1
|
Arnolds KL, Yamada E, Neff CP, Schneider JM, Palmer BE, Lozupone CA. Disruption of Genes Encoding Putative Zwitterionic Capsular Polysaccharides of Diverse Intestinal Bacteroides Reduces the Induction of Host Anti-Inflammatory Factors. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 2023; 85:1620-1629. [PMID: 35596750 PMCID: PMC10167101 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-022-02037-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/08/2022] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial zwitterionic capsular polysaccharides (ZPS), such as polysaccharide A (PSA) of the intestinal commensal Bacteroides fragilis, have been shown to modulate T cells, including inducing anti-inflammatory IL-10-secreting T regulatory cells (Tregs). We previously used a genomic screen to identify diverse host-associated bacteria with the predicted genetic capacity to produce ZPSs related to PSA of B. fragilis and hypothesized that genetic disruption (KO) of a key functional gene within these operons would reduce the anti-inflammatory activity of these bacteria. We found that ZPS-KO bacteria in two common gut commensals, Bacteroides uniformis and Bacteroides cellulosilyticus, had a reduced ability to induce Tregs and IL-10 in stimulations of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). Additionally, we found that macrophage stimulated with either wildtype B. fragilis or B. uniformis produced significantly more IL-10 than KOs, indicating a potentially novel function of ZPS of shifting the cytokine response in macrophages to a more anti-inflammatory state. These findings support the hypothesis that these related ZPS may represent a shared strategy to modulate host immune responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen L Arnolds
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Eiko Yamada
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - C Preston Neff
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz, Aurora, CO, USA
| | | | - Brent E Palmer
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz, Aurora, CO, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Chen X, Berin MC, Gillespie VL, Sampson HA, Dunkin D. Treatment of Intestinal Inflammation With Epicutaneous Immunotherapy Requires TGF-β and IL-10 but Not Foxp3 + Tregs. Front Immunol 2021; 12:637630. [PMID: 33717186 PMCID: PMC7952322 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.637630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) involves an increase in T effector cells in the intestines that disrupts the normal balance with T regulatory cells (Tregs). A therapy that restores this balance has the potential to treat IBD. We have shown that epicutaneous exposure to OVA induces Tregs that are able to induce tolerance. The Tregs also migrate to the intestines where they alleviate colitis in mice, demonstrating the potential for skin induced Tregs to treat intestinal inflammation. We investigated the role of Foxp3, IL-10, and TGF-β in the suppression of colitis by epicutaneous immunotherapy (ET). Methods: RAG1-/- mice were transferred with CD4+CD45RBhi T cells from wild type mice to induce colitis. To determine whether Foxp3+ Tregs, IL-10-, or TGF-β-producing Tregs were necessary, Foxp3-DTR, IL-10-/-, or CD4-dnTGFBRII mice were immunized with OVA and OVA TCR enriched T cells were added. As control groups, some mice were given OVA TCR enriched T cells from wild type mice or no OVA TCR enriched T cells. Half of the mice in each group were then exposed on the skin to Viaskin patches containing OVA weekly for 3 weeks. Mice given OVA TCR enriched T cells from Foxp3-DTR mice were given diphtheria toxin (DT) or not in addition to ET. Mice were assessed for weight loss, colon length, colonic cytokine production, and histological inflammation. Results: ET, after injection with OVA TCR enriched T cells derived from wild type mice, prevented weight loss, decreased colonic inflammatory cytokine production and histological colitis. ET in the absence of the OVA TCR enriched T cells did not alleviate colitis. ET, after injection with OVA TCR enriched T cells derived from Foxp3-DTR mice, prevented weight loss, decreased colonic inflammatory cytokine production, and histological colitis. Ablation with DT did not impair the ability of ET to alleviate colitis. ET failed to alleviate colitis when OVA TCR enriched T cells were derived from IL-10-/- or CD4-dnTGFBRII mice. Conclusions: ET through induction of Tregs, which produce IL-10 and TGF-β, could be a promising treatment for IBD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xin Chen
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology and the Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, NY, United States
| | - M Cecilia Berin
- Division of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, Precision Immunology Institute and Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, NY, United States
| | - Virginia L Gillespie
- Center for Comparative Medicine and Surgery, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, NY, United States
| | - Hugh A Sampson
- Division of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, Precision Immunology Institute and Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, NY, United States.,DBV Technologies, LLC, Montrouge, France
| | - David Dunkin
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology and the Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, NY, United States
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Abstract
Mucosal surfaces are distinctive sites exposed to environmental, dietary, and microbial antigens. Particularly in the gut, the host continuously actively adapts via complex interactions between the microbiota and dietary compounds and immune and other tissue cells. Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are critical for tuning the intestinal immune response to self- and non-self-antigens in the intestine. Its importance in intestinal homeostasis is illustrated by the onset of overt inflammation caused by deficiency in Treg generation, function, or stability in the gut. A substantial imbalance in Tregs has been observed in intestinal tissue during pathogenic conditions, when a tightly regulated and equilibrated system becomes dysregulated and leads to unimpeded and chronic immune responses. In this chapter, we compile and critically discuss the current knowledge on the key factors that promote Treg-mediated tolerance in the gut, such as those involved in intestinal Treg differentiation, specificity and suppressive function, and their immunophenotype during health and disease. We also discuss the current state of knowledge on Treg dysregulation in human intestine during pathological states such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC), graft-versus-host disease (GVHD), and colorectal cancer (CRC), and how that knowledge is guiding development of Treg-targeted therapies to treat or prevent intestinal disorders.
