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Gil-Henn H, Girault JA, Lev S. PYK2, a hub of signaling networks in breast cancer progression. Trends Cell Biol 2024; 34:312-326. [PMID: 37586982 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2023.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Revised: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
Breast cancer (BC) involves complex signaling networks characterized by extensive cross-communication and feedback loops between and within multiple signaling cascades. Many of these signaling pathways are driven by genetic alterations of oncogene and/or tumor-suppressor genes and are influenced by various environmental cues. We describe unique roles of the non-receptor tyrosine kinase (NRTK) PYK2 in signaling integration and feedback looping in BC. PYK2 functions as a signaling hub in various cascades, and its involvement in positive and negative feedback loops enhances signaling robustness, modulates signaling dynamics, and contributes to BC growth, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), stemness, migration, invasion, and metastasis. We also discuss the potential of PYK2 as a therapeutic target in various BC subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hava Gil-Henn
- The Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, Bar-Ilan University, Safed 1311502, Israel
| | - Jean-Antoine Girault
- Institut du Fer à Moulin, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) Unité Mixte de Recherche en Santé (UMRS) 1270, Sorbonne Université, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Sima Lev
- Molecular Cell Biology Department, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel.
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2
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Hu HH, Wang SQ, Shang HL, Lv HF, Chen BB, Gao SG, Chen XB. Roles and inhibitors of FAK in cancer: current advances and future directions. Front Pharmacol 2024; 15:1274209. [PMID: 38410129 PMCID: PMC10895298 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1274209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Focal adhesion kinase (FAK) is a non-receptor tyrosine kinase that exhibits high expression in various tumors and is associated with a poor prognosis. FAK activation promotes tumor growth, invasion, metastasis, and angiogenesis via both kinase-dependent and kinase-independent pathways. Moreover, FAK is crucial for sustaining the tumor microenvironment. The inhibition of FAK impedes tumorigenesis, metastasis, and drug resistance in cancer. Therefore, developing targeted inhibitors against FAK presents a promising therapeutic strategy. To date, numerous FAK inhibitors, including IN10018, defactinib, GSK2256098, conteltinib, and APG-2449, have been developed, which have demonstrated positive anti-tumor effects in preclinical studies and are undergoing clinical trials for several types of tumors. Moreover, many novel FAK inhibitors are currently in preclinical studies to advance targeted therapy for tumors with aberrantly activated FAK. The benefits of FAK degraders, especially in terms of their scaffold function, are increasingly evident, holding promising potential for future clinical exploration and breakthroughs. This review aims to clarify FAK's role in cancer, offering a comprehensive overview of the current status and future prospects of FAK-targeted therapy and combination approaches. The goal is to provide valuable insights for advancing anti-cancer treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Hui Hu
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University and Henan Cancer Hospital, Henan Engineering Research Center of Precision Therapy of Gastrointestinal Cancer and Zhengzhou Key Laboratory for Precision Therapy of Gastrointestinal Cancer, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Sai-Qi Wang
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University and Henan Cancer Hospital, Henan Engineering Research Center of Precision Therapy of Gastrointestinal Cancer and Zhengzhou Key Laboratory for Precision Therapy of Gastrointestinal Cancer, Zhengzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Esophageal Cancer Prevention & Treatment, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Hai-Li Shang
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University and Henan Cancer Hospital, Henan Engineering Research Center of Precision Therapy of Gastrointestinal Cancer and Zhengzhou Key Laboratory for Precision Therapy of Gastrointestinal Cancer, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Hui-Fang Lv
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University and Henan Cancer Hospital, Henan Engineering Research Center of Precision Therapy of Gastrointestinal Cancer and Zhengzhou Key Laboratory for Precision Therapy of Gastrointestinal Cancer, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Bei-Bei Chen
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University and Henan Cancer Hospital, Henan Engineering Research Center of Precision Therapy of Gastrointestinal Cancer and Zhengzhou Key Laboratory for Precision Therapy of Gastrointestinal Cancer, Zhengzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Esophageal Cancer Prevention & Treatment, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - She-Gan Gao
- Henan Key Laboratory of Microbiome and Esophageal Cancer Prevention and Treatment, Henan Key Laboratory of Cancer Epigenetics, Cancer Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Xiao-Bing Chen
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University and Henan Cancer Hospital, Henan Engineering Research Center of Precision Therapy of Gastrointestinal Cancer and Zhengzhou Key Laboratory for Precision Therapy of Gastrointestinal Cancer, Zhengzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Esophageal Cancer Prevention & Treatment, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
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3
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The Genes-Stemness-Secretome Interplay in Malignant Pleural Mesothelioma: Molecular Dynamics and Clinical Hints. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24043496. [PMID: 36834912 PMCID: PMC9963101 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24043496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
MPM has a uniquely poor somatic mutational landscape, mainly driven by environmental selective pressure. This feature has dramatically limited the development of effective treatment. However, genomic events are known to be associated with MPM progression, and specific genetic signatures emerge from the exceptional crosstalk between neoplastic cells and matrix components, among which one main area of focus is hypoxia. Here we discuss the novel therapeutic strategies focused on the exploitation of MPM genetic asset and its interconnection with the surrounding hypoxic microenvironment as well as transcript products and microvesicles representing both an insight into the pathogenesis and promising actionable targets.
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4
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Lee D, Hong JH. Activated PyK2 and Its Associated Molecules Transduce Cellular Signaling from the Cancerous Milieu for Cancer Metastasis. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232415475. [PMID: 36555115 PMCID: PMC9779422 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232415475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
PyK2 is a member of the proline-rich tyrosine kinase and focal adhesion kinase families and is ubiquitously expressed. PyK2 is mainly activated by stimuli, such as activated Src kinases and intracellular acidic pH. The mechanism of PyK2 activation in cancer cells has been addressed extensively. The up-regulation of PyK2 through overexpression and enhanced phosphorylation is a key feature of tumorigenesis and cancer migration. In this review, we summarized the cancer milieu, including acidification and cancer-associated molecules, such as chemical reagents, interactive proteins, chemokine-related molecules, calcium channels/transporters, and oxidative molecules that affect the fate of PyK2. The inhibition of PyK2 leads to a beneficial strategy to attenuate cancer cell development, including metastasis. Thus, we highlighted the effect of PyK2 on various cancer cell types and the distribution of molecules that affect PyK2 activation. In particular, we underlined the relationship between PyK2 and cancer metastasis and its potential to treat cancer cells.
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5
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Targeting protein kinases in cancer stem cells. Essays Biochem 2022; 66:399-412. [PMID: 35607921 DOI: 10.1042/ebc20220002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Revised: 05/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are subpopulations of cancer cells within the tumor bulk that have emerged as an attractive therapeutic target for cancer therapy. Accumulating evidence has shown the critical involvement of protein kinase signaling pathways in driving tumor development, cancer relapse, metastasis, and therapeutic resistance. Given that protein kinases are druggable targets for cancer therapy, tremendous efforts are being made to target CSCs with kinase inhibitors. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge and overview of the roles of protein kinases in various signaling pathways in CSC regulation and drug resistance. Furthermore, we provide an update on the preclinical and clinical studies for the use of kinase inhibitors alone or in combination with current therapies for effective cancer therapy. Despite great premises for the use of kinase inhibitors against CSCs, further investigations are needed to evaluate their efficiencies without any adverse effects on normal stem cells.
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6
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Zhao M, Finlay D, Kwong E, Liddington R, Viollet B, Sasaoka N, Vuori K. Cell adhesion suppresses autophagy via Src/FAK-mediated phosphorylation and inhibition of AMPK. Cell Signal 2022; 89:110170. [PMID: 34673141 PMCID: PMC8602780 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2021.110170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Revised: 10/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy is a multi-step process regulated in part by AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK). Phosphorylation of threonine 172 on the AMPK α-subunit enhances AMPK kinase activity, resulting in activation of downstream signaling. Integrin-mediated cell adhesion activates Src/ Focal Adhesion Kinase (FAK) signaling complex, which regulates multiple cellular processes including cell survival. We show here that Src signaling leads to direct phosphorylation of the AMPK-α subunit on a novel site, tyrosine 179, resulting in suppression of AMPK-T172 phosphorylation and autophagy upon integrin-mediated cell adhesion. By using chemical inhibitors, genetic cell models and targeted mutagenesis, we confirm an important role for Src and FAK in suppressing AMPK signaling and autophagy induced by various additional stimuli, including glucose starvation. Furthermore, we found that autophagy suppression by hydroxychloroquine promotes apoptosis in a cancer cell model that had been treated with Src inhibitors. Our findings reveal a link between the Src/ FAK complex and AMPK/ autophagy regulation, which may play an important role in the maintenance of normal cellular homeostasis and tumor progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Zhao
- Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 10901 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Darren Finlay
- Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 10901 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Elizabeth Kwong
- Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 10901 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Robert Liddington
- Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 10901 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Benoit Viollet
- Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, CNRS UMR8104, INSERM U1016, Paris, 75014, France
| | - Norio Sasaoka
- Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd., 1-98, Kasugadenaka 3-chome, Konohana-ku, Osaka 554-8558, Japan
| | - Kristiina Vuori
- Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 10901 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA,Correpsonding author.
