosynthetic assembly and tailoring of their scaffolds, ultimately constructed from two C5 hemiterpene building blocks. The modular logic of these platforms can be harnessed to improve titers of valuable isoprenoids in diverse hosts and to produce new-to-nature compounds. Often, this process is facilitated by the substrate or product promiscuity of the component enzymes, which can be leveraged to produce novel isoprenoids. To complement rational enhancements and even re-programming of isoprenoid biosynthesis, high-throughput approaches that rely on searching through large enzymatic libraries are being developed. This review summarizes recent advances and strategies related to isoprenoid synthetic biology, combinatorial biosynthesis, and chemo-enzymatic synthesis, focusing on the past 5 years. Emerging applications of cell-free biosynthesis and high-throughput tools are included that culminate in a discussion of the future outlook and perspective of isoprenoid biosynthetic engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Miles A Calzini
- Department of Chemistry, NC State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Anuran K Gayen
- Department of Chemistry, NC State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Gavin J Williams
- Department of Chemistry, NC State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA.
- Comparative Medicine Institute, NC State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA.
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4
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Vib-PT, an Aromatic Prenyltransferase Involved in the Biosynthesis of Vibralactone from Stereum vibrans. Appl Environ Microbiol 2020; 86:AEM.02687-19. [PMID: 32144102 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02687-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Vibralactone, a hybrid compound derived from phenols and a prenyl group, is a strong pancreatic lipase inhibitor with a rare fused bicyclic β-lactone skeleton. Recently, a researcher reported a vibralactone derivative (compound C1) that caused inhibition of pancreatic lipase with a half-maximal inhibitory concentration of 14 nM determined by structure-based optimization, suggesting a potential candidate as a new antiobesity treatment. In the present study, we sought to identify the main gene encoding prenyltransferase in Stereum vibrans, which is responsible for the prenylation of phenol leading to vibralactone synthesis. Two RNA silencing transformants of the identified gene (vib-PT) were obtained through Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation. Compared to wild-type strains, the transformants showed a decrease in vib-PT expression ranging from 11.0 to 56.0% at 5, 10, and 15 days in reverse transcription-quantitative PCR analysis, along with a reduction in primary vibralactone production of 37 to 64% at 15 and 21 days, respectively, as determined using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis. A soluble and enzymatically active fusion Vib-PT protein was obtained by expressing vib-PT in Escherichia coli, and the enzyme's optimal reaction conditions and catalytic efficiency (Km /k cat) were determined. In vitro experiments established that Vib-PT catalyzed the C-prenylation at C-3 of 4-hydroxy-benzaldehyde and the O-prenylation at the 4-hydroxy of 4-hydroxy-benzenemethanol in the presence of dimethylallyl diphosphate. Moreover, Vib-PT shows promiscuity toward aromatic compounds and prenyl donors.IMPORTANCE Vibralactone is a lead compound with a novel skeleton structure that shows strong inhibitory activity against pancreatic lipase. Vibralactone is not encoded by the genome directly but rather is synthesized from phenol, followed by prenylation and other enzyme reactions. Here, we used an RNA silencing approach to identify and characterize a prenyltransferase in a basidiomycete species that is responsible for the synthesis of vibralactone. The identified gene, vib-PT, was expressed in Escherichia coli to obtain a soluble and enzymatically active fusion Vib-PT protein. In vitro characterization of the enzyme demonstrated the catalytic mechanism of prenylation and broad substrate range for different aromatic acceptors and prenyl donors. These characteristics highlight the possibility of Vib-PT to generate prenylated derivatives of aromatics and other compounds as improved bioactive agents or potential prodrugs.
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5
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Abstract
Aromatic prenyltransferases (PTases), including ABBA-type and dimethylallyl tryptophan synthase (DMATS)-type enzymes from bacteria and fungi, play important role for diversification of the natural products and improvement of the biological activities. For a decade, the characterization of enzymes and enzymatic synthesis of prenylated compounds by using ABBA-type and DMATS-type PTases have been demonstrated. Here, I introduce several examples of the studies on chemoenzymatic synthesis of unnatural prenylated compounds and the enzyme engineering of ABBA-type and DMATS-type PTases.
