1
|
Zha Z, Liu Y, Miao Y, Liao S, Wang SY, Tang H, Yin H. Preparation and characterization of 2-deacetyl-3-O-sulfo-heparosan and its antitumor effects via the fibroblast growth factor receptor pathway. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 201:47-58. [PMID: 34998873 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.12.098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Heparosan, with a linear chain of disaccharide repeating units of → 4) β-D-glucuronic acid (GlcA) (1 → 4)-α-D-N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) (1→, is a potential starting chemical for heparin synthesis. However, the chemoenzymatic synthesis of single-site sulfated heparosan and its antitumor activity have not been studied. In this study, 2-deacetyl-3-O-sulfo-heparosan (DSH) was prepared successively by the N-deacetylation chemical reaction and enzymatic modification of human 3-O-sulfotransferase-1 (3-OST-1). Structural characterization of DSH was shown the success of the sulfation with the sulfation degree of 0.87. High performance gel permeation chromatography (HPGPC) analysis revealed that DSH had only one symmetrical sharp peak with a molecular weight of 9.6334 × 104 Da. Biological function studies showed that DSH could inhibit tumor cell (A549, HepG2 and HCT116) viability and induce the apoptosis of A549 cells. Further in vitro mechanistic studies showed that DSH may induce apoptosis via the JNK signaling pathway, and the upstream signal of this process may be fibroblast growth factor receptors. These results indicated that DSH could be developed as one of a potential chemical for tumor treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhengqi Zha
- School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Yaoyao Liu
- School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Yinghua Miao
- School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Shiying Liao
- School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Su-Yan Wang
- School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Huiling Tang
- Department of Pharmacy, Jiangsu Food and Pharmaceutical Science College, Huaian 223003, People's Republic of China.
| | - Hongping Yin
- School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Gardini C, Bisio A, Mazzini G, Guerrini M, Naggi A, Alekseeva A. Saturated tetrasaccharide profile of enoxaparin. An additional piece to the heparin biosynthesis puzzle. Carbohydr Polym 2021; 273:118554. [PMID: 34560966 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2021.118554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Enoxaparin, widely used antithrombotic drug, is a polydisperse glycosaminoglycan with highly microheterogeneous structure dictated by both parent heparin heterogeneity and depolymerization conditions. While the process-related modifications of internal and terminal sequences of enoxaparin have been extensively studied, very little is known about the authentic non-reducing ends (NRE). In the present study a multi-step isolation and thorough structural elucidation by NMR and LC/MS allowed to identify 16 saturated tetramers along with 23 unsaturated ones in the complex enoxaparin tetrasaccharide fraction. Altogether the elucidated structures represent a unique enoxaparin signature, whereas the composition of saturated tetramers provides a structural readout strictly related to the biosynthesis of parent heparin NRE. In particular, both glucuronic and iduronic acids were detected at the NRE of macromolecular heparin. The tetrasaccharides bearing glucosamine at the NRE are most likely associated with the heparanase hydrolytic action. High sulfation degree and 3-O-sulfation are characteristic for both types of NRE.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Gardini
- Centro Alta Tecnologia "Istituto di Ricerche Chimiche e Biochimiche G. Ronzoni" Srl, via G. Colombo 81, 20133 Milan, Italy.
| | - Antonella Bisio
- Istituto di Ricerche Chimiche e Biochimiche G. Ronzoni, via G. Colombo 81, 20133 Milan, Italy.
| | - Giulia Mazzini
- Centro Alta Tecnologia "Istituto di Ricerche Chimiche e Biochimiche G. Ronzoni" Srl, via G. Colombo 81, 20133 Milan, Italy.
| | - Marco Guerrini
- Istituto di Ricerche Chimiche e Biochimiche G. Ronzoni, via G. Colombo 81, 20133 Milan, Italy.
| | - Annamaria Naggi
- Centro Alta Tecnologia "Istituto di Ricerche Chimiche e Biochimiche G. Ronzoni" Srl, via G. Colombo 81, 20133 Milan, Italy; Istituto di Ricerche Chimiche e Biochimiche G. Ronzoni, via G. Colombo 81, 20133 Milan, Italy.
| | - Anna Alekseeva
- Centro Alta Tecnologia "Istituto di Ricerche Chimiche e Biochimiche G. Ronzoni" Srl, via G. Colombo 81, 20133 Milan, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Specific Non-Reducing Ends in Heparins from Different Animal Origins: Building Blocks Analysis Using Reductive Amination Tagging by Sulfanilic Acid. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 25:molecules25235553. [PMID: 33256116 PMCID: PMC7730200 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25235553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Revised: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Heparins are linear sulfated polysaccharides widely used as anticoagulant drugs. Their nonreducing-end (NRE) has been little investigated due to challenges in their characterization, but is known to be partly generated by enzymatic cleavage with heparanases, resulting in N-sulfated glucosamines at the NRE. Uronic NRE (specifically glucuronic acids) have been isolated from porcine heparin, with GlcA-GlcNS,3S,6S identified as a porcine-specific NRE marker. To further characterize NRE in heparinoids, a building block analysis involving exhaustive heparinase digestion and subsequent reductive amination with sulfanilic acid was performed. This study describes a new method for identifying heparin classical building blocks and novel NRE building blocks using strong anion exchange chromatography on AS11 columns for the assay, and ion-pair liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry for building block identification. Porcine, ovine, and bovine intestine heparins were analyzed. Generally, NRE on these three heparins are highly sulfated moieties, particularly with 3-O sulfates, and the observed composition of the NRE is highly dependent on heparin origin. At the highest level of specificity, the isolated marker was only detected in porcine heparin. However, the proportion of glucosamines in the NRE and the proportion of glucuronic/iduronic configurations in the NRE uronic moieties greatly varied between heparin types.