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Dawson JC, Serrels A, Stupack DG, Schlaepfer DD, Frame MC. Targeting FAK in anticancer combination therapies. Nat Rev Cancer 2021; 21:313-324. [PMID: 33731845 PMCID: PMC8276817 DOI: 10.1038/s41568-021-00340-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Focal adhesion kinase (FAK) is both a non-receptor tyrosine kinase and an adaptor protein that primarily regulates adhesion signalling and cell migration, but FAK can also promote cell survival in response to stress. FAK is commonly overexpressed in cancer and is considered a high-value druggable target, with multiple FAK inhibitors currently in development. Evidence suggests that in the clinical setting, FAK targeting will be most effective in combination with other agents so as to reverse failure of chemotherapies or targeted therapies and enhance efficacy of immune-based treatments of solid tumours. Here, we discuss the recent preclinical evidence that implicates FAK in anticancer therapeutic resistance, leading to the view that FAK inhibitors will have their greatest utility as combination therapies in selected patient populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- John C Dawson
- Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
| | - Alan Serrels
- Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Dwayne G Stupack
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of California San Diego Moores Cancer Centre, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - David D Schlaepfer
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of California San Diego Moores Cancer Centre, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Margaret C Frame
- Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
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Rashmi, More SK, Wang Q, Vomhof‐DeKrey EE, Porter JE, Basson MD. ZINC40099027 activates human focal adhesion kinase by accelerating the enzymatic activity of the FAK kinase domain. Pharmacol Res Perspect 2021; 9:e00737. [PMID: 33715263 PMCID: PMC7955952 DOI: 10.1002/prp2.737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Focal adhesion kinase (FAK) regulates gastrointestinal epithelial restitution and healing. ZINC40099027 (Zn27) activates cellular FAK and promotes intestinal epithelial wound closure in vitro and in mice. However, whether Zn27 activates FAK directly or indirectly remains unknown. We evaluated Zn27 potential modulation of the key phosphatases, PTP-PEST, PTP1B, and SHP2, that inactivate FAK, and performed in vitro kinase assays with purified FAK to assess direct Zn27-FAK interaction. In human Caco-2 cells, Zn27-stimulated FAK-Tyr-397 phosphorylation despite PTP-PEST inhibition and did not affect PTP1B-FAK interaction or SHP2 activity. Conversely, in vitro kinase assays demonstrated that Zn27 directly activates both full-length 125 kDa FAK and its 35 kDa kinase domain. The ATP-competitive FAK inhibitor PF573228 reduced basal and ZN27-stimulated FAK phosphorylation in Caco-2 cells, but Zn27 increased FAK phosphorylation even in cells treated with PF573228. Increasing PF573228 concentrations completely prevented activation of 35 kDa FAK in vitro by a normally effective Zn27 concentration. Conversely, increasing Zn27 concentrations dose-dependently activated kinase activity and overcame PF573228 inhibition of FAK, suggesting the direct interactions of Zn27 with FAK may be competitive. Zn27 increased the maximal activity (Vmax ) of FAK. The apparent Km of the substrate also increased under laboratory conditions less relevant to intracellular ATP concentrations. These results suggest that Zn27 is highly potent and enhances FAK activity via allosteric interaction with the FAK kinase domain to increase the Vmax of FAK for ATP. Understanding Zn27 enhancement of FAK activity will be important to redesign and develop a clinical drug that can promote mucosal wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rashmi
- Department of SurgeryUniversity of North Dakota School of Medicine & Health SciencesGrand ForksNDUSA
| | - Shyam K. More
- Department of SurgeryUniversity of North Dakota School of Medicine & Health SciencesGrand ForksNDUSA
| | - Qinggang Wang
- Department of SurgeryUniversity of North Dakota School of Medicine & Health SciencesGrand ForksNDUSA
| | - Emilie E. Vomhof‐DeKrey
- Department of SurgeryUniversity of North Dakota School of Medicine & Health SciencesGrand ForksNDUSA
- Department of Biomedical SciencesUniversity of North Dakota School of Medicine & Health SciencesGrand ForksNDUSA
| | - James E. Porter
- Department of Biomedical SciencesUniversity of North Dakota School of Medicine & Health SciencesGrand ForksNDUSA
| | - Marc D. Basson
- Department of SurgeryUniversity of North Dakota School of Medicine & Health SciencesGrand ForksNDUSA
- Department of Biomedical SciencesUniversity of North Dakota School of Medicine & Health SciencesGrand ForksNDUSA
- Department of PathologyUniversity of North Dakota School of Medicine & Health SciencesGrand ForksNDUSA
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9
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Dong W, Yang J, Zhang Y, Liu S, Ning C, Ding X, Wang W, Zhang Y, Zhang Q, Jiang L. Integrative analysis of genome-wide DNA methylation and gene expression profiles reveals important epigenetic genes related to milk production traits in dairy cattle. J Anim Breed Genet 2021; 138:562-573. [PMID: 33620112 DOI: 10.1111/jbg.12530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Revised: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Epigenetic modification plays a critical role in establishing and maintaining cell differentiation, embryo development, tumorigenesis and many complex diseases. However, little is known about the epigenetic regulatory mechanisms for milk production in dairy cattle. Here, we conducted an epigenome-wide study, together with gene expression profiles to identify important epigenetic candidate genes related to the milk production traits in dairy cattle. Whole-genome bisulphite sequencing and RNA sequencing were employed to detect differentially methylated genes (DMG) and differentially expressed genes (DEG) in blood samples in dry period and lactation period between two groups of cows with extremely high and low milk production performance. A total of 10,877 and 6,617 differentially methylated regions were identified between the two groups in the two periods, which corresponded to 3,601 and 2,802 DMGs, respectively. Furthermore, 156 DEGs overlap with DMGs in comparison of the two groups, and 131 DEGs overlap with DMGs in comparison of the two periods. By integrating methylome, transcriptome and GWAS data, some potential candidate genes for milk production traits in dairy cattle were suggested, such as DOCK1, PTK2 and PIK3R1. Our studies may contribute to a better understanding of epigenetic modification on milk production traits of dairy cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanting Dong
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture & National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Yang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture & National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture & National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Shuli Liu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture & National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Chao Ning
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
| | - Xiangdong Ding
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture & National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Wenwen Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture & National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Qin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture & National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.,College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
| | - Li Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture & National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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10
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Berger BT, Amaral M, Kokh DB, Nunes-Alves A, Musil D, Heinrich T, Schröder M, Neil R, Wang J, Navratilova I, Bomke J, Elkins JM, Müller S, Frech M, Wade RC, Knapp S. Structure-kinetic relationship reveals the mechanism of selectivity of FAK inhibitors over PYK2. Cell Chem Biol 2021; 28:686-698.e7. [PMID: 33497606 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2021.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
There is increasing evidence of a significant correlation between prolonged drug-target residence time and increased drug efficacy. Here, we report a structural rationale for kinetic selectivity between two closely related kinases: focal adhesion kinase (FAK) and proline-rich tyrosine kinase 2 (PYK2). We found that slowly dissociating FAK inhibitors induce helical structure at the DFG motif of FAK but not PYK2. Binding kinetic data, high-resolution structures and mutagenesis data support the role of hydrophobic interactions of inhibitors with the DFG-helical region, providing a structural rationale for slow dissociation rates from FAK and kinetic selectivity over PYK2. Our experimental data correlate well with computed relative residence times from molecular simulations, supporting a feasible strategy for rationally optimizing ligand residence times. We suggest that the interplay between the protein structural mobility and ligand-induced effects is a key regulator of the kinetic selectivity of inhibitors of FAK versus PYK2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedict-Tilman Berger
- Structural Genomics Consortium, Goethe University Frankfurt, Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Max-von-Laue-Straße 15, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe University Frankfurt, Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Max-von-Laue-Straße 9, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Marta Amaral
- Discovery Technologies, Merck KGaA, Frankfurter Straße 250, 64293 Darmstadt, Germany; Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Avenida da República, Estação Agronómica Nacional, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Daria B Kokh
- Molecular and Cellular Modeling Group, Heidelberg Institute for Theoretical Studies (HITS), Schloß-Wolfsbrunnenweg 35, 69118 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ariane Nunes-Alves
- Molecular and Cellular Modeling Group, Heidelberg Institute for Theoretical Studies (HITS), Schloß-Wolfsbrunnenweg 35, 69118 Heidelberg, Germany; Zentrum für Molekulare Biologie der Universität Heidelberg, DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Djordje Musil
- Discovery Technologies, Merck KGaA, Frankfurter Straße 250, 64293 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Timo Heinrich
- Discovery Technologies, Merck KGaA, Frankfurter Straße 250, 64293 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Martin Schröder
- Structural Genomics Consortium, Goethe University Frankfurt, Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Max-von-Laue-Straße 15, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe University Frankfurt, Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Max-von-Laue-Straße 9, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Rebecca Neil
- Molecular and Cellular Modeling Group, Heidelberg Institute for Theoretical Studies (HITS), Schloß-Wolfsbrunnenweg 35, 69118 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jing Wang
- Structural Genomics Consortium, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Iva Navratilova
- Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Joerg Bomke
- Discovery Technologies, Merck KGaA, Frankfurter Straße 250, 64293 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Jonathan M Elkins
- Structural Genomics Consortium, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Susanne Müller
- Structural Genomics Consortium, Goethe University Frankfurt, Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Max-von-Laue-Straße 15, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe University Frankfurt, Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Max-von-Laue-Straße 9, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Matthias Frech
- Discovery Technologies, Merck KGaA, Frankfurter Straße 250, 64293 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Rebecca C Wade
- Molecular and Cellular Modeling Group, Heidelberg Institute for Theoretical Studies (HITS), Schloß-Wolfsbrunnenweg 35, 69118 Heidelberg, Germany; Zentrum für Molekulare Biologie der Universität Heidelberg, DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Interdisciplinary Center for Scientific Computing (IWR), Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 205, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Stefan Knapp
- Structural Genomics Consortium, Goethe University Frankfurt, Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Max-von-Laue-Straße 15, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe University Frankfurt, Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Max-von-Laue-Straße 9, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; German Cancer network DKTK and Frankfurt Cancer Institute (FCI), Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
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11
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Chauhan A, Khan T. Focal adhesion kinase—An emerging viable target in cancer and development of focal adhesion kinase inhibitors. Chem Biol Drug Des 2020; 97:774-794. [DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.13808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Akshita Chauhan
- Department of Quality Assurance Bhanuben Nanavati College of Pharmacy Mumbai India
| | - Tabassum Khan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Quality Assurance Bhanuben Nanavati College of Pharmacy Mumbai India
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12
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Simond AM, Muller WJ. In vivo modeling of the EGFR family in breast cancer progression and therapeutic approaches. Adv Cancer Res 2020; 147:189-228. [PMID: 32593401 DOI: 10.1016/bs.acr.2020.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Modeling breast cancer through the generation of genetically engineered mouse models (GEMMs) has become the gold standard in the study of human breast cancer. Notably, the in vivo modeling of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) family has been key to the development of therapeutics and has helped better understand the signaling pathways involved in cancer initiation, progression and metastasis. The HER2/ErbB2 receptor is a member of the EGFR family and 20% of breast cancers are found to belong in the HER2-positive histological subtype. Historical and more recent advances in the field have shaped our understanding of HER2-positive breast cancer signaling and therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra M Simond
- Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Research Center, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - William J Muller
- Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Research Center, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada; Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.
