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Salemi M, Schillaci FA, Lanza G, Marchese G, Salluzzo MG, Cordella A, Caniglia S, Bruccheri MG, Truda A, Greco D, Ferri R, Romano C. Transcriptome Study in Sicilian Patients with Autism Spectrum Disorder. Biomedicines 2024; 12:1402. [PMID: 39061976 PMCID: PMC11274004 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12071402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2024] [Revised: 06/12/2024] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
ASD is a complex condition primarily rooted in genetics, although influenced by environmental, prenatal, and perinatal risk factors, ultimately leading to genetic and epigenetic alterations. These mechanisms may manifest as inflammatory, oxidative stress, hypoxic, or ischemic damage. To elucidate potential variances in gene expression in ASD, a transcriptome analysis of peripheral blood mononuclear cells was conducted via RNA-seq on 12 ASD patients and 13 healthy controls, all of Sicilian ancestry to minimize environmental confounds. A total of 733 different statistically significant genes were identified between the two cohorts. Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA) and Gene Ontology (GO) terms were employed to explore the pathways influenced by differentially expressed mRNAs. GSEA revealed GO pathways strongly associated with ASD, namely the GO Biological Process term "Response to Oxygen-Containing Compound". Additionally, the GO Cellular Component pathway "Mitochondrion" stood out among other pathways, with differentially expressed genes predominantly affiliated with this specific pathway, implicating the involvement of different mitochondrial functions in ASD. Among the differentially expressed genes, FPR2 was particularly highlighted, belonging to three GO pathways. FPR2 can modulate pro-inflammatory responses, with its intracellular cascades triggering the activation of several kinases, thus suggesting its potential utility as a biomarker of pro-inflammatory processes in ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Salemi
- Oasi Research Institute—IRCCS, 94018 Troina, Italy; (F.A.S.); (G.L.); (M.G.S.); (S.C.); (M.G.B.); (D.G.); (R.F.); (C.R.)
| | - Francesca A. Schillaci
- Oasi Research Institute—IRCCS, 94018 Troina, Italy; (F.A.S.); (G.L.); (M.G.S.); (S.C.); (M.G.B.); (D.G.); (R.F.); (C.R.)
| | - Giuseppe Lanza
- Oasi Research Institute—IRCCS, 94018 Troina, Italy; (F.A.S.); (G.L.); (M.G.S.); (S.C.); (M.G.B.); (D.G.); (R.F.); (C.R.)
- Department of Surgery and Medical—Surgical Specialties, University of Catania, 95124 Catania, Italy
| | - Giovanna Marchese
- Genomix4Life S.r.l., 84081 Baronissi, Italy; (G.M.); (A.C.); (A.T.)
- Genome Research Center for Health—CRGS, 84081 Baronissi, Italy
| | - Maria Grazia Salluzzo
- Oasi Research Institute—IRCCS, 94018 Troina, Italy; (F.A.S.); (G.L.); (M.G.S.); (S.C.); (M.G.B.); (D.G.); (R.F.); (C.R.)
| | - Angela Cordella
- Genomix4Life S.r.l., 84081 Baronissi, Italy; (G.M.); (A.C.); (A.T.)
- Genome Research Center for Health—CRGS, 84081 Baronissi, Italy
| | - Salvatore Caniglia
- Oasi Research Institute—IRCCS, 94018 Troina, Italy; (F.A.S.); (G.L.); (M.G.S.); (S.C.); (M.G.B.); (D.G.); (R.F.); (C.R.)
| | - Maria Grazia Bruccheri
- Oasi Research Institute—IRCCS, 94018 Troina, Italy; (F.A.S.); (G.L.); (M.G.S.); (S.C.); (M.G.B.); (D.G.); (R.F.); (C.R.)
| | - Anna Truda
- Genomix4Life S.r.l., 84081 Baronissi, Italy; (G.M.); (A.C.); (A.T.)
- Genome Research Center for Health—CRGS, 84081 Baronissi, Italy
| | - Donatella Greco
- Oasi Research Institute—IRCCS, 94018 Troina, Italy; (F.A.S.); (G.L.); (M.G.S.); (S.C.); (M.G.B.); (D.G.); (R.F.); (C.R.)
| | - Raffaele Ferri
- Oasi Research Institute—IRCCS, 94018 Troina, Italy; (F.A.S.); (G.L.); (M.G.S.); (S.C.); (M.G.B.); (D.G.); (R.F.); (C.R.)
| | - Corrado Romano
- Oasi Research Institute—IRCCS, 94018 Troina, Italy; (F.A.S.); (G.L.); (M.G.S.); (S.C.); (M.G.B.); (D.G.); (R.F.); (C.R.)
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, 95124 Catania, Italy
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Karakaya T, Slaufova M, Di Filippo M, Hennig P, Kündig T, Beer HD. CARD8: A Novel Inflammasome Sensor with Well-Known Anti-Inflammatory and Anti-Apoptotic Activity. Cells 2024; 13:1032. [PMID: 38920661 PMCID: PMC11202080 DOI: 10.3390/cells13121032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2024] [Revised: 06/10/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Inflammasomes comprise a group of protein complexes with fundamental roles in the induction of inflammation. Upon sensing stress factors, their assembly induces the activation and release of the pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)-1β and -18 and a lytic type of cell death, termed pyroptosis. Recently, CARD8 has joined the group of inflammasome sensors. The carboxy-terminal part of CARD8, consisting of a function-to-find-domain (FIIND) and a caspase activation and recruitment domain (CARD), resembles that of NLR family pyrin domain containing 1 (NLRP1), which is recognized as the main inflammasome sensor in human keratinocytes. The interaction with dipeptidyl peptidases 8 and 9 (DPP8/9) represents an activation checkpoint for both sensors. CARD8 and NLRP1 are activated by viral protease activity targeting their amino-terminal region. However, CARD8 also has some unique features compared to the established inflammasome sensors. Activation of CARD8 occurs independently of the inflammasome adaptor protein apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a CARD (ASC), leading mainly to pyroptosis rather than the activation and secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines. CARD8 was also shown to have anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic activity. It interacts with, and inhibits, several proteins involved in inflammation and cell death, such as the inflammasome sensor NLRP3, CARD-containing proteins caspase-1 and -9, nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain containing 2 (NOD2), or nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB). Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of CARD8, some of them occurring at high frequencies, are associated with various inflammatory diseases. The molecular mechanisms underlying the different pro- and anti-inflammatory activities of CARD8 are incompletely understood. Alternative splicing leads to the generation of multiple CARD8 protein isoforms. Although the functional properties of these isoforms are poorly characterized, there is evidence that suggests isoform-specific roles. The characterization of the functions of these isoforms, together with their cell- and disease-specific expression, might be the key to a better understanding of CARD8's different roles in inflammation and inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tugay Karakaya
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Zurich, CH-8952 Schlieren, Switzerland; (T.K.); (M.S.); (M.D.F.); (P.H.); (T.K.)
| | - Marta Slaufova
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Zurich, CH-8952 Schlieren, Switzerland; (T.K.); (M.S.); (M.D.F.); (P.H.); (T.K.)
| | - Michela Di Filippo
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Zurich, CH-8952 Schlieren, Switzerland; (T.K.); (M.S.); (M.D.F.); (P.H.); (T.K.)
| | - Paulina Hennig
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Zurich, CH-8952 Schlieren, Switzerland; (T.K.); (M.S.); (M.D.F.); (P.H.); (T.K.)
| | - Thomas Kündig
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Zurich, CH-8952 Schlieren, Switzerland; (T.K.); (M.S.); (M.D.F.); (P.H.); (T.K.)