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6
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Comparative proteomic analysis reveals the regulatory network of the veA gene during asexual and sexual spore development of Aspergillus cristatus. Biosci Rep 2018; 38:BSR20180067. [PMID: 29773679 PMCID: PMC6066658 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20180067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2018] [Revised: 05/13/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Aspergillus cristatus is the predominant fungal population during fermentation of Chinese Fuzhuan brick tea, and belongs to the homothallic fungal group that undergoes a sexual stage without asexual conidiation under hypotonic conditions, while hypertonic medium induces initiation of the asexual stage and completely blocks sexual development. However, the veA deletion mutant only produces conidia in hypotonic medium after a 24-h culture, but both asexual and sexual spores are observed after 72 h. The veA gene is one of the key genes that positively regulates sexual and negatively regulates asexual development in A. cristatus. To elucidate the molecular mechanism of how VeA regulates asexual and sexual spore development in A. cristatus, 2D electrophoresis (2-DE) combined with MALDI-tandem ToF MS analysis were applied to identify 173 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) by comparing the agamotype (24 h) and teleomorph (72 h) with wild-type (WT) A. cristatus strains. Further analysis revealed that the changed expression pattern of Pmk1-MAPK and Ser/Thr phosphatase signaling, heat shock protein (Hsp) 90 (HSP90), protein degradation associated, sulphur-containing amino acid biosynthesis associated, valine, leucine, isoleucine, and arginine biosynthesis involved, CYP450 and cytoskeletal formation associated proteins were involved in the production of conidia in agamotype of A. cristatus. Furthermore, the deletion of veA in A. cristatus resulted in disturbed process of transcription, translation, protein folding, amino acid metabolism, and secondary metabolism. The carbohydrate and energy metabolism were also greatly changed, which lied in the suppression of anabolism through pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) but promotion of catabolism through glycolysis and tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle. The energy compounds produced in the agamotype were mainly ATP and NADH, whereas they were NADPH and FAD in the teleomorph. These results will contribute to the existing knowledge on the complex role of VeA in the regulation of spore development in Aspergillus and provide a framework for functional investigations on the identified proteins.
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7
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Zhao W, Fan A, Tarcz S, Zhou K, Yin WB, Liu XQ, Li SM. Mutation on Gly115 and Tyr205 of the cyclic dipeptide C2-prenyltransferase FtmPT1 increases its catalytic activity toward hydroxynaphthalenes. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2016; 101:1989-1998. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-016-7966-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2016] [Revised: 09/28/2016] [Accepted: 10/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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8
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Leipoldt F, Zeyhle P, Kulik A, Kalinowski J, Heide L, Kaysser L. Diversity of ABBA Prenyltransferases in Marine Streptomyces sp. CNQ-509: Promiscuous Enzymes for the Biosynthesis of Mixed Terpenoid Compounds. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0143237. [PMID: 26659564 PMCID: PMC4684245 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0143237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2015] [Accepted: 11/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Terpenoids are arguably the largest and most diverse family of natural products, featuring prominently in e.g. signalling, self-defence, UV-protection and electron transfer. Prenyltransferases are essential players in terpenoid and hybrid isoprenoid biosynthesis that install isoprene units on target molecules and thereby often modulate their bioactivity. In our search for new prenyltransferase biocatalysts we focused on the marine-derived Streptomyces sp. CNQ-509, a particularly rich source of meroterpenoid chemistry. Sequencing and analysis of the genome of Streptomyces sp. CNQ-509 revealed seven putative phenol/phenazine-specific ABBA prenyltransferases, and one putative indole-specific ABBA prenyltransferase. To elucidate the substrate specificity of the ABBA prenyltransferases and to learn about their role in secondary metabolism, CnqP1 -CnqP8 were produced in Escherichia coli and incubated with various aromatic and isoprenoid substrates. Five of the eight prenyltransferases displayed enzymatic activity. The efficient conversion of dihydroxynaphthalene derivatives by CnqP3 (encoded by AA958_24325) and the co-location of AA958_24325 with genes characteristic for the biosynthesis of THN (tetrahydroxynaphthalene)-derived natural products indicates that the enzyme is involved in the formation of debromomarinone or other naphthoquinone-derived meroterpenoids. Moreover, CnqP3 showed high flexibility towards a range of aromatic and isoprenoid substrates and thus represents an interesting new tool for biocatalytic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Leipoldt
- Pharmaceutical Biology, Pharmaceutical Institute, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Philipp Zeyhle
- Pharmaceutical Biology, Pharmaceutical Institute, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Andreas Kulik
- Microbial Biotechnology, Interfaculty Institute of Microbiology and Infection Medicine, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Jörn Kalinowski
- Microbial Genomics and Biotechnology, Center for Biotechnology, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Lutz Heide