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13
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Shen T, Guo Q. EGFR signaling pathway occupies an important position in cancer-related downstream signaling pathways of Pyk2. Cell Biol Int 2020; 44:2-13. [PMID: 31368612 PMCID: PMC6973235 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.11209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Proline-rich tyrosine kinase 2 (Pyk2) is a member of focal adhesion kinase (FAK) non-receptor tyrosine kinase family and has been found to promote cancer cell survival, proliferation, migration, invasion, and metastasis. Pyk2 takes part in different carcinogenic signaling pathways to promote cancer progression, including epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signaling pathway. EGFR signaling pathway is a traditional carcinogenic signaling pathway, which plays a critical role in tumorigenesis and tumor progression. FAK inhibitors have been reported to fail to get the ideal anti-cancer outcomes because of activation of EGFR signaling pathway. Better understanding of Pyk2 downstream targets and interconnectivity between Pyk2 and carcinogenic EGFR signaling pathway will help finding more effective targets for clinical anti-cancer combination therapies. Thus, the interconnectivity between Pyk2 and EGFR signaling pathway, which regulates tumor development and metastasis, needs to be elucidated. In this review, we summarized the downstream targets of Pyk2 in cancers, focused on the connection between Pyk2 and EGFR signaling pathway in different cancer types, and provided a new overview of the roles of Pyk2 in EGFR signaling pathway and cancer development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Shen
- Medical SchoolKunming University of Science and TechnologyKunming650500YunnanChina,Department of Gastroenterology, The Affiliated Hospital of Kunming University of Science and TechnologyThe First People's Hospital of Yunnan ProvinceKunming650032YunnanChina
| | - Qiang Guo
- Medical SchoolKunming University of Science and TechnologyKunming650500YunnanChina,Department of Gastroenterology, The Affiliated Hospital of Kunming University of Science and TechnologyThe First People's Hospital of Yunnan ProvinceKunming650032YunnanChina
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14
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Loving HS, Underbakke ES. Conformational Dynamics of FERM-Mediated Autoinhibition in Pyk2 Tyrosine Kinase. Biochemistry 2019; 58:3767-3776. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.9b00541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hanna S. Loving
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics, and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| | - Eric S. Underbakke
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics, and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
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15
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CRISPR/Cas9 engineering of ERK5 identifies its FAK/PYK2 dependent role in adhesion-mediated cell survival. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2019; 513:179-185. [PMID: 30952431 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.03.145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular signal-regulated kinase 5 (ERK5) is now considered a key regulator of breast cancer cell proliferation, migration and invasion. It is also implicated in growth factor induced anti-apoptotic signaling. But its contribution to adhesion-induced survival signaling is not clear. In the present study, using CRISPR/Cas9 editing, we knocked-out ERK5 expression in several cancer cell lines. Then MDA-MB 231 breast cancer cells lacking ERK5 were used to understand its role in adhesion-mediated cell viability. We demonstrated that ERK5 deficient cells exhibited reduced cell attachment to matrix proteins fibronectin and vitronectin. The adhesion ability of these cells was further reduced upon chemical inhibition of focal adhesion kinase (FAK) and proline-rich tyrosine kinase 2 (PYK2) by PF 431396. FAK/PYK2 inhibited ERK5 knock-out cells also showed markedly reduced cell-viability and increased apoptotic signaling. This was evident from the detection of cleaved PARP and caspase 9 in these cells. Thus, our data suggests a FAK/PYK2 regulated pro-survival role of ERK5 in response to cell adhesion.
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16
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Song G, Chen L, Zhang B, Song Q, Yu Y, Moore C, Wang TL, Shih IM, Zhang H, Chan DW, Zhang Z, Zhu H. Proteome-wide Tyrosine Phosphorylation Analysis Reveals Dysregulated Signaling Pathways in Ovarian Tumors. Mol Cell Proteomics 2019; 18:448-460. [PMID: 30523211 PMCID: PMC6398206 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.ra118.000851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Revised: 09/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The recent accomplishment of comprehensive proteogenomic analysis of high-grade serous ovarian carcinoma (HGSOC) tissues reveals cancer associated molecular alterations were not limited to variations among DNA, and mRNA/protein expression, but are a result of complex reprogramming of signaling pathways/networks mediated by the protein and post-translational modification (PTM) interactomes. A systematic, multiplexed approach interrogating enzyme-substrate relationships in the context of PTMs is fundamental in understanding the dynamics of these pathways, regulation of cellular processes, and their roles in disease processes. Here, as part of Clinical Proteomic Tumor Analysis Consortium (CPTAC) project, we established a multiplexed PTM assay (tyrosine phosphorylation, and lysine acetylation, ubiquitylation and SUMOylation) method to identify protein probes' PTMs on the human proteome array. Further, we focused on the tyrosine phosphorylation and identified 19 kinases are potentially responsible for the dysregulated signaling pathways observed in HGSOC. Additionally, elevated kinase activity was observed when 14 ovarian cancer cell lines or tumor tissues were subjected to test the autophosphorylation status of PTK2 (pY397) and PTK2B (pY402) as a proxy for kinase activity. Taken together, this report demonstrates that PTM signatures based on lysate reactions on human proteome array is a powerful, unbiased approach to identify dysregulated PTM pathways in tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang Song
- From the ‡Department of Pharmacology & Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
| | - Li Chen
- §Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland 21231
| | - Bai Zhang
- §Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland 21231
| | - Qifeng Song
- From the ‡Department of Pharmacology & Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
| | - Yu Yu
- §Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland 21231
| | - Cedric Moore
- From the ‡Department of Pharmacology & Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
| | - Tian-Li Wang
- §Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland 21231
- ¶Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland 21231
| | - Ie-Ming Shih
- ¶Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland 21231
| | - Hui Zhang
- §Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland 21231
| | - Daniel W Chan
- §Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland 21231
| | - Zhen Zhang
- §Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland 21231;
| | - Heng Zhu
- From the ‡Department of Pharmacology & Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205;
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17
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Chuang HH, Wang PH, Niu SW, Zhen YY, Huang MS, Hsiao M, Yang CJ. Inhibition of FAK Signaling Elicits Lamin A/C-Associated Nuclear Deformity and Cellular Senescence. Front Oncol 2019; 9:22. [PMID: 30761269 PMCID: PMC6363943 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.00022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Focal adhesion kinase (FAK) is a non-receptor kinase that facilitates tumor aggressiveness. The effects of FAK inhibition include arresting proliferation, limiting metastasis, and inhibiting angiogenesis. PF-573228 is an ATP-competitive inhibitor of FAK. Treating lung cancer cells with PF-573228 resulted in FAK inactivation and changes in the expressions of lamin A/C and nuclear deformity. Since lamin A/C downregulation or deficiency was associated with cellular senescence, the senescence-associated β-galactosidase (SA-β-gal) assay was used to investigate whether PF-573228 treatment drove cellular senescence, which showed more SA-β-gal-positive cells in culture. p53 is known to play a pivotal role in mediating the progression of cellular senescence, and the PF-573228-treated lung cancer cells resulted in a higher p53 expression level. Subsequently, the FAK depletion in lung cancer cells was employed to confirm the role of FAK inhibition on cellular senescence. FAK depletion and pharmacological inhibition of lung cancer cells elicited similar patterns of cellular senescence, lamin A/C downregulation, and p53 upregulation, implying that FAK signaling is associated with the expression of p53 and the maintenance of lamin A/C levels to shape regular nuclear morphology and manage anti-senescence. Conversely, FAK inactivation led to p53 upregulation, disorganization of the nuclear matrix, and consequently cellular senescence. Our data suggest a new FAK signaling pathway, in that abolishing FAK signaling can activate the senescence program in cells. Triggering cellular senescence could be a new therapeutic approach to limit tumor growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsiang-Hao Chuang
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Hui Wang
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Sheng-Wen Niu
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Yi Zhen
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Shyan Huang
- Department of Internal Medicine, E-Da Cancer Hospital, School of Medicine, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Michael Hsiao
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Jen Yang
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Municipal Ta-Tung Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Department of Respiratory Therapy, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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18
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Hypoxia-inducible factors promote breast cancer stem cell specification and maintenance in response to hypoxia or cytotoxic chemotherapy. Adv Cancer Res 2019; 141:175-212. [PMID: 30691683 DOI: 10.1016/bs.acr.2018.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Clinical studies have revealed that breast cancers contain regions of intratumoral hypoxia (reduced oxygen availability), which activates hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs). The relationship between intratumoral hypoxia, distant metastasis and cancer mortality has been well established. A major mechanism by which intratumoral hypoxia contributes to disease progression is through induction of the breast cancer stem cell (BCSC) phenotype. BCSCs are a small subpopulation of cells with the capability for self-renewal. BCSCs have been implicated in resistance to chemotherapy, disease recurrence, and metastasis. In this review, we will discuss our current understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying HIF-dependent induction of the BCSC phenotype in response to hypoxia or chemotherapy.
