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Brandes F, Keiler AM, Kirchner B, Borrmann M, Billaud JN, Reithmair M, Klein M, Campolongo P, Thieme D, Pfaffl MW, Schelling G, Meidert AS. Extracellular Vesicles and Endocannabinoid Signaling in Patients with COVID-19. Cannabis Cannabinoid Res 2023. [PMID: 37713293 DOI: 10.1089/can.2023.0040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Endocannabinoids in COVID-19 have immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory properties but the functional role and the regulation of endocannabinoid signaling in this pandemic disorder is controversial. To exercise their biologic function, endocannabinoids need to travel across the intercellular space and within the blood stream to reach their target cells. How the lipophilic endocannabinoids are transported in the vascular system and how these hydrophobic compounds cross cell membranes is still unclear. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are released and incorporated by many cell types including immune cells. EVs are small lipid-membrane covered particles and contain RNA, lipids and proteins. They play an important role in intercellular communication by transporting these signaling molecules from their cells of origin to specific target cells. EVs may represent ideal transport vehicles for lipophilic signaling molecules like endocannabinoids and this effect could also be evident in COVID-19. Materials and Methods: We measured the endocannabinoids anandamide, 2-AG, SEA, PEA and OEA in patients with COVID-19 in EVs and plasma. RNA sequencing of microRNAs (miRNAs) derived from EVs (EV-miRNAs) and mRNA transcripts from blood cells was used for the construction of signaling networks reflecting endocannabinoid and miRNA communication by EVs to target immune cells. Results: With the exception of anandamide, endocannabinoid concentrations were significantly enriched in EVs in comparison to plasma and increased with disease severity. No enrichment in EVs was seen for the more hydrophilic steroid hormones cortisol and testosterone. High EV-endocannabinoid concentrations were associated with downregulation of CNR2 (CB2) by upregulated EV-miRNA miR-146a-5p and upregulation of MGLL by downregulated EV-miR-199a-5p and EV-miR-370-5p suggesting counterregulatory effects. In contrast, low EV-levels of anandamide were associated with upregulation of CNR1 by downregulation of EV-miR-30c-5p and miR-26a-5p along with inhibition of FAAH. Immunologically active molecules in immune cells regulated by endocannabinoid signaling included VEGFA, GNAI2, IGF1, BDNF, IGF1R and CREB1 and CCND1 among others. Discussion and Conclusions: EVs carry immunologically functional endocannabinoids in COVID-19 along with miRNAs which may regulate the expression of mRNA transcripts involved in the regulation of endocannabinoid signaling and metabolism. This mechanism could fine-tune and adapt endocannabinoid effects in recipient cells in relationship to the present biological context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Brandes
- Department of Anesthesiology, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Benedikt Kirchner
- Division of Animal Physiology and Immunology, School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Melanie Borrmann
- Department of Anesthesiology, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Marlene Reithmair
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Matthias Klein
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Patrizia Campolongo
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology «V. Erspamer», Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Detlef Thieme
- Institute of Doping Analysis and Sports Biochemistry, Kreischa, Germany
| | - Michael W Pfaffl
- Division of Animal Physiology and Immunology, School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Gustav Schelling
- Department of Anesthesiology, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Agnes S Meidert
- Department of Anesthesiology, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
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Li A, Sasaki J, Inubushi T, Abe G, Nör J, Yamashiro T, Imazato S. Role of Heparan Sulfate in Vasculogenesis of Dental Pulp Stem Cells. J Dent Res 2023; 102:207-216. [PMID: 36281071 PMCID: PMC10767696 DOI: 10.1177/00220345221130682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) can differentiate into vascular endothelial cells and display sprouting ability. During this process, DPSC responses to the extracellular microenvironment and cell-extracellular matrix interactions are critical in regulating their ultimate cell fate. Heparan sulfate (HS) glycosaminoglycan, a major component of extracellular matrix, plays important roles in various biological cell activities by interacting with growth factors and relative receptors. However, the regulatory function of HS on vasculogenesis of mesenchymal stem cells remains unclear. The objective of this study was to investigate the role of HS in endothelial differentiation and vasculogenesis of DPSCs. Our results show that an HS antagonist suppressed the proliferation and sprouting ability of DPSCs undergoing endothelial differentiation. Furthermore, expression of proangiogenic markers significantly declined with increasing dosages of the HS antagonist; in contrast, expression of stemness marker increased. Silencing of exostosin 1 (EXT1), a crucial glycosyltransferase for HS biosynthesis, in DPSCs using a short hairpin RNA significantly altered their gene expression profile. In addition, EXT1-silenced DPSCs expressed lower levels of endothelial differentiation markers and displayed a reduced vascular formation capacity compared with control DPSCs transduced with scrambled sequences. The sprouting ability of EXT1-silenced DPSCs was rescued by the addition of exogenous HS in vitro. Next, we subcutaneously transplanted biodegradable scaffolds seeded with EXT1-silenced or control DPSCs into immunodeficient mice. Lumen-like structures positive for human CD31 and von Willebrand factor were formed by green fluorescent protein-transduced DPSCs. Numbers of blood-containing vessels were significantly lower in scaffolds loaded with EXT1-silenced DPSCs than specimens implanted with control DPSCs. Collectively, our findings unveil the crucial role of HS on endothelial differentiation and vasculogenesis of DPSCs, opening new perspectives for the application of HS to tissue engineering and dental pulp regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Li
- Department of Biomaterials Science, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka, Japan
| | - J.I. Sasaki
- Department of Biomaterials Science, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka, Japan
| | - T. Inubushi
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka, Japan
| | - G.L. Abe
- Department of Advanced Functional Materials Science, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka, Japan
| | - J.E. Nör
- Department of Cariology, Restorative Sciences and Endodontics, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - T. Yamashiro
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka, Japan
| | - S. Imazato
- Department of Biomaterials Science, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka, Japan
- Department of Advanced Functional Materials Science, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka, Japan
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Borrmann M, Brandes F, Kirchner B, Klein M, Billaud JN, Reithmair M, Rehm M, Schelling G, Pfaffl MW, Meidert AS. Extensive blood transcriptome analysis reveals cellular signaling networks activated by circulating glycocalyx components reflecting vascular injury in COVID-19. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1129766. [PMID: 36776845 PMCID: PMC9909741 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1129766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Degradation of the endothelial protective glycocalyx layer during COVID-19 infection leads to shedding of major glycocalyx components. These circulating proteins and their degradation products may feedback on immune and endothelial cells and activate molecular signaling cascades in COVID-19 associated microvascular injury. To test this hypothesis, we measured plasma glycocalyx components in patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection of variable disease severity and identified molecular signaling networks activated by glycocalyx components in immune and endothelial cells. Methods We studied patients with RT-PCR confirmed COVID-19 pneumonia, patients with COVID-19 Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) and healthy controls (wildtype, n=20 in each group) and measured syndecan-1, heparan sulfate and hyaluronic acid. The in-silico construction of signaling networks was based on RNA sequencing (RNAseq) of mRNA transcripts derived from blood cells and of miRNAs isolated from extracellular vesicles from the identical cohort. Differentially regulated RNAs between groups were identified by gene expression analysis. Both RNAseq data sets were used for network construction of circulating glycosaminoglycans focusing on immune and endothelial cells. Results Plasma concentrations of glycocalyx components were highest in COVID-19 ARDS. Hyaluronic acid plasma levels in patients admitted with COVID-19 pneumonia who later developed ARDS during hospital treatment (n=8) were significantly higher at hospital admission than in patients with an early recovery. RNAseq identified hyaluronic acid as an upregulator of TLR4 in pneumonia and ARDS. In COVID-19 ARDS, syndecan-1 increased IL-6, which was significantly higher than in pneumonia. In ARDS, hyaluronic acid activated NRP1, a co-receptor of activated VEGFA, which is associated with pulmonary vascular hyperpermeability and interacted with VCAN (upregulated), a proteoglycan important for chemokine communication. Conclusions Circulating glycocalyx components in COVID-19 have distinct biologic feedback effects on immune and endothelial cells and result in upregulation of key regulatory transcripts leading to further immune activation and more severe systemic inflammation. These consequences are most pronounced during the early hospital phase of COVID-19 before pulmonary failure develops. Elevated levels of circulating glycocalyx components may early identify patients at risk for microvascular injury and ARDS. The timely inhibition of glycocalyx degradation could provide a novel therapeutic approach to prevent the development of ARDS in COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Borrmann
- Department of Anesthesiology, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Florian Brandes
- Department of Anesthesiology, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Benedikt Kirchner
- Division of Animal Physiology and Immunology, School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Matthias Klein
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Marlene Reithmair
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Markus Rehm
- Department of Anesthesiology, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany,Department of Anesthesiology and intensive Care Medicine, Hospital Agatharied, Hausham, Germany
| | - Gustav Schelling
- Department of Anesthesiology, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany,*Correspondence: Gustav Schelling,
| | - Michael W. Pfaffl
- Division of Animal Physiology and Immunology, School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Agnes S. Meidert
- Department of Anesthesiology, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
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4
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Li X, Zhang K, Jiang X, Wang L, Zhang T, Zhang X, Che H. Experimental study of a heparin-coated venous stent fabricated by atomic layer deposition. J Biomater Appl 2023; 37:1124-1134. [PMID: 36148619 DOI: 10.1177/08853282221126575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the safety and efficacy of heparin-coated venous stents in animals. METHODS We used atomic layer deposition technology to obtain a heparin coating with good stability and then prepared a heparin-coated venous stent based on this technology. The experimental stents were prepared according to the diameter of the rabbit inferior vena cava and were divided into Ni-Ti alloy stent group, Ni-Ti-Al2O3 stent group and Ni-Ti-Al2O3-Heparin stent group. 3 days, 7 days and 14 days after stent implantation, the materials were collected, and the three groups of stents were observed by hard tissue section pathology, immunohistochemistry and scanning electron microscope to observe the differences in vascular wall inflammation, thrombosis, lumen stenosis and vascular intima regeneration. RESULT AND CONCLUSION The experiment confirmed the safety of the heparin-coated stent in vivo. Compared with the control group, the experimental group showed a high degree of vascular endothelialization and an intact neointimal structure 14 days after implantation. The long-term safety and biological effects of heparin-coated venous stents in animals require further study.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kunpeng Zhang
- 74620YanTai Yuhuangding Hospital Affiliated to Qingdao University, Yantai, China
| | - Xiaorui Jiang
- 74620YanTai Yuhuangding Hospital Affiliated to Qingdao University, Yantai, China
| | - Lei Wang
- 74620Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Yantai, China
| | - Tao Zhang
- 12581Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaoming Zhang
- 71185Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Haijie Che
- Qingdao University Affiliated Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital, Yantai, China
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5
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Pretorius D, Richter RP, Anand T, Cardenas JC, Richter JR. Alterations in heparan sulfate proteoglycan synthesis and sulfation and the impact on vascular endothelial function. Matrix Biol Plus 2022; 16:100121. [PMID: 36160687 PMCID: PMC9494232 DOI: 10.1016/j.mbplus.2022.100121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The glycocalyx attached to the apical surface of vascular endothelial cells is a rich network of proteoglycans, glycosaminoglycans, and glycoproteins with instrumental roles in vascular homeostasis. Given their molecular complexity and ability to interact with the intra- and extracellular environment, heparan sulfate proteoglycans uniquely contribute to the glycocalyx's role in regulating endothelial permeability, mechanosignaling, and ligand recognition by cognate cell surface receptors. Much attention has recently been devoted to the enzymatic shedding of heparan sulfate proteoglycans from the endothelial glycocalyx and its impact on vascular function. However, other molecular modifications to heparan sulfate proteoglycans are possible and may have equal or complementary clinical significance. In this narrative review, we focus on putative mechanisms driving non-proteolytic changes in heparan sulfate proteoglycan expression and alterations in the sulfation of heparan sulfate side chains within the endothelial glycocalyx. We then discuss how these specific changes to the endothelial glycocalyx impact endothelial cell function and highlight therapeutic strategies to target or potentially reverse these pathologic changes.