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Zurich, CH-8006 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Hans-Dietmar Beer
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Zurich, CH-8952 Schlieren, Switzerland; (T.K.); (M.S.); (M.D.F.); (P.H.); (T.K.)
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Zurich, CH-8006 Zurich, Switzerland
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Kong L, Cao Y, He Y, Zhang Y. Role and molecular mechanism of NOD2 in chronic non-communicable diseases. J Mol Med (Berl) 2024; 102:787-799. [PMID: 38740600 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-024-02451-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Revised: 04/23/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain containing 2 (NOD2), located in the cell cytoplasm, is a pattern recognition receptor belonging to the innate immune receptor family. It mediates the innate immune response by identifying conserved sequences in bacterial peptide glycans and plays an essential role in maintaining immune system homeostasis. Gene mutations of NOD2 lead to the development of autoimmune diseases such as Crohn's disease and Blau syndrome. Recently, NOD2 has been shown to be associated with the pathogenesis of diabetes, cardiac-cerebral diseases, and cancers. However, the function of NOD2 in these non-communicable diseases (CNCDs) is not well summarized in reviews. Our report mainly discusses the primary function and molecular mechanism of NOD2 as well as its potential clinical significance in CNCDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingjun Kong
- Department of Pharmacy, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, No. 324, Jingwu Weiqi Road, Huaiyin District, Jinan, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanhua Cao
- Department of Pharmacy, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, No. 324, Jingwu Weiqi Road, Huaiyin District, Jinan, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanan He
- Gamma Knife Center, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Yahui Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, No. 324, Jingwu Weiqi Road, Huaiyin District, Jinan, Shandong, People's Republic of China.
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Abstract
The biggest challenge to immune control of HIV infection is the rapid within-host viral evolution, which allows selection of viral variants that escape from T cell and antibody recognition. Thus, it is impossible to clear HIV infection without targeting "immutable" components of the virus. Unlike the adaptive immune system that recognizes cognate epitopes, the CARD8 inflammasome senses the essential enzymatic activity of the HIV-1 protease, which is immutable for the virus. Hence, all subtypes of HIV clinical isolates can be recognized by CARD8. In HIV-infected cells, the viral protease is expressed as a subunit of the viral Gag-Pol polyprotein and remains functionally inactive prior to viral budding. A class of anti-HIV drugs, the non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs), can promote Gag-pol dimerization and subsequent premature intracellular activation of the viral protease. NNRTI treatment triggers CARD8 inflammasome activation, which leads to pyroptosis of HIV-infected CD4+ T cells and macrophages. Targeting the CARD8 inflammasome can be a potent and broadly effective strategy for HIV eradication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kolin M Clark
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, United States
| | - Priya Pal
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, United States
| | - Josh G Kim
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, United States
| | - Qiankun Wang
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, United States
| | - Liang Shan
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, United States; Andrew M. and Jane M. Bursky Center for Human Immunology and Immunotherapy Programs, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, United States.
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Xu Z, Deng S, Huang Y, Yang Y, Sun L, Liu H, Zhao D, Zeng W, Yin X, Zheng P, Wang Y, Liu M, Zhao W, Xiao TS, Zhou Y, Jin T. The CARD8 T60 variant associates with NLRP1 and negatively regulates its activation. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1047922. [PMID: 36426349 PMCID: PMC9679424 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1047922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The NLRP1 inflammasome functions as canonical cytosolic sensor in response to intracellular infections and is implicated in auto-inflammatory diseases. But the regulation and signal transduction mechanisms of NLRP1 are incompletely understood. Here, we show that the T60 variant of CARD8, but not the canonical T48 isoform, negatively regulates the NLRP1 inflammasome activation by directly interacting with the receptor molecule NLRP1 and inhibiting inflammasome assembly. Furthermore, our results suggest that different ASC preference in three types of inflammasomes, namely the ASC-indispensable NLRP1 inflammasome, ASC-dispensable mNLRP1b inflammasome and ASC-independent CARD8 inflammasome, is mainly caused by the CARD domain, not the UPA subdomain. Based on the systematic site-directed mutagenesis and structural analysis, we find that signal transduction of the NLRP1 inflammasome relies on multiple interaction surfaces at its CARD domain. Finally, our results partly explain how mutations in NLRP1 lead to its constitutive activation in auto-inflammatory diseases. In conclusion, our study not only reveals how CARD8 downregulates the NLRP1 inflammasome activation, but also provides insights into the assembly mechanisms of CARD-containing inflammasomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihao Xu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Core Facility Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Shasha Deng
- Laboratory of Structural Immunology, the CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Basic Medicine Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Yuluo Huang
- Laboratory of Structural Immunology, the CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Basic Medicine Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Yunru Yang
- Laboratory of Structural Immunology, the CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Basic Medicine Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Liangqi Sun
- Laboratory of Structural Immunology, the CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Basic Medicine Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Hanyuan Liu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Core Facility Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Dan Zhao
- Laboratory of Structural Immunology, the CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Basic Medicine Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Weihong Zeng
- Laboratory of Structural Immunology, the CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Basic Medicine Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Xueying Yin
- Laboratory of Structural Immunology, the CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Basic Medicine Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Peiyi Zheng
- Laboratory of Structural Immunology, the CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Basic Medicine Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Yingying Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Core Facility Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Muziying Liu
- Anhui Institute of Pediatric Research, Anhui Provincial Children’s Hospital, Hefei, China
| | - Weidong Zhao
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Core Facility Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Tsan Sam Xiao
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Ying Zhou
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Core Facility Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
- *Correspondence: Ying Zhou, ; Tengchuan Jin,
| | - Tengchuan Jin
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Core Facility Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
- Laboratory of Structural Immunology, the CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Basic Medicine Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Science, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Ying Zhou, ; Tengchuan Jin,
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Wu H, Zeng R, Qiu X, Chen K, Zhuo Z, Guo K, Xiang Y, Yang Q, Jiang R, Leung FW, Lian Q, Sha W, Chen H. Investigating regulatory patterns of NLRP3 Inflammasome features and association with immune microenvironment in Crohn's disease. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1096587. [PMID: 36685554 PMCID: PMC9849378 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1096587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Crohn's disease is characterized of dysregulated inflammatory and immune reactions. The role of the NOD-like receptor family, pyrin domain-containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome in Crohn's disease remains largely unknown. METHODS The microarray-based transcriptomic data and corresponding clinical information of GSE100833 and GSE16879 were obtained from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. Identification of in the NLRP3 inflammasome-related genes and construction of LASSO regression model. Immune landscape analysis was evaluated with ssGSEA. Classification of Crohn's-disease samples based on NLRP3 inflammasome-related genes with ConsensusClusterPlus. Functional enrichment analysis, gene set variation analysis (GSVA) and drug-gene interaction network. RESULTS The expressions of NLRP3 inflammasome-related genes were increased in diseased tissues, and higher expressions of NLRP3 inflammasome-related genes were correlated with generally enhanced immune cell infiltration, immune-related pathways and human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-gene expressions. The gene-based signature showed well performance in the diagnosis of Crohn's disease. Moreover, consensus clustering identified two Crohn's disease clusters based on NLRP3 inflammasome-related genes, and cluster 2 was with higher expressions of the genes. Cluster 2 demonstrated upregulated activities of immune environment in Crohn's disease. Furthermore, four key hub genes were identified and potential drugs were explored for the treatment of Crohn's disease. CONCLUSIONS Our findings indicate that NLRP3 inflammasome and its related genes could regulate immune cells and responses, as well as involve in the pathogenesis of Crohn's disease from transcriptomic aspects. These findings provide in silico insights into the diagnosis and treatment of Crohn's disease and might assist in the clinical decision-making process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huihuan Wu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ruijie Zeng
- Department of Gastroenterology, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- School of Medicine, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Xinqi Qiu
- Zhuguang Community Healthcare Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kequan Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zewei Zhuo
- Department of Gastroenterology, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kehang Guo
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yawen Xiang
- Edinburgh Medical School, College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Qi Yang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Rui Jiang
- School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Felix W. Leung
- David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- *Correspondence: Felix W. Leung, ; Qizhou Lian, ; Weihong Sha, ; Hao Chen,
| | - Qizhou Lian
- Department of Medicine, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- *Correspondence: Felix W. Leung, ; Qizhou Lian, ; Weihong Sha, ; Hao Chen,
| | - Weihong Sha
- Department of Gastroenterology, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Felix W. Leung, ; Qizhou Lian, ; Weihong Sha, ; Hao Chen,
| | - Hao Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Felix W. Leung, ; Qizhou Lian, ; Weihong Sha, ; Hao Chen,
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Pyrimidine Biosynthetic Enzyme CAD: Its Function, Regulation, and Diagnostic Potential. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms221910253. [PMID: 34638594 PMCID: PMC8508918 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221910253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2021] [Revised: 09/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
CAD (Carbamoyl-phosphate synthetase 2, Aspartate transcarbamoylase, and Dihydroorotase) is a multifunctional protein that participates in the initial three speed-limiting steps of pyrimidine nucleotide synthesis. Over the past two decades, extensive investigations have been conducted to unmask CAD as a central player for the synthesis of nucleic acids, active intermediates, and cell membranes. Meanwhile, the important role of CAD in various physiopathological processes has also been emphasized. Deregulation of CAD-related pathways or CAD mutations cause cancer, neurological disorders, and inherited metabolic diseases. Here, we review the structure, function, and regulation of CAD in mammalian physiology as well as human diseases, and provide insights into the potential to target CAD in future clinical applications.