- Pharmaceutical Biology, Pharmaceutical Institute, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Leonard Kaysser
- Pharmaceutical Biology, Pharmaceutical Institute, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- * E-mail:
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9
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10
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Terretonin G, a new sesterterpenoid antibiotic from marine-derived Aspergillus sp. OPMF00272. J Antibiot (Tokyo) 2014; 67:593-5. [DOI: 10.1038/ja.2014.46] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2013] [Revised: 03/22/2014] [Accepted: 04/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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11
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Biochemical Investigations of Two 6-DMATS Enzymes fromStreptomycesReveal New Features ofL-Tryptophan Prenyltransferases. Chembiochem 2014; 15:1030-9. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201400046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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12
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Pockrandt D, Sack C, Kosiol T, Li SM. A promiscuous prenyltransferase from Aspergillus oryzae catalyses C-prenylations of hydroxynaphthalenes in the presence of different prenyl donors. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2014; 98:4987-94. [PMID: 24430210 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-014-5509-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2013] [Revised: 12/23/2013] [Accepted: 12/26/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Prenyltransferases of the dimethylallyltryptophan synthase (DMATS) superfamily are involved in the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites and show broad substrate specificity towards their aromatic substrates with a high regioselectivity for the prenylation reactions. Most members of this superfamily accepted as prenyl donor exclusively dimethylallyl diphosphate (DMAPP). One enzyme, AnaPT from Neosartorya fischeri, was reported recently to use both DMAPP and geranyl diphosphate (GPP) as prenyl donors. In this study, we demonstrate the acceptance of DMAPP, GPP and farnesyl diphosphate (FPP) by a new member of this superfamily, BAE61387 from Aspergillus oryzae DSM1147, for C-prenylations of hydroxynaphthalenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Pockrandt
- Institut für Pharmazeutische Biologie und Biotechnologie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Deutschhausstrasse 17A, 35037, Marburg, Germany
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13
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Regiospecificities and prenylation mode specificities of the fungal indole diterpene prenyltransferases AtmD and PaxD. Appl Environ Microbiol 2013; 79:7298-304. [PMID: 24038699 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02496-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We recently reported the function of paxD, which is involved in the paxilline (compound 1) biosynthetic gene cluster in Penicillium paxilli. Recombinant PaxD catalyzed a stepwise regular-type diprenylation at the 21 and 22 positions of compound 1 with dimethylallyl diphosphate (DMAPP) as the prenyl donor. In this study, atmD, which is located in the aflatrem (compound 2) biosynthetic gene cluster in Aspergillus flavus and encodes an enzyme with 32% amino acid identity to PaxD, was characterized using recombinant enzyme. When compound 1 and DMAPP were used as substrates, two major products and a trace of minor product were formed. The structures of the two major products were determined to be reversely monoprenylated compound 1 at either the 20 or 21 position. Because compound 2 and β-aflatrem (compound 3), both of which are compound 1-related compounds produced by A. flavus, have the same prenyl moiety at the 20 and 21 position, respectively, AtmD should catalyze the prenylation in compound 2 and 3 biosynthesis. More importantly and surprisingly, AtmD accepted paspaline (compound 4), which is an intermediate of compound 1 biosynthesis that has a structure similar to that of compound 1, and catalyzed a regular monoprenylation of compound 4 at either the 21 or 22 position, though the reverse prenylation was observed with compound 1. This suggests that fungal indole diterpene prenyltransferases have the potential to alter their position and regular/reverse specificities for prenylation and could be applicable for the synthesis of industrially useful compounds.
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14
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Fan A, Li SM. One Substrate - Seven Products with Different Prenylation Positions in One-Step Reactions: Prenyltransferases Make it Possible. Adv Synth Catal 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201300386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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15
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McIntosh JA, Lin Z, Tianero MDB, Schmidt EW. Aestuaramides, a natural library of cyanobactin cyclic peptides resulting from isoprene-derived Claisen rearrangements. ACS Chem Biol 2013; 8:877-83. [PMID: 23411099 DOI: 10.1021/cb300614c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
We report 12 cyanobactin cyclic peptides, the aestuaramides, from the cultivated cyanobacterium Lyngbya aestuarii. We show that aestuaramides are synthesized enzymatically as reverse O-prenylated tyrosine ethers that subsequently undergo a Claisen rearrangement to produce forward C-prenylated tyrosine. These results reveal that a nonenzymatic Claisen rearrangement dictates isoprene regiochemistry in a natural system. They also reveal one of the mechanisms that organisms use to generate structurally diverse compound libraries starting from simple ribosomal peptide pathways (RiPPs).