Collapse
|
4
|
Di Gangi A, Di Cicco ME, Comberiati P, Peroni DG. Go With Your Gut: The Shaping of T-Cell Response by Gut Microbiota in Allergic Asthma. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1485. [PMID: 32760404 PMCID: PMC7372123 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Novel methods in immunological research and microbiome evaluation have dramatically changed several paradigms associated with the pathogenesis of allergic asthma (AAS). Ovalbumin and house dust mite-induced AAS in germ-free or specific pathogen-free mice are the two leading experimental platforms that significantly contribute to elucidate the relationship between AAS and gut microbiota. Beyond the exacerbation of T helper (Th) 2 responses, a complex network of immunological interaction driven by gut microbiota could modulate the final effector phase. Regulatory T cells are abundant in gastrointestinal mucosa and have been shown to be pivotal in AAS. The gut microbiota could also influence the activity of other T cell subsets such as Th9, Th17, and populations of effector/memory T lymphocytes. Furthermore, gut microbiota metabolites drive the hematopoietic pattern of dendritic cells and ameliorate lung Th2 immunity in AAS models. The administration of probiotics has shown conflicting results in AAS, and limited evidence is available on the immunological pathways beyond their activity. Moreover, the impact of early-life gut dysbiosis on AAS is well-known both experimentally and clinically, but discrepancies are observed between preclinical and clinical settings. Herein, our aim is to elucidate the most relevant preclinical and clinical scenarios to enlighten the potential role of the gut microbiota in modulating T lymphocytes activity in AAS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Di Gangi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Section of Pediatrics, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Maria Elisa Di Cicco
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Section of Pediatrics, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Pasquale Comberiati
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Section of Pediatrics, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.,Department of Clinical Immunology and Allergology, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Diego G Peroni
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Section of Pediatrics, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Hsieh SA, Allen PM. Immunomodulatory Roles of Polysaccharide Capsules in the Intestine. Front Immunol 2020; 11:690. [PMID: 32351514 PMCID: PMC7174666 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The interplay between the immune system and the microbiota in the human intestine dictates states of health vs. disease. Polysaccharide capsules are critical elements of bacteria that protect bacteria against environmental and host factors, including the host immune system. This review summarizes the mechanisms by which polysaccharide capsules from commensal and pathogenic bacteria in the gut microbiota modulate the innate and adaptive immune systems in the intestine. A deeper understanding of the roles of polysaccharide capsules in microbiota-immune interactions will provide a basis to harness their therapeutic potential to advance human health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samantha A Hsieh
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Paul M Allen
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Quraishi MN, Shaheen W, Oo YH, Iqbal TH. Immunological mechanisms underpinning faecal microbiota transplantation for the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease. Clin Exp Immunol 2019; 199:24-38. [PMID: 31777058 DOI: 10.1111/cei.13397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic gastrointestinal disease that results from a dysregulated immune response against specific environmental triggers in a genetically predisposed individual. Increasing evidence has indicated a causal role for changes in gut microbiota (dysbiosis) contributing to this immune-mediated intestinal inflammation. These mechanisms involve dysregulation of multiple facets of the host immune pathways that are potentially reversible. Faecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) is the transfer of processed stool from a healthy donor into an individual with an illness. FMT has shown promising results in both animal model experiments and clinical studies in IBD in the resolution of intestinal inflammation. The underlying mechanisms, however, are unclear. Insights from these studies have shown interactions between modulation of dysbiosis via changes in abundances of specific members of the gut microbial community and changes in host immunological pathways. Unravelling these causal relationships has promising potential for a translational therapy role to develop targeted microbial therapies and understand the mechanisms that underpin IBD aetiopathogenesis. In this review, we discuss current evidence for the contribution of gut microbiota in the disruption of intestinal immune homeostasis and immunoregulatory mechanisms that are associated with the resolution of inflammation through FMT in IBD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M N Quraishi
- Centre for Liver and Gastroenterology Research, NIHR Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.,Department of Gastroenterology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, University Hospitals Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.,University of Birmingham Microbiome Treatment Centre, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - W Shaheen
- Centre for Liver and Gastroenterology Research, NIHR Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.,University of Birmingham Microbiome Treatment Centre, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Y H Oo
- Centre for Liver and Gastroenterology Research, NIHR Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.,Department of Gastroenterology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, University Hospitals Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.,Liver Transplant and Hepatobiliary Unit, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, University Hospitals Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - T H Iqbal
- Centre for Liver and Gastroenterology Research, NIHR Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.,Department of Gastroenterology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, University Hospitals Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.,University of Birmingham Microbiome Treatment Centre, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Jones MB, Alvarez CA, Johnson JL, Zhou JY, Morris N, Cobb BA. CD45Rb-low effector T cells require IL-4 to induce IL-10 in FoxP3 Tregs and to protect mice from inflammation. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0216893. [PMID: 31120919 PMCID: PMC6533033 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0216893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
CD4+ effector/memory T cells (Tem) represent a leading edge of the adaptive immune system responsible for protecting the body from infection, cancer, and other damaging processes. However, a subset of Tem cells with low expression of CD45Rb (RbLoTem) has been shown to suppress inflammation despite their effector surface phenotype and the lack of FoxP3 expression, the canonical transcription factor found in most regulatory T cells. In this report, we show that RbLoTem cells can suppress inflammation by influencing Treg behavior. Co-culturing activated RbLoTem and Tregs induced high expression of IL-10 in vitro, and conditioned media from RbLoTem cells induced IL-10 expression in FoxP3+ Tregs in vitro and in vivo, indicating that RbLoTem cells communicate with Tregs in a cell-contact independent fashion. Transcriptomic and multi-analyte Luminex data identified both IL-2 and IL-4 as potential mediators of RbLoTem-Treg communication, and antibody-mediated neutralization of either IL-4 or CD124 (IL-4Rα) prevented IL-10 induction in Tregs. Moreover, isolated Tregs cultured with recombinant IL-2 and IL-4 strongly induced IL-10 production. Using house dust mite (HDM)-induced airway inflammation as a model, we confirmed that the in vivo suppressive activity of RbLoTem cells was lost in IL-4-ablated RbLoTem cells. These data support a model in which RbLoTem cells communicate with Tregs using a combination of IL-2 and IL-4 to induce robust expression of IL-10 and suppression of inflammation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mark B. Jones
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Carlos A. Alvarez
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Jenny L. Johnson
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Julie Y. Zhou
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Nathan Morris
- Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Brian A. Cobb
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Ramakrishna C, Kujawski M, Chu H, Li L, Mazmanian SK, Cantin EM. Bacteroides fragilis polysaccharide A induces IL-10 secreting B and T cells that prevent viral encephalitis. Nat Commun 2019; 10:2153. [PMID: 31089128 PMCID: PMC6517419 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-09884-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The gut commensal Bacteroides fragilis or its capsular polysaccharide A (PSA) can prevent various peripheral and CNS sterile inflammatory disorders. Fatal herpes simplex encephalitis (HSE) results from immune pathology caused by uncontrolled invasion of the brainstem by inflammatory monocytes and neutrophils. Here we assess the immunomodulatory potential of PSA in HSE by infecting PSA or PBS treated 129S6 mice with HSV1, followed by delayed Acyclovir (ACV) treatment as often occurs in the clinical setting. Only PSA-treated mice survived, with dramatically reduced brainstem inflammation and altered cytokine and chemokine profiles. Importantly, PSA binding by B cells is essential for induction of regulatory CD4+ and CD8+ T cells secreting IL-10 to control innate inflammatory responses, consistent with the lack of PSA mediated protection in Rag−/−, B cell- and IL-10-deficient mice. Our data reveal the translational potential of PSA as an immunomodulatory symbiosis factor to orchestrate robust protective anti-inflammatory responses during viral infections. The capsular polysaccharide A (PSA) of Bacteroides fragilis is known to have immunomodulatory capability during sterile inflammatory disorders. Here Ramakrishna and colleagues show that PSA administration in a murine model of herpes simplex encephalitis induces IL-10 producing B and T cell populations that confer protection against lethal challenge and brain pathology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chandran Ramakrishna
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA, 91010, USA.