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Pang H, Sun X, Luo S, Lin J, Shi X, Xiao Y, Huang G, Li X, Xie Z, Zhou Z. The polymorphism of the CARD8 inflammasome-related gene is associated with glutamic-acid-decarboxylase-antibody positivity in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2021; 9:1131. [PMID: 34430572 PMCID: PMC8350628 DOI: 10.21037/atm-21-1126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Background This study sought to examine the correlation between 2 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs; rs10403848 and rs2043211) in the caspase recruitment domain-containing protein 8 (CARD8) gene and the risks and clinical features of patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) in the Han Chinese population. Methods A case-control study involving the Han Chinese population was designed, and individuals diagnosed with classical T1DM and healthy controls were enrolled in this study. MassARRAY genotyped the SNPs of rs10403848 and rs2043211. Logistic regression and chi-square analyses were conducted to compare the allele distributions and genotypes of the T1DM and healthy control participants. A Kruskal-Wallis 1-way analysis of variance was used to perform the genotype-phenotype analysis for the T1DM patients. Results In total, 510 participants with classical T1DM and 531 sex-matched healthy control participants participated in this study. The CARD8 SNP of rs2043211 was significantly associated with the rate of glutamic-acid-decarboxylase-antibody (GADA) positivity among T1DM patients (P=0.021). However, no significant differences in the distributions of alleles or the genotypes of rs10403848 and rs2043211 were observed between the case and control groups, and these 2 SNPs were not associated with T1DM under various inheritance models. Conclusions The rs10403848 and rs2043211 polymorphisms of CARD8 were not associated with susceptibility to T1DM. However, rs2043211 was found to be correlated with GADA positivity in participants with T1DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haipeng Pang
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology (Central South University), Ministry of Education, and Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Sun
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology (Central South University), Ministry of Education, and Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Shuoming Luo
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology (Central South University), Ministry of Education, and Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jian Lin
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology (Central South University), Ministry of Education, and Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xiajie Shi
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology (Central South University), Ministry of Education, and Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yang Xiao
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology (Central South University), Ministry of Education, and Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Gan Huang
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology (Central South University), Ministry of Education, and Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xia Li
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology (Central South University), Ministry of Education, and Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhiguo Xie
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology (Central South University), Ministry of Education, and Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhiguang Zhou
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology (Central South University), Ministry of Education, and Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
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Paramel GV, Karadimou G, Eremo AG, Ljungberg LU, Hedin U, Olofsson PS, Folkersen L, Paulsson-Berne G, Sirsjö A, Fransén K. Expression of CARD8 in human atherosclerosis and its regulation of inflammatory proteins in human endothelial cells. Sci Rep 2020; 10:19108. [PMID: 33154409 PMCID: PMC7644683 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-73600-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The Caspase activation and recruitment domain 8 (CARD8) protein is a component of innate immunity and overexpression of CARD8 mRNA was previously identified in atherosclerosis. However, very little is known about the regulation of CARD8 in endothelial cells and atherosclerosis. The aim of this study was to investigate CARD8 in the regulation of cytokine and chemokine expression in endothelial cells. Sections of human atherosclerotic lesions and non-atherosclerotic arteries were immunostained for CARD8 protein. Expression of CARD8 was correlated to mediators of inflammation in atherosclerotic lesions using Biobank of Karolinska Endarterectomies microarray data. The CARD8 mRNA was knocked-down in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) in vitro, followed by quantitative RT-PCR analysis and OLINK Proteomics. Endothelial and smooth muscle cells in arterial tissue expressed CARD8 and CARD8 correlated with vWF, CD163 and the expression of inflammatory genes, such as CXCL1, CXCL6 and PDGF-A in plaque. Knock-down of CARD8 in HUVECs significantly altered proteins involved in inflammatory response, such as CXCL1, CXCL6, PDGF-A, MCP-1 and IL-6. The present study suggest that CARD8 regulate the expression of cytokines and chemokines in endothelial cells and atherosclerotic lesions, suggesting that CARD8 plays a significant role in endothelial activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geena V Paramel
- Cardiovascular Research Centre, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Örebro University, 70182, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Glykeria Karadimou
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Center for Bioelectronic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anna Göthlin Eremo
- Department of Clinical Research Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Liza U Ljungberg
- Cardiovascular Research Centre, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Örebro University, 70182, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Ulf Hedin
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Peder S Olofsson
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Center for Bioelectronic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Solna, Stockholm, Sweden.,Institute of Bioelectronic Medicine, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, USA
| | - Lasse Folkersen
- Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Sankt Hans Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Gabrielle Paulsson-Berne
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Center for Bioelectronic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Allan Sirsjö
- Cardiovascular Research Centre, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Örebro University, 70182, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Karin Fransén
- Cardiovascular Research Centre, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Örebro University, 70182, Örebro, Sweden.
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10
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The NLRP1 Inflammasome in Human Skin and Beyond. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21134788. [PMID: 32640751 PMCID: PMC7370280 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21134788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammasomes represent a group of protein complexes that contribute to host defense against pathogens and repair processes upon the induction of inflammation. However, aberrant and chronic inflammasome activation underlies the pathology of numerous common inflammatory diseases. Inflammasome assembly causes activation of the protease caspase-1 which in turn activates proinflammatory cytokines and induces a lytic type of cell death termed pyroptosis. Although NLRP1 (NACHT, leucine-rich repeat and pyrin domain containing 1) was the first inflammasome sensor, described almost 20 years ago, the molecular mechanisms underlying its activation and the resulting downstream events are incompletely understood. This is partially a consequence of the poor conservation of the NLRP1 pathway between human and mice. Moreover, recent evidence demonstrates a complex and multi-stage mechanism of NLRP1 inflammasome activation. In contrast to other inflammasome sensors, NLRP1 possesses protease activity required for proteolytic self-cleavage and activation mediated by the function-to-find domain (FIIND). CARD8 is a second FIIND protein and is expressed in humans but not in mice. In immune cells and AML (acute myeloid leukemia) cells, the anti-cancer drug talabostat induces CARD8 activation and causes caspase-1-dependent pyroptosis. In contrast, in human keratinocytes talabostat induces NLRP1 activation and massive proinflammatory cytokine activation. NLRP1 is regarded as the principal inflammasome sensor in human keratinocytes and UVB radiation induces its activation, which is believed to underlie the induction of sunburn. Moreover, gain-of-function mutations of NLRP1 cause inflammatory skin syndromes and a predisposition for the development of skin cancer. SNPs (single nucleotide polymorphisms) of NLRP1 are associated with several (auto)inflammatory diseases with a major skin phenotype, such as psoriasis or vitiligo. Here, we summarize knowledge about NLRP1 with emphasis on its role in human keratinocytes and skin. Due to its accessibility, pharmacological targeting of NLRP1 activation in epidermal keratinocytes represents a promising strategy for the treatment of the numerous patients suffering from NLRP1-dependent inflammatory skin conditions and cancer.