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19
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Abstract
Proline-rich tyrosine kinase 2 (Pyk2) plays essential roles in tumorigenesis and tumor progression. Pyk2 serves as a non-receptor tyrosine kinase regulating tumor cell survival, proliferation, migration, invasion, metastasis, and chemo-resistance, and is associated with poor prognosis and shortened survival in various cancer types. Thus, Pyk2 has been traditionally regarded as an oncogene and potential therapeutic target for cancers. However, a few studies have also demonstrated that Pyk2 exerts tumor-suppressive effects in some cancers, and anti-cancer treatment of Pyk2 inhibitors may only achieve marginal benefits in these cancers. Therefore, more detailed knowledge of the contradictory functions of Pyk2 is needed. In this review, we summarized the tissue distribution, expression, interactive molecules of Pyk2 in the signaling pathway, and roles of Pyk2 in cancers, and focused on regulation of the interconnectivity between Pyk2 and its downstream targets. The potential use of inhibitors of Pyk2 and its related pathways in cancer therapy is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Shen
- Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan, China (mainland).,Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Kunming University of Science and Technology, The First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, Yunnan, China (mainland)
| | - Qiang Guo
- Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan, China (mainland).,Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Kunming University of Science and Technology, The First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, Yunnan, China (mainland)
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20
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Proline-Rich Protein Tyrosine Kinase 2 in Inflammation and Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2018; 10:cancers10050139. [PMID: 29738483 PMCID: PMC5977112 DOI: 10.3390/cancers10050139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Revised: 04/27/2018] [Accepted: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Focal adhesion kinase (FAK) and its homologous FAK-related proline-rich tyrosine kinase 2 (Pyk2) contain the same domain, exhibit high sequence homology and are defined as a distinct family of non-receptor tyrosine kinases. This group of kinases plays critical roles in cytoskeletal dynamics and cell adhesion by regulating survival and growth signaling. This review summarizes the physiological and pathological functions of Pyk2 in inflammation and cancers. In particular, overexpression of Pyk2 in cancerous tissues is correlated with poor outcomes. Pyk2 stimulates multiple oncogenic signaling pathways, such as Wnt/β-catenin, PI3K/Akt, MAPK/ERK, and TGF-β/EGFR/VEGF, and facilitates carcinogenesis, migration, invasion, epithelial⁻mesenchymal transition and metastasis. Therefore, Pyk2 is a high-value therapeutic target and has clinical significance.
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21
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Expression of the serotonin receptor 2B in uveal melanoma and effects of an antagonist on cell lines. Clin Exp Metastasis 2018; 35:123-134. [PMID: 29696577 DOI: 10.1007/s10585-018-9894-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2017] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Uveal melanoma (UM) is the most common primary tumor in the adult, and disseminates to the liver in half of patients. A 15-gene expression profile prognostic assay allows to determine the likelihood of metastasis in patients using their ocular tumor DNA, but a cure still remains to be discovered. The serotonin receptor 2B represents the discriminant gene of this molecular signature with the greatest impact on the prognosis of UM. However, its contribution to the metastatic potential of UM remains unexplored. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of a selective serotonin receptor 2B antagonist on cellular and molecular behaviours of UM cells. UM cell lines expressing high level of serotonin receptor 2B proteins were selected by Western blotting. The selective serotonin receptor 2B antagonist PRX-08066 was evaluated for its impact on UM cells using viability assays, phosphorylated histone H3 immunostainings, clonogenic assays, migration assays, invasion assays and membrane-based protein kinase phosphorylation antibody arrays. The pharmacological inhibition of the serotonin receptor 2B reduced the viability of UM cells and the population in mitosis, and impaired their clonogenicity and potential of migration. It also decreased the phosphorylation of kinases from signaling pathways classically activated by the serotonin receptor 2B, as well as kinases β-catenin, Proline-rich tyrosine kinase 2, and Signal transducer and activator of transcription 5. Our findings support a role for the serotonin receptor 2B in the proliferation and migration of UM cells, through activation of many signaling pathways such as WNT, Focal adhesion kinase and Janus kinase/STAT.
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22
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Cook JH, Ueno N, Lodoen MB. Toxoplasma gondii disrupts β1 integrin signaling and focal adhesion formation during monocyte hypermotility. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:3374-3385. [PMID: 29295815 PMCID: PMC5836128 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.793281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Revised: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The motility of blood monocytes is orchestrated by the activity of cell-surface integrins, which translate extracellular signals into cytoskeletal changes to mediate adhesion and migration. Toxoplasma gondii is an intracellular parasite that infects migratory cells and enhances their motility, but the mechanisms underlying T. gondii-induced hypermotility are incompletely understood. We investigated the molecular basis for the hypermotility of primary human peripheral blood monocytes and THP-1 cells infected with T. gondii Compared with uninfected monocytes, T. gondii infection of monocytes reduced cell spreading and the number of activated β1 integrin clusters in contact with fibronectin during settling, an effect not observed in monocytes treated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or Escherichia coli Furthermore, T. gondii infection disrupted the phosphorylation of focal adhesion kinase (FAK) at tyrosine 397 (Tyr-397) and Tyr-925 and of the related protein proline-rich tyrosine kinase (Pyk2) at Tyr-402. The localization of paxillin, FAK, and vinculin to focal adhesions and the colocalization of these proteins with activated β1 integrins were also impaired in T. gondii-infected monocytes. Using time-lapse confocal microscopy of THP-1 cells expressing enhanced GFP (eGFP)-FAK during settling on fibronectin, we found that T. gondii-induced monocyte hypermotility was characterized by a reduced number of enhanced GFP-FAK-containing clusters over time compared with uninfected cells. This study demonstrates an integrin conformation-independent regulation of the β1 integrin adhesion pathway, providing further insight into the molecular mechanism of T. gondii-induced monocyte hypermotility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua H Cook
- From the Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry and the Institute for Immunology, University of California, Irvine, California, 92697
| | - Norikiyo Ueno
- From the Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry and the Institute for Immunology, University of California, Irvine, California, 92697
| | - Melissa B Lodoen
- From the Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry and the Institute for Immunology, University of California, Irvine, California, 92697
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23
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Lu H, Chen I, Shimoda LA, Park Y, Zhang C, Tran L, Zhang H, Semenza GL. Chemotherapy-Induced Ca 2+ Release Stimulates Breast Cancer Stem Cell Enrichment. Cell Rep 2017; 18:1946-1957. [PMID: 28228260 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2016] [Revised: 12/29/2016] [Accepted: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer stem cells (BCSCs) play a critical role in tumor recurrence and metastasis. Exposure of breast cancer cells to chemotherapy leads to an enrichment of BCSCs. Here, we find that chemotherapy induces the expression of glutathione S-transferase omega 1 (GSTO1), which is dependent on hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF-1) and HIF-2. Knockdown of GSTO1 expression abrogates carboplatin-induced BCSC enrichment, decreases tumor initiation and metastatic capacity, and delays tumor recurrence after chemotherapy. GSTO1 interacts with the ryanodine receptor RYR1 and promotes calcium release from the endoplasmic reticulum. Increased cytosolic calcium levels activate PYK2 → SRC → STAT3 signaling, leading to increased expression of pluripotency factors and BCSC enrichment. HIF inhibition blocks chemotherapy-induced GSTO1 expression and BCSC enrichment. Combining HIF inhibitors with chemotherapy may improve clinical outcome in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiquan Lu
- Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Ivan Chen
- Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Larissa A Shimoda
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Youngrok Park
- Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Chuanzhao Zhang
- Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Linh Tran
- Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Huimin Zhang
- Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Gregg L Semenza
- Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Departments of Pediatrics, Medicine, Oncology, Radiation Oncology, and Biological Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
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24
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Kleinschmidt EG, Schlaepfer DD. Focal adhesion kinase signaling in unexpected places. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2017; 45:24-30. [PMID: 28213315 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2017.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2016] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Focal adhesion kinase (FAK) is a cytoplasmic protein-tyrosine kinase first identified at extracellular matrix and integrin receptor cell adhesion sites and is a key regulator of cell movement. FAK is activated by a variety of stimuli. Herein, we discuss advances in conformational-associated FAK activation and dimerization mechanisms. Additionally, new roles have emerged for FAK signaling at cell adhesions, adherens junctions, endosomes, and the nucleus. In light of these new findings, we review how FAK activation at these sites is connected to the regulation of integrin recycling-activation, vascular permeability, cell survival, and transcriptional regulation, respectively. Studies uncovering FAK signaling connections in unexpected places within cells have yielded important new regulatory insights in cell biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth G Kleinschmidt
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Diego, CA, United States; Moores Cancer Center, Department of Reproductive Medicine, 3855 Health Sciences Drive, MC 0983, La Jolla, CA 92093-0983, United States
| | - David D Schlaepfer
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Diego, CA, United States; Moores Cancer Center, Department of Reproductive Medicine, 3855 Health Sciences Drive, MC 0983, La Jolla, CA 92093-0983, United States.