| | - Maciej Kujawski
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA, 91010, USA
| | - Hiutung Chu
- Division of Biology and Biological Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
| | - Lin Li
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA, 91010, USA
| | - Sarkis K Mazmanian
- Division of Biology and Biological Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
| | - Edouard M Cantin
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA, 91010, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Alameddine J, Godefroy E, Papargyris L, Sarrabayrouse G, Tabiasco J, Bridonneau C, Yazdanbakhsh K, Sokol H, Altare F, Jotereau F. Faecalibacterium prausnitzii Skews Human DC to Prime IL10-Producing T Cells Through TLR2/6/JNK Signaling and IL-10, IL-27, CD39, and IDO-1 Induction. Front Immunol 2019; 10:143. [PMID: 30787928 PMCID: PMC6373781 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The human colonic mucosa contains regulatory type 1-like (Tr1-like, i.e., IL-10-secreting and Foxp3-negative) T cells specific for the gut Clostridium Faecalibacterium prausnitzii (F. prausnitzii), which are both decreased in Crohn's disease patients. These data, together with the demonstration, in mice, that colonic regulatory T cells (Treg) induced by Clostridium bacteria are key players in colon homeostasis, support a similar role for F. prausnitzii-specific Treg in the human colon. Here we assessed the mechanisms whereby F. prausnitzii induces human colonic Treg. We demonstrated that F. prausnitzii, but not related Clostridia, skewed human dendritic cells to prime IL-10-secreting T cells. Accordingly, F. prausnitzii induced dendritic cells to express a unique array of potent Tr1/Treg polarizing molecules: IL-10, IL-27, CD39, IDO-1, and PDL-1 and, following TLR4 stimulation, inhibited their up-regulation of costimulation molecules as well as their production of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-12 (p35 and p40) and TNFα. We further showed that these potent tolerogenic effects relied on F. prausnitzii-induced TLR2/6 triggering, JNK signaling and CD39 ectonucleotidase activity, which was induced by IDO-1 and IL-27. These data, together with the presence of F. prausnitzii-specific Tr1-like Treg in the human colon, point out to dendritic cells polarization by F. prausnitzii as the first described cellular mechanism whereby the microbiota composition may affect human colon homeostasis. Identification of F. prausnitzii-induced mediators involved in Tr1-like Treg induction by dendritic cells opens therapeutic avenues for the treatment of inflammatory bowel diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joudy Alameddine
- CRCINA, INSERM, Université d'Angers, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | | | - Loukas Papargyris
- CRCINA, INSERM, Université de Nantes, Université d'Angers, Angers, France.,LabEx IGO "Immunotherapy, Graft, Oncology", Angers, France
| | | | - Julie Tabiasco
- CRCINA, INSERM, Université de Nantes, Université d'Angers, Angers, France.,LabEx IGO "Immunotherapy, Graft, Oncology", Angers, France
| | - Chantal Bridonneau
- Micalis Institute, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | | | - Harry Sokol
- Micalis Institute, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France.,APHP Laboratoire des Biomolécules (LBM), CNRS, INSERM, Sorbonne Universités, Paris, France.,Laboratoire des Biomolécules, Département de Chimie, CNRS, PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Frédéric Altare
- CRCINA, INSERM, Université d'Angers, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Francine Jotereau
- CRCINA, INSERM, Université d'Angers, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Sun X, Jia Z. Microbiome modulates intestinal homeostasis against inflammatory diseases. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2018; 205:97-105. [PMID: 30459007 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2018.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Revised: 10/21/2018] [Accepted: 10/27/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Eliminating prophylactic antibiotics in food animal production has exerted pressure on discovering antimicrobial alternatives (e.g. microbiome) to reduce elevated intestinal diseases. Intestinal tract is a complex ecosystem coupling host cells with microbiota. The microbiota and its metabolic activities and products are collectively called microbiome. Intestinal homeostasis is reached through dynamic and delicate crosstalk between host immunity and microbiome. However, this balance can be occasionally broken, which results in intestinal inflammatory diseases such as human Inflammatory Bowel Diseases, chicken necrotic enteritis, and swine postweaning diarrhea. In this review, we introduce the intestinal immune system, intestinal microbiome, and microbiome modulation of inflammation against intestinal diseases. The purpose of this review is to provide updated knowledge on host-microbe interaction and to promote using microbiome as new antimicrobial strategies to reduce intestinal diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolun Sun
- Center of Excellence for Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, 72701, United States.