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11
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Sharma N, Saxena S, Agrawal I, Singh S, Srinivasan V, Arvind S, Epari S, Paul S, Jha S. Differential Expression Profile of NLRs and AIM2 in Glioma and Implications for NLRP12 in Glioblastoma. Sci Rep 2019; 9:8480. [PMID: 31186453 PMCID: PMC6559951 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-44854-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Gliomas are the most prevalent primary brain tumors with immense clinical heterogeneity, poor prognosis and survival. The nucleotide-binding domain, and leucine-rich repeat containing receptors (NLRs) and absent-in-melanoma 2 (AIM2) are innate immune receptors crucial for initiation and progression of several cancers. There is a dearth of reports linking NLRs and AIM2 to glioma pathology. NLRs are expressed by cells of innate immunity, including monocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells, endothelial cells, and neutrophils, as well as cells of the adaptive immune system. NLRs are critical regulators of major inflammation, cell death, immune and cancer-associated pathways. We used a data-driven approach to identify NLRs, AIM2 and NLR-associated gene expression and methylation patterns in low grade glioma and glioblastoma, using The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) patient datasets. Since TCGA data is obtained from tumor tissue, comprising of multiple cell populations including glioma cells, endothelial cells and tumor-associated microglia/macrophages we have used multiple cell lines and human brain tissues to identify cell-specific effects. TCGA data mining showed significant differential NLR regulation and strong correlation with survival in different grades of glioma. We report differential expression and methylation of NLRs in glioma, followed by NLRP12 identification as a candidate prognostic marker for glioma progression. We found that Nlrp12 deficient microglia show increased colony formation while Nlrp12 deficient glioma cells show decreased cellular proliferation. Immunohistochemistry of human glioma tissue shows increased NLRP12 expression. Interestingly, microglia show reduced migration towards Nlrp12 deficient glioma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nidhi Sharma
- Department of Bioscience and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur, Jodhpur, India
| | - Shivanjali Saxena
- Department of Bioscience and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur, Jodhpur, India
| | - Ishan Agrawal
- Department of Bioscience and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur, Jodhpur, India
| | - Shalini Singh
- Department of Bioscience and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur, Jodhpur, India
| | - Varsha Srinivasan
- Department of Bioscience and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur, Jodhpur, India
| | - S Arvind
- Department of Bioscience and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur, Jodhpur, India
| | - Sridhar Epari
- Department of Pathology, Tata Memorial Hospital, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Sushmita Paul
- Department of Bioscience and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur, Jodhpur, India
| | - Sushmita Jha
- Department of Bioscience and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur, Jodhpur, India.
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12
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Polymorphisms and expression of inflammasome genes are associated with the development and severity of rheumatoid arthritis in Brazilian patients. Inflamm Res 2017; 67:255-264. [PMID: 29230505 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-017-1119-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2017] [Revised: 10/22/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In the present study, we analyzed the possible association of inflammasome gene variants and expression to rheumatoid arthritis (RA)'s development and severity in the Brazilian population. MATERIALS AND METHODS Thirteen single nucleotide polymorphisms within six inflammasome genes (NLRP1, NLRP3, NLRC4, AIM2, CARD8, CASP1) as well as IL1B and IL18 genes in two different Brazilian populations (from Northeast and Southeast Brazil) were analyzed. We also evaluated inflammasome gene expression profile in resting and LPS + ATP-treated monocytes from RA patients and healthy individuals. For genetic association study, 218 patients and 307 healthy controls were genotyped. For gene expression study, inflammasome genes mRNA levels of 12 patients and ten healthy individuals were assessed by qPCR. RESULTS Our results showed that rs10754558 NLRP3 and rs2043211 CARD8 polymorphisms are associated with RA development (p value = 0.044, OR = 1.77, statistical power = 0.999) and severity measured by Health Assessment Questionnaire (HAQ) (p value = 0.03), respectively. Gene expression analyses showed that RA patients display activation of CASP1, IL1B and IL1R genes independently of LPS + ATP activation. In LPS + ATP-treated monocytes, NLRP3 and NLRC4 expressions were also significantly higher in patients compared with controls. CONCLUSIONS The first reported results in Brazilian populations support the role of inflammasome in the development of RA.
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13
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NOD1 and NOD2: Molecular targets in prevention and treatment of infectious diseases. Int Immunopharmacol 2017; 54:385-400. [PMID: 29207344 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2017.11.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2017] [Revised: 11/23/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD) 1 and NOD2 are pattern-recognition receptors responsible for sensing fragments of bacterial peptidoglycan known as muropeptides. Stimulation of innate immunity by systemic or local administration of NOD1 and NOD2 agonists is an attractive means to prevent and treat infectious diseases. In this review, we discuss novel data concerning structural features of selective and non-selective (dual) NOD1 and NOD2 agonists, main signaling pathways and biological effects induced by NOD1 and NOD2 stimulation, including induction of pro-inflammatory cytokines, type I interferons and antimicrobial peptides, induction of autophagy, alterations of metabolism. We also discuss interactions between NOD1/NOD2 and Toll-like receptor agonists in terms of synergy and cross-tolerance. Finally, we review available animal data on the role of NOD1 and NOD2 in protection against infections, and discuss how these data could be applied in human infectious diseases.
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14
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de Bruyn M, Vermeire S. NOD2 and bacterial recognition as therapeutic targets for Crohn’s disease. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2017; 21:1123-1139. [DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2017.1397627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Magali de Bruyn
- Translational Research in GastroIntestinal Disorders, Department of Chronic Diseases, Metabolism and Ageing (CHROMETA), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Séverine Vermeire
- Translational Research in GastroIntestinal Disorders, Department of Chronic Diseases, Metabolism and Ageing (CHROMETA), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- University Hospitals Leuven, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Leuven, Belgium
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15
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Feerick CL, McKernan DP. Understanding the regulation of pattern recognition receptors in inflammatory diseases - a 'Nod' in the right direction. Immunology 2016; 150:237-247. [PMID: 27706808 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2016] [Revised: 09/15/2016] [Accepted: 09/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD) -like receptors (NLRs) are a family of 23 receptors known as pattern recognition receptors; they are expressed in many cell types and play a key role in the innate immune response. The NLRs are activated by pathogen-associated molecular patterns, which include structurally conserved molecules present on the surfaces of bacteria. The activation of these NLRs by pathogens results in the downstream activation of signalling kinases and transcription factors, culminating in the transcription of genes coding for pro-inflammatory factors. Expression of NLR is altered in many cellular, physiological and disease states. There is a lack of understanding of the mechanisms by which NLR expression is regulated, particularly in chronic inflammatory states. Genetic polymorphisms and protein interactions are included in such mechanisms. This review seeks to examine the current knowledge regarding the regulation of this family of receptors and their signalling pathways as well as how their expression changes in disease states with particular focus on NOD1 and NOD2 in inflammatory bowel diseases among others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire L Feerick
- Pharmacology & Therapeutics, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - Declan P McKernan
- Pharmacology & Therapeutics, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
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16
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Sharma N, Jha S. NLR-regulated pathways in cancer: opportunities and obstacles for therapeutic interventions. Cell Mol Life Sci 2016; 73:1741-64. [PMID: 26708292 PMCID: PMC11108278 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-015-2123-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2015] [Revised: 12/09/2015] [Accepted: 12/15/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
NLRs (nucleotide-binding domain, leucine-rich repeat containing receptors) are pattern recognition receptors associated with immunity and inflammation in response to endogenous and exogenous pathogen and damage associated molecular patterns (PAMPs and DAMPs respectively). Dysregulated NLR function is associated with several diseases including cancers, metabolic diseases, autoimmune disorders and autoinflammatory syndromes. In the last decade, distinct cell and organ specific roles for NLRs have been identified however; their roles in cancer initiation, development and progression remain controversial. This review summarizes the emerging role of NLRs in cancer and their possible future as targets for cancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nidhi Sharma
- Department of Biology, Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur, Old Residency Road, Ratanada, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, 342011, India
| | - Sushmita Jha
- Department of Biology, Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur, Old Residency Road, Ratanada, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, 342011, India.