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Key Words
- ACE2, Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2
- CLP, cecal ligation and puncture
- COVID-19, Coronavirus disease 2019
- EXT, Exostosin
- EXTL, Exostosin-like glycosyltransferase
- FFP, Fresh frozen plasma
- FGF, Fibroblast growth factor
- FGFR1, Fibroblast growth factor receptor 1
- GAG, Glycosaminoglycan
- GPC, Glypican
- Gal, Galactose
- GlcA, Glucuronic acid
- GlcNAc, N-actetyl glucosamine
- Glycocalyx
- HLMVEC, Human lung microvascular endothelial cell
- HS, Heparan sulfate
- HS2ST, Heparan sulfate 2-O-sulfotransferase
- HS3ST, Heparan sulfate 3-O-sulfotransferase
- HS6ST, Heparan sulfate 6-O-sulfotransferase
- HSPG, Heparan sulfate proteoglycan
- HUVEC, Human umbilical vein endothelial cell
- Heparan sulfate proteoglycan
- LPS, lipopolysaccharide
- NDST, N-deacetylase/N-sulfotransferase
- SARS-CoV-2, Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2
- SDC, Syndecan
- Sulf, Endosulfatase
- Sulfation
- Synthesis
- TNFα, Tumor necrosis factor alpha
- UA, Hexuronic acid
- VEGF, Vascular endothelial growth factor
- Vascular endothelium
- XYLT, Xylosyltransferase
- Xyl, Xylose
- eGCX, Endothelial glycocalyx
- eNOS, Endothelial nitric oxide synthase
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle Pretorius
- Division of Trauma & Acute Care Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Robert P. Richter
- Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
- Center for Injury Science, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Tanya Anand
- Division of Trauma, Critical Care, Burn & Emergency Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Jessica C. Cardenas
- Division of Acute Care Surgery, Department of Surgery, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States
- Center for Translational Injury Research, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Jillian R. Richter
- Division of Trauma & Acute Care Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
- Center for Injury Science, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
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6
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Koide H. [Design of Synthetic Polymer Nanoparticles That Capture and Neutralize Target Molecules]. YAKUGAKU ZASSHI 2021; 141:1079-1086. [PMID: 34471009 DOI: 10.1248/yakushi.21-00125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Protein affinity reagents that specifically and strongly bind to target molecules are widely used in disease detection, diagnosis, and therapy. Although antibodies and their fragments are the gold standard in protein-protein inhibitors (PPIs), synthetic polymers such as linear polymers, dendrimers, and nanoparticles as cost-effective PPIs have attracted great attention as alternatives to antibodies. These polymers exhibit high affinity to the target by imitating natural protein-protein interactions. However, only a few in vivo applications have been reported. Here, our recent advances in the development of synthetic polymers for in vivo application are reviewed. Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (pNIPAm) was used as a model of synthetic affinity reagents. Incorporation of both sulfated carbohydrate and hydrophobic monomers into lightly crosslinked pNIPAm nanoparticles (NPs) captured and neutralized vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and inhibited tumor growth upon intravenous injection into tumor-bearing mice. Modification of a liposome with the pNIPAm-based linear polymer increased the polymer circulation time after intravenous injection and improved the affinity for the target. The pNIPAm-based NPs delivered by oral administration captured the target small molecules and inhibited their absorption from the intestine. Our recent findings provide useful information for the design of synthetic polymers that capture target molecules in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Koide
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka
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7
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Luo X, Campbell NA, He L, O’Brien DR, Singer MS, Lemjabbar-Alaoui H, Ahn KS, Smoot R, Torbenson MS, Rosen SD, Roberts LR. Sulfatase 2 (SULF2) Monoclonal Antibody 5D5 Suppresses Human Cholangiocarcinoma Xenograft Growth Through Regulation of a SULF2-Platelet-Derived Growth Factor Receptor Beta-Yes-Associated Protein Signaling Axis. Hepatology 2021; 74:1411-1428. [PMID: 33735525 PMCID: PMC9075007 DOI: 10.1002/hep.31817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Existing therapeutic approaches to treat cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) have limited effectiveness, prompting further study to develop therapies for CCA. We report a mechanistic role for the heparan sulfate editing enzyme sulfatase 2 (SULF2) in CCA pathogenesis. APPROACH AND RESULTS In silico analysis revealed elevated SULF2 expression in human CCA samples, occurring partly through gain of SULF2 copy number. We examined the effects of knockdown or overexpression of SULF2 on tumor growth, chemoresistance, and signaling pathway activity in human CCA cell lines in vitro. Up-regulation of SULF2 in CCA leads to increased platelet-derived growth factor receptor beta (PDGFRβ)-Yes-associated protein (YAP) signaling activity, promoting tumor growth and chemotherapy resistance. To explore the utility of targeting SULF2 in the tumor microenvironment for CCA treatment, we tested an anti-SULF2 mouse monoclonal antibody, 5D5, in a mouse CCA xenograft model. Targeting SULF2 by monoclonal antibody 5D5 inhibited PDGFRβ-YAP signaling and tumor growth in the mouse xenograft model. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that SULF2 monoclonal antibody 5D5 or related agents may be potentially promising therapeutic agents in CCA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Luo
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, United States,Hepatic Surgery Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Nellie A. Campbell
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, United States
| | - Li He
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, United States,Department of Gastroenterology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Daniel R. O’Brien
- Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, United States
| | - Mark S. Singer
- Department of Anatomy, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Hassan Lemjabbar-Alaoui
- Department of Anatomy, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Keun Soo Ahn
- Department of Surgery, Keimyung University School of Medicine, Keimyung University Dongsan Hospital, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Rory Smoot
- Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, United States
| | - Michael S. Torbenson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, United States
| | - Steven D. Rosen
- Department of Anatomy, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Lewis R. Roberts
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, United States,Corresponding author: Lewis R Roberts, MB ChB, PhD, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, United States; Tel: +1-507-266-3239; Fax: +1-507-284-0762:
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8
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Bartosch AMW, Mathews R, Mahmoud MM, Cancel LM, Haq ZS, Tarbell JM. Heparan sulfate proteoglycan glypican-1 and PECAM-1 cooperate in shear-induced endothelial nitric oxide production. Sci Rep 2021; 11:11386. [PMID: 34059731 PMCID: PMC8166914 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-90941-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to clarify the role of glypican-1 and PECAM-1 in shear-induced nitric oxide production in endothelial cells. Atomic force microscopy pulling was used to apply force to glypican-1 and PECAM-1 on the surface of human umbilical vein endothelial cells and nitric oxide was measured using a fluorescent reporter dye. Glypican-1 pulling for 30 min stimulated nitric oxide production while PECAM-1 pulling did not. However, PECAM-1 downstream activation was necessary for the glypican-1 force-induced response. Glypican-1 knockout mice exhibited impaired flow-induced phosphorylation of eNOS without changes to PECAM-1 expression. A cooperation mechanism for the mechanotransduction of fluid shear stress to nitric oxide production was elucidated in which glypican-1 senses flow and phosphorylates PECAM-1 leading to endothelial nitric oxide synthase phosphorylation and nitric oxide production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Marie W Bartosch
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The City College of New York, 160 Convent Ave, New York, NY, 10031, USA.,Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.,Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Rick Mathews
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The City College of New York, 160 Convent Ave, New York, NY, 10031, USA.,The Knight Cardiovascular Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Marwa M Mahmoud
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The City College of New York, 160 Convent Ave, New York, NY, 10031, USA
| | - Limary M Cancel
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The City College of New York, 160 Convent Ave, New York, NY, 10031, USA
| | - Zahin S Haq
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The City College of New York, 160 Convent Ave, New York, NY, 10031, USA
| | - John M Tarbell
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The City College of New York, 160 Convent Ave, New York, NY, 10031, USA.
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9
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Neuropilin 1 Regulation of Vascular Permeability Signaling. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11050666. [PMID: 33947161 PMCID: PMC8146136 DOI: 10.3390/biom11050666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2021] [Revised: 04/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The vascular endothelium acts as a selective barrier to regulate macromolecule exchange between the blood and tissues. However, the integrity of the endothelium barrier is compromised in an array of pathological settings, including ischemic disease and cancer, which are the leading causes of death worldwide. The resulting vascular hyperpermeability to plasma molecules as well as leukocytes then leads to tissue damaging edema formation and inflammation. The vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA) is a potent permeability factor, and therefore a desirable target for impeding vascular hyperpermeability. However, VEGFA also promotes angiogenesis, the growth of new blood vessels, which is required for reperfusion of ischemic tissues. Moreover, edema increases interstitial pressure in poorly perfused tumors, thereby affecting the delivery of therapeutics, which could be counteracted by stimulating the growth of new functional blood vessels. Thus, targets must be identified to accurately modulate the barrier function of blood vessels without affecting angiogenesis, as well as to develop more effective pro- or anti-angiogenic therapies. Recent studies have shown that the VEGFA co-receptor neuropilin 1 (NRP1) could be playing a fundamental role in steering VEGFA-induced responses of vascular endothelial cells towards angiogenesis or vascular permeability. Moreover, NRP1 is involved in mediating permeability signals induced by ligands other than VEGFA. This review therefore focuses on current knowledge on the role of NRP1 in the regulation of vascular permeability signaling in the endothelium to provide an up-to-date landscape of the current knowledge in this field.
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10
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Griffin ME, Sorum AW, Miller GM, Goddard WA, Hsieh-Wilson LC. Sulfated glycans engage the Ang-Tie pathway to regulate vascular development. Nat Chem Biol 2020; 17:178-186. [PMID: 33020664 PMCID: PMC8087285 DOI: 10.1038/s41589-020-00657-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The angiopoietin (Ang)/Tie pathway is essential for the proper maturation and remodeling of the vasculature. Despite its importance in disease, the mechanisms that control signal transduction through this pathway are poorly understood. Here, we demonstrate that heparan sulfate glycosaminoglycans (HS GAGs) regulate Ang/Tie signaling through direct interactions with both Ang ligands and the Tie1 receptor. HS GAGs bound to Ang1/4 ligands and formed ternary Ang-Tie2 receptor complexes, thereby potentiating endothelial survival signaling. In addition, we found that HS GAGs are novel ligands for the orphan receptor Tie1. The HS-Tie1 interaction promoted Tie1-Tie2 heterodimerization and enhanced Tie1 stability within the mature vasculature. Loss of HS-Tie1 binding using CRISPR/Cas9-mediated mutagenesis in vivo led to decreased Tie protein levels, pathway suppression, and aberrant retinal vascularization. Together, these results reveal that sulfated glycans use dual mechanisms to regulate Ang/Tie signaling and are important for the development and maintenance of the vasculature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew E Griffin
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Alexander W Sorum
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Gregory M Miller
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - William A Goddard
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA.,Materials and Process Simulation Center and Joint Center for Artificial Photosynthesis, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Linda C Hsieh-Wilson
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA.
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11
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Borowski S, Tirado-Gonzalez I, Freitag N, Garcia MG, Barrientos G, Blois SM. Altered Glycosylation Contributes to Placental Dysfunction Upon Early Disruption of the NK Cell-DC Dynamics. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1316. [PMID: 32760395 PMCID: PMC7372038 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune cells [e. g., dendritic cells (DC) and natural killer (NK) cells] are critical players during the pre-placentation stage for successful mammalian pregnancy. Proper placental and fetal development relies on balanced DC-NK cell interactions regulating immune cell homing, maternal vascular expansion, and trophoblast functions. Previously, we showed that in vivo disruption of the uterine NK cell-DC balance interferes with the decidualization process, with subsequent impact on placental and fetal development leading to fetal growth restriction. Glycans are essential determinants of reproductive health and the glycocode expressed in a particular compartment (e.g., placenta) is highly dependent on the cell type and its developmental and pathological state. Here, we aimed to investigate the maternal and placental glycovariation during the pre- and post-placentation period associated with disruption of the NK cell-DC dynamics during early pregnancy. We observed that depletion of NK cells was associated with significant increases of O- and N-linked glycosylation and sialylation in the decidual vascular zone during the pre-placental period, followed by downregulation of core 1 and poly-LacNAc extended O-glycans and increased expression of branched N-glycans affecting mainly the placental giant cells and spongiotrophoblasts of the junctional zone. On the other hand, expansion of DC induced a milder increase of Tn antigen (truncated form of mucin-type O-glycans) and branched N-glycan expression in the vascular zone, with only modest changes in the glycosylation pattern during the post-placentation period. In both groups, this spatiotemporal variation in the glycosylation pattern of the implantation site was accompanied by corresponding changes in galectin-1 expression. Our results show that pre- and post- placentation implantation sites have a differential glycopattern upon disruption of the NK cell-DC dynamics, suggesting that immune imbalance early in gestation impacts placentation and fetal development by directly influencing the placental glycocode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophia Borowski
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, A Cooperation Between the Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, and the Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, AG GlycoImmunology, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Obstetrics and Fetal Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Irene Tirado-Gonzalez
- Georg-Speyer-Haus, Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Nancy Freitag
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, A Cooperation Between the Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, and the Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, AG GlycoImmunology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Mariana G Garcia
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Medicina Traslacional, Facultad de Ciencias Biomédicas, CONICET, Universidad Austral, Derqui-Pilar, Argentina
| | - Gabriela Barrientos
- Laboratorio de Medicina Experimental, Hospital Alemán-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Sandra M Blois
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, A Cooperation Between the Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, and the Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, AG GlycoImmunology, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Obstetrics and Fetal Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
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12
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Dual Action of Sulfated Hyaluronan on Angiogenic Processes in Relation to Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor-A. Sci Rep 2019; 9:18143. [PMID: 31792253 PMCID: PMC6889296 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-54211-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Pathological healing characterized by abnormal angiogenesis presents a serious burden to patients’ quality of life requiring innovative treatment strategies. Glycosaminoglycans (GAG) are important regulators of angiogenic processes. This experimental and computational study revealed how sulfated GAG derivatives (sGAG) influence the interplay of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)165 and its heparin-binding domain (HBD) with the signaling receptor VEGFR-2 up to atomic detail. There was profound evidence for a HBD-GAG-HBD stacking configuration. Here, the sGAG act as a “molecular glue” leading to recognition modes in which sGAG interact with two VEGF165-HBDs. A 3D angiogenesis model demonstrated the dual regulatory role of high-sulfated derivatives on the biological activity of endothelial cells. While GAG alone promote sprouting, they downregulate VEGF165-mediated signaling and, thereby, elicit VEGF165-independent and -dependent effects. These findings provide novel insights into the modulatory potential of sGAG derivatives on angiogenic processes and point towards their prospective application in treating abnormal angiogenesis.