| | - Zhenquan Jia
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC 27402, United States
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Johnson JL, Jones MB, Cobb BA. Polysaccharide-experienced effector T cells induce IL-10 in FoxP3+ regulatory T cells to prevent pulmonary inflammation. Glycobiology 2018; 28:50-58. [PMID: 29087497 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwx093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Inhibition of peripheral inflammatory disease by carbohydrate antigens derived from normal gut microbiota has been demonstrated for the GI tract, brain, peritoneum, and most recently the airway. We have demonstrated that polysaccharide A (PSA) from the commensal organism Bacteroides fragilis activates CD4+ T cells upon presentation by the class II major histocompatibility complex, and that these PSA-experienced T cells prevent the development of lung inflammation in murine models. While the PSA-responding T cells themselves are not canonical FoxP3+ regulatory T cells (Tregs), their ability to prevent inflammation is dependent upon the suppressive cytokine IL-10. Using an adoptive T cell transfer approach, we have discovered that PSA-experienced T cells require IL-10 expression by PSA-naïve recipient animals in order to prevent inflammation. A cooperative relationship was found between PSA-activated effector/memory T cells and tissue-resident FoxP3+ Tregs both in vivo and in vitro, and it is this cooperation that enables the suppressive activity of PSA outside of the gut environment where exposure takes place. These findings suggest that carbohydrate antigens from the normal microbiota communicate with peripheral tissues to maintain homeostasis through T cell-to-T cell cooperation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jenny L Johnson
- Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Pathology, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106-7288, USA
| | - Mark B Jones
- Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Pathology, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106-7288, USA
| | - Brian A Cobb
- Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Pathology, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106-7288, USA
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Emerging glycobiology tools: A renaissance in accessibility. Cell Immunol 2018; 333:2-8. [PMID: 29759530 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2018.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Revised: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The glycobiology of the immune response is a topic that has garnered increased attention due to a number of key discoveries surrounding IgG function, the specificity of some broadly neutralizing anti-HIV antibodies, cancer immunoregulation by galectin molecules and others. This review is the opening article in a Special Edition of Cellular Immunology focused on glycoimmunology, and has the goal of setting the context for these articles by providing a mini-review of how glycans impact immunity. We also focus on some of the technological and methodological advances in the field of glycobiology that are being deployed to lower the barrier of entry into the glycosciences, and to more fully interrogate the glycome and its function.
Collapse
|
13
|
Stedtfeld RD, Chai B, Crawford RB, Stedtfeld TM, Williams MR, Xiangwen S, Kuwahara T, Cole JR, Kaminski NE, Tiedje JM, Hashsham SA. Modulatory Influence of Segmented Filamentous Bacteria on Transcriptomic Response of Gnotobiotic Mice Exposed to TCDD. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:1708. [PMID: 28936204 PMCID: PMC5594080 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.01708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Environmental toxicants such as 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD), an aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), are known to induce host toxicity and structural shifts in the gut microbiota. Key bacterial populations with similar or opposing functional responses to AhR ligand exposure may potentially help regulate expression of genes associated with immune dysfunction. To examine this question and the mechanisms for AhR ligand-induced bacterial shifts, C57BL/6 gnotobiotic mice were colonized with and without segmented filamentous bacteria (SFB) – an immune activator. Mice were also colonized with polysaccharide A producing Bacteroides fragilis – an immune suppressor to serve as a commensal background. Following colonization, mice were administered TCDD (30 μg/kg) every 4 days for 28 days by oral gavage. Quantified with the nCounter® mouse immunology panel, opposing responses in ileal gene expression (e.g., genes associated with T-cell differentiation via the class II major histocompatibility complex) as a result of TCDD dosing and SFB colonization were observed. Genes that responded to TCDD in the presence of SFB did not show a significant response in the absence of SFB, and vice versa. Regulatory T-cells examined in the mesenteric lymph-nodes, spleen, and blood were also less impacted by TCDD in mice colonized with SFB. TCDD-induced shifts in abundance of SFB and B. fragilis compared with previous studies in mice with a traditional gut microbiome. With regard to the mouse model colonized with individual populations, results indicate that TCDD-induced host response was significantly modulated by the presence of SFB in the gut microbiome, providing insight into therapeutic potential between AhR ligands and key commensals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert D Stedtfeld
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, East LansingMI, United States
| | - Benli Chai
- Center for Microbial Ecology, Michigan State University, East LansingMI, United States
| | - Robert B Crawford
- Institute for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University, East LansingMI, United States.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, East LansingMI, United States
| | - Tiffany M Stedtfeld
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, East LansingMI, United States
| | - Maggie R Williams
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, East LansingMI, United States
| | - Shao Xiangwen
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, East LansingMI, United States
| | - Tomomi Kuwahara
- Department of Molecular Bacteriology, Institute of Health Biosciences, University of Tokushima Graduate SchoolTokushima, Japan
| | - James R Cole
- Center for Microbial Ecology, Michigan State University, East LansingMI, United States
| | - Norbert E Kaminski
- Institute for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University, East LansingMI, United States.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, East LansingMI, United States
| | - James M Tiedje
- Center for Microbial Ecology, Michigan State University, East LansingMI, United States
| | - Syed A Hashsham
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, East LansingMI, United States.,Center for Microbial Ecology, Michigan State University, East LansingMI, United States
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Jun JC, Jones MB, Oswald DM, Sim ES, Jonnalagadda AR, Kreisman LSC, Cobb BA. T cell-intrinsic TLR2 stimulation promotes IL-10 expression and suppressive activity by CD45RbHi T cells. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0180688. [PMID: 28742882 PMCID: PMC5526543 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0180688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2017] [Accepted: 06/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
While Toll-like receptors (TLRs) represent one of the best characterized innate immune pathways, evidence suggests that TLRs are not restricted to innate leukocytes and some epithelial cells, but are also expressed in T cells. Specifically, published evidence focusing on FoxP3+ regulatory T cells demonstrate that they express functional TLR2, which is already known among the TLR family for its association with immune suppression; however, little is known about the relationship between T cell-intrinsic TLR2 binding and cytokine production, T cell differentiation, or T cell receptor (TCR) stimulation. Here, we demonstrate that TCR and TLR2 co-stimulation provides a T cell-intrinsic signal which generates a dramatic, synergistic cytokine response dominated by IL-10. Importantly, the response was not seen in either CD4+CD25+ or CD4+FoxP3+ Tregs, yet resulted in the expansion of a suppressive CD4+CD25+CD62L-CD44+CD45Rbhi effector/memory T cell subset not typically associated with immune inhibition. This study reveals the striking ability of a prototypical innate immune receptor to trigger a potent and suppressive IL-10 response in effector/memory T cells, supporting the notion that TLR2 is a co-regulatory receptor on T cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Janice C. Jun
- Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Pathology, Cleveland, OH, United States of America
- Case Western Reserve University School of Dental Medicine, Cleveland, OH, United States of America
| | - Mark B. Jones
- Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Pathology, Cleveland, OH, United States of America
| | - Douglas M. Oswald
- Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Pathology, Cleveland, OH, United States of America
| | - Edward S. Sim
- Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Pathology, Cleveland, OH, United States of America
| | - Amruth R. Jonnalagadda
- Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Pathology, Cleveland, OH, United States of America
| | - Lori S. C. Kreisman
- Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Pathology, Cleveland, OH, United States of America
| | - Brian A. Cobb
- Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Department of Pathology, Cleveland, OH, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Arnolds KL, Lozupone CA. Striking a Balance with Help from our Little Friends - How the Gut Microbiota Contributes to Immune Homeostasis. THE YALE JOURNAL OF BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2016; 89:389-395. [PMID: 27698623 PMCID: PMC5045148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The trillions of microbes that inhabit the human gut (the microbiota) together with the host comprise a complex ecosystem, and like any ecosystem, health relies on stability and balance. Some of the most important members of the human microbiota are those that help maintain this balance via modulation of the host immune system. Gut microbes, through both molecular factors (such as capsular components) and by-products of their metabolism (such as Short Chain Fatty Acids (SCFAs)), can influence both innate and adaptive components of the immune system, in ways that can drive both effector, and regulatory responses. Here we review how commensal microbes can specifically promote a dynamic balance of these immune responses in the mammalian gut.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Catherine A. Lozupone
- To whom all correspondence should be addressed: Catherine A Lozupone, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 127000 E. 19th Avenue, Room 3113, Aurora, Colorado 80045, tel: 303-724-7942, 303-724-1799,
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Neff CP, Rhodes ME, Arnolds KL, Collins CB, Donnelly J, Nusbacher N, Jedlicka P, Schneider JM, McCarter MD, Shaffer M, Mazmanian SK, Palmer BE, Lozupone CA. Diverse Intestinal Bacteria Contain Putative Zwitterionic Capsular Polysaccharides with Anti-inflammatory Properties. Cell Host Microbe 2016; 20:535-547. [PMID: 27693306 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2016.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2015] [Revised: 07/19/2016] [Accepted: 09/08/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Zwitterionic capsular polysaccharides (ZPSs) are bacterial products that modulate T cells, including inducing anti-inflammatory IL-10-secreting T regulatory cells (Tregs). However, only a few diverse bacteria are known to modulate the host immune system via ZPS. We present a genomic screen for bacteria encoding ZPS molecules. We identify diverse host-associated bacteria, including commensals and pathogens with known anti-inflammatory properties, with the capacity to produce ZPSs. Human mononuclear cells stimulated with lysates from putative ZPS-producing bacteria induce significantly greater IL-10 production and higher proportions of Tregs than lysates from non-ZPS-encoding relatives or a commensal strain of Bacteroides cellulosilyticus in which a putative ZPS biosynthetic operon was genetically disrupted. Similarly, wild-type B. cellulosilyticus DSM 14838, but not a close relative lacking a putative ZPS, attenuated experimental colitis in mice. Collectively, this screen identifies bacterial strains that may use ZPSs to interact with the host as well as those with potential probiotic properties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Preston Neff
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Matthew E Rhodes
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Kathleen L Arnolds
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Colm B Collins
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Jody Donnelly
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Nichole Nusbacher
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Paul Jedlicka
- Department of Pathology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Jennifer M Schneider
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Martin D McCarter
- Department of Surgery, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Michael Shaffer
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Sarkis K Mazmanian
- Division of Biology & Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Brent E Palmer
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
| | - Catherine A Lozupone
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
van Herk EH, Te Velde AA. Treg subsets in inflammatory bowel disease and colorectal carcinoma: Characteristics, role, and therapeutic targets. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2016; 31:1393-404. [PMID: 26990130 DOI: 10.1111/jgh.13342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2015] [Revised: 02/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
T regulatory cells (Tregs) play an important role in the regulation of autoimmunity, autoinflammation, allergic diseases, infection, and the tumor environment. Different subsets are characterized that use a number of regulatory mechanisms. Tregs can influence the progression of inflammatory bowel disease and the development of colorectal cancer. Knowledge of Tregs and their regulatory mechanisms can provide new targets for therapeutic intervention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Egbert H van Herk
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Anje A Te Velde
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Sun L, Middleton DR, Wantuch PL, Ozdilek A, Avci FY. Carbohydrates as T-cell antigens with implications in health and disease. Glycobiology 2016; 26:1029-1040. [PMID: 27236197 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cww062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2016] [Revised: 05/11/2016] [Accepted: 05/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycosylation is arguably the most ubiquitous post-translational modification on proteins in microbial and mammalian cells. During the past few years, there has been intensive research demonstrating that carbohydrates, either in pure forms or in conjunction with proteins or lipids, evoke and modulate adaptive immune responses. We now know that carbohydrates can be directly recognized by T cells or participate in T-cell stimulation as components of T-cell epitopes. T-cell recognition of carbohydrate antigens takes place via their presentation by major histocompatibility complex pathways on antigen-presenting cells. In this review, we summarize studies on carbohydrates as T-cell antigens modulating adaptive immune responses. Through discussion of glycan-containing antigens, such as glycoproteins, glycolipids, zwitterionic polysaccharides and carbohydrate-based glycoconjugate vaccines, we will illustrate the key molecular and cellular interactions between carbohydrate antigens and T cells and the implications of these interactions in health and disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lina Sun
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center for Molecular Medicine, and Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Dustin R Middleton
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center for Molecular Medicine, and Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Paeton L Wantuch
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center for Molecular Medicine, and Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Ahmet Ozdilek
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center for Molecular Medicine, and Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Fikri Y Avci
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center for Molecular Medicine, and Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Telesford KM, Yan W, Ochoa-Reparaz J, Pant A, Kircher C, Christy MA, Begum-Haque S, Kasper DL, Kasper LH. A commensal symbiotic factor derived from Bacteroides fragilis promotes human CD39(+)Foxp3(+) T cells and Treg function. Gut Microbes 2015; 6:234-42. [PMID: 26230152 PMCID: PMC4615798 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2015.1056973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Polysaccharide A (PSA) derived from the human commensal Bacteroides fragilis is a symbiosis factor that stimulates immunologic development within mammalian hosts. PSA rebalances skewed systemic T helper responses and promotes T regulatory cells (Tregs). However, PSA-mediated induction of Foxp3 in humans has not been reported. In mice, PSA-generated Foxp3(+) Tregs dampen Th17 activity thereby facilitating bacterial intestinal colonization while the increased presence and function of these regulatory cells may guard against pathological organ-specific inflammation in hosts. We herein demonstrate that PSA induces expression of Foxp3 along with CD39 among naïve CD4 T cells in vitro while promoting IL-10 secretion. PSA-activated dendritic cells are essential for the mediation of this regulatory response. When cultured with isolated Foxp3(+) Tregs, PSA enriched Foxp3 expression, enhanced the frequency of CD39(+)HLA-DR(+) cells, and increased suppressive function as measured by decreased TNFα expression by LPS-stimulated monocytes. Our findings are the first to demonstrate in vitro induction of human CD4(+)Foxp3(+) T cells and enhanced suppressive function of circulating Foxp3(+) Tregs by a human commensal bacterial symbiotic factor. Use of PSA for the treatment of human autoimmune diseases, in particular multiple sclerosis and inflammatory bowel disease, may represent a new paradigm in the approach to treating autoimmune disease.