Collapse
|
4
|
Jacobsen Á, Shi X, Shao C, Eysturskarδ J, Mikalsen SO, Zaia J. Characterization of Glycosaminoglycans in Gaping and Intact Connective Tissues of Farmed Atlantic Salmon ( Salmo salar) Fillets by Mass Spectrometry. ACS OMEGA 2019; 4:15337-15347. [PMID: 31572832 PMCID: PMC6761683 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.9b01136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In the Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) aquaculture industry, gaping (the separation of muscle bundles from the connective tissue) is a major quality problem. This study characterized chondroitin sulfate (CS) and heparan sulfate (HS) in the connective tissue of intact and gaping salmon fillets from 30 salmon by mass spectrometry. Statistical difference was detected between gaping and intact tissues only when comparing pairwise samples from the same individual (n = 10). The gaping tissue had a lower content of monosulfated CS disaccharides (p = 0.027), and the relative distribution of CS disaccharides was significantly different (p < 0.05). The HS chains were short (average = 14.09, SD = 4.91), and the intact tissue seemed to have a more uniform HS chain structure compared to the gaping tissue. Time-series samples from the same individuals are recommended for future research to improve the understanding of reasons and implications of these differences.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ása Jacobsen
- Aquaculture
Research Station of the Faroe Islands, Viδ Áir, FO-430 Hvalvík, The Faroe Islands
| | - Xiaofeng Shi
- Department
of Biochemistry, Center for Biomedical Mass Spectrometry, Boston University School of Medicine, 670 Albany Street, Boston, Massachusetats 02118, United States
| | - Chun Shao
- Department
of Biochemistry, Center for Biomedical Mass Spectrometry, Boston University School of Medicine, 670 Albany Street, Boston, Massachusetats 02118, United States
| | - Jonhard Eysturskarδ
- Aquaculture
Research Station of the Faroe Islands, Viδ Áir, FO-430 Hvalvík, The Faroe Islands
| | - Svein-Ole Mikalsen
- Department
of Science and Technology, University of
the Faroe Islands, Vestara
Bryggja 15, FO-100 Tórshavn, The Faroe Islands
| | - Joseph Zaia
- Department
of Biochemistry, Center for Biomedical Mass Spectrometry, Boston University School of Medicine, 670 Albany Street, Boston, Massachusetats 02118, United States
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Yates EA, Gallagher JT, Guerrini M. Introduction to the Molecules Special Edition Entitled ' Heparan Sulfate and Heparin: Challenges and Controversies': Some Outstanding Questions in Heparan Sulfate and Heparin Research. Molecules 2019; 24:E1399. [PMID: 30974725 PMCID: PMC6479682 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24071399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The scope of this article is to provide a brief general introduction to heparan sulfate (HS) and heparin, and attempt to identify some of the central challenges regarding research into the chemistry and biology of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), some of which are the subject of contributions to the special issue of Molecules (published in volume 23, 2018) entitled 'Heparan Sulfate and Heparin: Challenges and Controversies' [...].
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Edwin A Yates
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK.
| | - John T Gallagher
- University of Manchester and Iduron Ltd, Biohub, Alderley Park, Alderley Edge, Cheshire SK10 4TG, UK.
| | - Marco Guerrini
- Ronzoni Institute for Chemical and Biochemical research, Via G Colombo 81, Milano 20133, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Wight TN. A role for proteoglycans in vascular disease. Matrix Biol 2018; 71-72:396-420. [PMID: 29499356 PMCID: PMC6110991 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2018.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Revised: 02/22/2018] [Accepted: 02/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The content of proteoglycans (PGs) is low in the extracellular matrix (ECM) of vascular tissue, but increases dramatically in all phases of vascular disease. Early studies demonstrated that glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) including chondroitin sulfate (CS), dermatan sulfate (DS), keratan sulfate (KS) and heparan sulfate (HS) accumulate in vascular lesions in both humans and in animal models in areas of the vasculature that are susceptible to disease initiation (such as at branch points) and are frequently coincident with lipid deposits. Later studies showed the GAGs were covalently attached to specific types of core proteins that accumulate in vascular lesions. These molecules include versican (CSPG), biglycan and decorin (DS/CSPGs), lumican and fibromodulin (KSPGs) and perlecan (HSPG), although other types of PGs are present, but in lesser quantities. While the overall molecular design of these macromolecules is similar, there is tremendous structural diversity among the different PG families creating multiple forms that have selective roles in critical events that form the basis of vascular disease. PGs interact with a variety of different molecules involved in disease pathogenesis. For example, PGs bind and trap serum components that accumulate in vascular lesions such as lipoproteins, amyloid, calcium, and clotting factors. PGs interact with other ECM components and regulate, in part, ECM assembly and turnover. PGs interact with cells within the lesion and alter the phenotypes of both resident cells and cells that invade the lesion from the circulation. A number of therapeutic strategies have been developed to target specific PGs involved in key pathways that promote vascular disease. This review will provide a historical perspective of this field of research and then highlight some of the evidence that defines the involvement of PGs and their roles in the pathogenesis of vascular disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas N Wight
- Matrix Biology Program, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA 98101, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Schultz V, Suflita M, Liu X, Zhang X, Yu Y, Li L, Green DE, Xu Y, Zhang F, DeAngelis PL, Liu J, Linhardt RJ. Heparan Sulfate Domains Required for Fibroblast Growth Factor 1 and 2 Signaling through Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor 1c. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:2495-2509. [PMID: 28031461 PMCID: PMC5313116 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.761585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2016] [Revised: 12/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
A small library of well defined heparan sulfate (HS) polysaccharides was chemoenzymatically synthesized and used for a detailed structure-activity study of fibroblast growth factor (FGF) 1 and FGF2 signaling through FGF receptor (FGFR) 1c. The HS polysaccharide tested contained both undersulfated (NA) domains and highly sulfated (NS) domains as well as very well defined non-reducing termini. This study examines differences in the HS selectivity of the positive canyons of the FGF12-FGFR1c2 and FGF22-FGFR1c2 HS binding sites of the symmetric FGF2-FGFR2-HS2 signal transduction complex. The results suggest that FGF12-FGFR1c2 binding site prefers a longer NS domain at the non-reducing terminus than FGF22-FGFR1c2 In addition, FGF22-FGFR1c2 can tolerate an HS chain having an N-acetylglucosamine residue at its non-reducing end. These results clearly demonstrate the different specificity of FGF12-FGFR1c2 and FGF22-FGFR1c2 for well defined HS structures and suggest that it is now possible to chemoenzymatically synthesize precise HS polysaccharides that can selectively mediate growth factor signaling. These HS polysaccharides might be useful in both understanding and controlling the growth, proliferation, and differentiation of cells in stem cell therapies, wound healing, and the treatment of cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Xinyue Liu