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13
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Hachim D, Whittaker TE, Kim H, Stevens MM. Glycosaminoglycan-based biomaterials for growth factor and cytokine delivery: Making the right choices. J Control Release 2019; 313:131-147. [PMID: 31629041 PMCID: PMC6900262 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2019.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Revised: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Controlled, localized drug delivery is a long-standing goal of medical research, realization of which could reduce the harmful side-effects of drugs and allow more effective treatment of wounds, cancers, organ damage and other diseases. This is particularly the case for protein "drugs" and other therapeutic biological cargoes, which can be challenging to deliver effectively by conventional systemic administration. However, developing biocompatible materials that can sequester large quantities of protein and release them in a sustained and controlled manner has proven challenging. Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) represent a promising class of bio-derived materials that possess these key properties and can additionally potentially enhance the biological effects of the delivered protein. They are a diverse group of linear polysaccharides with varied functionalities and suitabilities for different cargoes. However, most investigations so far have focused on a relatively small subset of GAGs - particularly heparin, a readily available, promiscuously-binding GAG. There is emerging evidence that for many applications other GAGs are in fact more suitable for regulated and sustained delivery. In this review, we aim to illuminate the beneficial properties of various GAGs with reference to specific protein cargoes, and to provide guidelines for informed choice of GAGs for therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Hachim
- Department of Materials, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom; Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom; Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas E Whittaker
- Department of Materials, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom; Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom; Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Hyemin Kim
- Department of Materials, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom; Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom; Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Molly M Stevens
- Department of Materials, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom; Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom; Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom.
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14
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Growth factors with enhanced syndecan binding generate tonic signalling and promote tissue healing. Nat Biomed Eng 2019; 4:463-475. [PMID: 31685999 DOI: 10.1038/s41551-019-0469-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Growth factors can stimulate tissue regeneration, but the side effects and low effectiveness associated with suboptimal delivery systems have impeded their use in translational regenerative medicine. Physiologically, growth factor interactions with the extracellular matrix control their bioavailability and spatiotemporal cellular signalling. Growth factor signalling is also controlled at the cell surface level via binding to heparan sulfate proteoglycans, such as syndecans. Here we show that vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGF-A) and platelet-derived growth factor-BB (PDGF-BB) that were engineered to have a syndecan-binding sequence trigger sustained low-intensity signalling (tonic signalling) and reduce the desensitization of growth factor receptors. We also show in mouse models that tonic signalling leads to superior morphogenetic activity, with syndecan-binding growth factors inducing greater bone regeneration and wound repair than wild-type growth factors, as well as reduced tumour growth (associated with PDGF-BB delivery) and vascular permeability (triggered by VEGF-A). Tonic signalling via syndecan binding may also enhance the regenerative capacity of other growth factors.
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15
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Hypoxia Induced Heparan Sulfate Primes the Extracellular Matrix for Endothelial Cell Recruitment by Facilitating VEGF-Fibronectin Interactions. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20205065. [PMID: 31614727 PMCID: PMC6829205 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20205065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Revised: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGF) is critical for the development, growth, and survival of blood vessels. Retinal pigmented epithelial (RPE) cells are a major source of VEGF in the retina, with evidence that the extracellular matrix (ECM)-binding forms are particularly important. VEGF associates with fibronectin in the ECM to mediate distinct signals in endothelial cells that are required for full angiogenic activity. Hypoxia stimulates VEGF expression and angiogenesis; however, little is known about whether hypoxia also affects VEGF deposition within the ECM. Therefore, we investigated the role of hypoxia in modulating VEGF-ECM interactions using a primary retinal cell culture model. We found that retinal endothelial cell attachment to RPE cell layers was enhanced in cells maintained under hypoxic conditions. Furthermore, we found that agents that disrupt VEGF-fibronectin interactions inhibited endothelial cell attachment to RPE cells. We also found that hypoxia induced a general change in the chemical structure of the HS produced by the RPE cells, which correlated to changes in the deposition of VEGF in the ECM, and we further identified preferential binding of VEGFR2 over VEGFR1 to VEGF laden-fibronectin matrices. Collectively, these results indicate that hypoxia-induced HS may prime fibronectin for VEGF deposition and endothelial cell recruitment by promoting VEGF-VEGFR2 interactions as a potential means to control angiogenesis in the retina and other tissues.
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16
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Chandler KB, Costello CE, Rahimi N. Glycosylation in the Tumor Microenvironment: Implications for Tumor Angiogenesis and Metastasis. Cells 2019; 8:E544. [PMID: 31195728 PMCID: PMC6627046 DOI: 10.3390/cells8060544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Revised: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 06/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Just as oncogene activation and tumor suppressor loss are hallmarks of tumor development, emerging evidence indicates that tumor microenvironment-mediated changes in glycosylation play a crucial functional role in tumor progression and metastasis. Hypoxia and inflammatory events regulate protein glycosylation in tumor cells and associated stromal cells in the tumor microenvironment, which facilitates tumor progression and also modulates a patient's response to anti-cancer therapeutics. In this review, we highlight the impact of altered glycosylation on angiogenic signaling and endothelial cell adhesion, and the critical consequences of these changes in tumor behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Brown Chandler
- Center for Biomedical Mass Spectrometry, Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA.
| | - Catherine E Costello
- Center for Biomedical Mass Spectrometry, Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA.
| | - Nader Rahimi
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA.
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17
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Babischkin JS, Aberdeen GW, Lindner JR, Bonagura TW, Pepe GJ, Albrecht ED. Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Delivery to Placental Basal Plate Promotes Uterine Artery Remodeling in the Primate. Endocrinology 2019; 160:1492-1505. [PMID: 31002314 PMCID: PMC6542484 DOI: 10.1210/en.2019-00059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Extravillous trophoblast (EVT) uterine artery remodeling (UAR) promotes placental blood flow, but UAR regulation is unproven. Elevating estradiol (E2) in early baboon pregnancy suppressed UAR and EVT vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression, but this did not prove that VEGF mediated this process. Therefore, our primate model of prematurely elevating E2 and contrast-enhanced ultrasound cavitation of microbubble (MB) carriers was used to deliver VEGF DNA to the placental basal plate (PBP) to establish the role of VEGF in UAR. Baboons were treated on days 25 to 59 of gestation (term, 184 days) with E2 alone or with E2 plus VEGF DNA-conjugated MBs briefly infused via a maternal peripheral vein on days 25, 35, 45, and 55. At each of these times an ultrasound beam was directed to the PBP to collapse the MBs and release VEGF DNA. VEGF DNA-labeled MBs per contrast agent was localized in the PBP but not the fetus. Remodeling of uterine arteries >25 µm in diameter on day 60 was 75% lower (P < 0.001) in E2-treated (7% ± 2%) than in untreated baboons (30% ± 4%) and was restored to normal by E2/VEGF. VEGF protein levels (signals/nuclear area) within the PBP were twofold lower (P < 0.01) in E2-treated (4.2 ± 0.9) than in untreated (9.8 ± 2.8) baboons and restored to normal by E2/VEGF (11.9 ± 1.6), substantiating VEGF transfection. Thus, VEGF gene delivery selectively to the PBP prevented the decrease in UAR elicited by prematurely elevating E2 levels, establishing the role of VEGF in regulating UAR in vivo during primate pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffery S Babischkin
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Graham W Aberdeen
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Jonathan R Lindner
- Knight Cardiovascular Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | | | - Gerald J Pepe
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, Virginia
| | - Eugene D Albrecht
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
- Department of Physiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
- Correspondence: Eugene D. Albrecht, PhD, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Bressler Research Laboratories 11-019, 655 West Baltimore Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21201. E-mail:
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18
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Modulation of Receptor Tyrosine Kinase Activity through Alternative Splicing of Ligands and Receptors in the VEGF-A/VEGFR Axis. Cells 2019; 8:cells8040288. [PMID: 30925751 PMCID: PMC6523102 DOI: 10.3390/cells8040288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Revised: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF-A) signaling is essential for physiological and pathological angiogenesis. Alternative splicing of the VEGF-A pre-mRNA gives rise to a pro-angiogenic family of isoforms with a differing number of amino acids (VEGF-Axxxa), as well as a family of isoforms with anti-angiogenic properties (VEGF-Axxxb). The biological functions of VEGF-A proteins are mediated by a family of cognate protein tyrosine kinase receptors, known as the VEGF receptors (VEGFRs). VEGF-A binds to both VEGFR-1, largely suggested to function as a decoy receptor, and VEGFR-2, the predominant signaling receptor. Both VEGFR-1 and VEGFR-2 can also be alternatively spliced to generate soluble isoforms (sVEGFR-1/sVEGFR-2). The disruption of the splicing of just one of these genes can result in changes to the entire VEGF-A/VEGFR signaling axis, such as the increase in VEGF-A165a relative to VEGF-A165b resulting in increased VEGFR-2 signaling and aberrant angiogenesis in cancer. Research into this signaling axis has recently focused on manipulating the splicing of these genes as a potential therapeutic avenue in disease. Therefore, further research into understanding the mechanisms by which the splicing of VEGF-A/VEGFR-1/VEGFR-2 is regulated will help in the development of drugs aimed at manipulating splicing or inhibiting specific splice isoforms in a therapeutic manner.