Collapse
Key Words
- B. fragilis, Bacteroides fragilis
- Bacteroides fragilis
- DC, Dendritic cell
- Foxp3
- GF, Germ Free
- MS, Multiple sclerosis
- NCD4, Naïve CD4
- PBMCs, Peripheral blood mononuclear cells
- PSA, Polysaccharide A
- SPF, Specific pathogen free
- Sp1, Streptococcus pneumoniae polysaccharide type 1
- T regulatory cells
- Treg, T regulatory cell
- ZPS, Zwitterionic polysaccharide.
- autoimmunity
- commensal microbiota
- dendritic cell
- ectonuclease
- multiple sclerosis
- pDC, Plasmacytoid dendritic cell
- zwitterionic polysaccharide
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kiel M Telesford
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology; Geisel School of Medicine; Dartmouth College; Hanover, NH USA,Correspondence to: Kiel M Telesford;
| | - Wang Yan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology; Geisel School of Medicine; Dartmouth College; Hanover, NH USA
| | - Javier Ochoa-Reparaz
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology; Geisel School of Medicine; Dartmouth College; Hanover, NH USA
| | - Anudeep Pant
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology; Geisel School of Medicine; Dartmouth College; Hanover, NH USA
| | - Christopher Kircher
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology; Geisel School of Medicine; Dartmouth College; Hanover, NH USA
| | - Marc A Christy
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology; Geisel School of Medicine; Dartmouth College; Hanover, NH USA
| | - Sakhina Begum-Haque
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology; Geisel School of Medicine; Dartmouth College; Hanover, NH USA
| | - Dennis L Kasper
- Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology; Harvard Medical School; Boston, MA USA
| | - Lloyd H Kasper
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology; Geisel School of Medicine; Dartmouth College; Hanover, NH USA
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Telesford K, Ochoa-Repáraz J, Kasper LH. Gut commensalism, cytokines, and central nervous system demyelination. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2015; 34:605-14. [PMID: 25084177 DOI: 10.1089/jir.2013.0134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
There is increasing support for the importance of risk factors such as genetic makeup, obesity, smoking, vitamin D insufficiency, and antibiotic exposure contributing to the development of autoimmune diseases, including human multiple sclerosis (MS). Perhaps the greatest environmental risk factor associated with the development of immune-mediated conditions is the gut microbiome. Microbial and helminthic agents are active participants in shaping the immune systems of their hosts. This concept is continually reinforced by studies in the burgeoning area of commensal-mediated immunomodulation. The clinical importance of these findings for MS is suggested by both their participation in disease and, perhaps of greater clinical importance, attenuation of disease severity. Observations made in murine models of central nervous system demyelinating disease and a limited number of small studies in human MS suggest that immune homeostasis within the gut microbiome may be of paramount importance in maintaining a disease-free state. This review describes three immunological factors associated with the gut microbiome that are central to cytokine network activities in MS pathogenesis: T helper cell polarization, T regulatory cell function, and B cell activity. Comparisons are drawn between the regulatory mechanisms attributed to first-line therapies and those described in commensal-mediated amelioration of central nervous system demyelination.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kiel Telesford
- 1 Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth , Lebanon , New Hampshire
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Johnson JL, Jones MB, Cobb BA. Polysaccharide A from the capsule of Bacteroides fragilis induces clonal CD4+ T cell expansion. J Biol Chem 2014; 290:5007-5014. [PMID: 25540199 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.621771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
For 3 decades, the view of MHCII-dependent antigen presentation has been completely dominated by peptide antigens despite our 2004 discovery in which MHCII was shown to present processed fragments of zwitterionic capsular polysaccharides to T cells. Published findings further demonstrate that polysaccharide A (PSA) from the capsule of Bacteroides fragilis is a potent activator of CD4(+) T cells and that these T cells have important biological functions, especially in the maintenance of immunological homeostasis. However, little is known about the nature of T cell recognition of the polysaccharide-MHCII complex or the phenotype of the resulting activated cells. Here, we use next-generation sequencing of the αβT cell receptor of CD4(+) T cells from mice stimulated with PSA in comparison with protein antigen simulation and non-immunized controls and found that PSA immunization induced clonal expansion of a small subset of suppressive CD4(+)CD45RB(low) effector/memory T cells. Moreover, the sequences of the complementarity-determining region 3 (CDR3) loop from top clones indicate a lack of specific variable β and joining region use and average CDR3 loop length. There was also a preference for a zwitterionic motif within the CDR3 loop sequences, aligning well with the known requirement for a similar motif within PSA to enable T cell activation. These data support a model in which PSA, and possibly other T cell-dependent polysaccharide antigens, elicits a clonal and therefore specific CD4(+) T cell response often characterized by pairing dual-charged CDR3 loop sequences with dual-charged PSA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jenny L Johnson
- From the Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio 44106
| | - Mark B Jones
- From the Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio 44106
| | - Brian A Cobb