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25
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Farand J, Mai N, Chandrasekhar J, Newby ZE, Van Veldhuizen J, Loyer-Drew J, Venkataramani C, Guerrero J, Kwok A, Li N, Zherebina Y, Wilbert S, Zablocki J, Phillips G, Watkins WJ, Mourey R, Notte GT. Selectivity switch between FAK and Pyk2: Macrocyclization of FAK inhibitors improves Pyk2 potency. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2016; 26:5926-5930. [PMID: 27876318 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2016.10.092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Revised: 10/30/2016] [Accepted: 10/31/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we describe the synthesis of Pyk2 inhibitors via macrocyclization of FAK and dual Pyk2-FAK inhibitors. We identified macrocycle 25a as a highly potent Pyk2 inhibitor (IC50=0.7nM), with ∼175-fold improvement in Pyk2 potency as compared to its acyclic counterpart. In many cases, macrocyclization improved Pyk2 potency while weakening FAK potency, thereby improving the Pyk2/FAK selectivity ratio for this structural class of inhibitors. Various macrocyclic linkers were studied in an attempt to optimize Pyk2 selectivity. We observed macrocyclic atropisomerism during the synthesis of 19-membered macrocycles 10a-d, and successfully obtained crystallographic evidence of one atropisomer (10a-AtropB) preferentially bound to Pyk2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Farand
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Gilead Sciences, Inc., 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, CA 94404, USA.
| | - Nicholas Mai
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Gilead Sciences, Inc., 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, CA 94404, USA
| | - Jayaraman Chandrasekhar
- Department of Structural Chemistry, Gilead Sciences, Inc., 199 East Blaine Street, Seattle, WA 98102, USA
| | - Zachary E Newby
- Department of Structural Chemistry, Gilead Sciences, Inc., 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, CA 94404, USA
| | - Josh Van Veldhuizen
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Gilead Sciences, Inc., 199 East Blaine Street, Seattle, WA 98102, USA
| | - Jennifer Loyer-Drew
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Gilead Sciences, Inc., 199 East Blaine Street, Seattle, WA 98102, USA
| | - Chandrasekar Venkataramani
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Gilead Sciences, Inc., 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, CA 94404, USA
| | - Juan Guerrero
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Gilead Sciences, Inc., 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, CA 94404, USA
| | - Amy Kwok
- Department of Biology, Gilead Sciences, Inc., 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, CA 94404, USA
| | - Ning Li
- Department of Biology, Gilead Sciences, Inc., 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, CA 94404, USA
| | - Yelena Zherebina
- Department of Biology, Gilead Sciences, Inc., 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, CA 94404, USA
| | - Sibylle Wilbert
- Department of Drug Metabolism, Gilead Sciences, Inc., 199 East Blaine Street, Seattle, WA 98102, USA
| | - Jeff Zablocki
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Gilead Sciences, Inc., 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, CA 94404, USA
| | - Gary Phillips
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Gilead Sciences, Inc., 199 East Blaine Street, Seattle, WA 98102, USA
| | - William J Watkins
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Gilead Sciences, Inc., 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, CA 94404, USA
| | - Robert Mourey
- Department of Biology, Gilead Sciences, Inc., 199 East Blaine Street, Seattle, WA 98102, USA
| | - Gregory T Notte
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Gilead Sciences, Inc., 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, CA 94404, USA
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26
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FAK deletion accelerates liver regeneration after two-thirds partial hepatectomy. Sci Rep 2016; 6:34316. [PMID: 27677358 PMCID: PMC5039626 DOI: 10.1038/srep34316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Accepted: 09/12/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding the molecular mechanisms of liver regeneration is essential to improve the survival rate of patients after surgical resection of large amounts of liver tissue. Focal adhesion kinase (FAK) regulates different cellular functions, including cell survival, proliferation and cell migration. The role of FAK in liver regeneration remains unknown. In this study, we found that Fak is activated and induced during liver regeneration after two-thirds partial hepatectomy (PHx). We used mice with liver-specific deletion of Fak and investigated the role of Fak in liver regeneration in 2/3 PHx model (removal of 2/3 of the liver). We found that specific deletion of Fak accelerates liver regeneration. Fak deletion enhances hepatocyte proliferation prior to day 3 post-PHx but attenuates hepatocyte proliferation 3 days after PHx. Moreover, we demonstrated that the deletion of Fak in liver transiently increases EGFR activation by regulating the TNFα/HB-EGF axis during liver regeneration. Furthermore, we found more apoptosis in Fak-deficient mouse livers compared to WT mouse livers after PHx. Conclusion: Our data suggest that Fak is involved in the process of liver regeneration, and inhibition of FAK may be a promising strategy to accelerate liver regeneration in recipients after liver transplantation.
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27
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Vanarotti MS, Finkelstein DB, Guibao CD, Nourse A, Miller DJ, Zheng JJ. Structural Basis for the Interaction between Pyk2-FAT Domain and Leupaxin LD Repeats. Biochemistry 2016; 55:1332-45. [PMID: 26866573 PMCID: PMC4843776 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.5b01274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
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Proline-rich
tyrosine kinase 2 (Pyk2) is a nonreceptor tyrosine
kinase and belongs to the focal adhesion kinase (FAK) family. Like
FAK, the C-terminal focal adhesion-targeting (FAT) domain of Pyk2
binds to paxillin, a scaffold protein in focal adhesions; however,
the interaction between the FAT domain of Pyk2 and paxillin is dynamic
and unstable. Leupaxin is another member in the paxillin family and
was suggested to be the native binding partner of Pyk2; Pyk2 gene
expression is strongly correlated with that of leupaxin in many tissues
including primary breast cancer. Here, we report that leupaxin interacts
with Pyk2-FAT. Leupaxin has four leucine–aspartate (LD) motifs.
The first and third LD motifs of leupaxin preferably target the two
LD-binding sites on the Pyk2-FAT domain, respectively. Moreover, the
full-length leupaxin binds to Pyk2-FAT as a stable one-to-one complex.
Together, we propose that there is an underlying selectivity between
leupaxin and paxillin for Pyk2, which may influence the differing
behavior of the two proteins at focal adhesion sites.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Jie J Zheng
- Stein Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA , Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
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Abstract
Proline-rich tyrosine kinase 2 (Pyk2) is a member of the focal adhesion kinase (FAK) family of non-receptor tyrosine kinases and plays an important role in diverse cellular events downstream of the integrin-family of receptors, including cell migration, proliferation and survival. Here, we have identified a novel role for Src kinase in priming Pyk2 phosphorylation and subsequent activation upon cell attachment on the integrin-ligand fibronectin. By using complementary methods, we show that Src activity is indispensable for the initial Pyk2 phosphorylation on the Y402 site observed in response to cell attachment. In contrast, the initial fibronectin-induced autophosphorylation of FAK in the homologous Y397 site occurs in a Src-independent manner. We demonstrate that the SH2-domain of Src is required for Src binding to Pyk2 and for Pyk2 phosphorylation at sites Y402 and Y579. Moreover, Y402 phosphorylation is a prerequisite for the subsequent Y579 phosphorylation. While this initial phosphorylation of Pyk2 by Src is independent of Pyk2 kinase activity, subsequent autophosphorylation of Pyk2 in trans is required for full Pyk2 phosphorylation and activation. Collectively, our studies reveal a novel function of Src in priming Pyk2 (but not FAK) phosphorylation and subsequent activation downstream of integrins, and shed light on the signaling events that regulate the function of Pyk2.
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A phase I study of VS-6063, a second-generation focal adhesion kinase inhibitor, in patients with advanced solid tumors. Invest New Drugs 2015; 33:1100-7. [PMID: 26334219 DOI: 10.1007/s10637-015-0282-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2015] [Accepted: 08/19/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE VS-6063 (also known as defactinib or PF-04554878) is a second-generation inhibitor of focal adhesion kinase (FAK) and proline-rich tyrosine kinase-2 (Pyk2). This phase I dose-escalation study was conducted in patients with advanced solid malignancies. METHODS Using a traditional 3 + 3 design, VS-6063 was administered orally twice daily (b.i.d.) in 21-day cycles to cohorts of three to six patients. In cycle 1, a lead-in dose was administered to assess single-dose pharmacokinetics; steady-state pharmacokinetics was assessed after 15 days of continuous dosing. Dose escalation was performed in the fasted state, and repeated in two additional cohorts in the fed state. RESULTS Forty-six patients were treated across nine dose levels (12.5-750 mg b.i.d.). Dose-limiting toxicities, comprising headache (n = 1), fatigue (n = 1) and unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia (n = 3), occurred at the 300- or 425-mg b.i.d. dose level and were reversible. Frequent adverse events included nausea (37 %), fatigue (33 %), vomiting (28 %), diarrhea (22 %) and headache (22 %). A maximum-tolerated dose was not defined. Dose escalation was stopped at the 750-mg b.i.d. dose due to decreased serum exposure in the 500- and 750-mg versus 300- and 425-mg groups. Food delayed the time to peak serum concentration without affecting serum drug exposure. No radiographic responses were reported. Disease stabilization at ~12 weeks occurred in six of 37 (16 %) patients receiving doses ≥100 mg b.i.d. CONCLUSIONS VS-6063 has an acceptable safety profile. Treatment-related adverse events were mild to moderate, and reversible. The recommended phase II fasting dose of VS-6063 is 425 mg b.i.d.