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Affiliation(s)
- John A. McIntosh
- Department of Medicinal
Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United
States
| | - Zhenjian Lin
- Department of Medicinal
Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United
States
| | - Ma. Diarey B. Tianero
- Department of Medicinal
Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United
States
| | - Eric W. Schmidt
- Department of Medicinal
Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United
States
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16
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Demissie ZA, Erland LAE, Rheault MR, Mahmoud SS. The biosynthetic origin of irregular monoterpenes in Lavandula: isolation and biochemical characterization of a novel cis-prenyl diphosphate synthase gene, lavandulyl diphosphate synthase. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:6333-41. [PMID: 23306202 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.431171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Lavender essential oils are constituted predominantly of regular monoterpenes, for example linalool, 1,8-cineole, and camphor. However, they also contain irregular monoterpenes including lavandulol and lavandulyl acetate. Although the majority of genes responsible for the production of regular monoterpenes in lavenders are now known, enzymes (including lavandulyl diphosphate synthase (LPPS)) catalyzing the biosynthesis of irregular monoterpenes in these plants have not been described. Here, we report the isolation and functional characterization of a novel cis-prenyl diphosphate synthase cDNA, termed Lavandula x intermedia lavandulyl diphosphate synthase (LiLPPS), through a homology-based cloning strategy. The LiLPPS ORF, encoding for a 305-amino acid long protein, was expressed in Escherichia coli, and the recombinant protein was purified by nickel-nitrilotriacetic acid affinity chromatography. The approximately 34.5-kDa bacterially produced protein specifically catalyzed the head-to-middle condensation of two dimethylallyl diphosphate units to LPP in vitro with apparent Km and kcat values of 208 ± 12 μm and 0.1 s(-1), respectively. LiLPPS is a homodimeric enzyme with a sigmoidal saturation curve and Hill coefficient of 2.7, suggesting a positive co-operative interaction among its catalytic sites. LiLPPS could be used to modulate the production of lavandulol and its derivatives in plants through metabolic engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zerihun A Demissie
- Department of Biology, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, British Columbia V1V 1V7, Canada
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17
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Subramanian S, Shen X, Yuan Q, Yan Y. Identification and biochemical characterization of a 5-dimethylallyl tryptophan synthase in Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2). Process Biochem 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2012.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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18
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Chooi YH, Wang P, Fang J, Li Y, Wu K, Wang P, Tang Y. Discovery and characterization of a group of fungal polycyclic polyketide prenyltransferases. J Am Chem Soc 2012; 134:9428-37. [PMID: 22590971 PMCID: PMC3904230 DOI: 10.1021/ja3028636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The prenyltransferase (PTase) gene vrtC was proposed to be involved in viridicatumtoxin (1) biosynthesis in Penicillium aethiopicum. Targeted gene deletion and reconstitution of recombinant VrtC activity in vitro established that VrtC is a geranyl transferase that catalyzes a regiospecific Friedel-Crafts alkylation of the naphthacenedione carboxamide intermediate 2 at carbon 6 with geranyl diphosphate. VrtC can function in the absence of divalent ions and can utilize similar naphthacenedione substrates, such as the acetyl-primed TAN-1612 (4). Genome mining using the VrtC protein sequence leads to the identification of a homologous group of PTase genes in the genomes of human and animal-associated fungi. Three enzymes encoded by this new subgroup of PTase genes from Neosartorya fischeri, Microsporum canis, and Trichophyton tonsurans were shown to be able to catalyze transfer of dimethylallyl to several tetracyclic naphthacenedione substrates in vitro. In total, seven C(5)- or C(10)-prenylated naphthacenedione compounds were generated. The regioselectivity of these new polycyclic PTases (pcPTases) was confirmed by characterization of product 9 obtained from biotransformation of 4 in Escherichia coli expressing the N. fischeri pcPTase gene. The discovery of this new subgroup of PTases extends our enzymatic tools for modifying polycyclic compounds and enables genome mining of new prenylated polyketides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yit-Heng Chooi
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095
| | - Peng Wang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095
| | - Jinxu Fang
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089
| | - Yanran Li