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19
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Zimta AA, Baru O, Badea M, Buduru SD, Berindan-Neagoe I. The Role of Angiogenesis and Pro-Angiogenic Exosomes in Regenerative Dentistry. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20020406. [PMID: 30669338 PMCID: PMC6359271 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20020406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Revised: 01/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Dental surgeries can result in traumatic wounds that provoke major discomfort and have a high risk of infection. In recent years, density research has taken a keen interest in finding answers to this problem by looking at the latest results made in regenerative medicine and adapting them to the specificities of oral tissue. One of the undertaken directions is the study of angiogenesis as an integrative part of oral tissue regeneration. The stimulation of this process is intended to enhance the local availability of stem cells, oxygen levels, nutrient supply, and evacuation of toxic waste. For a successful stimulation of local angiogenesis, two major cellular components must be considered: the stem cells and the vascular endothelial cells. The exosomes are extracellular vesicles, which mediate the communication between two cell types. In regenerative dentistry, the analysis of exosome miRNA content taps into the extended communication between these cell types with the purpose of improving the regenerative potential of oral tissue. This review analyzes the stem cells available for the dentistry, the molecular cargo of their exosomes, and the possible implications these may have for a future therapeutic induction of angiogenesis in the oral wounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alina-Andreea Zimta
- MEDFUTURE-Research Center for Advanced Medicine, "Iuliu Hatieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 23 Marinescu Street, 400337 Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
| | - Oana Baru
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400083 Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
| | - Mandra Badea
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400083 Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
| | - Smaranda Dana Buduru
- Prosthetics and Dental materials, Faculty of Dental Medicine, "Iuliu Hatieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, 32 Clinicilor Street, 400006 Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
- Stomestet Stomatology Clinic, Calea Manastur 68A Street, 400658 Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
| | - Ioana Berindan-Neagoe
- MEDFUTURE-Research Center for Advanced Medicine, "Iuliu Hatieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 23 Marinescu Street, 400337 Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
- Research Center for Functional Genomics, Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, "Iuliu Hatieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 23 Marinescu Street, 400337 Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
- Department of Functional Genomics and Experimental Pathology, The Oncology Institute "Prof. Dr. Ion Chiricuta", Republicii 34th street, 400015 Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
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20
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Kaltenbach DD, Jaishankar D, Hao M, Beer JC, Volin MV, Desai UR, Tiwari V. Sulfotransferase and Heparanase: Remodeling Engines in Promoting Virus Infection and Disease Development. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:1315. [PMID: 30555321 PMCID: PMC6282075 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.01315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
An extraordinary binding site generated in heparan sulfate (HS) structures, during its biosynthesis, provides a unique opportunity to interact with multiple protein ligands including viral proteins, and therefore adds tremendous value to this master molecule. An example of such a moiety is the sulfation at the C3 position of glucosamine residues in HS chain via 3-O sulfotransferase (3-OST) enzymes, which generates a unique virus-cell fusion receptor during herpes simplex virus (HSV) entry and spread. Emerging evidence now suggests that the unique patterns in HS sulfation assist multiple viruses in invading host cells at various steps of their life cycles. In addition, sulfated-HS structures are known to assist in invading host defense mechanisms and initiating multiple inflammatory processes; a critical event in the disease development. All these processes are detrimental for the host and therefore raise the question of how HS-sulfation is regulated. Epigenetic modulations have been shown to be implicated in these reactions during HSV infection as well as in HS modifying enzyme sulfotransferases, and therefore pose a critical component in answering it. Interestingly, heparanase (HPSE) activity is shown to be upregulated during virus infection and multiple other diseases assisting in virus replication to promote cell and tissue damage. These phenomena suggest that sulfotransferases and HPSE serve as key players in extracellular matrix remodeling and possibly generating unique signatures in a given disease. Therefore, identifying the epigenetic regulation of OST genes, and HPSE resulting in altered yet specific sulfation patterns in HS chain during virus infection, will be a significant a step toward developing potential diagnostic markers and designing novel therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik D Kaltenbach
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Graduate Studies, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL, United States
| | - Dinesh Jaishankar
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Meng Hao
- Chicago College of Pharmacy, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL, United States
| | - Jacob C Beer
- Chicago College of Osteopathic Medicine, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL, United States
| | - Michael V Volin
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, College of Graduate Studies, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL, United States
| | - Umesh R Desai
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Institute for Structural Biology, Drug Discovery and Development, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Vaibhav Tiwari
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, College of Graduate Studies, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL, United States
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21
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Bousseau S, Vergori L, Soleti R, Lenaers G, Martinez MC, Andriantsitohaina R. Glycosylation as new pharmacological strategies for diseases associated with excessive angiogenesis. Pharmacol Ther 2018; 191:92-122. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2018.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2018] [Accepted: 06/01/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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22
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Cheng WK, Oon CE. How glycosylation aids tumor angiogenesis: An updated review. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 103:1246-1252. [PMID: 29864905 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.04.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Revised: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycosylation is an enzymatic process in which a carbohydrate is attached to a functional group from another molecule. Glycosylation is a crucial post translational process in protein modification. The tumor microenvironment produces altered glycans that contribute to cancer progression and aggressiveness. Abnormal glycosylation is widely observed in tumor angiogenesis. Despite many attempts to decipher the role of glycosylation in different aspects of cancer, little is known regarding the roles of glycans in angiogenesis. The blood vessels in tumors are often used to transport oxygen and nutrients for tumor progression and metastasis. The crosstalk within the tumor microenvironment can induce angiogenesis by manipulating these glycans to hijack the normal angiogenesis process, thus promoting tumor growth. Abnormal glycosylation has been shown to promote tumor angiogenesis by degrading the extracellular matrix to activate the angiogenic signaling pathways. This review highlights the latest update on how glycosylation can contribute to tumor angiogenesis that may affect treatment outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Kang Cheng
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, 11800, Malaysia.
| | - Chern Ein Oon
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, 11800, Malaysia.
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23
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Glycosylation controls cooperative PECAM-VEGFR2-β3 integrin functions at the endothelial surface for tumor angiogenesis. Oncogene 2018; 37:4287-4299. [PMID: 29717262 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-018-0271-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Revised: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 01/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Most of the angiogenesis inhibitors clinically used in cancer treatment target the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)/VEGF receptor (VEGFR) pathway. However, the current strategies for treating angiogenesis have limited efficacy. The issue of how to treat angiogenesis and endothelial dysfunction in cancer remains a matter of substantial debate. Here we demonstrate a glycosylation-dependent regulatory mechanism for tumor angiogenesis. St6gal1-/- mice, lacking the α2,6-sialylation enzyme, were shown to exhibit impaired tumor angiogenesis through enhanced endothelial apoptosis. In a previous study, St6gal1-/- endothelial cells exhibited a reduction in the cell surface residency of platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule (PECAM). In this study, we found that cooperative functionality of PECAM-VEGFR2-integrin β3 was disturbed in St6gal1-/- mice. First, cell surface PECAM-VEGFR2 complexes were lost, and both VEGFR2 internalization and the VEGFR-dependent signaling pathway were enhanced. Second, enhanced anoikis was observed, suggesting that the absence of α2,6-sialic acid leads to dysregulated integrin signaling. Notably, ectopic expression of PECAM increased cell surface integrin-β3, indicating that the reduction of cell surface integrin-β3 involves loss-of-endothelial PECAM. The results suggest that the cell surface stability of these glycoproteins is significantly reduced by the lack of α2,6-sialic acid, leading to abnormal signal transduction. The present findings highlight that α2,6-sialylation is critically involved in endothelial survival by controlling the cell surface stability and signal transduction of angiogenic molecules, and could be a novel target for anti-angiogenesis therapy.
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24
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Peach CJ, Mignone VW, Arruda MA, Alcobia DC, Hill SJ, Kilpatrick LE, Woolard J. Molecular Pharmacology of VEGF-A Isoforms: Binding and Signalling at VEGFR2. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E1264. [PMID: 29690653 PMCID: PMC5979509 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19041264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 280] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Revised: 04/14/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGF-A) is a key mediator of angiogenesis, signalling via the class IV tyrosine kinase receptor family of VEGF Receptors (VEGFRs). Although VEGF-A ligands bind to both VEGFR1 and VEGFR2, they primarily signal via VEGFR2 leading to endothelial cell proliferation, survival, migration and vascular permeability. Distinct VEGF-A isoforms result from alternative splicing of the Vegfa gene at exon 8, resulting in VEGFxxxa or VEGFxxxb isoforms. Alternative splicing events at exons 5⁻7, in addition to recently identified posttranslational read-through events, produce VEGF-A isoforms that differ in their bioavailability and interaction with the co-receptor Neuropilin-1. This review explores the molecular pharmacology of VEGF-A isoforms at VEGFR2 in respect to ligand binding and downstream signalling. To understand how VEGF-A isoforms have distinct signalling despite similar affinities for VEGFR2, this review re-evaluates the typical classification of these isoforms relative to the prototypical, “pro-angiogenic” VEGF165a. We also examine the molecular mechanisms underpinning the regulation of VEGF-A isoform signalling and the importance of interactions with other membrane and extracellular matrix proteins. As approved therapeutics targeting the VEGF-A/VEGFR signalling axis largely lack long-term efficacy, understanding these isoform-specific mechanisms could aid future drug discovery efforts targeting VEGF receptor pharmacology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chloe J Peach
- Division of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, Queen's Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK.
- Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), University of Birmingham and University of Nottingham, Midlands NG7 2UH, UK.
| | - Viviane W Mignone
- Division of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, Queen's Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK.
- Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), University of Birmingham and University of Nottingham, Midlands NG7 2UH, UK.
- CAPES-University of Nottingham Programme in Drug Discovery, Queen's Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK.
| | - Maria Augusta Arruda
- Division of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, Queen's Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK.
- Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), University of Birmingham and University of Nottingham, Midlands NG7 2UH, UK.
- CAPES-University of Nottingham Programme in Drug Discovery, Queen's Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK.
| | - Diana C Alcobia
- Division of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, Queen's Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK.
- Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), University of Birmingham and University of Nottingham, Midlands NG7 2UH, UK.
| | - Stephen J Hill
- Division of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, Queen's Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK.
- Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), University of Birmingham and University of Nottingham, Midlands NG7 2UH, UK.
| | - Laura E Kilpatrick
- Division of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, Queen's Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK.
- Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), University of Birmingham and University of Nottingham, Midlands NG7 2UH, UK.
| | - Jeanette Woolard
- Division of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, Queen's Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK.
- Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), University of Birmingham and University of Nottingham, Midlands NG7 2UH, UK.
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Munkley J, Elliott DJ. Hallmarks of glycosylation in cancer. Oncotarget 2018; 7:35478-89. [PMID: 27007155 PMCID: PMC5085245 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.8155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 332] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Accepted: 03/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Aberrant glycosylation plays a fundamental role in key pathological steps of tumour development and progression. Glycans have roles in cancer cell signalling, tumour cell dissociation and invasion, cell-matrix interactions, angiogenesis, metastasis and immune modulation. Aberrant glycosylation is often cited as a ‘hallmark of cancer’ but is notably absent from both the original hallmarks of cancer and from the next generation of emerging hallmarks. This review discusses how glycosylation is clearly an enabling characteristic that is causally associated with the acquisition of all the hallmark capabilities. Rather than aberrant glycosylation being itself a hallmark of cancer, another perspective is that glycans play a role in every recognised cancer hallmark.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Munkley
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, NE1 3BZ, UK
| | - David J Elliott
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, NE1 3BZ, UK
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Warford JR, Lamport AC, Clements DR, Malone A, Kennedy BE, Kim Y, Gujar SA, Hoskin DW, Easton AS. Surfen, a proteoglycan binding agent, reduces inflammation but inhibits remyelination in murine models of Multiple Sclerosis. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2018; 6:4. [PMID: 29301568 PMCID: PMC5755315 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-017-0506-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Accepted: 12/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Proteoglycans are promising therapeutic targets in Multiple Sclerosis (MS), because they regulate many aspects of the immune response. This was studied using surfen, an agent that binds both heparan sulphate proteoglycans (HSPGs) and chondroitin sulphate proteoglycans (CSPGs). Initial cell culture work on bone marrow derived macrophages (BMDMs) found that surfen reduced concentrations of the chemokines CCL2, CCL4 and CCL5, with reduced messenger (m)RNA expression for Tumor Necrosis Factor, IL-6, IL-1β and inducible nitric oxide synthase. These data were further explored using Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis (EAE) in mice. Surfen reduced clinical signs during EAE when administered from disease onset, and reduced infiltration by CD4 positive T cells and macrophages into the central nervous system. These mice also showed reduced mRNA expression for the chemokines CCL3 and CCL5, with reduced concentrations of CCL2, CCL3 and CCL5. During EAE, surfen treatment induced a persistent increase in Interleukin (IL)-4 concentrations which may enhance T helper 2 responses. During EAE, surfen treatment reduced mRNA expression for HSPGs (NDST1, agrin, syndecan-4, perlecan, serglycin, syndecan-1) and the CSPG versican. By contrast, surfen increased mRNA expression for the CSPG aggrecan, with no effect on neurocan. During EAE, significant positive correlations were found between mRNA expression and clinical score for syndecan-4, serglycin and syndecan-1 and a significant negative correlation for aggrecan. These correlations were absent in surfen treated mice. Repair in the later stages of MS involves remyelination, which was modeled by injecting lysolecithin (lysophosphatidylcholine, LPC) into mouse corpus callosum to create regions of demyelination. When surfen was injected 2 days after LPC, it delayed remyelination of the lesions, but had no effect when injected 7 days after LPC. The delayed remyelination was associated with local increases in CSPG expression. Therefore surfen suppresses inflammation but inhibits remyelination in these models. A mechanism in common may be increased CSPG expression.