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de Souza PS, Faccion RS, Bernardo PS, Maia RC. Membrane microparticles: shedding new light into cancer cell communication. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2015; 142:1395-406. [PMID: 26285684 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-015-2029-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2015] [Accepted: 08/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Microparticles (MPs) or ectosomes are small enclosed fragments (from 0.2 to 2 μm in diameter) released from the cellular plasma membrane. Several oncogenic molecules have been identified inside MPs, including soluble proteins XIAP, survivin, metalloproteinases, CX3CL1, PYK2 and other microRNA-related proteins; membrane proteins EGFR, HER-2, integrins and efflux pumps; and messenger RNAs and microRNAs miR-21, miR-27a, let-7, miR-451, among others. Studies have shown that MPs transfer their cargo to neoplastic or non-malignant cells and thus contribute to activation of oncogenic pathways, resulting in cell survival, drug resistance and cancer dissemination. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION This review summarizes recent findings on MP biogenesis and the role of the MPs cargo in cancer and discusses some of the RNAs and proteins involved. In addition, the discussion covers evidence of (1) how and which signaling pathways can be activated by MPs in recipient cells; (2) recipient cell-type selectivity in incorporation of proteins and RNAs transported by MPs; and (3) how upon stimulation, stromal cells release MPs, promoting resistance to chemotherapeutics and invasiveness in cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paloma Silva de Souza
- Laboratório de Hemato-Oncologia Celular e Molecular, Programa de Hemato-Oncologia Molecular, Brazilian National Cancer Institute (INCA), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Roberta Soares Faccion
- Laboratório de Hemato-Oncologia Celular e Molecular, Programa de Hemato-Oncologia Molecular, Brazilian National Cancer Institute (INCA), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Raquel Ciuvalschi Maia
- Laboratório de Hemato-Oncologia Celular e Molecular, Programa de Hemato-Oncologia Molecular, Brazilian National Cancer Institute (INCA), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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Selective targeting of FAK–Pyk2 axis by alpha-naphthoflavone abrogates doxorubicin resistance in breast cancer cells. Cancer Lett 2015; 362:25-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2015.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2014] [Revised: 03/05/2015] [Accepted: 03/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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Emerging roles of focal adhesion kinase in cancer. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:690690. [PMID: 25918719 PMCID: PMC4396139 DOI: 10.1155/2015/690690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2015] [Accepted: 02/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Focal adhesion kinase (FAK) is a cytoplasmic nonreceptor tyrosine kinase that enables activation by growth factor receptors or integrins in various types of human cancers. The kinase-dependent and kinase-independent scaffolding functions of FAK modulate the authentic signaling and fundamental functions not only in cancer cells but also in tumor microenvironment to facilitate cancer progression and metastasis. The overexpression and activation of FAK are usually investigated in primary or metastatic cancers and correlated with the poor clinical outcome, highlighting FAK as a potential prognostic marker and anticancer target. Small molecule inhibitors targeting FAK kinase activity or FAK-scaffolding functions impair cancer development in preclinical or clinical trials. In this review, we give an overview for FAK signaling in cancer cells as well as tumor microenvironment that provides new strategies for the invention of cancer development and malignancy.
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Shang N, Arteaga M, Zaidi A, Stauffer J, Cotler SJ, Zeleznik-Le NJ, Zhang J, Qiu W. FAK is required for c-Met/β-catenin-driven hepatocarcinogenesis. Hepatology 2015; 61:214-26. [PMID: 25163657 PMCID: PMC4280291 DOI: 10.1002/hep.27402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2014] [Accepted: 08/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the third most common cause of cancer death worldwide and most patients with HCC have limited treatment options. Focal adhesion kinase (FAK) is overexpressed in many HCC specimens, offering a potential target for HCC treatment. However, the role of FAK in hepatocarcinogenesis remains elusive. Establishing whether FAK expression plays a role in HCC development is necessary to determine whether it is a viable therapeutic target. In this study, we generated mice with hepatocyte-specific deletion of Fak and investigated the role of Fak in an oncogenic (c-MET/β-catenin, MET/CAT)-driven HCC model. We found that deletion of Fak in hepatocytes did not affect morphology, proliferation, or apoptosis. However, Fak deficiency significantly repressed MET/CAT-induced tumor development and prolonged survival of animals with MET/CAT-induced HCC. In mouse livers and HCC cell lines, Fak was activated by MET, which induced the activation of Akt/Erk and up-regulated cyclin D1 and tumor cell proliferation. CAT enhanced MET-stimulated FAK activation and synergistically induced the activation of the AKT/ERK-cyclin D1 signaling pathway in a FAK kinase-dependent manner. In addition, FAK was required for CAT-induced cyclin D1 expression in a kinase-independent fashion. CONCLUSION Fak is required for c-Met/β-catenin-driven hepatocarcinogenesis. Inhibition of FAK provides a potential strategy to treat HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Shang
- Department of Surgery and Oncology Institute, Loyola University Chicago Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, IL
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Abstract
Proline-rich tyrosine kinase 2 (Pyk2) is a member of the focal adhesion kinase family that has been recently linked to tumor development. However, its role in modulating multiple myeloma (MM) biology and disease progression remains unexplored. We first demonstrated that patients with MM present with higher expression of Pyk2 compared with healthy individuals. By using loss-of-function approaches, we found that Pyk2 inhibition led to reduction of MM tumor growth in vivo as well as decreased cell proliferation, cell-cycle progression, and adhesion ability in vitro. In turn, overexpression of Pyk2 promoted the malignant phenotype, substantiated by enhanced tumor growth and reduced survival. Mechanistically, inhibition of Pyk2 reduced activation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling by destabilizing β-catenin, leading to downregulation of c-Myc and Cyclin D1. Furthermore, treatment of MM cells with the FAK/Pyk2 inhibitor VS-4718 effectively inhibited MM cell growth both in vitro and in vivo. Collectively, our findings describe the tumor-promoting role of Pyk2 in MM, thus providing molecular evidence for a novel tyrosine kinase inhibitor as a new therapeutic option in MM.
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Abstract
Focal adhesion kinase (FAK) is a cytoplasmic protein tyrosine kinase that is overexpressed and activated in several advanced-stage solid cancers. FAK promotes tumour progression and metastasis through effects on cancer cells, as well as stromal cells of the tumour microenvironment. The kinase-dependent and kinase-independent functions of FAK control cell movement, invasion, survival, gene expression and cancer stem cell self-renewal. Small molecule FAK inhibitors decrease tumour growth and metastasis in several preclinical models and have initial clinical activity in patients with limited adverse events. In this Review, we discuss FAK signalling effects on both tumour and stromal cell biology that provide rationale and support for future therapeutic opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian J. Sulzmaier
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, UCSD Moores Cancer Center, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Christine Jean
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, UCSD Moores Cancer Center, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - David D. Schlaepfer
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, UCSD Moores Cancer Center, La Jolla, CA 92093
- Address correspondence to: David D. Schlaepfer, Ph.D., University of California San Diego, Moores Cancer Center, Department of Reproductive Medicine, 3855 Health Sciences Dr., MC0803, La Jolla, CA 92093,
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Gong J, Luk F, Jaiswal R, Bebawy M. Microparticles Mediate the Intercellular Regulation of microRNA-503 and Proline-Rich Tyrosine Kinase 2 to Alter the Migration and Invasion Capacity of Breast Cancer Cells. Front Oncol 2014; 4:220. [PMID: 25177548 PMCID: PMC4133752 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2014.00220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2014] [Accepted: 08/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The successful treatment of cancer is hampered by drug resistance and metastasis. While these two obstacles were once considered separately, recent evidence associates resistance with an enhanced metastatic capacity. However, the underlying mechanisms remain undefined. We previously described the intercellular transfer of drug resistance via submicron vesicles called microparticles (MPs). We now propose that MPs derived from drug-resistant cells are also involved in the intercellular transfer of components to enhance the migration and invasion capacity of cells. Thus, MPs may be a conduit between resistance and metastasis. We used microarray analysis to identify regulatory microRNAs (miRNAs), which contribute to the dissemination of metastatic traits. miR-503 was downregulated in recipient cells following co-culture with MPs isolated from drug-resistant cells. miR-503 was inversely associated with metastasis, as demonstrated using wound healing/scratch migration assays and Matrigel®-coated transwell invasion assays. Proline-rich tyrosine kinase 2 (PYK2) was upregulated in recipient cells and associated with increased migration and invasion, with these phenotypes being reversed using a pharmacological inhibitor of PYK2 phosphorylation, tyrphostin A9. However, the MP-mediated promotion of metastatic traits was not due to the presence of these effectors in the MP cargo but rather due to down stream effector molecules in these pathways. This is the first demonstration that the role of MPs in trait acquisition extends beyond the direct transfer of vesicle components and also includes transfer of intermediary regulators that induce down stream mediators following transfer to recipient cells. This implicates an expanding role of MPs in cancer pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joyce Gong
- Discipline of Pharmacy, Graduate School of Health, University of Technology Sydney , Sydney, NSW , Australia ; Sydney Medical School and Bosch Institute, The University of Sydney , Sydney, NSW , Australia
| | - Frederick Luk
- Discipline of Pharmacy, Graduate School of Health, University of Technology Sydney , Sydney, NSW , Australia
| | - Ritu Jaiswal
- Discipline of Pharmacy, Graduate School of Health, University of Technology Sydney , Sydney, NSW , Australia
| | - Mary Bebawy
- Discipline of Pharmacy, Graduate School of Health, University of Technology Sydney , Sydney, NSW , Australia
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Golubovskaya VM. FAK and Nanog cross talk with p53 in cancer stem cells. Anticancer Agents Med Chem 2014; 13:576-80. [PMID: 22934707 DOI: 10.2174/1871520611313040006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2012] [Revised: 05/21/2012] [Accepted: 08/01/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
This review is focused on the role of Focal Adhesion Kinase (FAK) signaling in cancer stem cells. The recent data demonstrate the important role of FAK in cancer stem cell proliferation, differentiation, motility, and invasion. We showed recently that the transcription factor Nanog binds the FAK promoter and up-regulates FAK expression, and that FAK binds Nanog and phosphorylates it. This review discusses the interaction of FAK, Nanog, Oct-3/4, and Sox-2 signaling pathways that are critical for the regulation of cancer stem cells. The cross-linked signaling of FAK with p53 and Nanog signaling in cancer stem cell and function and targeted therapeutics approaches are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vita M Golubovskaya
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA.