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095
| | - Katherine Wu
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095
| | - Pin Wang
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089
| | - Yi Tang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095
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19
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Lawson DM, Stevenson CEM. Structural and functional dissection of aminocoumarin antibiotic biosynthesis: a review. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 13:125-33. [DOI: 10.1007/s10969-012-9138-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2011] [Accepted: 05/12/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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20
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Stec E, Li SM. Mutagenesis and biochemical studies on AuaA confirmed the importance of the two conserved aspartate-rich motifs and suggested difference in the amino acids for substrate binding in membrane-bound prenyltransferases. Arch Microbiol 2012; 194:589-95. [PMID: 22311133 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-012-0795-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2011] [Revised: 12/16/2011] [Accepted: 01/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AuaA is a membrane-bound farnesyltransferase from the myxobacterium Stigmatella aurantiaca involved in the biosynthesis of aurachins. Like other known membrane-bound aromatic prenyltransferases, AuaA contains two conserved aspartate-rich motifs. Several amino acids in the first motif NXxxDxxxD were proposed to be responsible for prenyl diphosphate binding via metal ions like Mg(2+). Site-directed mutagenesis experiments demonstrated in this study that asparagine, but not the arginine residue in NRxxDxxxD, is important for the enzyme activity of AuaA, differing from the importance of NQ or ND residues in the NQxxDxxxD or NDxxDxxxD motifs observed in some membrane-bound prenyltransferases. The second motif of known membrane-bound prenyltransferases was proposed to be involved in the binding of their aromatic substrates. KDIxDxEGD, also found in AuaA, had been previously speculated to be characteristic for binding of flavonoids or homogenisate. Site-directed mutagenesis experiments with AuaA showed that KDIxDxEGD was critical for the enzyme activity. However, this motif is very likely not specific for flavonoid or homogenisate prenyltransferases, because none of the tested flavonoids was accepted by AuaA or its mutant R53A in the presence of farnesyl, geranyl or dimethylallyl diphosphate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edyta Stec
- Institut für Pharmazeutische Biologie und Biotechnologie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Deutschhausstrasse 17A, 35037, Marburg, Germany
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Noike M, Liu C, Ono Y, Hamano Y, Toyomasu T, Sassa T, Kato N, Dairi T. An Enzyme Catalyzing O-Prenylation of the Glucose Moiety of Fusicoccin A, a Diterpene Glucoside Produced by the Fungus Phomopsis amygdali. Chembiochem 2012; 13:566-73. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201100725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Majmudar JD, Gibbs RA. Pericyclic prenylation: peptide modification through a Claisen rearrangement. Chembiochem 2011; 12:2723-6. [PMID: 22114066 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201100612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2011] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
LynF prenylates, but the prenyl migrates: Schmidt and co-workers have demonstrated that LynF from Lyngbya aestuarii is a reverse O-prenyl transferase. However, a forward C-prenylated product is obtained through a non-enzymatic Claisen rearrangement. The elucidation of this unprecedented two-step process is a significant contribution to our understanding of the biosynthesis of complex macrocyclic peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaimeen D Majmudar
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, The Purdue University Center for Cancer Research, West Lafayette, IN 47906, USA
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23
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Substrate promiscuity of secondary metabolite enzymes: prenylation of hydroxynaphthalenes by fungal indole prenyltransferases. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2011; 92:737-48. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-011-3351-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2011] [Revised: 04/09/2011] [Accepted: 04/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Jost M, Zocher G, Tarcz S, Matuschek M, Xie X, Li SM, Stehle T. Structure−Function Analysis of an Enzymatic Prenyl Transfer Reaction Identifies a Reaction Chamber with Modifiable Specificity. J Am Chem Soc 2010; 132:17849-58. [DOI: 10.1021/ja106817c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marco Jost