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Park-Windhol C, Ng YS, Yang J, Primo V, Saint-Geniez M, D'Amore PA. Endomucin inhibits VEGF-induced endothelial cell migration, growth, and morphogenesis by modulating VEGFR2 signaling. Sci Rep 2017; 7:17138. [PMID: 29215001 PMCID: PMC5719432 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-16852-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2017] [Accepted: 11/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Angiogenesis is central to both normal and pathologic processes. Endothelial cells (ECs) express O-glycoproteins that are believed to play important roles in vascular development and stability. Endomucin-1 (EMCN) is a type I O-glycosylated, sialic-rich glycoprotein, specifically expressed by venous and capillary endothelium. Evidence has pointed to a potential role for EMCN in angiogenesis but it had not been directly investigated. In this study, we examined the role of EMCN in angiogenesis by modulating EMCN levels both in vivo and in vitro. Reduction of EMCN in vivo led to the impairment of angiogenesis during normal retinal development in vivo. To determine the cellular basis of this inhibition, gain- and loss-of-function studies were performed in human retinal EC (HREC) in vitro by EMCN over-expression using adenovirus or EMCN gene knockdown by siRNA. We show that EMCN knockdown reduced migration, inhibited cell growth without compromising cell survival, and suppressed tube morphogenesis of ECs, whereas over-expression of EMCN led to increased migration, proliferation and tube formation. Furthermore, knockdown of EMCN suppressed VEGF-induced signaling as measured by decreased phospho-VEGFR2, phospho-ERK1/2 and phospho-p38-MAPK levels. These results suggest a novel role for EMCN as a potent regulator of angiogenesis and point to its potential as a new therapeutic target for angiogenesis-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cindy Park-Windhol
- Schepens Eye Research Institute/Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yin Shan Ng
- Schepens Eye Research Institute/Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jinling Yang
- Schepens Eye Research Institute/Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Vincent Primo
- Schepens Eye Research Institute/Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Magali Saint-Geniez
- Schepens Eye Research Institute/Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Patricia A D'Amore
- Schepens Eye Research Institute/Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Boston, MA, USA.
- Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
- Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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Oshima K, Haeger SM, Hippensteel JA, Herson PS, Schmidt EP. More than a biomarker: the systemic consequences of heparan sulfate fragments released during endothelial surface layer degradation (2017 Grover Conference Series). Pulm Circ 2017; 8:2045893217745786. [PMID: 29199903 PMCID: PMC5731723 DOI: 10.1177/2045893217745786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Advances in tissue fixation and imaging techniques have yielded increasing appreciation for the glycosaminoglycan-rich endothelial glycocalyx and its in vivo manifestation, the endothelial surface layer (ESL). Pathological loss of the ESL during critical illness promotes local endothelial dysfunction and, consequently, organ injury. Glycosaminoglycan fragments, such as heparan sulfate, are released into the plasma of animals and humans after ESL degradation and have thus served as a biomarker of endothelial injury. The development of state-of-the-art glycomic techniques, however, has revealed that these circulating heparan sulfate fragments are capable of influencing growth factor and other signaling pathways distant to the site of ESL injury. This review summarizes the current state of knowledge concerning the local (i.e. endothelial injury) and systemic (i.e. para- or endocrine) consequences of ESL degradation and identifies opportunities for future, novel investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaori Oshima
- 1 129263 Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Sarah M Haeger
- 1 129263 Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, USA
| | | | - Paco S Herson
- 2 129263 Department of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Eric P Schmidt
- 1 129263 Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, USA.,3 Department of Medicine, Denver Health Medical Center, Denver, CO, USA
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Abstract
All known splice isoforms of vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF-A) can bind to the receptor tyrosine kinases VEGFR-1 and VEGFR-2. We focus here on VEGF-A121a and VEGF-A165a, two of the most abundant VEGF-A splice isoforms in human tissue 1 , and their ability to bind the Neuropilin co-receptors NRP1 and NRP2. The Neuropilins are key vascular, immune, and nervous system receptors on endothelial cells, neuronal axons, and regulatory T cells respectively. They serve as co-receptors for the Plexins in Semaphorin binding on neuronal and vascular endothelial cells, and for the VEGFRs in VEGF binding on vascular and lymphatic endothelial cells, and thus regulate the initiation and coordination of cell signaling by Semaphorins and VEGFs. 2 There is conflicting evidence in the literature as to whether only heparin-binding VEGF-A isoforms - that is, isoforms with domains encoded by exons 6 and/or 7 plus 8a - bind to Neuropilins on endothelial cells. While it is clear that VEGF-A165a binds to both NRP1 and NRP2, published studies do not all agree on the ability of VEGF-A121a to bind NRPs. Here, we review and attempt to reconcile evidence for and against VEGF-A121a binding to Neuropilins. This evidence suggests that, in vitro, VEGF-A121a can bind to both NRP1 and NRP2 via domains encoded by exons 5 and 8a; in the case of NRP1, VEGF-A121a binds with lower affinity than VEGF-A165a. In in vitro cell culture experiments, both NRP1 and NRP2 can enhance VEGF-A121a-induced phosphorylation of VEGFR2 and downstream signaling including proliferation. However, unlike VEGFA-165a, experiments have shown that VEGF-A121a does not 'bridge' VEGFR2 and NRP1, i.e. it does not bind both receptors simultaneously at their extracellular domain. Thus, the mechanism by which Neuropilins potentiate VEGF-A121a-mediated VEGFR2 signaling may be different from that for VEGF-A165a. We suggest such an alternate mechanism: interactions between NRP1 and VEGFR2 transmembrane (TM) and intracellular (IC) domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarvenaz Sarabipour
- a Institute for Computational Medicine, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Institute for NanoBioTechnology , Johns Hopkins University , Baltimore , MD , USA
| | - Feilim Mac Gabhann
- a Institute for Computational Medicine, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Institute for NanoBioTechnology , Johns Hopkins University , Baltimore , MD , USA
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Huang ML, Michalak AL, Fisher CJ, Christy M, Smith RAA, Godula K. Small Molecule Antagonist of Cell Surface Glycosaminoglycans Restricts Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells in a Pluripotent State. Stem Cells 2017; 36:45-54. [PMID: 28984039 DOI: 10.1002/stem.2714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Revised: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 09/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Recently, the field of stem cell-based regeneration has turned its attention toward chemical approaches for controlling the pluripotency and differentiation of embryonic stem cells (ESCs) using drug-like small molecule modulators. Growth factor receptors or their associated downstream kinases that regulate intracellular signaling pathways during differentiation are typically the targets for these molecules. The glycocalyx, which plays an essential role in actuating responses to growth factors at the cellular boundary, offers an underexplored opportunity for intervention using small molecules to influence differentiation. Here, we show that surfen, an antagonist of cell-surface glycosaminoglycans required for growth factor association with cognate receptors, acts as a potent and general inhibitor of differentiation and promoter of pluripotency in mouse ESCs. This finding shows that drugging the stem cell Glycome with small molecules to silence differentiation cues can provide a powerful new alternative to existing techniques for controlling stem cell fate. Stem Cells 2018;36:45-54.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mia L Huang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Austen L Michalak
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Christopher J Fisher
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Mitchell Christy
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Raymond A A Smith
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Kamil Godula
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
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Farwell SLN, Reylander KG, Iovine MK, Lowe-Krentz LJ. Novel Heparin Receptor Transmembrane Protein 184a Regulates Angiogenesis in the Adult Zebrafish Caudal Fin. Front Physiol 2017; 8:671. [PMID: 28936181 PMCID: PMC5594097 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Transmembrane protein 184A (TMEM184A) was recently identified as the heparin receptor in vascular cells. Heparin binds specifically to TMEM184A and induces anti-proliferative signaling in vitro. Though it is highly conserved, the physiological function of TMEM184A remains unknown. The objective of this study was to investigate the expression and effects on vascular regeneration of TMEM184A using the adult zebrafish regenerating caudal fin as an in vivo model. Here, we show that Tmem184a is expressed in vascular endothelial cells (ECs) of mature and regenerating zebrafish fins. Transient morpholino (MO)-mediated knockdown of Tmem184a using two validated MOs results in tangled regenerating vessels that do not grow outward and limit normal overall fin regeneration. A significant increase in EC proliferation is observed. Consistent with in vitro work with tissue culture vascular cells, heparin has the opposite effect and decreases EC proliferation which also hinders overall fin regeneration. Collectively, our study suggests that Tmem184a is a novel regulator of angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Lynn N Farwell
- Department of Biological Sciences, Lehigh UniversityBethlehem, PA, United States
| | - Kimberly G Reylander
- Department of Biological Sciences, Lehigh UniversityBethlehem, PA, United States
| | - M Kathryn Iovine
- Department of Biological Sciences, Lehigh UniversityBethlehem, PA, United States
| | - Linda J Lowe-Krentz
- Department of Biological Sciences, Lehigh UniversityBethlehem, PA, United States
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Abstract
Heparin and heparan sulfate glycosaminoglycans are long, linear polysaccharides that are made up of alternating dissacharide sequences of sulfated uronic acid and amino sugars. Unlike heparin, which is only found in mast cells, heparan sulfate is ubiquitously expressed on the cell surface and in the extracellular matrix of all animal cells. These negatively-charged glycans play essential roles in important cellular functions such as cell growth, adhesion, angiogenesis, and blood coagulation. These biomolecules are also involved in pathophysiological conditions such as pathogen infection and human disease. This review discusses past and current methods for targeting these complex biomolecules as a novel therapeutic strategy to treating disorders such as cancer, neurodegenerative diseases, and infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan J Weiss
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Glycobiology Research and Training Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0358, USA
| | - Jeffrey D Esko
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Glycobiology Research and Training Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0358, USA
| | - Yitzhak Tor
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0358, USA.
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Buscemi S, Palumbo V, Maffongelli A, Fazzotta S, Palumbo F, Licciardi M, Fiorica C, Puleio R, Cassata G, Fiorello L, Buscemi G, lo Monte A. Electrospun PHEA-PLA/PCL Scaffold for Vascular Regeneration: A Preliminary in Vivo Evaluation. Transplant Proc 2017; 49:716-721. [DOI: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2017.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Johns SC, Yin X, Jeltsch M, Bishop JR, Schuksz M, El Ghazal R, Wilcox-Adelman SA, Alitalo K, Fuster MM. Functional Importance of a Proteoglycan Coreceptor in Pathologic Lymphangiogenesis. Circ Res 2016; 119:210-21. [PMID: 27225479 PMCID: PMC4938725 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.116.308504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2016] [Accepted: 05/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Supplemental Digital Content is available in the text. Rationale: Lymphatic vessel growth is mediated by major prolymphangiogenic factors, such as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF-C) and VEGF-D, among other endothelial effectors. Heparan sulfate is a linear polysaccharide expressed on proteoglycan core proteins on cell membranes and matrix, playing roles in angiogenesis, although little is known about any function(s) in lymphatic remodeling in vivo. Objective: To explore the genetic basis and mechanisms, whereby heparan sulfate proteoglycans mediate pathological lymphatic remodeling. Methods and Results: Lymphatic endothelial deficiency in the major heparan sulfate biosynthetic enzyme N-deacetylase/N-sulfotransferase-1 (Ndst1; involved in glycan-chain sulfation) was associated with reduced lymphangiogenesis in pathological models, including spontaneous neoplasia. Mouse mutants demonstrated tumor-associated lymphatic vessels with apoptotic nuclei. Mutant lymphatic endothelia demonstrated impaired mitogen (Erk) and survival (Akt) pathway signaling and reduced VEGF-C–mediated protection from starvation-induced apoptosis. Lymphatic endothelial-specific Ndst1 deficiency (in Ndst1f/fProx1+/CreERT2 mice) was sufficient to inhibit VEGF-C–dependent lymphangiogenesis. Lymphatic heparan sulfate deficiency reduced phosphorylation of the major lymphatic growth receptor VEGF receptor-3 in response to multiple VEGF-C species. Syndecan-4 was the dominantly expressed heparan sulfate proteoglycan in mouse lymphatic endothelia, and pathological lymphangiogenesis was impaired in Sdc4(−/−) mice. On the lymphatic cell surface, VEGF-C induced robust association between syndecan-4 and VEGF receptor-3, which was sensitive to glycan disruption. Moreover, VEGF receptor-3 mitogen and survival signaling was reduced in the setting of Ndst1 or Sdc4 deficiency. Conclusions: These findings demonstrate the genetic importance of heparan sulfate and the major lymphatic proteoglycan syndecan-4 in pathological lymphatic remodeling. This may introduce novel future strategies to alter pathological lymphatic-vascular remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott C Johns
- From the VA San Diego Healthcare System, Medical and Research Sections, La Jolla, CA (S.C.J., X.Y., R.E., M.M.F.); Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla (S.C.J., X.Y., R.E., M.M.F.); Marine Drug Research Institute, Huaihai Institute of Technology, Lianyungang, China (X.Y.); Translational Cancer Biology Research Program, Institute of Biomedicine (M.J.) and Helsinki University Central Hospital (K.A.), Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Glycobiology Research and Training Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla (J.R.B., M.S.); Biomatrix Center, New York University (S.A.W.-A.); and Translational Cancer Biology Research Program, Wihuri Research Institute, Helsinki, Finland (K.A.)