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17
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Matusiak M, Van Opdenbosch N, Lamkanfi M. CARD- and pyrin-only proteins regulating inflammasome activation and immunity. Immunol Rev 2016; 265:217-30. [PMID: 25879296 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Membrane-bound and intracellular immune receptors respond to microbial pathogens by initiating signaling cascades that result in production of inflammatory cytokines and antimicrobial factors. These host responses need to be tightly regulated to prevent tissue damage and other harmful consequences of excessive inflammation. CARD-only proteins (COPs) and Pyrin-only proteins (POPs) are human- and primate-specific dominant negative inhibitors that modulate inflammatory and innate immune responses. In addition, several poxviruses encode POPs that interfere with inflammatory and host defense responses. COPs and POPs modulate inflammatory signaling at several checkpoints by sequestering key components of the inflammasome and NF-κB signaling cascades, thus hampering downstream signal transduction. Here, we review and discuss current understanding of the evolutionary history and molecular mechanisms by which roles of host- and virus-encoded COPs and POPs may regulate inflammatory and immune responses. In addition, we address their (patho)physiological roles and highlight topics for further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Matusiak
- Department of Medical Protein Research, VIB, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Biochemistry, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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18
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Boyle JP, Parkhouse R, Monie TP. Insights into the molecular basis of the NOD2 signalling pathway. Open Biol 2015; 4:rsob.140178. [PMID: 25520185 PMCID: PMC4281710 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.140178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The cytosolic pattern recognition receptor NOD2 is activated by the peptidoglycan fragment muramyl dipeptide to generate a proinflammatory immune response. Downstream effects include the secretion of cytokines such as interleukin 8, the upregulation of pro-interleukin 1β, the induction of autophagy, the production of antimicrobial peptides and defensins, and contributions to the maintenance of the composition of the intestinal microbiota. Polymorphisms in NOD2 are the cause of the inflammatory disorder Blau syndrome and act as susceptibility factors for the inflammatory bowel condition Crohn's disease. The complexity of NOD2 signalling is highlighted by the observation that over 30 cellular proteins interact with NOD2 directly and influence or regulate its functional activity. Previously, the majority of reviews on NOD2 function have focused upon the role of NOD2 in inflammatory disease or in its interaction with and response to microbes. However, the functionality of NOD2 is underpinned by its biochemical interactions. Consequently, in this review, we have taken the opportunity to address the more ‘basic’ elements of NOD2 signalling. In particular, we have focused upon the core interactions of NOD2 with protein factors that influence and modulate the signal transduction pathways involved in NOD2 signalling. Further, where information exists, such as in relation to the role of RIP2, we have drawn comparison with the closely related, but functionally discrete, pattern recognition receptor NOD1. Overall, we provide a comprehensive resource targeted at understanding the complexities of NOD2 signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph P Boyle
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Tom P Monie
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK MRC Human Nutrition Research, Elsie Widdowson Laboratory, 120 Fulbourn Road, Cambridge, UK
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19
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Zhang XJ, Zhang P, Li H. Interferon regulatory factor signalings in cardiometabolic diseases. Hypertension 2015; 66:222-47. [PMID: 26077571 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.115.04898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2015] [Accepted: 05/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Jing Zhang
- From the Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital (X.-J.Z., P.Z., H.L.) and Cardiovascular Research Institute (X.-J.Z., P.Z., H.L.), Wuhan University, Wuhan, China; and State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, PR China (X.-J.Z.)
| | - Peng Zhang
- From the Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital (X.-J.Z., P.Z., H.L.) and Cardiovascular Research Institute (X.-J.Z., P.Z., H.L.), Wuhan University, Wuhan, China; and State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, PR China (X.-J.Z.)
| | - Hongliang Li
- From the Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital (X.-J.Z., P.Z., H.L.) and Cardiovascular Research Institute (X.-J.Z., P.Z., H.L.), Wuhan University, Wuhan, China; and State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, PR China (X.-J.Z.).
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20
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Role of genetic alterations in the NLRP3 and CARD8 genes in health and disease. Mediators Inflamm 2015; 2015:846782. [PMID: 25788762 PMCID: PMC4348606 DOI: 10.1155/2015/846782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2014] [Accepted: 01/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The complexity of a common inflammatory disease is influenced by multiple genetic and environmental factors contributing to the susceptibility of disease. Studies have reported that these exogenous and endogenous components may perturb the balance of innate immune response by activating the NLRP3 inflammasome. The multimeric NLRP3 complex results in the caspase-1 activation and the release of potent inflammatory cytokines, like IL-1β. Several studies have been performed on the association of the genetic alterations in genes encoding NLRP3 and CARD8 with the complex diseases with inflammatory background, like inflammatory bowel disease, cardiovascular diseases, rheumatoid arthritis, and type 1 diabetes. The aim of the present review is therefore to summarize the literature regarding genetic alterations in these genes and their association with health and disease.