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Golubovskaya VM. Targeting FAK in human cancer: from finding to first clinical trials. Front Biosci (Landmark Ed) 2014; 19:687-706. [PMID: 24389213 DOI: 10.2741/4236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
It is twenty years since Focal Adhesion Kinase (FAK) was found to be overexpressed in many types of human cancer. FAK plays an important role in adhesion, spreading, motility, invasion, metastasis, survival, angiogenesis, and recently has been found to play an important role as well in epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT), cancer stem cells and tumor microenvironment. FAK has kinase-dependent and kinase independent scaffolding, cytoplasmic and nuclear functions. Several years ago FAK was proposed as a potential therapeutic target; the first clinical trials were just reported, and they supported further studies of FAK as a promising therapeutic target. This review discusses the main functions of FAK in cancer, and specifically focuses on recent novel findings on the role of FAK in cancer stem cells, microenvironment, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, invasion, metastasis, and also highlight new approaches of targeting FAK and critically discuss challenges that lie ahead for its targeted therapeutics. The review provides a summary of translational approaches of FAK-targeted and combination therapies and outline perspectives and future directions of FAK research.
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Chen Y, Wei H, Liu F, Guan JL. Hyperactivation of mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) promotes breast cancer progression through enhancing glucose starvation-induced autophagy and Akt signaling. J Biol Chem 2013; 289:1164-73. [PMID: 24275666 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.526335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) is a master regulator of cell growth and proliferation. Recent studies have suggested that constitutive activation of mTORC1 in normal cells could lead to malignant tumor development in several tissues. However, the mechanisms of mTORC1 hyperactivation to promote the growth and metastasis of breast or other cancers are still not well characterized. Here, using a new inducible deletion system, we show that deletion of Tsc1 in mouse primary mammary tumor cells, either before or after their transplantation, significantly increased their growth in vivo. The increase in tumor growth was completely rescued by rapamycin treatment, suggesting a major contribution from mTORC1 hyperactivation. Interestingly, glucose starvation-induced autophagy, but not amino acid starvation-induced autophagy, was increased significantly in Tsc1-null tumor cells. Further analysis of these cells also showed an increased Akt activation but no significant changes in Erk signaling. Together, these results provide insights into the mechanism by which hyperactivation of mTORC1 promotes breast cancer progression through increasing autophagy and Akt activation in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongqiang Chen
- From the Divisions of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Department of Internal Medicine, and
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Kuang BH, Zhang MQ, Xu LH, Hu LJ, Wang HB, Zhao WF, Du Y, Zhang X. Proline-rich tyrosine kinase 2 and its phosphorylated form pY881 are novel prognostic markers for non-small-cell lung cancer progression and patients' overall survival. Br J Cancer 2013; 109:1252-63. [PMID: 23922106 PMCID: PMC3778294 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2013.439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2013] [Revised: 06/25/2013] [Accepted: 07/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Our previous study revealed that proline-rich tyrosine kinase 2 (Pyk2) is implicated in both anchorage-independent growth and anoikis resistance in lung cancer cells. This study aims to explore the expression and clinical significance of Pyk2 and its phosphorylated forms in non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). METHODS The mRNA and protein levels of Pyk2 or cancer stem cell markers (ALDH1a1, ABCG2 and Bmi-1) were either examined by reverse transcription-PCR or western blotting. An immunohistochemistry (IHC) assay was conducted to analyse the expression of Pyk2 and its phosphorylated forms in 128 NSCLC cases. RESULTS The levels of Pyk2 mRNA, total protein, and its phosphorylated form pY881 were higher in lung cancer lesions than in the paired noncancerous tissues. The IHC analysis showed the levels of the Pyk2 and Pyk2[pY881] proteins were highly expressed in 70 (54.7%) and 77 (60.2%) cases, respectively. Both Pyk2 and Pyk2[pY881] were independent prognostic factors for NSCLC patients. The gain and loss study of Pyk2 function revealed that Pyk2 could upregulate the expression of ALDH1a1, ABCG2 and Bmi-1 and enhance the ability of colony formation in soft agar assay in A549 and H460 cells. CONCLUSION Both Pyk2 and phosphorylated Pyk2[pY881] are potential prognostic factors and therapeutic targets for NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- B-H Kuang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, 651 East Dongfeng Road, Guangzhou 510060, China
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Kim H, Kim ND, Lee J, Han G, Sim T. Identification of methyl violet 2B as a novel blocker of focal adhesion kinase signaling pathway in cancer cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2013; 437:319-24. [PMID: 23817042 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2013.06.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2013] [Accepted: 06/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The focal adhesion kinase (FAK) signaling cascade in cancer cells was profoundly inhibited by methyl violet 2B identified with the structure-based virtual screening. Methyl violet 2B was shown to be a non-competitive inhibitor of full-length FAK enzyme vs. ATP. It turned out that methyl violet 2B possesses extremely high kinase selectivity in biochemical kinase profiling using a large panel of kinases. Anti-proliferative activity measurement against several different cancer cells and Western blot analysis showed that this substance is capable of suppressing significantly the proliferation of cancer cells and is able to strongly block FAK/AKT/MAPK signaling pathways in a dose dependent manner at low nanomolar concentration. Especially, phosphorylation of Tyr925-FAK that is required for full activation of FAK was nearly completely suppressed even with 1nM of methyl violet 2B in A375P cancer cells. To the best of our knowledge, it has never been reported that methyl violet possesses anti-cancer effects. Moreover, methyl violet 2B significantly inhibited FER kinase phosphorylation that activates FAK in cell. In addition, methyl violet 2B was found to induce cell apoptosis and to exhibit strong inhibitory effects on the focal adhesion, invasion, and migration of A375P cancer cells at low nanomolar concentrations. Taken together, these results show that methyl violet 2B is a novel, potent and selective blocker of FAK signaling cascade, which displays strong anti-proliferative activities against a variety of human cancer cells and suppresses adhesion/migration/invasion of tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hwan Kim
- Chemical Kinomics Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, 39-1, Hawolgok-dong, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 136-791, Republic of Korea
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Luo M, Zhao X, Chen S, Liu S, Wicha MS, Guan JL. Distinct FAK activities determine progenitor and mammary stem cell characteristics. Cancer Res 2013; 73:5591-602. [PMID: 23832665 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-13-1351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Mammary stem cells (MaSC) and progenitor cells are important for mammary gland development and maintenance and may give rise to mammary cancer stem cells (MaCSC). Yet, there remains limited understanding of how these cells contribute to tumorigenesis. Here, we show that conditional deletion of focal adhesion kinase (FAK) in embryonic mammary epithelial cells (MaEC) decreases luminal progenitors and basal MaSCs, reducing their colony-forming and regenerative potentials in a cell-autonomous manner. Loss of FAK kinase activity in MaECs specifically impaired luminal progenitor proliferation and alveologenesis, whereas a kinase-independent activity of FAK supported ductal invasion and basal MaSC activity. Deficiency in luminal progenitors suppressed tumorigenesis and MaCSC formation in a mouse model of breast cancer. In contrast with the general inhibitory effect of FAK attenuation, inhibitors of FAK kinase preferentially inhibited proliferation and tumorsphere formation of luminal progenitor-like, but not MaSC-like, human breast cancer cells. Our findings establish distinct kinase-dependent and -independent activities of FAK that differentially regulate luminal progenitors and basal MaSCs. We suggest that targeting these distinct functions may tailor therapeutic strategies to address breast cancer heterogeneity more effectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Luo
- Divisions of Molecular Medicine and Genetics and Hematology and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Comprehensive Cancer Center, and Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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Despeaux M, Chicanne G, Rouer E, De Toni-Costes F, Bertrand J, Mansat-De Mas V, Vergnolle N, Eaves C, Payrastre B, Girault JA, Racaud-Sultan C. Focal adhesion kinase splice variants maintain primitive acute myeloid leukemia cells through altered Wnt signaling. Stem Cells 2013; 30:1597-610. [PMID: 22714993 DOI: 10.1002/stem.1157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Focal adhesion kinase (FAK) activity contributes to many advanced cancer phenotypes, but little is known about its role in human acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Here, we show that FAK splice variants are abnormally expressed in the primitive leukemic cells of poor prognosis AML patients. In the CD34(+) 38(-) 123(+) long-term culture-initiating cell-enriched leukemic cells of these patients, FAK upregulates expression of Frizzled-4 and phosphorylates Pyk2 to enable the required association of Pyk2 with the Wnt5a/Frizzled-4/LRP5 endocytosis complex and downstream activation of β-catenin, thereby replacing the Wnt3a-controlled canonical pathway used by normal hematopoietic stem cells. Transduction of primitive normal human hematopoietic cells with FAK splice variants induces a marked increase in their clonogenic activity and signaling via the Wnt5a-controlled canonical pathway. Targeting FAK or β-catenin efficiently eradicates primitive leukemic cells in vitro suggesting that FAK could be a useful therapeutic target for improved treatment of poor prognosis AML cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Despeaux
- Inserm U1043, CNRS U5282, Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan, Toulouse, France