| | - Xin Yin
- From the VA San Diego Healthcare System, Medical and Research Sections, La Jolla, CA (S.C.J., X.Y., R.E., M.M.F.); Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla (S.C.J., X.Y., R.E., M.M.F.); Marine Drug Research Institute, Huaihai Institute of Technology, Lianyungang, China (X.Y.); Translational Cancer Biology Research Program, Institute of Biomedicine (M.J.) and Helsinki University Central Hospital (K.A.), Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Glycobiology Research and Training Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla (J.R.B., M.S.); Biomatrix Center, New York University (S.A.W.-A.); and Translational Cancer Biology Research Program, Wihuri Research Institute, Helsinki, Finland (K.A.)
| | - Michael Jeltsch
- From the VA San Diego Healthcare System, Medical and Research Sections, La Jolla, CA (S.C.J., X.Y., R.E., M.M.F.); Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla (S.C.J., X.Y., R.E., M.M.F.); Marine Drug Research Institute, Huaihai Institute of Technology, Lianyungang, China (X.Y.); Translational Cancer Biology Research Program, Institute of Biomedicine (M.J.) and Helsinki University Central Hospital (K.A.), Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Glycobiology Research and Training Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla (J.R.B., M.S.); Biomatrix Center, New York University (S.A.W.-A.); and Translational Cancer Biology Research Program, Wihuri Research Institute, Helsinki, Finland (K.A.)
| | - Joseph R Bishop
- From the VA San Diego Healthcare System, Medical and Research Sections, La Jolla, CA (S.C.J., X.Y., R.E., M.M.F.); Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla (S.C.J., X.Y., R.E., M.M.F.); Marine Drug Research Institute, Huaihai Institute of Technology, Lianyungang, China (X.Y.); Translational Cancer Biology Research Program, Institute of Biomedicine (M.J.) and Helsinki University Central Hospital (K.A.), Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Glycobiology Research and Training Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla (J.R.B., M.S.); Biomatrix Center, New York University (S.A.W.-A.); and Translational Cancer Biology Research Program, Wihuri Research Institute, Helsinki, Finland (K.A.)
| | - Manuela Schuksz
- From the VA San Diego Healthcare System, Medical and Research Sections, La Jolla, CA (S.C.J., X.Y., R.E., M.M.F.); Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla (S.C.J., X.Y., R.E., M.M.F.); Marine Drug Research Institute, Huaihai Institute of Technology, Lianyungang, China (X.Y.); Translational Cancer Biology Research Program, Institute of Biomedicine (M.J.) and Helsinki University Central Hospital (K.A.), Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Glycobiology Research and Training Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla (J.R.B., M.S.); Biomatrix Center, New York University (S.A.W.-A.); and Translational Cancer Biology Research Program, Wihuri Research Institute, Helsinki, Finland (K.A.)
| | - Roland El Ghazal
- From the VA San Diego Healthcare System, Medical and Research Sections, La Jolla, CA (S.C.J., X.Y., R.E., M.M.F.); Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla (S.C.J., X.Y., R.E., M.M.F.); Marine Drug Research Institute, Huaihai Institute of Technology, Lianyungang, China (X.Y.); Translational Cancer Biology Research Program, Institute of Biomedicine (M.J.) and Helsinki University Central Hospital (K.A.), Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Glycobiology Research and Training Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla (J.R.B., M.S.); Biomatrix Center, New York University (S.A.W.-A.); and Translational Cancer Biology Research Program, Wihuri Research Institute, Helsinki, Finland (K.A.)
| | - Sarah A Wilcox-Adelman
- From the VA San Diego Healthcare System, Medical and Research Sections, La Jolla, CA (S.C.J., X.Y., R.E., M.M.F.); Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla (S.C.J., X.Y., R.E., M.M.F.); Marine Drug Research Institute, Huaihai Institute of Technology, Lianyungang, China (X.Y.); Translational Cancer Biology Research Program, Institute of Biomedicine (M.J.) and Helsinki University Central Hospital (K.A.), Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Glycobiology Research and Training Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla (J.R.B., M.S.); Biomatrix Center, New York University (S.A.W.-A.); and Translational Cancer Biology Research Program, Wihuri Research Institute, Helsinki, Finland (K.A.)
| | - Kari Alitalo
- From the VA San Diego Healthcare System, Medical and Research Sections, La Jolla, CA (S.C.J., X.Y., R.E., M.M.F.); Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla (S.C.J., X.Y., R.E., M.M.F.); Marine Drug Research Institute, Huaihai Institute of Technology, Lianyungang, China (X.Y.); Translational Cancer Biology Research Program, Institute of Biomedicine (M.J.) and Helsinki University Central Hospital (K.A.), Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Glycobiology Research and Training Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla (J.R.B., M.S.); Biomatrix Center, New York University (S.A.W.-A.); and Translational Cancer Biology Research Program, Wihuri Research Institute, Helsinki, Finland (K.A.)
| | - Mark M Fuster
- From the VA San Diego Healthcare System, Medical and Research Sections, La Jolla, CA (S.C.J., X.Y., R.E., M.M.F.); Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla (S.C.J., X.Y., R.E., M.M.F.); Marine Drug Research Institute, Huaihai Institute of Technology, Lianyungang, China (X.Y.); Translational Cancer Biology Research Program, Institute of Biomedicine (M.J.) and Helsinki University Central Hospital (K.A.), Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Glycobiology Research and Training Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla (J.R.B., M.S.); Biomatrix Center, New York University (S.A.W.-A.); and Translational Cancer Biology Research Program, Wihuri Research Institute, Helsinki, Finland (K.A.).
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Fearnley GW, Smith GA, Abdul-Zani I, Yuldasheva N, Mughal NA, Homer-Vanniasinkam S, Kearney MT, Zachary IC, Tomlinson DC, Harrison MA, Wheatcroft SB, Ponnambalam S. VEGF-A isoforms program differential VEGFR2 signal transduction, trafficking and proteolysis. Biol Open 2016; 5:571-83. [PMID: 27044325 PMCID: PMC4874356 DOI: 10.1242/bio.017434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Accepted: 03/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF-A) binding to the receptor tyrosine kinase VEGFR2 triggers multiple signal transduction pathways, which regulate endothelial cell responses that control vascular development. Multiple isoforms of VEGF-A can elicit differential signal transduction and endothelial responses. However, it is unclear how such cellular responses are controlled by isoform-specific VEGF-A-VEGFR2 complexes. Increasingly, there is the realization that the membrane trafficking of receptor-ligand complexes influences signal transduction and protein turnover. By building on these concepts, our study shows for the first time that three different VEGF-A isoforms (VEGF-A165, VEGF-A121 and VEGF-A145) promote distinct patterns of VEGFR2 endocytosis for delivery into early endosomes. This differential VEGFR2 endocytosis and trafficking is linked to VEGF-A isoform-specific signal transduction events. Disruption of clathrin-dependent endocytosis blocked VEGF-A isoform-specific VEGFR2 activation, signal transduction and caused substantial depletion in membrane-bound VEGFR1 and VEGFR2 levels. Furthermore, such VEGF-A isoforms promoted differential patterns of VEGFR2 ubiquitylation, proteolysis and terminal degradation. Our study now provides novel insights into how different VEGF-A isoforms can bind the same receptor tyrosine kinase and elicit diverse cellular outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gareth W Fearnley
- Endothelial Cell Biology Unit, School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Gina A Smith
- Endothelial Cell Biology Unit, School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Izma Abdul-Zani
- Endothelial Cell Biology Unit, School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Nadira Yuldasheva
- Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular Metabolism and Medicine, LIGHT Laboratories, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Nadeem A Mughal
- Endothelial Cell Biology Unit, School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | | | - Mark T Kearney
- Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular Metabolism and Medicine, LIGHT Laboratories, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Ian C Zachary
- Centre for Cardiovascular Biology and Medicine, Division of Medicine, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Darren C Tomlinson
- Biomedical Health Research Centre, Astbury Building, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | | | - Stephen B Wheatcroft
- Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular Metabolism and Medicine, LIGHT Laboratories, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Sreenivasan Ponnambalam
- Endothelial Cell Biology Unit, School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
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36
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Growth factor restriction impedes progression of wound healing following cataract surgery: identification of VEGF as a putative therapeutic target. Sci Rep 2016; 6:24453. [PMID: 27076230 PMCID: PMC4831005 DOI: 10.1038/srep24453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2015] [Accepted: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Secondary visual loss occurs in millions of patients due to a wound-healing response,
known as posterior capsule opacification (PCO), following cataract surgery. An
intraocular lens (IOL) is implanted into residual lens tissue, known as the capsular
bag, following cataract removal. Standard IOLs allow the anterior and posterior
capsules to become physically connected. This places pressure on the IOL and
improves contact with the underlying posterior capsule. New open bag IOL designs
separate the anterior capsule and posterior capsules and further reduce PCO
incidence. It is hypothesised that this results from reduced cytokine availability
due to greater irrigation of the bag. We therefore explored the role of growth
factor restriction on PCO using human lens cell and tissue culture models. We
demonstrate that cytokine dilution, by increasing medium volume, significantly
reduced cell coverage in both closed and open capsular bag models. This coincided
with reduced cell density and myofibroblast formation. A screen of 27 cytokines
identified nine candidates whose expression profile correlated with growth. In
particular, VEGF was found to regulate cell survival, growth and myofibroblast
formation. VEGF provides a therapeutic target to further manage PCO development and
will yield best results when used in conjunction with open bag IOL designs.
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Walker A, Chung CW, Neu M, Burman M, Batuwangala T, Jones G, Tang CM, Steward M, Mullin M, Tournier N, Lewis A, Korczynska J, Chung V, Catchpole I. Novel Interaction Mechanism of a Domain Antibody-based Inhibitor of Human Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor with Greater Potency than Ranibizumab and Bevacizumab and Improved Capacity over Aflibercept. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:5500-5511. [PMID: 26728464 PMCID: PMC4786692 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.691162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
A potent VEGF inhibitor with novel antibody architecture and antigen binding mode has been developed. The molecule, hereafter referred to as VEGF dual dAb (domain antibody), was evaluated in vitro for binding to VEGF and for potency in VEGF-driven models and compared with other anti-VEGF biologics that have been used in ocular anti-angiogenic therapeutic regimes. VEGF dual dAb is more potent than bevacizumab and ranibizumab for VEGF binding, inhibition of VEGF receptor binding assays (RBAs), and VEGF-driven in vitro models of angiogenesis and displays comparable inhibition to aflibercept (Eylea). VEGF dual dAb is dimeric, and each monomer contains two distinct anti-VEGF domain antibodies attached via linkers to a human IgG1 Fc domain. Mechanistically, the enhanced in vitro potency of VEGF dual dAb, in comparison to other anti-VEGF biologics, can be explained by increased binding stoichiometry. A consistent model of the target engagement has been built based on the x-ray complexes of each of the two isolated domain antibodies with the VEGF antigen.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Vicky Chung
- BioPharm Process Research, GSK Medicine's Research Centre, Stevenage, Herts SG1 2NY, United Kingdom
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Azevedo HS, Pashkuleva I. Biomimetic supramolecular designs for the controlled release of growth factors in bone regeneration. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2015; 94:63-76. [PMID: 26325686 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2015.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2014] [Revised: 08/17/2015] [Accepted: 08/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The extracellular matrix (ECM) of tissues is an assembly of insoluble macromolecules that specifically interact with soluble bioactive molecules and regulate their distribution and availability to cells. Recapitulating this ability has been an important target in controlled growth factor delivery strategies for tissue regeneration and requires the design of multifunctional carriers. This review describes the integration of supramolecular interactions on the design of delivery strategies that encompass self-assembling and engineered affinity components to construct advanced biomimetic carriers for growth factor delivery. Several glycan- and peptide-based self-assemblies reported in the literature are highlighted and commented upon. These examples demonstrate how molecular design and chemistry are successfully employed to create versatile multifunctional molecules which self-assemble/disassemble in a precisely predicted manner, thus controlling compartmentalization, transport and delivery. Finally, we discuss whether recent advances in the design and preparation of supramolecular delivery systems have been sufficient to drive real translation towards a clinical impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena S Azevedo
- School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, UK; Institute of Bioengineering, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, UK.
| | - Iva Pashkuleva
- 3B's Research Group - Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark, 4805-017 Barco Guimarães, Portugal; ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal.