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21
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Liu J, Liu YY, Liu J, Li BZ, Cen H, Xu WD, Leng RX, Pan HF, Ye DQ. Association between CARD8 rs2043211 polymorphism and inflammatory bowel disease: a meta-analysis. Immunol Invest 2015; 44:253-64. [PMID: 25564880 DOI: 10.3109/08820139.2014.988721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to determine whether caspase recruitment domain-containing protein 8 (CARD8) rs2043211 polymorphism was associated with susceptibility to inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). METHODS Relevant studies were searched using PubMed and Embase up to February 2014. A meta-analysis was conducted on the association between rs2043211 polymorphism and IBD using: (1) allele contrast, (2) the dominant model, (3) the recessive model, and (4) homozygote contrast. The pooled estimated of risk was obtained by random-effects model or fixed-effects model. Publication bias was assessed by Egger's test. RESULTS Eight relevant articles with a total of 10 534 IBD patients [6785 Crohn's disease (CD), 3713 ulcerative colitis (UC) and 36 indeterminate colitis (IC)] and 6755 healthy controls were included in the meta-analysis, which consisted of 12 studies, 12 for CD, 10 for UC, 2 for IC. There was no significant association between rs2043211 polymorphism and IBD, CD, and IC in overall population. However, stratified meta-analysis by ethnicity showed significant association between rs2043211 polymorphism and CD in the European population under the dominant model [odds ratio (OR) = 1.210, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.013-1.445, p = 0.036] and homozygote contrast (OR = 1.212, 95% CI = 1.005-1.461, p = 0.044). CONCLUSIONS Our meta-analysis results indicated significant association between rs2043211 polymorphism and the susceptibility to CD under the dominant model and homozygote contrast in the European population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Liu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University , Hefei, Anhui , PR China and
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22
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Jakopin Ž. Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD) inhibitors: a rational approach toward inhibition of NOD signaling pathway. J Med Chem 2014; 57:6897-918. [PMID: 24707857 DOI: 10.1021/jm401841p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Dysregulation of nucleotide-binding oligomerization domains 1 and 2 (NOD1 and NOD2) has been implicated in the pathology of various inflammatory disorders, rendering them and their downstream signaling proteins potential therapeutic targets. Selective inhibition of NOD1 and NOD2 signaling could be advantageous in treating many acute and chronic diseases; therefore, harnessing the full potential of NOD inhibitors is a key topic in medicinal chemistry. Although they are among the best studied NOD-like receptors (NLRs), the therapeutic potential of pharmacological modulation of NOD1 and NOD2 is largely unexplored. This review is focused on the scientific progress in the field of NOD inhibitors over the past decade, including the recently reported selective inhibitors of NOD1 and NOD2. In addition, the potential approaches to inhibition of NOD signaling as well as the advantages and disadvantages linked with inhibition of NOD signaling are discussed. Finally, the potential directions for drug discovery are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Žiga Jakopin
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana , Aškerčeva 7, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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23
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Campolo J, Vozzi F, Penco S, Cozzi L, Caruso R, Domenici C, Ahluwalia A, Rial M, Marraccini P, Parodi O. Vascular injury post stent implantation: different gene expression modulation in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) model. PLoS One 2014; 9:e90213. [PMID: 24587287 PMCID: PMC3935971 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0090213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2013] [Accepted: 01/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
To explore whether stent procedure may influence transcriptional response of endothelium, we applied different physical (flow changes) and/or mechanical (stent application) stimuli to human endothelial cells in a laminar flow bioreactor (LFB) system. Gene expression analysis was then evaluated in each experimental condition. Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were submitted to low and physiological (1 and 10 dyne/cm(2)) shear stress in absence (AS) or presence (PS) of stent positioning in a LFB system for 24 h. Different expressed genes, coming from Affymetrix results, were identified based on one-way ANOVA analysis with p values <0.01 and a fold changed >3 in modulus. Low shear stress was compared with physiological one in AS and PS conditions. Two major groups include 32 probes commonly expressed in both 1AS versus 10AS and 1PS versus 10PS comparison, and 115 probes consisting of 83 in addition to the previous 32, expressed only in 1PS versus 10PS comparison. Genes related to cytoskeleton, extracellular matrix, and cholesterol transport/metabolism are differently regulated in 1PS versus 10PS condition. Inflammatory and apoptotic mediators seems to be, instead, closely modulated by changes in flow (1 versus 10), independently of stent application. Low shear stress together with stent procedure are the experimental conditions that mainly modulate the highest number of genes in our human endothelial model. Those genes belong to pathways specifically involved in the endothelial dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonica Campolo
- CNR Institute of Clinical Physiology, Milan and Pisa, Italy
- * E-mail:
| | - Federico Vozzi
- CNR Institute of Clinical Physiology, Milan and Pisa, Italy
| | - Silvana Penco
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical Genetics, Niguarda Ca' Granda Hospital Milan, Italy
| | - Lorena Cozzi
- CNR Institute of Clinical Physiology, Milan and Pisa, Italy
| | | | | | - Arti Ahluwalia
- Interdepartmental Research Centre “E. Piaggio”, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Michela Rial
- CNR Institute of Clinical Physiology, Milan and Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Oberdan Parodi
- CNR Institute of Clinical Physiology, Milan and Pisa, Italy
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Ito S, Hara Y, Kubota T. CARD8 is a negative regulator for NLRP3 inflammasome, but mutant NLRP3 in cryopyrin-associated periodic syndromes escapes the restriction. Arthritis Res Ther 2014; 16:R52. [PMID: 24517500 PMCID: PMC4060228 DOI: 10.1186/ar4483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2013] [Accepted: 02/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction NLRP3 plays a role in sensing various pathogen components or stresses in the innate immune system. Once activated, NLRP3 associates with apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a caspase recruitment domain (ASC) and procaspase-1 to form a large protein complex termed inflammasome. Although some investigators have proposed a model of NLRP3-inflammasome containing an adaptor protein caspase recruitment domain-containing protein 8 (CARD8), the role of this molecule remains obscure. This study aimed to clarify the interaction between CARD8 and wild-type NLRP3 as well as mutant forms of NLRP3 linked with cryopyrin-associated periodic syndromes (CAPS). Methods In here HEK293 expression system, cells were transfected with the cDNAs for inflammasome components. Also used were peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and human monocyte-derived macrophages (HMDMs) from healthy volunteers. The interaction of CARD8 and NLRP3 was studied by immunoprecipitation. The effect of CARD8 expression on IL-1β secretion was assessed by ELISA. CARD8 knockdown experiments were carried out by transfection of the specific siRNA into HMDMs. Results In HEK293 cells, CARD8 interacted with wild-type NLRP3, but not with CAPS-associated mutant NLRP3. CARD8 significantly reduced IL-1β secretion from cells transfected with wild-type NLRP3, but not if they were transfected with mutant NLRP3. In addition, association of endogenously expressed CARD8 with NLRP3 was confirmed in resting PBMCs, and CARD8 knockdown resulted in higher amount of IL-1β secretion from HMDMs. Conclusions Until specific stimuli activate NLRP3, CARD8 holds NLRP3, and is supposed to prevent activation by subtle stimuli. However, CAPS-associated mutant NLRP3 is unable to bind with CARD8, which might be relevant to the pathogenesis of CAPS.
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CARD8 gene encoding a protein of innate immunity is expressed in human atherosclerosis and associated with markers of inflammation. Clin Sci (Lond) 2013; 125:401-7. [PMID: 23611467 DOI: 10.1042/cs20120572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation is a key factor in the development of atherosclerotic coronary artery disease. It is promoted through the inflammasome, a molecular machine that produces IL (interleukin)-1β in response to cholesterol crystal accumulation in macrophages. The CARD8 (caspase recruitment domain 8) protein modulates this process by suppressing caspase 1 and the transcription factor NF-κB (nuclear factor κB). The expression of CARD8 mRNA was examined in atherosclerotic vascular tissue and the impact on MI (myocardial infarction) of a polymorphism in the CARD8 gene determined. CARD8 mRNA was analysed by microarray of human atherosclerotic tissue and compared with transplant donor arterial tissue. Microarray analysis was performed for proximal genes associated with the rs2043211 locus in plaque. The CARD8 rs2043211 polymorphism was analysed by genotyping of two Swedish MI cohorts, FIA (First Myocardial Infarction in Northern Sweden) and SCARF (Stockholm Coronary Atherosclerosis Risk Factor). The CRP (C-reactive protein) level was measured in both cohorts, but the levels of the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β, IL-18, TNF (tumour necrosis factor) and MCP-1 (monocyte chemoattractant protein) were measured in sera available from the SCARF cohort. CARD8 mRNA was highly expressed in atherosclerotic plaques compared with the expression in transplant donor vessel (P<0.00001). The minor allele was associated with lower expression of CARD8 in the plaques, suggesting that CARD8 may promote inflammation. Carriers of the minor allele of the rs2043211 polymorphism also displayed lower circulating CRP and lower levels of the pro-atherosclerotic chemokine MCP-1. However, no significant association could be detected between this polymorphism and MI in the two cohorts. Genetic alterations in the CARD8 gene therefore seem to be of limited importance for the development of MI.