- From the Departments of Chemistry and Chemical Biology
| | - Xing Zhang
- From the Departments of Chemistry and Chemical Biology
| | - Yanlei Yu
- From the Departments of Chemistry and Chemical Biology
| | - Lingyun Li
- the Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, New York 12201
| | - Dixy E Green
- the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73126, and
| | - Yongmei Xu
- the Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | - Fuming Zhang
- From the Departments of Chemistry and Chemical Biology
| | - Paul L DeAngelis
- the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73126, and
| | - Jian Liu
- the Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | - Robert J Linhardt
- From the Departments of Chemistry and Chemical Biology,
- Biology
- Biomedical Engineering, and
- Chemical and Biological Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Zhao Y, Singh A, Xu Y, Zong C, Zhang F, Boons GJ, Liu J, Linhardt RJ, Woods RJ, Amster IJ. Gas-Phase Analysis of the Complex of Fibroblast GrowthFactor 1 with Heparan Sulfate: A Traveling Wave Ion Mobility Spectrometry (TWIMS) and Molecular Modeling Study. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2017; 28:96-109. [PMID: 27663556 PMCID: PMC5177502 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-016-1496-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2016] [Revised: 08/26/2016] [Accepted: 08/30/2016] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) regulate several cellular developmental processes by interacting with cell surface heparan proteoglycans and transmembrane cell surface receptors (FGFR). The interaction of FGF with heparan sulfate (HS) is known to induce protein oligomerization, increase the affinity of FGF towards its receptor FGFR, promoting the formation of the HS-FGF-FGFR signaling complex. Although the role of HS in the signaling pathways is well recognized, the details of FGF oligomerization and formation of the ternary signaling complex are still not clear, with several conflicting models proposed in literature. Here, we examine the effect of size and sulfation pattern of HS upon FGF1 oligomerization, binding stoichiometry and conformational stability, through a combination of ion mobility (IM) and theoretical modeling approaches. Ion mobility-mass spectrometry (IMMS) of FGF1 in the presence of several HS fragments ranging from tetrasaccharide (dp4) to dodecasaccharide (dp12) in length was performed. A comparison of the binding stoichiometry of variably sulfated dp4 HS to FGF1 confirmed the significance of the previously known high-affinity binding motif in FGF1 dimerization, and demonstrated that certain tetrasaccharide-length fragments are also capable of inducing dimerization of FGF1. The degree of oligomerization was found to increase in the presence of dp12 HS, and a general lack of specificity for longer HS was observed. Additionally, collision cross-sections (CCSs) of several FGF1-HS complexes were calculated, and were found to be in close agreement with experimental results. Based on the (CCSs) a number of plausible binding modes of 2:1 and 3:1 FGF1-HS are proposed. Graphical Abstract ᅟ.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuejie Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Arunima Singh
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Yongmei Xu
- Eshelman School of Pharmacy, Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Chengli Zong
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Fuming Zhang
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, USA
| | - Geert-Jan Boons
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Jian Liu
- Eshelman School of Pharmacy, Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Robert J Linhardt
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, USA
| | - Robert J Woods
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - I Jonathan Amster
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Miller RL, Dykstra AB, Wei W, Holsclaw C, Turnbull JE, Leary JA. Enrichment of Two Isomeric Heparin Oligosaccharides Exhibiting Different Affinities toward Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein-1. Anal Chem 2016; 88:11551-11558. [PMID: 27801570 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b02803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Chemokine-GAG interactions are crucial to facilitate chemokine immobilization, resulting in the formation of chemokine gradients that guide cell migration. Here we demonstrate chromatographic isolation and purification of two heparin hexasaccharide isomers that interact with the oligomeric chemokine Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein-1 (MCP-1)/CCL2 with different binding affinities. The sequences of these two hexasaccharides were deduced from unique MS/MS product ions and HPLC compositional analysis. Ion mobility mass spectrometry (IM-MS) showed that the two isolated oligosaccharides have different conformations and both displayed preferential binding for one of the two distinct conformations known for MCP-1 dimers. A significant shift in arrival time distribution of close to 70 Å2 was observed, indicating a more compact protein:hexasaccharide conformation. Clear differences in the MS spectra between bound and unbound protein allowed calculation of Kd values from the resulting data. The structural difference between the two hexasaccharides was defined as the differential location of a single sulfate at either C-6 of glucosamine or C-2 of uronic acid in the reducing disaccharide, resulting in a 200-fold difference in binding affinity for MCP-1. These data indicate sequence specificity for high affinity binding, supporting the view that sulfate position, and not simply the number of sulfates, is important for heparan sulfate protein binding.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca L Miller
- Departments of Molecular and Cellular Biology and Chemistry, University of California , 1 Shields Drive, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Andrew B Dykstra
- Departments of Molecular and Cellular Biology and Chemistry, University of California , 1 Shields Drive, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Wei Wei
- Departments of Molecular and Cellular Biology and Chemistry, University of California , 1 Shields Drive, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Cynthia Holsclaw
- Departments of Molecular and Cellular Biology and Chemistry, University of California , 1 Shields Drive, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Jeremy E Turnbull
- Centre for Glycobiology, Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool , Crown Street, Liverpool, L69 7ZB, England
| | - Julie A Leary
- Departments of Molecular and Cellular Biology and Chemistry, University of California , 1 Shields Drive, Davis, California 95616, United States