- From the Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio 44106.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Johnson JL, Jones MB, Cobb BA. Bacterial capsular polysaccharide prevents the onset of asthma through T-cell activation. Glycobiology 2014; 25:368-75. [PMID: 25347992 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwu117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the last four decades, increases in the incidence of immune-mediated diseases in the Western world have been linked to changes in microbial exposure. It is becoming increasingly clear that the normal microbiota in the gut can profoundly alter susceptibility to a wide range of diseases, such as asthma, in which immune homeostasis is disrupted, yet the mechanisms governing this microbial influence remains poorly defined. In this study, we show that gastrointestinal exposure to PSA, a capsular polysaccharide derived from the commensal bacterium Bacteroides fragilis, significantly limits susceptibility to the induction of experimental asthma. We report that direct treatment of mice with PSA generates protection from asthma, and this effect can be given to a naïve recipient by adoptive transfer of CD4(+) T cells from PSA-exposed mice. Remarkably, we found that these PSA-induced T cells are not canonical FoxP3(+) regulatory T cells, but that they potently inhibit both Th1 and Th2 models of asthma in an IL-10-dependent fashion. These findings reveal that bacterial polysaccharides link the microbiota with the peripheral immune system by activating CD4(+)Foxp3(-) T cells upon exposure in the gut, and they facilitate resistance to unnecessary inflammatory responses via the production of IL-10.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jenny L Johnson
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Mark B Jones
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Brian A Cobb
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Yuan B, Zhao L, Fu F, Liu Y, Lin C, Wu X, Shen H, Yang Z. A novel nanoparticle containing MOG peptide with BTLA induces T cell tolerance and prevents multiple sclerosis. Mol Immunol 2014; 57:93-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2013.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2013] [Revised: 07/20/2013] [Accepted: 08/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
|
24
|
Liu Y, Liu W, Russell MW. Suppression of host adaptive immune responses by Neisseria gonorrhoeae: role of interleukin 10 and type 1 regulatory T cells. Mucosal Immunol 2014; 7:165-76. [PMID: 23757303 PMCID: PMC3812424 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2013.36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2012] [Accepted: 04/23/2013] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Infection with Neisseria gonorrhoeae triggers an intense inflammatory response characterized by an influx of neutrophils in the genital tract, yet natural gonococcal infection does not induce a state of protective immunity. Our previous studies in a mouse model of N. gonorrhoeae infection demonstrated that transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) is involved in the suppression of adaptive immunity by this organism, but complete inhibition of TGF-β activity only partially reverses N. gonorrhoeae-mediated suppression of T helper type 1 (Th1) and Th2 responses. In this study, we show that N. gonorrhoeae strongly induced the production of interleukin (IL)-10 and type 1 regulatory T (Tr1) cells. Blockade of IL-10 and Tr1 cell activity enhanced both Th1/Th2-dependent adaptive immune responses and Th17-governed innate responses to N. gonorrhoeae. Treatment of mice with anti-IL-10 antibody during gonococcal challenge led to faster clearance of infection and induced protection against secondary infection, with the generation of circulating and vaginal anti-gonococcal antibodies. Our results suggest that inhibition of IL-10 and Tr1 cells affords a new approach to the treatment of gonorrhea and facilitates the development of specific protective immunity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yingru Liu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Witebsky Center for Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA
| | - Wensheng Liu
- Digestive Diseases and Nutrition Center, Department of Pediatrics, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA
| | - Michael W. Russell
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Witebsky Center for Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Ryan SO, Leal SM, Abbott DW, Pearlman E, Cobb BA. Mgat2 ablation in the myeloid lineage leads to defective glycoantigen T cell responses. Glycobiology 2013; 24:262-71. [PMID: 24310166 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwt107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
N-linked glycosylation is a central regulatory factor that influences the immune system in varied and profound ways, including leukocyte homing, T cell receptor signaling and others. Moreover, N-glycan branching has been demonstrated to change as a function of infection and inflammation. Our previous findings suggest that complex-type N-glycans on the class II major histocompatibility complex play an important role in antigen selection within antigen presenting cells (APCs) such that highly branched N-glycans promote polysaccharide (glycoantigen, GlyAg) presentation following Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2)-dependent antigen processing. In order to explore the impact of N-glycan branching on the myeloid-derived APC population without the confounding problems of altering the branching of lymphocytes and non-hematopoietic cells, we created a novel myeloid-specific knockout of the β-1,2-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase II (Mgat2) enzyme. Using this novel mouse, we found that the reduction in multi-antennary N-glycans characteristic of Mgat2 ablation had no impact on GlyAg-mediated TLR2 signaling. Likewise, no deficits in antigen uptake or cellular homing to lymph nodes were found. However, we discovered that Mgat2 ablation prevented GlyAg presentation and T cell activation in vitro and in vivo without apparent alterations in protein antigen response or myeloid-mediated protection from infection. These findings demonstrate that GlyAg presentation can be regulated by the N-glycan branching pattern of APCs, thereby establishing an in vivo model where the T cell-dependent activity of GlyAgs can be experimentally distinguished from GlyAg-mediated stimulation of the innate response through TLR2.