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Fan H, Zhao X, Sun S, Luo M, Guan JL. Function of focal adhesion kinase scaffolding to mediate endophilin A2 phosphorylation promotes epithelial-mesenchymal transition and mammary cancer stem cell activities in vivo. J Biol Chem 2012; 288:3322-33. [PMID: 23255596 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.420497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Tyrosine kinases have been shown to play critical roles in cancer development and progression, and their inhibitors hold the potential as effective targeted therapies for breast and other cancers. However, some of these kinases like focal adhesion kinase (FAK) also possess scaffolding functions in intracellular signaling, but such kinase-independent functions of FAK or other kinases have not been examined in cancer directly in vivo. Here, we report that disruption of the function of FAK scaffolding through its Pro-878/881 motif suppressed mammary tumor growth and metastasis in a well characterized murine model of human breast cancer. P878A/P881A mutation in the endogenous FAK gene decreased the expression of markers for epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and mammary cancer stem cell (MaCSC) activities in tumors derived from mutant mice. This mutation disrupted the function of FAK scaffolding to mediate endophilin A2 phosphorylation at Tyr-315 by Src, leading to the decreased surface expression of MT1-MMP, as observed previously in transformed fibroblasts in vitro. Inhibition of the downstream components of this FAK scaffolding function by Y315F endophilin A2 mutant or MT1-MMP knockdown reduced markers for EMT and MaCSC activities. Conversely, bypass of the scaffolding function using the phosphorylation mimic mutant Y315E endophilin A2 or endophilin A2 knockdown rescued the decreased markers for EMT and MaCSCs as well as surface expression of MT1-MMP in tumor cells harboring the P878A/P881A mutation. Together, these results identify a novel role of FAK scaffolding function in breast cancer, which could serve as a new target in combination with kinase inhibition for more effective treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huaping Fan
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-2200, USA
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TGF-β stimulates Pyk2 expression as part of an epithelial-mesenchymal transition program required for metastatic outgrowth of breast cancer. Oncogene 2012; 32:2005-15. [PMID: 22710711 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2012.230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) programs are essential in promoting breast cancer invasion, systemic dissemination and in arousing proliferative programs in breast cancer micrometastases, a reaction that is partially dependent on focal adhesion kinase (FAK). Many functions of FAK are shared by its homolog, protein tyrosine kinase 2 (Pyk2), raising the question as to whether Pyk2 also participates in driving the metastatic outgrowth of disseminated breast cancer cells. In addressing this question, we observed Pyk2 expression to be (i) significantly upregulated in recurrent human breast cancers; (ii) differentially expressed across clonal isolates of human MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells in a manner predictive for metastatic outgrowth, but not for invasiveness; and (iii) dramatically elevated in ex vivo cultures of breast cancer cells isolated from metastatic lesions as compared with cells that produced the primary tumor. We further show that metastatic human and murine breast cancer cells robustly upregulate their expression of Pyk2 during EMT programs stimulated by transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β). Genetic and pharmacological inhibition of Pyk2 demonstrated that the activity of this protein tyrosine kinase was dispensable for the ability of breast cancer cells to undergo invasion in response to TGF-β, and to form orthotopic mammary tumors in mice. In stark contrast, Pyk2-deficiency prevented TGF-β from stimulating the growth of breast cancer cells in 3D-organotypic cultures that recapitulated pulmonary microenvironments, as well as inhibited the metastatic outgrowth of disseminated breast cancer cells in the lungs of mice. Mechanistically, Pyk2 expression was inversely related to that of E-cadherin, such that elevated Pyk2 levels stabilized β1 integrin expression necessary to initiate the metastatic outgrowth of breast cancer cells. Thus, we have delineated novel functions for Pyk2 in mediating distinct elements of the EMT program and metastatic cascade regulated by TGF-β, particularly the initiation of secondary tumor outgrowth by disseminated cells.
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Epifano C, Perez-Moreno M. Crossroads of integrins and cadherins in epithelia and stroma remodeling. Cell Adh Migr 2012; 6:261-73. [PMID: 22568988 DOI: 10.4161/cam.20253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Adhesion events mediated by cadherin and integrin adhesion receptors have fundamental roles in the maintenance of the physiological balance of epithelial tissues, and it is well established that perturbations in their normal functional activity and/or changes in their expression are associated with tumorigenesis. Over the last decades, increasing evidence of a dynamic collaborative interaction between these complexes through their shared interactions with cytoskeletal proteins and common signaling pathways has emerged not only as an important regulator of several aspects of epithelial cell behavior, but also as a coordinated adhesion module that senses and transmits signals from and to the epithelia surrounding microenvironment. The tight regulation of their crosstalk is particularly important during epithelial remodeling events that normally take place during morphogenesis and tissue repair, and when defective it leads to cell transformation and aggravated responses of the tumor microenvironment that contribute to tumorigenesis. In this review we highlight some of the interactions that regulate their crosstalk and how this could be implicated in regulating signals across epithelial tissues to sustain homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Epifano
- Epithelial Cell Biology Group, BBVA Foundation-Cancer Cell Biology Programme, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Oncológicas (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
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Infante JR, Camidge DR, Mileshkin LR, Chen EX, Hicks RJ, Rischin D, Fingert H, Pierce KJ, Xu H, Roberts WG, Shreeve SM, Burris HA, Siu LL. Safety, pharmacokinetic, and pharmacodynamic phase I dose-escalation trial of PF-00562271, an inhibitor of focal adhesion kinase, in advanced solid tumors. J Clin Oncol 2012; 30:1527-33. [PMID: 22454420 DOI: 10.1200/jco.2011.38.9346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE PF-00562271 is a novel inhibitor of focal adhesion kinase (FAK). The objectives of this study were to identify the recommended phase II dose (RP2D) and assess safety and tolerability, pharmacokinetics (PK), pharmacodynamics (PD), and antitumor activity of PF-00562271. PATIENTS AND METHODS Part 1 was a dose escalation without and with food. Part 2 enrolled specific tumor types in an expansion at the RP2D and also assessed the effect of PF-00562271 on single-dose midazolam PK in a subgroup of patients. RESULTS Ninety-nine patients (median age, 60 years; 98% with Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status of 0 or 1) were treated in 12 fasting and three fed cohorts. The 125-mg twice-per-day fed dose was deemed the maximum-tolerated dose (MTD) and RP2D. Grade 3 dose-limiting toxicities included headache, nausea/vomiting, dehydration, and edema. Nausea was the most frequently observed toxicity (60% of patients, all grades 1 or 2 at RP2D). PF-00562271 exposure increased with increasing dose; serum concentration-time profiles showed characteristic nonlinear disposition. Steady-state exposures were reached within 1 week. On coadministration, geometric mean values of midazolam maximal observed serum concentration and area under the serum concentration-time curve increased by 60% and more than two-fold, respectively. Of 14 patients evaluable by [(18)F]fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography in the expansion cohorts, seven metabolic responses were observed. With conventional imaging, 31 patients had stable disease at first restaging scans, and 15 of these remained stable for six or more cycles. CONCLUSION The MTD and RP2D of PF-00562271 is 125 mg twice per day with food. PF-00562271 displayed time- and dose-dependent nonlinear PK and is likely a potent CYP 3A inhibitor. This first-in-class study supports further investigation of FAK as a promising therapeutic target.
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Lahlou H, Sanguin-Gendreau V, Frame MC, Muller WJ. Focal adhesion kinase contributes to proliferative potential of ErbB2 mammary tumour cells but is dispensable for ErbB2 mammary tumour induction in vivo. Breast Cancer Res 2012; 14:R36. [PMID: 22373082 PMCID: PMC3496154 DOI: 10.1186/bcr3131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2011] [Revised: 02/09/2012] [Accepted: 02/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Activation of focal adhesion kinase (FAK) is hypothesized to play an important role in the pathogenesis of human breast cancer. Methods To directly evaluate the role of FAK in mammary tumour progression, we have used a conditional FAK mouse model and mouse mammary tumour virus (MMTV)-driven Cre recombinase strain to inactivate FAK in the mammary epithelium of a transgenic mouse model of ErbB2 breast cancer. Results Although mammary epithelial disruption of FAK in this model resulted in both a delay in onset and a decrease in the number of neoplastic lesions, mammary tumours occurred in 100% of virgin female mice. All of the tumours and derived metastases that developed were proficient for FAK due to the absence of Cre recombinase expression. The hyperplastic epithelia where Cre-mediated recombination of FAK could be detected exhibited a profound proliferative defect. Consistent with these observations, disruption of FAK in established tumour cells resulted in reduced tumour growth that was associated with impaired proliferation. To avoid the selection for FAK-proficient ErbB2 tumour epithelia through escape of Cre-mediated recombination, we next intercrossed the FAK conditional mice with a separate MMTV-driven ErbB2 strain that co-expressed ErbB2 and Cre recombinase on the same transcriptional unit. Conclusions While a delay in tumour induction was noted, FAK-deficient tumours arose in 100% of female animals indicating that FAK is dispensable for ErbB2 tumour initiation. In addition, the FAK-null ErbB2 tumours retained their metastatic potential. We further demonstrated that the FAK-related Pyk2 kinase is still expressed in these tumours and is associated with its downstream regulator p130Cas. These observations indicate that Pyk2 can functionally substitute for FAK in ErbB2 mammary tumour progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hicham Lahlou
- Goodman Cancer Centre, McGill University, 1160 Pine Ave, west, Montreal, QC, H3A 1A3, Canada
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