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Meneghetti MCZ, Hughes AJ, Rudd TR, Nader HB, Powell AK, Yates EA, Lima MA. Heparan sulfate and heparin interactions with proteins. J R Soc Interface 2016; 12:0589. [PMID: 26289657 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2015.0589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Heparan sulfate (HS) polysaccharides are ubiquitous components of the cell surface and extracellular matrix of all multicellular animals, whereas heparin is present within mast cells and can be viewed as a more sulfated, tissue-specific, HS variant. HS and heparin regulate biological processes through interactions with a large repertoire of proteins. Owing to these interactions and diverse effects observed during in vitro, ex vivo and in vivo experiments, manifold biological/pharmacological activities have been attributed to them. The properties that have been thought to bestow protein binding and biological activity upon HS and heparin vary from high levels of sequence specificity to a dependence on charge. In contrast to these opposing opinions, we will argue that the evidence supports both a level of redundancy and a degree of selectivity in the structure-activity relationship. The relationship between this apparent redundancy, the multi-dentate nature of heparin and HS polysaccharide chains, their involvement in protein networks and the multiple binding sites on proteins, each possessing different properties, will also be considered. Finally, the role of cations in modulating HS/heparin activity will be reviewed and some of the implications for structure-activity relationships and regulation will be discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria C Z Meneghetti
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), Rua Três de Maio, São Paulo 40440-020, Brazil
| | - Ashley J Hughes
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg 40530, Sweden Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK
| | - Timothy R Rudd
- The National Institute for Biological Standards and Control (NIBSC), South Mimms, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire EN6 3QC, UK Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK
| | - Helena B Nader
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), Rua Três de Maio, São Paulo 40440-020, Brazil
| | - Andrew K Powell
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Science, Liverpool John Moores University, Byrom Street, Liverpool L3 3AF, UK Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK
| | - Edwin A Yates
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), Rua Três de Maio, São Paulo 40440-020, Brazil
| | - Marcelo A Lima
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), Rua Três de Maio, São Paulo 40440-020, Brazil Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Jayson GC, Hansen SU, Miller GJ, Cole CL, Rushton G, Avizienyte E, Gardiner JM. Synthetic heparan sulfate dodecasaccharides reveal single sulfation site interconverts CXCL8 and CXCL12 chemokine biology. Chem Commun (Camb) 2015; 51:13846-9. [PMID: 26234943 PMCID: PMC4608306 DOI: 10.1039/c5cc05222j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The multigram-scale synthesis of a sulfation-site programmed heparin-like dodecasaccharide is described. Evaluation alongside dodecasaccharides lacking this single glucosamine O6-sulfation, or having per-O6-sulfation, shows that site-specific modification of the terminal glucosamine dramatically interconverts regulation of in vitro and in vivo biology mediated by the two important chemokines, CXCL12 (SDF1α) or CXCL8 (IL-8).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gordon C Jayson
- Christie Hospital, Institute of Cancer Studies, University of Manchester, Manchester, M20 4BX, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Gallagher J. Fell-Muir Lecture: Heparan sulphate and the art of cell regulation: a polymer chain conducts the protein orchestra. Int J Exp Pathol 2015; 96:203-31. [PMID: 26173450 PMCID: PMC4561558 DOI: 10.1111/iep.12135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2014] [Accepted: 05/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Heparan sulphate (HS) sits at the interface of the cell and the extracellular matrix. It is a member of the glycosaminoglycan family of anionic polysaccharides with unique structural features designed for protein interaction and regulation. Its client proteins include soluble effectors (e.g. growth factors, morphogens, chemokines), membrane receptors and cell adhesion proteins such as fibronectin, fibrillin and various types of collagen. The protein-binding properties of HS, together with its strategic positioning in the pericellular domain, are indicative of key roles in mediating the flow of regulatory signals between cells and their microenvironment. The control of transmembrane signalling is a fundamental element in the complex biology of HS. It seems likely that, in some way, HS orchestrates diverse signalling pathways to facilitate information processing inside the cell. A dictionary definition of an orchestra is 'a large group of musicians who play together on various instruments …' to paraphrase, the HS orchestra is 'a large group of proteins that play together on various receptors'. HS conducts this orchestra to ensure that proteins hit the right notes on their receptors but, in the manner of a true conductor, does it also set 'the musical pulse' and create rhythm and harmony attractive to the cell? This is too big a question to answer but fun to think about as you read this review.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John Gallagher
- Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, Institute of Cancer Sciences, Paterson Building, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Mannello F, Maccari F, Ligi D, Santi M, Gatto F, Linhardt RJ, Galeotti F, Volpi N. Breast cyst fluid heparan sulphate is distinctivelyN-sulphated depending on apocrine or flattened type. Cell Biochem Funct 2015; 33:128-33. [DOI: 10.1002/cbf.3096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2014] [Revised: 01/30/2015] [Accepted: 02/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ferdinando Mannello
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Section of Clinical Biochemistry, Unit of Cell Biology; University “Carlo Bo”; Urbino 61029 Italy
| | - Francesca Maccari
- Department of Life Sciences; University of Modena and Reggio Emilia; Modena 41125 Italy
| | - Daniela Ligi
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Section of Clinical Biochemistry, Unit of Cell Biology; University “Carlo Bo”; Urbino 61029 Italy
| | - Martina Santi
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Section of Clinical Biochemistry, Unit of Cell Biology; University “Carlo Bo”; Urbino 61029 Italy
| | - Francesco Gatto
- Department of Biological and Chemical Engineering; Chalmers University of Technology; Gothenburg 41296 Sweden
| | - Robert J. Linhardt
- Departments of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Chemical and Biological Engineering and Biology, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies; Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute; Troy NY USA
| | - Fabio Galeotti
- Department of Life Sciences; University of Modena and Reggio Emilia; Modena 41125 Italy
| | - Nicola Volpi
- Department of Life Sciences; University of Modena and Reggio Emilia; Modena 41125 Italy
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Mao Y, Huang Y, Buczek-Thomas JA, Ethen CM, Nugent MA, Wu ZL, Zaia J. A liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry-based approach to characterize the substrate specificity of mammalian heparanase. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:34141-51. [PMID: 25336655 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.589630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular heparanase activity releases growth factors and angiogenic factors from heparan sulfate (HS) storage sites and alters the integrity of the extracellular matrix. These activities lead to a loss of normal cell matrix adherent junctions and correlate with invasive cellular phenotypes. Elevated expression of heparanase is associated with several human cancers and with vascular remodeling. Heparanase cleaves only a limited fraction of glucuronidic linkages in HS. There have been few investigations of the functional consequences of heparanase activity, largely due to the heterogeneity and complexity of HS. Here, we report a liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS)-based approach to profile the terminal structures created by heparanase digestion and reconstruct the heparanase cleavage sites from the products. Using this method, we demonstrate that heparanase cleaves at the non-reducing side of highly sulfated HS domains, exposing cryptic growth factor binding sites. This cleavage pattern is observed in HS from several tissue sources, regardless of overall sulfation degree, indicating a common recognition pattern. We further demonstrate that heparanase cleavage of HS chains leads to increased ability to support FGF2-dependent cell proliferation. These results suggest a new mechanism to explain how heparanase might potentiate the uncontrolled cell proliferation associated with cancer through its ability to activate nascent growth factor-promoting domains within HS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Mao