- Interfakultäres Institut für Biochemie, Universität Tübingen, Hoppe-Seyler-Strasse 4, 72076 Tübingen, Germany, Institut für Pharmazeutische Biologie und Biotechnologie, Universität Marburg, Deutschhausstrasse 17a, 35037 Marburg, Germany, Fachbereich Chemie, Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Strasse, 35032 Marburg, Germany, and Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Georg Zocher
- Interfakultäres Institut für Biochemie, Universität Tübingen, Hoppe-Seyler-Strasse 4, 72076 Tübingen, Germany, Institut für Pharmazeutische Biologie und Biotechnologie, Universität Marburg, Deutschhausstrasse 17a, 35037 Marburg, Germany, Fachbereich Chemie, Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Strasse, 35032 Marburg, Germany, and Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Sylwia Tarcz
- Interfakultäres Institut für Biochemie, Universität Tübingen, Hoppe-Seyler-Strasse 4, 72076 Tübingen, Germany, Institut für Pharmazeutische Biologie und Biotechnologie, Universität Marburg, Deutschhausstrasse 17a, 35037 Marburg, Germany, Fachbereich Chemie, Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Strasse, 35032 Marburg, Germany, and Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Marco Matuschek
- Interfakultäres Institut für Biochemie, Universität Tübingen, Hoppe-Seyler-Strasse 4, 72076 Tübingen, Germany, Institut für Pharmazeutische Biologie und Biotechnologie, Universität Marburg, Deutschhausstrasse 17a, 35037 Marburg, Germany, Fachbereich Chemie, Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Strasse, 35032 Marburg, Germany, and Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Xiulan Xie
- Interfakultäres Institut für Biochemie, Universität Tübingen, Hoppe-Seyler-Strasse 4, 72076 Tübingen, Germany, Institut für Pharmazeutische Biologie und Biotechnologie, Universität Marburg, Deutschhausstrasse 17a, 35037 Marburg, Germany, Fachbereich Chemie, Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Strasse, 35032 Marburg, Germany, and Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Shu-Ming Li
- Interfakultäres Institut für Biochemie, Universität Tübingen, Hoppe-Seyler-Strasse 4, 72076 Tübingen, Germany, Institut für Pharmazeutische Biologie und Biotechnologie, Universität Marburg, Deutschhausstrasse 17a, 35037 Marburg, Germany, Fachbereich Chemie, Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Strasse, 35032 Marburg, Germany, and Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Thilo Stehle
- Interfakultäres Institut für Biochemie, Universität Tübingen, Hoppe-Seyler-Strasse 4, 72076 Tübingen, Germany, Institut für Pharmazeutische Biologie und Biotechnologie, Universität Marburg, Deutschhausstrasse 17a, 35037 Marburg, Germany, Fachbereich Chemie, Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Strasse, 35032 Marburg, Germany, and Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
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Metzger U, Keller S, Stevenson CEM, Heide L, Lawson DM. Structure and mechanism of the magnesium-independent aromatic prenyltransferase CloQ from the clorobiocin biosynthetic pathway. J Mol Biol 2010; 404:611-26. [PMID: 20946900 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2010.09.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2010] [Revised: 09/27/2010] [Accepted: 09/30/2010] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
CloQ is an aromatic prenyltransferase from the clorobiocin biosynthetic pathway of Streptomyces roseochromogenes var. oscitans. It is involved in the synthesis of the prenylated hydroxybenzoate moiety of the antibiotic, specifically catalyzing the attachment of a dimethylallyl moiety to 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate. Herein, we report the crystal structure of CloQ and use it as a framework for interpreting biochemical data from both wild-type and variant proteins. CloQ belongs to the aromatic prenyltransferase family, which is characterized by an unusual core fold comprising five consecutive ααββ elements that form a central 10-stranded anti-parallel β-barrel. The latter delineates a solvent-accessible cavity where substrates bind and catalysis takes place. This cavity has well-defined polar and nonpolar regions, which have distinct roles in substrate binding and facilitate a Friedel-Crafts-type mechanism. We propose that the juxtaposition of five positively charged residues in the polar region circumvents the necessity for a Mg(2+), which, by contrast, is a strict requirement for the majority of prenyltransferases characterized to date. Our structure of CloQ complexed with 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate reveals the formation of a covalent link between the substrate and Cys215 to yield a thiohemiketal species. Through site-directed mutagenesis, we show that this link is not essential for enzyme activity in vitro. Furthermore, we demonstrate that CloQ will accept alternative substrates and, therefore, has the capacity to generate a range of prenylated compounds. Since prenylation is thought to enhance the bioactivity of many natural products, CloQ offers considerable promise as a biocatalyst for the chemoenzymatic synthesis of novel compounds with therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ute Metzger
- Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
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