Collapse
|
26
|
Xu X, Xu P, Ma C, Tang J, Zhang X. Gut microbiota, host health, and polysaccharides. Biotechnol Adv 2012; 31:318-37. [PMID: 23280014 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2012.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2012] [Revised: 12/20/2012] [Accepted: 12/21/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The intestinal microbiota is a complicated ecosystem that influences many aspects of host physiology (i.e. diet, disease development, drug metabolism, and regulation of the immune system). It also exhibits spatial patterning and temporal dynamics. In this review, the effects of internal and external (environmental) factors on intestinal microbiota are discussed. We describe the roles of the gut microbiota in maintaining intestinal and immune system homeostasis and the relationship between gut microbiota and diseases. In particular, the contributions of polysaccharides, as the most abundant diet components in intestinal microbiota and host health are presented. Finally, perspectives for research avenues relating to gut microbiota are also discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofei Xu
- College of Light Industry and Food Sciences, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Carbohydrate moieties as vaccine candidates: Targeting the sweet spot in the immune response. Vaccine 2012; 30:4409-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2012.04.090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2012] [Revised: 04/20/2012] [Accepted: 04/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
28
|
Rabinovich GA, Croci DO. Regulatory circuits mediated by lectin-glycan interactions in autoimmunity and cancer. Immunity 2012; 36:322-35. [PMID: 22444630 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2012.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 255] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2012] [Revised: 02/27/2012] [Accepted: 03/06/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Numerous regulatory programs have been identified that contribute to the restoration of homeostasis at the conclusion of immune responses and to safeguarding against the detrimental effects of chronic inflammation and autoimmune pathology. Malignant cells may usurp these pathways to create immunosuppressive networks that thwart antitumor responses. Herein we review the role of endogenous lectins (C-type lectins, siglecs, and galectins) and specific N- and O-glycans generated by the coordinated action of glycosyltransferases and glycosidases that together promote regulatory signals that control immune cell homeostasis. We also discuss the mechanisms by which glycan-dependent regulatory programs integrate into canonical circuits that amplify or silence immune responses related to autoimmunity and neoplastic disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel A Rabinovich
- Laboratorio de Inmunopatología, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, C1428 Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Surana NK, Kasper DL. The yin yang of bacterial polysaccharides: lessons learned from B. fragilis PSA. Immunol Rev 2012; 245:13-26. [PMID: 22168411 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-065x.2011.01075.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Over the past several years, there have been remarkable advances in our understanding of how commensal organisms shape host immunity. Although the full cast of immunogenic bacteria and their immunomodulatory molecules remains to be elucidated, lessons learned from the interactions between bacterial zwitterionic polysaccharides (ZPSs) and the host immune system represent an integral step toward better understanding how the intestinal microbiota effect immunologic changes. Somewhat paradoxically, ZPSs, which are found in numerous commensal organisms, are able to elicit both proinflammatory and immunoregulatory responses; both these outcomes involve fine-tuning the balance between T-helper 17 cells and interleukin-10-producing regulatory T cells. In this review, we discuss the immunomodulatory effects of the archetypal ZPS, Bacteroides fragilis PSA. In addition, we highlight some of the opportunities and challenges in applying these lessons in clinical settings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Neeraj K Surana
- Channing Laboratory, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Kelly D, Delday MI, Mulder I. Microbes and microbial effector molecules in treatment of inflammatory disorders. Immunol Rev 2012; 245:27-44. [PMID: 22168412 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-065x.2011.01079.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The healthy gut tolerates very large numbers of diverse bacterial species belonging mainly to the Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes phyla. These bacteria normally coexist peacefully with the gut and help maintain immune homeostasis and tolerance. The mechanisms promoting tolerance affect various cell populations, including the epithelial cells lining the gut, resident dendritic cells (DCs), and gut-homing T cells. Gut bacteria also influence multiple signaling pathways from Toll-like receptors to nuclear factor κB and regulate the functionality of DCs and T cells. Several bacterial species have been identified that promote T-cell differentiation, in particular T-helper 17 and T-regulatory cells. Insight into the molecular mechanisms by which bacteria mediate these effects will be very important in identifying new ways of treating intestinal and extra-intestinal immune-mediated diseases. These diseases are increasing dramatically in the human population and require new treatments. It may be possible in the future to identify specific bacterial species or strains that can correct for T-cell imbalances in the gut and promote immune homeostasis, both locally and systemically. In addition, new information describing microbial genomes affords the opportunity to mine for functional genes that may lead to new generation drugs relevant to a range of inflammatory disease conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Denise Kelly
- Gut Immunology Group, Rowett Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Ryan SO, Cobb BA. Host glycans and antigen presentation. Microbes Infect 2012; 14:894-903. [PMID: 22580092 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2012.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2012] [Revised: 04/06/2012] [Accepted: 04/11/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The cell-mediated adaptive immune response depends upon the activation of T cells via recognition of antigen in the context of a major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecule. Although studies have shown that alterations in T cell receptor glycosylation reduces the activation threshold, the data on MHC is far less definitive. Here, we discuss the data on MHC glycosylation and the role the glycans might play during the adaptive host response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sean O Ryan
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, 10900 Euclid Avenue, WRB Rm. 6532, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Kreisman LS, Cobb BA. Infection, inflammation and host carbohydrates: a Glyco-Evasion Hypothesis. Glycobiology 2012; 22:1019-30. [PMID: 22492234 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cws070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Microbial immune evasion can be achieved through the expression, or mimicry, of host-like carbohydrates on the microbial cell surface to hide from detection. However, disparate reports collectively suggest that evasion could also be accomplished through the modulation of the host glycosylation pathways, a mechanism that we call the "Glyco-Evasion Hypothesis". Here, we will summarize the evidence in support of this paradigm by reviewing three separate bodies of work present in the literature. We review how infection and inflammation can lead to host glycosylation changes, how host glycosylation changes can increase susceptibility to infection and inflammation and how glycosylation impacts molecular and cellular function. Then, using these data as a foundation, we propose a unifying hypothesis in which microbial products can hijack host glycosylation to manipulate the immune response to the advantage of the pathogen. This model reveals areas of research that we believe could significantly improve our fight against infectious disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lori Sc Kreisman
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Ryan SO, Cobb BA. Roles for major histocompatibility complex glycosylation in immune function. Semin Immunopathol 2012; 34:425-41. [PMID: 22461020 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-012-0309-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2011] [Accepted: 03/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) glycoprotein family, also referred to as human leukocyte antigens, present endogenous and exogenous antigens to T lymphocytes for recognition and response. These molecules play a central role in enabling the immune system to distinguish self from non-self, which is the basis for protective immunity against pathogenic infections and disease while at the same time representing a serious obstacle for tissue transplantation. All known MHC family members, like the majority of secreted, cell surface, and other immune-related molecules, carry asparagine (N)-linked glycans. The immune system has evolved increasing complexity in higher-order organisms along with a more complex pattern of protein glycosylation, a relationship that may contribute to immune function beyond the early protein quality control events in the endoplasmic reticulum that are commonly known. The broad MHC family maintains peptide sequence motifs for glycosylation at sites that are highly conserved across evolution, suggesting importance, yet functional roles for these glycans remain largely elusive. In this review, we will summarize what is known about MHC glycosylation and provide new insight for additional functional roles for this glycoprotein modification in mediating immune responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sean O Ryan
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|