- From the Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02118 and
| | - Yu Huang
- From the Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02118 and
| | - Jo Ann Buczek-Thomas
- From the Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02118 and
| | | | - Matthew A Nugent
- From the Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02118 and
| | | | - Joseph Zaia
- From the Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02118 and
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
'Immunosequencing' of heparan sulfate from human cell lines and rat kidney: the (GlcNS6S-IdoA2S)₃ motif, recognized by antibody NS4F5, is located towards the non-reducing end. Biochem J 2014; 461:461-8. [PMID: 24819558 DOI: 10.1042/bj20140355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
HS (heparan sulfate) is a long linear polysaccharide, variably modified by epimerization and sulfation reactions, and is organized into different domains defined by the extent of modification. To further elucidate HS structural organization, the relative position of different HS structures, identified by a set of phage-display-derived anti-HS antibodies, was established. Two strategies were employed: inhibition of HS biosynthesis using 4-deoxy-GlcNAc, followed by resynthesis, and limited degradation of HS using heparinases. Using both approaches, information about the position of antibody-defined HS structures was identified. The HS structure recognized by the antibody NS4F5, rigorously identified as (GlcN6S-IdoA2S)₃, was found towards the non-reducing end of the HS chain.
Collapse
|
16
|
Huang Y, Mao Y, Buczek-Thomas JA, Nugent MA, Zaia J. Oligosaccharide substrate preferences of human extracellular sulfatase Sulf2 using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry based glycomics approaches. PLoS One 2014; 9:e105143. [PMID: 25127119 PMCID: PMC4134258 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0105143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2014] [Accepted: 07/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Sulfs are extracellular endosulfatases that selectively remove the 6-O-sulfate groups from cell surface heparan sulfate (HS) chain. By altering the sulfation at these particular sites, Sulfs function to remodel HS chains. As a result of the remodeling activity, HSulf2 regulates a multitude of cell-signaling events that depend on interactions between proteins and HS. Previous efforts to characterize the substrate specificity of human Sulfs (HSulfs) focused on the analysis of HS disaccharides and synthetic repeating units. In this study, we characterized the substrate preferences of human HSulf2 using HS oligosaccharides with various lengths and sulfation degrees from several naturally occurring HS sources by applying liquid chromatography mass spectrometry based glycomics methods. The results showed that HSulf2 preferentially digests highly sulfated HS oligosaccharides with zero acetyl groups and this preference is length dependent. In terms of length of oligosaccharides, HSulf2 digestion induced more sulfation decrease on DP6 (DP: degree of polymerization) compared to DP2, DP4 and DP8. In addition, the HSulf2 preferentially digests the oligosaccharide domain located at the non-reducing end (NRE) of the HS and heparin chain. In addition, the HSulf2 digestion products were altered only for specific isomers. HSulf2 treated NRE oligosaccharides also showed greater decrease in cell proliferation than those from internal domains of the HS chain. After further chromatographic separation, we identified the three most preferred unsaturated hexasaccharide for HSulf2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Huang
- Center for Biomedical Mass Spectrometry, Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Yang Mao
- Center for Biomedical Mass Spectrometry, Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Jo Ann Buczek-Thomas
- Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Matthew A. Nugent
- Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Joseph Zaia
- Center for Biomedical Mass Spectrometry, Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Hu H, Huang Y, Mao Y, Yu X, Xu Y, Liu J, Zong C, Boons GJ, Lin C, Xia Y, Zaia J. A computational framework for heparan sulfate sequencing using high-resolution tandem mass spectra. Mol Cell Proteomics 2014; 13:2490-502. [PMID: 24925905 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m114.039560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Heparan sulfate (HS) is a linear polysaccharide expressed on cell surfaces, in extracellular matrices and cellular granules in metazoan cells. Through non-covalent binding to growth factors, morphogens, chemokines, and other protein families, HS is involved in all multicellular physiological activities. Its biological activities depend on the fine structures of its protein-binding domains, the determination of which remains a daunting task. Methods have advanced to the point that mass spectra with information-rich product ions may be produced on purified HS saccharides. However, the interpretation of these complex product ion patterns has emerged as the bottleneck to the dissemination of these HS sequencing methods. To solve this problem, we designed HS-SEQ, the first comprehensive algorithm for HS de novo sequencing using high-resolution tandem mass spectra. We tested HS-SEQ using negative electron transfer dissociation (NETD) tandem mass spectra generated from a set of pure synthetic saccharide standards with diverse sulfation patterns. The results showed that HS-SEQ rapidly and accurately determined the correct HS structures from large candidate pools.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Han Hu
- From the ‡Bioinformatics Program, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA; §Center for Biomedical Mass Spectrometry, Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, USA
| | - Yu Huang
- §Center for Biomedical Mass Spectrometry, Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, USA
| | - Yang Mao
- §Center for Biomedical Mass Spectrometry, Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, USA
| | - Xiang Yu
- §Center for Biomedical Mass Spectrometry, Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, USA
| | - Yongmei Xu
- ¶ Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
| | - Jian Liu
- ¶ Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
| | - Chengli Zong
- **Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602
| | - Geert-Jan Boons
- **Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602
| | - Cheng Lin
- §Center for Biomedical Mass Spectrometry, Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, USA
| | - Yu Xia
- ‖Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0C3, Canada; From the ‡Bioinformatics Program, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
| | - Joseph Zaia
- §Center for Biomedical Mass Spectrometry, Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, USA;