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Genetic and functional profiling of Crohn's disease: autophagy mechanism and susceptibility to infectious diseases. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 2013:297501. [PMID: 23738324 PMCID: PMC3662122 DOI: 10.1155/2013/297501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2013] [Accepted: 03/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Crohn's disease is a complex disease in which genome, microbiome, and environment interact to produce the immunological background of the disease. Disease in childhood is more extensive and characterized by a rapid progression, leading to severe repercussions in the course of the disorder. Several genetic variations have been associated with an increased risk of developing the disease and most of these are also implicated in other autoimmune disorders. The gut has many tiers of defense against incursion by luminal microbes, including the epithelial barrier and the innate and adaptive immune responses. Moreover, recent evidence shows that bacterial and viral infections, as well as inflammasome genes and genes involved in the autophagy process, are implicated in Crohn's disease pathogenesis. The aim of this review is to establish how much the diagnostic system can improve, thus increasing the success of Crohn's disease diagnosis. The major expectation for the near future is to be able to anticipate the possible consequences of the disease already in childhood, thus preventing associated complications, and to choose the best treatment for each patient.
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Jin T, Huang M, Smith P, Jiang J, Xiao TS. The structure of the CARD8 caspase-recruitment domain suggests its association with the FIIND domain and procaspases through adjacent surfaces. Acta Crystallogr Sect F Struct Biol Cryst Commun 2013; 69:482-7. [PMID: 23695559 PMCID: PMC3660883 DOI: 10.1107/s1744309113010075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2013] [Accepted: 04/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
CARD8 plays crucial roles in regulating apoptotic and inflammatory signaling pathways through the association of its caspase-recruitment domain (CARD) with those of procaspase-9 and procaspase-1. The CARD8 CARD has also been predicted to form an intramolecular complex with its FIIND domain. Here, the first crystal structure of the CARD8 CARD is reported; it adopts a six-helix bundle fold with a unique conformation of the α6 helix that is described here for the first time. The surface of the CARD8 CARD displays a prominent acidic patch at its α2, α3 and α5 helices that may interact with the procaspase-9 CARD, whereas an adjacent charged surface at its α3 and α4 helices may associate with the CARD8 FIIND domain without interfering with the CARD-CARD interaction. This suggests that the function of CARD8 may be regulated by both intramolecular and intermolecular interactions involving electrostatic attractions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tengchuan Jin
- Structural Immunobiology Unit, Laboratory of Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 4 Memorial Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892-0430, USA
| | - Mo Huang
- Structural Immunobiology Unit, Laboratory of Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 4 Memorial Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892-0430, USA
| | - Patrick Smith
- Structural Immunobiology Unit, Laboratory of Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 4 Memorial Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892-0430, USA
| | - Jiansheng Jiang
- Structural Immunobiology Unit, Laboratory of Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 4 Memorial Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892-0430, USA
| | - T. Sam Xiao
- Structural Immunobiology Unit, Laboratory of Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 4 Memorial Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892-0430, USA
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Vasseur F, Sendid B, Broly F, Gower-Rousseau C, Sarazin A, Standaert-Vitse A, Colombel JF, Poulain D, Jouault T. The CARD8 p.C10X mutation associates with a low anti-glycans antibody response in patients with Crohn's disease. BMC MEDICAL GENETICS 2013; 14:35. [PMID: 23506543 PMCID: PMC3608972 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2350-14-35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2012] [Accepted: 03/13/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Crohn's disease (CD) is associated with elevated anti-glycans antibody response in 60% of CD patients, and 25% of healthy first-degree relatives (HFDRs), suggesting a genetic influence for this humoral response. In mice, anti-glucan antibody response depends on the NLRP3 inflammasome. Here, we explored the effect of mutated CARD8, a component of the inflammasome, on anti-glycans antibody response in human. METHODS The association between p.C10X mutation (rs2043211) of the CARD8 gene and the levels of anti-glycans antibody response was examined in 39 CD families. The family-based QTDT association test was used to test for the genetic association between CARD8 p.C10X mutation and anti-glycan antibodies in the pedigrees. The difference in antibody responses determined by ELISA was tested in a subgroup of CD probands (one per family) and in a subgroup of HFDRs using the Wilcoxon Kruskal Wallis non-parametric test. RESULTS The QTDT familial transmission tests showed that the p.C10X mutation of CARD8 was significantly associated with lower levels of antibody to mannans and glucans but not chitin (p=0.024, p=0.0028 and p=0.577, for ASCA, ALCA and ACCA, respectively). These associations were independent of NOD2 and NOD1 genetic backgrounds. The p.C10X mutation significantly associated or displayed a trend toward lower ASCA and ALCA levels (p=0.038 and p=0.08, respectively) only in the subgroup of CD probands. Such associations were not significant for ACCA levels in both subgroups of CD probands and of HFDRs. CONCLUSION Our results show that ASCA and ALCA but not ACCA levels are under the influence of CARD8 genotype. Alteration of CARD8, a component of inflammasome, is associated with lower levels of antibodies directed to mannans and glucans at least in CD patients.
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Park S, Ha SD, Coleman M, Meshkibaf S, Kim SO. p62/SQSTM1 enhances NOD2-mediated signaling and cytokine production through stabilizing NOD2 oligomerization. PLoS One 2013; 8:e57138. [PMID: 23437331 PMCID: PMC3577775 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0057138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2012] [Accepted: 01/18/2013] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
NOD2 is a cytosolic pattern-recognition receptor that senses muramyl dipeptide of peptidoglycan that constitutes the bacterial cell wall, and plays an important role in maintaining immunological homeostasis in the intestine. To date, multiple molecules have shown to be involved in regulating NOD2 signaling cascades. p62 (sequestosome-1; SQSTM1) is a multifaceted scaffolding protein involved in trafficking molecules to autophagy, and regulating signal cascades activated by Toll-like receptors, inflammasomes and several cytokine receptors. Here, we show that p62 positively regulates NOD2-induced NF-κB activation and p38 MAPK, and subsequent production of cytokines IL-1β and TNF-α. p62 associated with the nucleotide binding domain of NOD2 through a bi-directional interaction mediated by either TRAF6-binding or ubiquitin-associated domains. NOD2 formed a large complex with p62 in an electron-dense area of the cytoplasm, which increased its signaling cascade likely through preventing its degradation. This study for the first time demonstrates a novel role of p62 in enhancing NOD2 signaling effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangwook Park
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Centre for Human Immunology, Siebens-Drake Research Institute, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
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Mo J, Boyle JP, Howard CB, Monie TP, Davis BK, Duncan JA. Pathogen sensing by nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-containing protein 2 (NOD2) is mediated by direct binding to muramyl dipeptide and ATP. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:23057-67. [PMID: 22549783 PMCID: PMC3391102 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.344283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2012] [Revised: 04/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Nucleotide binding and oligomerization domain-containing protein 2 (NOD2/Card15) is an intracellular protein that is involved in the recognition of bacterial cell wall-derived muramyl dipeptide. Mutations in the gene encoding NOD2 are associated with inherited inflammatory disorders, including Crohn disease and Blau syndrome. NOD2 is a member of the nucleotide-binding domain and leucine-rich repeat-containing protein gene (NLR) family. Nucleotide binding is thought to play a critical role in signaling by NLR family members. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying signal transduction by these proteins remain largely unknown. Mutations in the nucleotide-binding domain of NOD2 have been shown to alter its signal transduction properties in response to muramyl dipeptide in cellular assays. Using purified recombinant protein, we now demonstrate that NOD2 binds and hydrolyzes ATP. Additionally, we have found that the purified recombinant protein is able to bind directly to muramyl dipeptide and can associate with known NOD2-interacting proteins in vitro. Binding of NOD2 to muramyl dipeptide and homo-oligomerization of NOD2 are enhanced by ATP binding, suggesting a model of the molecular mechanism for signal transduction that involves binding of nucleotide followed by binding of muramyl dipeptide and oligomerization of NOD2 into a signaling complex. These findings set the stage for further studies into the molecular mechanisms that underlie detection of muramyl dipeptide and assembly of NOD2-containing signaling complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinyao Mo