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39
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Gallagher J. Fell-Muir Lecture: Heparan sulphate and the art of cell regulation: a polymer chain conducts the protein orchestra. Int J Exp Pathol 2015; 96:203-31. [PMID: 26173450 PMCID: PMC4561558 DOI: 10.1111/iep.12135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2014] [Accepted: 05/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Heparan sulphate (HS) sits at the interface of the cell and the extracellular matrix. It is a member of the glycosaminoglycan family of anionic polysaccharides with unique structural features designed for protein interaction and regulation. Its client proteins include soluble effectors (e.g. growth factors, morphogens, chemokines), membrane receptors and cell adhesion proteins such as fibronectin, fibrillin and various types of collagen. The protein-binding properties of HS, together with its strategic positioning in the pericellular domain, are indicative of key roles in mediating the flow of regulatory signals between cells and their microenvironment. The control of transmembrane signalling is a fundamental element in the complex biology of HS. It seems likely that, in some way, HS orchestrates diverse signalling pathways to facilitate information processing inside the cell. A dictionary definition of an orchestra is 'a large group of musicians who play together on various instruments …' to paraphrase, the HS orchestra is 'a large group of proteins that play together on various receptors'. HS conducts this orchestra to ensure that proteins hit the right notes on their receptors but, in the manner of a true conductor, does it also set 'the musical pulse' and create rhythm and harmony attractive to the cell? This is too big a question to answer but fun to think about as you read this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Gallagher
- Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, Institute of Cancer Sciences, Paterson Building, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
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40
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Beckouche N, Bignon M, Lelarge V, Mathivet T, Pichol-Thievend C, Berndt S, Hardouin J, Garand M, Ardidie-Robouant C, Barret A, Melino G, Lortat-Jacob H, Muller L, Monnot C, Germain S. The interaction of heparan sulfate proteoglycans with endothelial transglutaminase-2 limits VEGF165-induced angiogenesis. Sci Signal 2015; 8:ra70. [PMID: 26175493 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aaa0963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Sprouting angiogenesis is stimulated by vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF165) that is localized in the extracellular matrix (ECM) and binds to heparan sulfate (HS)-bearing proteins known as heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs). VEGF165 presentation by HSPGs enhances VEGF receptor-2 (VEGFR2) signaling. We investigated the effect of TG2, which binds to HSPGs, on the interaction between VEGF165 and HS and angiogenesis. Mice with tg2 deficiency showed transiently enhanced retina vessel formation and increased vascularization of VEGF165-containing Matrigel implants. In addition, endothelial cells in which TG2 was knocked down exhibited enhanced VEGF165-induced sprouting and migration, which was associated with increased phosphorylation of VEGFR2 at Tyr(951) and its targets Src and Akt. TG2 knockdown did not affect the phosphorylation of VEGFR2 at Tyr(1175) or cell proliferation in response to VEGF165 and sprouting or signaling in response to VEGF121. Decreased phosphorylation of VEGFR2 at Tyr(951) was due to ECM-localized TG2, which reduced the binding of VEGF165 to endothelial ECM in a manner that required its ability to bind to HS but not its catalytic activity. Surface plasmon resonance assays demonstrated that TG2 impeded the interaction between VEGF165 and HS. These results show that TG2 controls the formation of VEGF165-HSPG complexes and suggest that this regulation could be pharmacologically targeted to modulate developmental and therapeutic angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan Beckouche
- Collège de France, Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology, Paris F-75005, France. CNRS, UMR 7241, Paris F-75005, France. INSERM U1050, Paris F-75005, France. Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer. Universite Pierre et Marie Curie (ED 394), Paris F-75005, France
| | - Marine Bignon
- Collège de France, Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology, Paris F-75005, France. CNRS, UMR 7241, Paris F-75005, France. INSERM U1050, Paris F-75005, France. Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer
| | - Virginie Lelarge
- Collège de France, Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology, Paris F-75005, France. CNRS, UMR 7241, Paris F-75005, France. INSERM U1050, Paris F-75005, France. Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer. Universite Pierre et Marie Curie (ED 394), Paris F-75005, France
| | - Thomas Mathivet
- Collège de France, Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology, Paris F-75005, France. CNRS, UMR 7241, Paris F-75005, France. INSERM U1050, Paris F-75005, France
| | - Cathy Pichol-Thievend
- Collège de France, Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology, Paris F-75005, France. CNRS, UMR 7241, Paris F-75005, France. INSERM U1050, Paris F-75005, France. Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer. Universite Pierre et Marie Curie (ED 394), Paris F-75005, France
| | - Sarah Berndt
- Collège de France, Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology, Paris F-75005, France. CNRS, UMR 7241, Paris F-75005, France. INSERM U1050, Paris F-75005, France. Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer
| | - Julie Hardouin
- Universite de Rouen Laboratoire Polymères Biopolymeres Surfaces, UMR CNRS 6270, Mont-Saint-Aignan F-76821, France
| | - Marion Garand
- Collège de France, Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology, Paris F-75005, France. CNRS, UMR 7241, Paris F-75005, France. INSERM U1050, Paris F-75005, France
| | - Corinne Ardidie-Robouant
- Collège de France, Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology, Paris F-75005, France. CNRS, UMR 7241, Paris F-75005, France. INSERM U1050, Paris F-75005, France. Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer
| | - Alain Barret
- Collège de France, Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology, Paris F-75005, France. CNRS, UMR 7241, Paris F-75005, France. INSERM U1050, Paris F-75005, France. Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer
| | - Gerry Melino
- MRC Toxicology Unit, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 9HN, UK
| | - Hugues Lortat-Jacob
- Université Grenoble Alpes, Institut de Biologie Structurale (IBS), Grenoble F-38000, France. CNRS, IBS, Grenoble F-38000, France. Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, Direction des Sciences du Vivant, IBS, Grenoble F-38000, France
| | - Laurent Muller
- Collège de France, Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology, Paris F-75005, France. CNRS, UMR 7241, Paris F-75005, France. INSERM U1050, Paris F-75005, France. Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer
| | - Catherine Monnot
- Collège de France, Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology, Paris F-75005, France. CNRS, UMR 7241, Paris F-75005, France. INSERM U1050, Paris F-75005, France. Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer.
| | - Stephane Germain
- Collège de France, Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology, Paris F-75005, France. CNRS, UMR 7241, Paris F-75005, France. INSERM U1050, Paris F-75005, France. Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer. Department of Pathology, Saint-Louis Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris F-75010, France
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41
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Assembly, organization and regulation of cell-surface receptors by lectin–glycan complexes. Biochem J 2015; 469:1-16. [DOI: 10.1042/bj20150461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Galectins are a family of β-galactoside-binding lectins carrying at least one consensus sequence in the carbohydrate-recognition domain. Properties of glycosylated ligands, such as N- and O-glycan branching, LacNAc (N-acetyl-lactosamine) content and the balance of α2,3- and α2,6-linked sialic acid dramatically influence galectin binding to a preferential set of counter-receptors. The presentation of specific glycans in galectin-binding partners is also critical, as proper orientation and clustering of oligosaccharide ligands on multiple carbohydrate side chains increase the binding avidity of galectins for particular glycosylated receptors. When galectins are released from the cells, they typically concentrate on the cell surface and the local matrix, raising their local concentration. Thus galectins can form their own multimers in the extracellular milieu, which in turn cross-link glycoconjugates on the cell surface generating galectin–glycan complexes that modulate intracellular signalling pathways, thus regulating cellular processes such as apoptosis, proliferation, migration and angiogenesis. Subtle changes in receptor expression, rates of protein synthesis, activities of Golgi enzymes, metabolite concentrations supporting glycan biosynthesis, density of glycans, strength of protein–protein interactions at the plasma membrane and stoichiometry may modify galectin–glycan complexes. Although galectins are key contributors to the formation of these extended glycan complexes leading to promotion of receptor segregation/clustering, and inhibition of receptor internalization by surface retention, when these complexes are disrupted, some galectins, particularly galectin-3 and -4, showed the ability to drive clathrin-independent mechanisms of endocytosis. In the present review, we summarize the data available on the assembly, hierarchical organization and regulation of conspicuous galectin–glycan complexes, and their implications in health and disease.
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Zsila F. Glycosaminoglycan and DNA Binding Induced Intra- and Intermolecular Exciton Coupling of thebis-4-Aminoquinoline Surfen. Chirality 2015; 27:605-12. [DOI: 10.1002/chir.22471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2015] [Accepted: 04/28/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ferenc Zsila
- Research Group of Chemical Biology; Institute of Organic Chemistry, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences; Budapest Hungary
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43
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Teran M, Nugent MA. Synergistic Binding of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor-A and Its Receptors to Heparin Selectively Modulates Complex Affinity. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:16451-62. [PMID: 25979342 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.627372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Angiogenesis is a highly regulated process orchestrated by the VEGF system. Heparin/heparan sulfate proteoglycans and neuropilin-1 (NRP-1) have been identified as co-receptors, yet the mechanisms of action have not been fully defined. In the present study, we characterized molecular interactions between receptors and co-receptors, using surface plasmon resonance and in vitro binding assays. Additionally, we demonstrate that these binding events are relevant to VEGF activity within endothelial cells. We defined interactions and structural requirements for heparin/HS interactions with VEGF receptor (VEGFR)-1, NRP-1, and VEGF165 in complex with VEGFR-2 and NRP-1. We demonstrate that these structural requirements are distinct for each interaction. We further show that VEGF165, VEGFR-2, and monomeric NRP-1 bind weakly to heparin alone yet show synergistic binding to heparin when presented together in various combinations. This synergistic binding appears to translate to alterations in VEGF signaling in endothelial cells. We found that soluble NRP-1 increases VEGF binding and activation of VEGFR-2 and ERK1/2 in endothelial cells and that these effects require sulfated HS. These data suggest that the presence of HS/heparin and NRP-1 may dictate the specific receptor type activated by VEGF and ultimately determine the biological output of the system. The ability of co-receptors to fine-tune VEGF responsiveness suggests the possibility that VEGF-mediated angiogenesis can be selectively stimulated or inhibited by targeting HS/heparin and NRP-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madelane Teran
- From the Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02118 and
| | - Matthew A Nugent
- the Department of Biological Sciences, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, Massachusetts 01854
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44
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Zsila F. Inclusion excluded: Chiroptical sensing of the external surface of sulfated cyclodextrins. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2015; 460:863-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.03.123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2015] [Accepted: 03/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Heparin/Heparan sulfate proteoglycans glycomic interactome in angiogenesis: biological implications and therapeutical use. Molecules 2015; 20:6342-88. [PMID: 25867824 PMCID: PMC6272510 DOI: 10.3390/molecules20046342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2015] [Revised: 03/31/2015] [Accepted: 04/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Angiogenesis, the process of formation of new blood vessel from pre-existing ones, is involved in various intertwined pathological processes including virus infection, inflammation and oncogenesis, making it a promising target for the development of novel strategies for various interventions. To induce angiogenesis, angiogenic growth factors (AGFs) must interact with pro-angiogenic receptors to induce proliferation, protease production and migration of endothelial cells (ECs). The action of AGFs is counteracted by antiangiogenic modulators whose main mechanism of action is to bind (thus sequestering or masking) AGFs or their receptors. Many sugars, either free or associated to proteins, are involved in these interactions, thus exerting a tight regulation of the neovascularization process. Heparin and heparan sulfate proteoglycans undoubtedly play a pivotal role in this context since they bind to almost all the known AGFs, to several pro-angiogenic receptors and even to angiogenic inhibitors, originating an intricate network of interaction, the so called "angiogenesis glycomic interactome". The decoding of the angiogenesis glycomic interactome, achievable by a systematic study of the interactions occurring among angiogenic modulators and sugars, may help to design novel antiangiogenic therapies with implications in the cure of angiogenesis-dependent diseases.