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Kanodia J, Chai D, Vollmer J, Kim J, Raue A, Finn G, Schoeberl B. Deciphering the mechanism behind Fibroblast Growth Factor (FGF) induced biphasic signal-response profiles. Cell Commun Signal 2014; 12:34. [PMID: 24885272 PMCID: PMC4036111 DOI: 10.1186/1478-811x-12-34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2013] [Accepted: 04/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Fibroblast Growth Factor (FGF) pathway is driving various aspects of cellular responses in both normal and malignant cells. One interesting characteristic of this pathway is the biphasic nature of the cellular response to some FGF ligands like FGF2. Specifically, it has been shown that phenotypic behaviors controlled by FGF signaling, like migration and growth, reach maximal levels in response to intermediate concentrations, while high levels of FGF2 elicit weak responses. The mechanisms leading to the observed biphasic response remains unexplained. RESULTS A combination of experiments and computational modeling was used to understand the mechanism behind the observed biphasic signaling responses. FGF signaling involves a tertiary surface interaction that we captured with a computational model based on Ordinary Differential Equations (ODEs). It accounts for FGF2 binding to FGF receptors (FGFRs) and heparan sulfate glycosaminoglycans (HSGAGs), followed by receptor-phosphorylation, activation of the FRS2 adapter protein and the Ras-Raf signaling cascade. Quantitative protein assays were used to measure the dynamics of phosphorylated ERK (pERK) in response to a wide range of FGF2 ligand concentrations on a fine-grained time scale for the squamous cell lung cancer cell line H1703. We developed a novel approach combining Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) and feature-based constraints in the objective function to calibrate the computational model to the experimental data. The model is validated using a series of extracellular and intracellular perturbation experiments. We demonstrate that in silico model predictions are in accordance with the observed in vitro results. CONCLUSIONS Using a combined approach of computational modeling and experiments we found that competition between binding of the ligand FGF2 to HSGAG and FGF receptor leads to the biphasic response. At low to intermediate concentrations of FGF2 there are sufficient free FGF receptors available for the FGF2-HSGAG complex to enable the formation of the trimeric signaling unit. At high ligand concentrations the ligand binding sites of the receptor become saturated and the trimeric signaling unit cannot be formed. This insight into the pathway is an important consideration for the pharmacological inhibition of this pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jitendra Kanodia
- Merrimack Pharmaceuticals, Suite B7201, 1 Kendall Square, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Liu L, Linhardt RJ, Zhang Z. Quantitative analysis of anions in glycosaminoglycans and application in heparin stability studies. Carbohydr Polym 2014; 106:343-50. [PMID: 24721088 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2014.02.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2013] [Revised: 02/22/2014] [Accepted: 02/22/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The sulfo groups of glycosaminoglycans contribute to their high charge densities, and are critical for the role they play in various physiological and pathophysiological processes. Unfortunately, the sulfo groups can be hydrolyzed to inorganic sulfate. Thus, it is important to monitor the presence of these sulfo groups. In addition, free anions, including chloride, sulfate and acetate, are often present in glycosaminoglycans as a result of multiple purification steps, and their presence also needs to be monitored. In this report, ion chromatography with conductivity detection is used to analyze the anions present in glycosaminoglycans, including heparin, heparan sulfate, chondroitin sulfate and dermatan sulfate. This method allows quantitation over a wide range of concentrations, affording a limit of quantitation of 0.1 ppm and a limit of detection of 0.05 ppm for most anions of interest. The stability of heparin was also studied, providing data on the formation of both sulfate and acetate anions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psycho-Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215021, China
| | - Robert J Linhardt
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 110 8th Street, Troy, NY 12180, USA; Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 110 8th Street, Troy, NY 12180, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 110 8th Street, Troy, NY 12180, USA; Department of Biology, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 110 8th Street, Troy, NY 12180, USA
| | - Zhenqing Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-Psycho-Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215021, China.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Nugent MA, Zaia J, Spencer JL. Heparan sulfate-protein binding specificity. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2014; 78:726-35. [PMID: 24010836 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297913070055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Heparan sulfate (HS) represents a large class of linear polysaccharides that are required for the function of all mammalian physiological systems. HS is characterized by a repeating disaccharide backbone that is subject to a wide range of modifications, making this class of macromolecules arguably the most information dense in all of biology. The majority of HS functions are associated with the ability to bind and regulate a wide range of proteins. Indeed, recent years have seen an explosion in the discovery of new activities for HS where it is now recognized that this class of glycans functions as co-receptors for growth factors and cytokines, modulates cellular uptake of lipoproteins, regulates protease activity, is critical to amyloid plaque formation, is used by opportunistic pathogens to enter cells, and may even participate in epigenetic regulation. This review will discuss the current state of understanding regarding the specificity of HS-protein binding and will describe the concept that protein binding to HS depends on the overall organization of domains within HS rather than fine structure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M A Nugent
- Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Sterner E, Masuko S, Li G, Li L, Green DE, Otto NJ, Xu Y, DeAngelis PL, Liu J, Dordick JS, Linhardt RJ. Fibroblast growth factor-based signaling through synthetic heparan sulfate blocks copolymers studied using high cell density three-dimensional cell printing. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:9754-65. [PMID: 24563485 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.546937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Four well-defined heparan sulfate (HS) block copolymers containing S-domains (high sulfo group content) placed adjacent to N-domains (low sulfo group content) were chemoenzymatically synthesized and characterized. The domain lengths in these HS block co-polymers were ~40 saccharide units. Microtiter 96-well and three-dimensional cell-based microarray assays utilizing murine immortalized bone marrow (BaF3) cells were developed to evaluate the activity of these HS block co-polymers. Each recombinant BaF3 cell line expresses only a single type of fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) but produces neither HS nor fibroblast growth factors (FGFs). In the presence of different FGFs, BaF3 cell proliferation showed clear differences for the four HS block co-polymers examined. These data were used to examine the two proposed signaling models, the symmetric FGF2-HS2-FGFR2 ternary complex model and the asymmetric FGF2-HS1-FGFR2 ternary complex model. In the symmetric FGF2-HS2-FGFR2 model, two acidic HS chains bind in a basic canyon located on the top face of the FGF2-FGFR2 protein complex. In this model the S-domains at the non-reducing ends of the two HS proteoglycan chains are proposed to interact with the FGF2-FGFR2 protein complex. In contrast, in the asymmetric FGF2-HS1-FGFR2 model, a single HS chain interacts with the FGF2-FGFR2 protein complex through a single S-domain that can be located at any position within an HS chain. Our data comparing a series of synthetically prepared HS block copolymers support a preference for the symmetric FGF2-HS2-FGFR2 ternary complex model.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eric Sterner