- From the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7030
| | - Joseph P. Boyle
- the Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | - Tom P. Monie
- the Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Beckley K. Davis
- the Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7295, and
| | - Joseph A. Duncan
- From the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7030
- the Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7295, and
- the Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7365
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Richmond AL, Kabi A, Homer CR, García NM, Nickerson KP, NesvizhskiI AI, Sreekumar A, Chinnaiyan AM, Nuñez G, McDonald C. The nucleotide synthesis enzyme CAD inhibits NOD2 antibacterial function in human intestinal epithelial cells. Gastroenterology 2012; 142:1483-92.e6. [PMID: 22387394 PMCID: PMC3565430 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2012.02.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2011] [Revised: 02/15/2012] [Accepted: 02/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Polymorphisms that reduce the function of nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD)2, a bacterial sensor, have been associated with Crohn's disease (CD). No proteins that regulate NOD2 activity have been identified as selective pharmacologic targets. We sought to discover regulators of NOD2 that might be pharmacologic targets for CD therapies. METHODS Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase/aspartate transcarbamylase/dihydroorotase (CAD) is an enzyme required for de novo pyrimidine nucleotide synthesis; it was identified as a NOD2-interacting protein by immunoprecipitation-coupled mass spectrometry. CAD expression was assessed in colon tissues from individuals with and without inflammatory bowel disease by immunohistochemistry. The interaction between CAD and NOD2 was assessed in human HCT116 intestinal epithelial cells by immunoprecipitation, immunoblot, reporter gene, and gentamicin protection assays. We also analyzed human cell lines that express variants of NOD2 and the effects of RNA interference, overexpression and CAD inhibitors. RESULTS CAD was identified as a NOD2-interacting protein expressed at increased levels in the intestinal epithelium of patients with CD compared with controls. Overexpression of CAD inhibited NOD2-dependent activation of nuclear factor κB and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase, as well as intracellular killing of Salmonella. Reduction of CAD expression or administration of CAD inhibitors increased NOD2-dependent signaling and antibacterial functions of NOD2 variants that are and are not associated with CD. CONCLUSIONS The nucleotide synthesis enzyme CAD is a negative regulator of NOD2. The antibacterial function of NOD2 variants that have been associated with CD increased in response to pharmacologic inhibition of CAD. CAD is a potential therapeutic target for CD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy L. Richmond
- Department of Pathobiology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Amrita Kabi
- Department of Pathobiology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Craig R. Homer
- Department of Pathobiology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | | | - Kourtney P. Nickerson
- Department of Pathobiology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio,Department of Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | | | - Arun Sreekumar
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Alkek Center for Molecular Discovery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Arul M. Chinnaiyan
- Department of Pathology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan,Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Gabriel Nuñez
- Department of Pathology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Christine McDonald
- Department of Pathobiology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio,Department of Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
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Man SM, Kaakoush NO, Mitchell HM. The role of bacteria and pattern-recognition receptors in Crohn's disease. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2011; 8:152-68. [PMID: 21304476 DOI: 10.1038/nrgastro.2011.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Crohn's disease is widely regarded as a multifactorial disease, and evidence from human and animal studies suggests that bacteria have an instrumental role in its pathogenesis. Comparison of the intestinal microbiota of patients with Crohn's disease to that of healthy controls has revealed compositional changes. In most studies these changes are characterized by an increase in the abundance of Bacteroidetes and Proteobacteria and a decrease in that of Firmicutes. In addition, a number of specific mucosa-associated bacteria have been postulated to have a role in Crohn's disease, including Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis, adherent and invasive Escherichia coli, Campylobacter and Helicobacter species. The association between mutations in pattern-recognition receptors (Toll-like receptors and Nod-like receptors) and autophagy proteins and Crohn's disease provides further evidence to suggest that defective sensing and killing of bacteria may drive the onset of disease. In this Review, we present recent advances in understanding the role of bacteria and the contribution of pattern-recognition receptors and autophagy in the pathogenesis of Crohn's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si Ming Man
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0ES, UK
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Abstract
Caspase recruitment domain (CARD)-containing protein 8 (CARD8) is a potential candidate risk gene for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) because of its role as a component of the NALP3 inflammasome and as an inhibitor of nuclear factor-kappa B. Previous studies examining the association of a CARD8 single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) (rs2043211, p.Cys10X) with IBD yielded mixed results in Caucasians that may result from interaction with NALP3 or NOD2 (nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain 2) variants. To understand the genetic association between CARD8/NALP3 and IBD in Koreans, we investigated seven CARD8, four NALP3 and four NOD2 SNPs in 650 Crohn's disease (CD), 660 ulcerative colitis (UC) patients and 688 controls from the Korean population. rs2043211 of CARD8 showed significant association with UC (P = 0.011; odds ratio = 1.50, 95% confidence intervals = 1.12-2.00, P = 0.006 under recessive model). In contrast, an SNP in intron 1, rs1972619, was associated with CD only (P = 0.033). None of the NALP3 or NOD2 SNPs was significantly associated with CD or UC in the Korean populations. The stop allele of rs2043211 was associated with higher serum interleukin-1β levels only in female patients with UC (P = 0.027). Our data suggest that CARD8 variants might have roles in the pathogenesis of CD and UC in Koreans.
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Billmann-Born S, Lipinski S, Böck J, Till A, Rosenstiel P, Schreiber S. The complex interplay of NOD-like receptors and the autophagy machinery in the pathophysiology of Crohn disease. Eur J Cell Biol 2010; 90:593-602. [PMID: 21146253 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2010.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2010] [Revised: 10/20/2010] [Accepted: 10/22/2010] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Several coding variants of NOD2 and ATG16L1 are associated with increased risk of Crohn disease (CD). NOD2, a cytosolic receptor of the innate immune system activates pro-inflammatory signalling cascades upon recognition of bacterial muramyl dipeptide, but seems also to be involved in antiviral and anti-parasitic defence programs. The CD associated variant L1007fsinsC leads to impaired pro-inflammatory signalling and diminished bacterial clearance. ATG16L1 is a protein essential for autophagosome formation at the phagophore assembly site. The CD associated T300A variant is located in the c-terminal WD40 domain, whose function is still unknown. Basal autophagy is not affected by the T300A variant, but antibacterial autophagy (xenophagy) is impaired, a finding that relates ATG16L1 as well as NOD2 to pathogen defence. Notably, combination of disease-associated alleles of ATG16L1 and NOD2/CARD15 leads to synergistically increased susceptibility for CD, indicating a possible crosstalk between NOD2- and ATG16L1-mediated processes in the pathogenesis of CD. This review surveys current research results and discusses the functional models of potential interplay between NLR-pathways and xenophagy. Interaction between pathways is discussed in the context of reactive oxygen species (ROS), membrane co-localisation, antigen processing and implications of disturbed Paneth cell vesicle export. These effects on pathogen response might imbalance the intestinal barrier epithelia towards chronic inflammation and promote development of Crohn disease. Further elucidation of NOD2/ATG16L1 interplay in xenophagy is relevant for understanding the aetiology of chronic intestinal inflammation and host-microbe interaction in general and could lead to principal new insights to xenophagy induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Billmann-Born
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian-Albrechts-University, Kiel, Germany
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