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46
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Soto-Pantoja DR, Kaur S, Roberts DD. CD47 signaling pathways controlling cellular differentiation and responses to stress. Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol 2015; 50:212-30. [PMID: 25708195 DOI: 10.3109/10409238.2015.1014024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
CD47 is a widely expressed integral membrane protein that serves as the counter-receptor for the inhibitory phagocyte receptor signal-regulatory protein-α (SIRPα) and as a signaling receptor for the secreted matricellular protein thrombospondin-1. Recent studies employing mice and somatic cells lacking CD47 have revealed important pathophysiological functions of CD47 in cardiovascular homeostasis, immune regulation, resistance of cells and tissues to stress and chronic diseases of aging including cancer. With the emergence of experimental therapeutics targeting CD47, a more thorough understanding of CD47 signal transduction is essential. CD47 lacks a substantial cytoplasmic signaling domain, but several cytoplasmic binding partners have been identified, and lateral interactions of CD47 with other membrane receptors play important roles in mediating signaling resulting from the binding of thrombospondin-1. This review addresses recent advances in identifying the lateral binding partners, signal transduction pathways and downstream transcription networks regulated through CD47 in specific cell lineages. Major pathways regulated by CD47 signaling include calcium homeostasis, cyclic nucleotide signaling, nitric oxide and hydrogen sulfide biosynthesis and signaling and stem cell transcription factors. These pathways and other undefined proximal mediators of CD47 signaling regulate cell death and protective autophagy responses, mitochondrial biogenesis, cell adhesion and motility and stem cell self-renewal. Although thrombospondin-1 is the best characterized agonist of CD47, the potential roles of other members of the thrombospondin family, SIRPα and SIRPγ binding and homotypic CD47 interactions as agonists or antagonists of signaling through CD47 should also be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- David R Soto-Pantoja
- a Laboratory of Pathology , Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda , MD , USA
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47
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Tiwari V, Tarbutton MS, Shukla D. Diversity of heparan sulfate and HSV entry: basic understanding and treatment strategies. Molecules 2015; 20:2707-27. [PMID: 25665065 PMCID: PMC6272628 DOI: 10.3390/molecules20022707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Accepted: 02/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
A modified form of heparan sulfate (HS) known as 3-O-sulfated heparan sulfate (3-OS HS) generates fusion receptor for herpes simplex virus (HSV) entry and spread. Primary cultures of corneal fibroblasts derived from human eye donors have shown the clinical significance of this receptor during HSV corneal infection. 3-OS HS- is a product of a rare enzymatic modification at C3 position of glucosamine residue which is catalyzed by 3-O-sulfotransferases (3-OSTs) enzymes. From humans to zebrafish, the 3-OST enzymes are highly conserved and widely expressed in cells and tissues. There are multiple forms of 3-OSTs each producing unique subset of sulfated HS making it chemically diverse and heterogeneous. HSV infection of cells or zebrafish can be used as a unique tool to understand the structural-functional activities of HS and 3-OS HS and likewise, the infection can be used as a functional assay to screen phage display libraries for identifying HS and 3-OS HS binding peptides or small molecule inhibitors. Using this approach over 200 unique 12-mer HS and 3-OS HS recognizing peptides were isolated and characterized against HSV corneal infection where 3-OS HS is known to be a key receptor. In this review we discuss emerging role of 3-OS HS based therapeutic strategies in preventing viral infection and tissue damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vaibhav Tiwari
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Chicago College of Osteopathic Medicine, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL 60515, USA.
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
| | - Morgan S Tarbutton
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Chicago College of Osteopathic Medicine, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL 60515, USA.
| | - Deepak Shukla
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
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48
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Kaur S, Chang T, Singh SP, Lim L, Mannan P, Garfield SH, Pendrak ML, Soto-Pantoja DR, Rosenberg AZ, Jin S, Roberts DD. CD47 signaling regulates the immunosuppressive activity of VEGF in T cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 193:3914-24. [PMID: 25200950 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1303116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Thrombospondin-1 (TSP1) inhibits angiogenesis, in part, by interacting with the ubiquitous cell-surface receptor CD47. In endothelial cells, CD47 interacts directly with vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR)-2, and TSP1 inhibits VEGFR2 phosphorylation and signaling by disrupting this association. We show that CD47 similarly associates with and regulates VEGFR2 in T cells. TSP1 inhibits phosphorylation of VEGFR2 and its downstream target Src in wild type but not in CD47-deficient human Jurkat and primary murine T cells. VEGFR2 signaling inhibits proliferation and TCR signaling in wild type T cells. However, ligation of CD47 by TSP1 or loss of CD47 expression reverses some inhibitory effects of VEGF on proliferation and T cell activation. We further found that VEGF and VEGFR2 expression are upregulated in CD47-deficient murine CD4(+) and human Jurkat T cells, and the resulting autocrine VEGFR2 signaling enhances proliferation and some TCR responses in the absence of CD47. Thus, CD47 signaling modulates the ability of VEGF to regulate proliferation and TCR signaling, and autocrine production of VEGF by T cells contributes to this regulation. This provides a mechanism to understand the context-dependent effects of TSP1 and VEGF on T cell activation, and reveals an important role for CD47 signaling in regulating T cell production of the major angiogenic factor VEGF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sukhbir Kaur
- Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20982
| | - Tiffany Chang
- Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20982
| | - Satya P Singh
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20982; and
| | - Langston Lim
- Laboratory of Experimental Carcinogenesis, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Poonam Mannan
- Laboratory of Experimental Carcinogenesis, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Susan H Garfield
- Laboratory of Experimental Carcinogenesis, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Michael L Pendrak
- Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20982
| | - David R Soto-Pantoja
- Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20982
| | - Avi Z Rosenberg
- Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20982
| | - Shelly Jin
- Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20982
| | - David D Roberts
- Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20982;
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Rocha SF, Schiller M, Jing D, Li H, Butz S, Vestweber D, Biljes D, Drexler HC, Nieminen-Kelhä M, Vajkoczy P, Adams S, Benedito R, Adams RH. Esm1 Modulates Endothelial Tip Cell Behavior and Vascular Permeability by Enhancing VEGF Bioavailability. Circ Res 2014; 115:581-90. [DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.115.304718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Susana F. Rocha
- From the Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Münster, Germany (S.F.R., M.S., D.J., H.L., S.B., D.V., D.B., H.C.A.D., S.A., R.B., R.H.A.); University of Münster, Münster, Germany (R.H.A.); Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares, Madrid, Spain (S.F.R., R.B.); and Neurochirurgische Klinik, Charite Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany (M.N.-K., P.V.)
| | - Maria Schiller
- From the Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Münster, Germany (S.F.R., M.S., D.J., H.L., S.B., D.V., D.B., H.C.A.D., S.A., R.B., R.H.A.); University of Münster, Münster, Germany (R.H.A.); Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares, Madrid, Spain (S.F.R., R.B.); and Neurochirurgische Klinik, Charite Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany (M.N.-K., P.V.)
| | - Ding Jing
- From the Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Münster, Germany (S.F.R., M.S., D.J., H.L., S.B., D.V., D.B., H.C.A.D., S.A., R.B., R.H.A.); University of Münster, Münster, Germany (R.H.A.); Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares, Madrid, Spain (S.F.R., R.B.); and Neurochirurgische Klinik, Charite Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany (M.N.-K., P.V.)
| | - Hang Li
- From the Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Münster, Germany (S.F.R., M.S., D.J., H.L., S.B., D.V., D.B., H.C.A.D., S.A., R.B., R.H.A.); University of Münster, Münster, Germany (R.H.A.); Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares, Madrid, Spain (S.F.R., R.B.); and Neurochirurgische Klinik, Charite Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany (M.N.-K., P.V.)
| | - Stefan Butz
- From the Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Münster, Germany (S.F.R., M.S., D.J., H.L., S.B., D.V., D.B., H.C.A.D., S.A., R.B., R.H.A.); University of Münster, Münster, Germany (R.H.A.); Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares, Madrid, Spain (S.F.R., R.B.); and Neurochirurgische Klinik, Charite Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany (M.N.-K., P.V.)
| | - Dietmar Vestweber
- From the Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Münster, Germany (S.F.R., M.S., D.J., H.L., S.B., D.V., D.B., H.C.A.D., S.A., R.B., R.H.A.); University of Münster, Münster, Germany (R.H.A.); Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares, Madrid, Spain (S.F.R., R.B.); and Neurochirurgische Klinik, Charite Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany (M.N.-K., P.V.)
| | - Daniel Biljes
- From the Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Münster, Germany (S.F.R., M.S., D.J., H.L., S.B., D.V., D.B., H.C.A.D., S.A., R.B., R.H.A.); University of Münster, Münster, Germany (R.H.A.); Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares, Madrid, Spain (S.F.R., R.B.); and Neurochirurgische Klinik, Charite Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany (M.N.-K., P.V.)
| | - Hannes C.A. Drexler
- From the Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Münster, Germany (S.F.R., M.S., D.J., H.L., S.B., D.V., D.B., H.C.A.D., S.A., R.B., R.H.A.); University of Münster, Münster, Germany (R.H.A.); Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares, Madrid, Spain (S.F.R., R.B.); and Neurochirurgische Klinik, Charite Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany (M.N.-K., P.V.)
| | - Melina Nieminen-Kelhä
- From the Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Münster, Germany (S.F.R., M.S., D.J., H.L., S.B., D.V., D.B., H.C.A.D., S.A., R.B., R.H.A.); University of Münster, Münster, Germany (R.H.A.); Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares, Madrid, Spain (S.F.R., R.B.); and Neurochirurgische Klinik, Charite Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany (M.N.-K., P.V.)
| | - Peter Vajkoczy
- From the Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Münster, Germany (S.F.R., M.S., D.J., H.L., S.B., D.V., D.B., H.C.A.D., S.A., R.B., R.H.A.); University of Münster, Münster, Germany (R.H.A.); Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares, Madrid, Spain (S.F.R., R.B.); and Neurochirurgische Klinik, Charite Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany (M.N.-K., P.V.)
| | - Susanne Adams
- From the Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Münster, Germany (S.F.R., M.S., D.J., H.L., S.B., D.V., D.B., H.C.A.D., S.A., R.B., R.H.A.); University of Münster, Münster, Germany (R.H.A.); Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares, Madrid, Spain (S.F.R., R.B.); and Neurochirurgische Klinik, Charite Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany (M.N.-K., P.V.)
| | - Rui Benedito
- From the Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Münster, Germany (S.F.R., M.S., D.J., H.L., S.B., D.V., D.B., H.C.A.D., S.A., R.B., R.H.A.); University of Münster, Münster, Germany (R.H.A.); Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares, Madrid, Spain (S.F.R., R.B.); and Neurochirurgische Klinik, Charite Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany (M.N.-K., P.V.)
| | - Ralf H. Adams
- From the Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Münster, Germany (S.F.R., M.S., D.J., H.L., S.B., D.V., D.B., H.C.A.D., S.A., R.B., R.H.A.); University of Münster, Münster, Germany (R.H.A.); Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares, Madrid, Spain (S.F.R., R.B.); and Neurochirurgische Klinik, Charite Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany (M.N.-K., P.V.)
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Croci DO, Cerliani JP, Pinto NA, Morosi LG, Rabinovich GA. Regulatory role of glycans in the control of hypoxia-driven angiogenesis and sensitivity to anti-angiogenic treatment. Glycobiology 2014; 24:1283-90. [PMID: 25117007 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwu083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Abnormal glycosylation is a typical hallmark of the transition from healthy to neoplastic tissues. Although the importance of glycans and glycan-binding proteins in cancer-related processes such as tumor cell adhesion, migration, metastasis and immune escape has been largely appreciated, our awareness of the impact of lectin-glycan recognition in tumor vascularization is relatively new. Regulated glycosylation can influence vascular biology by controlling trafficking, endocytosis and signaling of endothelial cell (EC) receptors including vascular endothelial growth factor receptors, platelet EC adhesion molecule, Notch and integrins. In addition, glycans may control angiogenesis by regulating migration of endothelial tip cells and influencing EC survival and vascular permeability. Recent evidence indicated that changes in the EC surface glycome may also serve "on-and-off" switches that control galectin binding to signaling receptors by displaying or masking-specific glycan epitopes. These glycosylation-dependent lectin-receptor interactions can link tumor hypoxia to EC signaling and control tumor sensitivity to anti-angiogenic treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego O Croci
- Laboratorio de Inmunopatología, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), 1428 Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Juan P Cerliani
- Laboratorio de Inmunopatología, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), 1428 Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Nicolas A Pinto
- Laboratorio de Inmunopatología, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), 1428 Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Luciano G Morosi
- Laboratorio de Inmunopatología, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), 1428 Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Gabriel A Rabinovich
- Laboratorio de Inmunopatología, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), 1428 Buenos Aires, Argentina Laboratorio de Glicómica Funcional, Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, 1428 Buenos Aires, Argentina
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