- From the Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Binamé F. Transduction of extracellular cues into cell polarity: the role of the transmembrane proteoglycan NG2. Mol Neurobiol 2014; 50:482-93. [PMID: 24390567 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-013-8610-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2013] [Accepted: 12/08/2013] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Resident progenitor cells expressing nerve/glial antigen 2 (NG2) such as oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPC) and pericytes persist in the adult brain. The transmembrane proteoglycan NG2 regulates migration of both these cell types in response to growth factors or specific components of the extracellular matrix. This role of NG2 is linked to the control of cell polarity. The polarization of OPC toward an acute lesion in the brain is impaired in NG2-deficient mice, supporting this concept. A review of the signaling pathways impinged on by NG2 reveals key proteins of cell polarity: phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, focal adhesion kinase, Rho GTPases, and polarity complex proteins. In the scope of cell migration, I discuss here how the interplay of NG2 with signaling transmitted by extracellular cues can control the establishment of cell polarity, and I propose a model to integrate the apparent opposite effects of NG2 on cellular dynamics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fabien Binamé
- Molecular Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany,
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
van Wijk XMR, van Kuppevelt TH. Heparan sulfate in angiogenesis: a target for therapy. Angiogenesis 2013; 17:443-62. [PMID: 24146040 DOI: 10.1007/s10456-013-9401-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2013] [Accepted: 10/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Heparan sulfate (HS), a long linear polysaccharide of alternating disaccharide residues, interacts with a wide variety of proteins, including many angiogenic factors. The involvement of HS in signaling of pro-angiogenic factors (e.g. vascular endothelial growth factor and fibroblast growth factor 2), as well as interaction with anti-angiogenic factors (e.g. endostatin), warrants its role as an important modifier of (tumor) angiogenesis. This review summarizes our current understanding of the role of HS in angiogenic growth factor signaling, and discusses therapeutic strategies to target HS and modulate angiogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xander M R van Wijk
- Department of Biochemistry (280), Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, PO. Box 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Gesslbauer B, Theuer M, Schweiger D, Adage T, Kungl AJ. New targets for glycosaminoglycans and glycosaminoglycans as novel targets. Expert Rev Proteomics 2013; 10:77-95. [PMID: 23414361 DOI: 10.1586/epr.12.75] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Biological functions of a variety of proteins are mediated via their interaction with glycosaminoglycans (GAGs). The structural diversity within the wide GAG landscape provides individual interaction sites for a multitude of proteins involved in several pathophysiological processes. This 'GAG angle' of such proteins as well as their specific GAG ligands give rise to novel therapeutic concepts for drug development. Current glycomic technologies to elucidate the glycan structure-function relationships, methods to investigate the selectivity and specificity of glycan-protein interactions and existing therapeutic approaches to interfere with GAG-protein interactions are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bernd Gesslbauer
- ProtAffin Biotechnologie AG, Reininghausstrasse 13a, 8020 Graz, Austria
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Abstract
The fact that sulfated glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are necessary for the functioning of all animal physiological systems drives the need to understand their biology. This understanding is limited, however, by the heterogeneous nature of GAG chains and their dynamic spatial and temporal expression patterns. GAGs have a regulated structure overlaid by heterogeneity but lack the detail necessary to build structure/function relationships. In order to provide this information, we need glycomics platforms that are sensitive, robust, high throughput, and information rich. This review summarizes progress on mass-spectrometry-based GAG glycomics methods. The areas covered include disaccharide analysis, oligosaccharide profiling, and tandem mass spectrometric sequencing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Zaia
- Center for Biomedical Mass Spectrometry, Department of Biochemistry, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
GlycReSoft: a software package for automated recognition of glycans from LC/MS data. PLoS One 2012; 7:e45474. [PMID: 23049804 PMCID: PMC3458864 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0045474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2012] [Accepted: 08/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycosylation modifies the physicochemical properties and protein binding functions of glycoconjugates. These modifications are biosynthesized in the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus by a series of enzymatic transformations that are under complex control. As a result, mature glycans on a given site are heterogeneous mixtures of glycoforms. This gives rise to a spectrum of adhesive properties that strongly influences interactions with binding partners and resultant biological effects. In order to understand the roles glycosylation plays in normal and disease processes, efficient structural analysis tools are necessary. In the field of glycomics, liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS) is used to profile the glycans present in a given sample. This technology enables comparison of glycan compositions and abundances among different biological samples, i.e. normal versus disease, normal versus mutant, etc. Manual analysis of the glycan profiling LC/MS data is extremely time-consuming and efficient software tools are needed to eliminate this bottleneck. In this work, we have developed a tool to computationally model LC/MS data to enable efficient profiling of glycans. Using LC/MS data deconvoluted by Decon2LS/DeconTools, we built a list of unique neutral masses corresponding to candidate glycan compositions summarized over their various charge states, adducts and range of elution times. Our work aims to provide confident identification of true compounds in complex data sets that are not amenable to manual interpretation. This capability is an essential part of glycomics work flows. We demonstrate this tool, GlycReSoft, using an LC/MS dataset on tissue derived heparan sulfate oligosaccharides. The software, code and a test data set are publically archived under an open source license.
Collapse
|
27
|
Shi X, Huang Y, Mao Y, Naimy H, Zaia J. Tandem mass spectrometry of heparan sulfate negative ions: sulfate loss patterns and chemical modification methods for improvement of product ion profiles. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2012; 23:1498-511. [PMID: 22825743 PMCID: PMC4146577 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-012-0429-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2012] [Revised: 06/04/2012] [Accepted: 06/06/2012] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Heparan sulfate (HS) is a polysaccharide modified with sulfation, acetylation, and epimerization that enable its binding with protein ligands and regulation of important biological processes. Tandem mass spectrometry has been employed to sequence linear biomolecules e.g., proteins and peptides. However, its application in structural characterization of HS is limited due to the neutral loss of sulfate (SO(3)) during collisional induced dissociation (CID). In this report, we studied the dissociation patterns of HS disaccharides and demonstrate that the N-sulfate (N-S) bond is especially facile during CID. We identified factors that influence the propensities of such losses from precursor ions and proposed a Free Proton Index (FPI) to help select ions that are able to produce meaningful backbone dissociations. We then investigated the thermodynamics and kinetics of SO(3) loss from sulfates that are protonated, deprotonated, and metal-adducted using density functional theory computations. The calculations showed that sulfate loss from a protonated site was much more facile than that from a deprotonated or metal-adducted site. Further, the loss of SO(3) from N-sulfate was energetically favored by 3-8 kcal/mol in transition states relative to O-sulfates, making it more prone to this process by a substantial factor. In order to reduce the FPI, representing the number of labile sulfates in HS native chains and oligosaccharides, we developed a series of chemical modifications to selectively replace the N-sulfates of the glucosamine with deuterated acetyl group. These modifications effectively reduced the sulfate density on the HS oligosaccharides and generated considerably more backbone dissociation using on-line LC/tandem MS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofeng Shi
- Department of Biochemistry and Center for Biomedical Mass Spectrometry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Kusche-Gullberg M, Nybakken K, Perrimon N, Lindahl U. Drosophila heparan sulfate, a novel design. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:21950-6. [PMID: 22556423 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.350389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Heparan sulfate (HS) proteoglycans play critical roles in a wide variety of biological processes such as growth factor signaling, cell adhesion, wound healing, and tumor metastasis. Functionally important interactions between HS and a variety of proteins depend on specific structural features within the HS chains. The fruit fly (Drosophila melanogaster) is frequently applied as a model organism to study HS function in development. Previous structural studies of Drosophila HS have been restricted to disaccharide composition, without regard to the arrangement of saccharide domains typically found in vertebrate HS. Here, we biochemically characterized Drosophila HS by selective depolymerization with nitrous acid. Analysis of the generated saccharide products revealed a novel HS design, involving a peripheral, extended, presumably single, N-sulfated domain linked to an N-acetylated sequence contiguous with the linkage to core protein. The N-sulfated domain may be envisaged as a heparin structure of unusually low O-sulfate content.
Collapse
|
29
|
Crouch E, Nikolaidis N, McCormack FX, McDonald B, Allen K, Rynkiewicz MJ, Cafarella TM, White M, Lewnard K, Leymarie N, Zaia J, Seaton BA, Hartshorn KL. Mutagenesis of surfactant protein D informed by evolution and x-ray crystallography enhances defenses against influenza A virus in vivo. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:40681-92. [PMID: 21965658 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.300673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The recognition of influenza A virus (IAV) by surfactant protein D (SP-D) is mediated by interactions between the SP-D carbohydrate recognition domains (CRD) and glycans displayed on envelope glycoproteins. Although native human SP-D shows potent antiviral and aggregating activity, trimeric recombinant neck+CRDs (NCRDs) show little or no capacity to influence IAV infection. A mutant trimeric NCRD, D325A/R343V, showed marked hemagglutination inhibition and viral neutralization, with viral aggregation and aggregation-dependent viral uptake by neutrophils. D325A/R343V exhibited glucose-sensitive binding to Phil82 hemagglutinin trimer (HA) by surface plasmon resonance. By contrast, there was very low binding to the HA trimer from another virus (PR8) that lacks glycans on the HA head. Mass spectrometry demonstrated the presence of high mannose glycans on the Phil82 HA at positions known to contribute to IAV binding. Molecular modeling predicted an enhanced capacity for bridging interactions between HA glycans and D325A/R343V. Finally, the trimeric D325A/R343V NCRD decreased morbidity and increased viral clearance in a murine model of IAV infection using a reassortant A/WSN/33 virus with a more heavily glycosylated HA. The combined data support a model in which altered binding by a truncated mutant SP-D to IAV HA glycans facilitates viral aggregation, leading to significant viral neutralization in vitro and in vivo. These studies demonstrate the potential utility of homology modeling and protein structure analysis for engineering effective collectin antivirals as in vivo therapeutics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erika Crouch
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Nguyen TKN, Raman K, Tran VM, Kuberan B. Investigating the mechanism of the assembly of FGF1-binding heparan sulfate motifs. FEBS Lett 2011; 585:2698-702. [PMID: 21803043 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2011.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2011] [Revised: 07/19/2011] [Accepted: 07/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Heparan sulfate (HS) chains play crucial biological roles by binding to various signaling molecules including fibroblast growth factors (FGFs). Distinct sulfation patterns of HS chains are required for their binding to FGFs/FGF receptors (FGFRs). These sulfation patterns are putatively regulated by biosynthetic enzyme complexes, called GAGOSOMES, in the Golgi. While the structural requirements of HS-FGF interactions have been described previously, it is still unclear how the FGF-binding motif is assembled in vivo. In this study, we generated HS structures using biosynthetic enzymes in a sequential or concurrent manner to elucidate the potential mechanism by which the FGF1-binding HS motif is assembled. Our results indicate that the HS chains form ternary complexes with FGF1/FGFR when enzymes carry out modifications in a specific manner.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thao Kim Nu Nguyen
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|