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Yip C, Wyler SC, Liang K, Yamazaki S, Cobb T, Safdar M, Metai A, Merchant W, Wessells R, Rothenfluh A, Lee S, Elmquist J, You YJ. Neuronal E93 is required for adaptation to adult metabolism and behavior. Mol Metab 2024; 84:101939. [PMID: 38621602 PMCID: PMC11053319 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2024.101939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 04/07/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Metamorphosis is a transition from growth to reproduction, through which an animal adopts adult behavior and metabolism. Yet the neural mechanisms underlying the switch are unclear. Here we report that neuronal E93, a transcription factor essential for metamorphosis, regulates the adult metabolism, physiology, and behavior in Drosophila melanogaster. METHODS To find new neuronal regulators of metabolism, we performed a targeted RNAi-based screen of 70 Drosophila orthologs of the mammalian genes enriched in ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH). Once E93 was identified from the screen, we characterized changes in physiology and behavior when neuronal expression of E93 is knocked down. To identify the neurons where E93 acts, we performed an additional screen targeting subsets of neurons or endocrine cells. RESULTS E93 is required to control appetite, metabolism, exercise endurance, and circadian rhythms. The diverse phenotypes caused by pan-neuronal knockdown of E93, including obesity, exercise intolerance and circadian disruption, can all be phenocopied by knockdown of E93 specifically in either GABA or MIP neurons, suggesting these neurons are key sites of E93 action. Knockdown of the Ecdysone Receptor specifically in MIP neurons partially phenocopies the MIP neuron-specific knockdown of E93, suggesting the steroid signal coordinates adult metabolism via E93 and a neuropeptidergic signal. Finally, E93 expression in GABA and MIP neurons also serves as a key switch for the adaptation to adult behavior, as animals with reduced expression of E93 in the two subsets of neurons exhibit reduced reproductive activity. CONCLUSIONS Our study reveals that E93 is a new monogenic factor essential for metabolic, physiological, and behavioral adaptation from larval behavior to adult behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Yip
- The Center for Hypothalamic Research, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Steven C Wyler
- The Center for Hypothalamic Research, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Katrina Liang
- The Center for Hypothalamic Research, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Shin Yamazaki
- Department of Neuroscience and Peter O'Donnell Jr. Brain Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Tyler Cobb
- Department of Physiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Maryam Safdar
- Department of Physiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Aarav Metai
- The Center for Hypothalamic Research, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Warda Merchant
- The Center for Hypothalamic Research, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Robert Wessells
- Department of Physiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Adrian Rothenfluh
- Huntsman Mental Health Institute, Department of Psychiatry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA; Molecular Medicine Program, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Syann Lee
- The Center for Hypothalamic Research, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Joel Elmquist
- The Center for Hypothalamic Research, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.
| | - Young-Jai You
- The Center for Hypothalamic Research, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.
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2
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Krause W. Resistance to prostate cancer treatments. IUBMB Life 2022; 75:390-410. [PMID: 35978491 DOI: 10.1002/iub.2665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
A review of the current treatment options for prostate cancer and the formation of resistance to these regimens has been compiled including primary, acquired, and cross-resistance. The diversification of the pathways involved and the escape routes the tumor is utilizing have been addressed. Whereas early stages of tumor can be cured, there is no treatment available after a point of no return has been reached, leaving palliative treatment as the only option. The major reasons for this outcome are the heterogeneity of tumors, both inter- and intra-individually and the nearly endless number of escape routes, which the tumor can select to overcome the effects of treatment. This means that more focus should be applied to the individualization of both diagnosis and therapy of prostate cancer. In addition to current treatment options, novel drugs and ongoing clinical trials have been addressed in this review.
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3
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Bozsodi A, Scholtz B, Papp G, Sapi Z, Biczo A, Varga PP, Lazary A. Potential molecular mechanism in self-renewal is associated with miRNA dysregulation in sacral chordoma - A next-generation RNA sequencing study. Heliyon 2022; 8:e10227. [PMID: 36033338 PMCID: PMC9404356 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e10227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Chordoma, the most frequent malignant primary spinal neoplasm, characterized by a high rate of recurrence, is an orphan disease where the clarification of the molecular oncogenesis would be crucial to developing new, effective therapies. Dysregulated expression of non-coding RNAs, especially microRNAs (miRNA) has a significant role in cancer development. Methods Next-generation RNA sequencing (NGS) was used for the combinatorial analysis of mRNA-miRNA gene expression profiles in sacral chordoma and nucleus pulposus samples. Advanced bioinformatics workflow was applied to the data to predict miRNA-mRNA regulatory networks with altered activity in chordoma. Results A large set of significantly dysregulated miRNAs in chordoma and their differentially expressed target genes have been identified. Several molecular pathways related to tumorigenesis and the modulation of the immune system are predicted to be dysregulated due to aberrant miRNA expression in chordoma. We identified a gene set including key regulators of the Hippo pathway, which is targeted by differently expressed miRNAs, and validated their altered expression by RT-qPCR. These newly identified miRNA/RNA interactions are predicted to have a role in the self-renewal process of chordoma stem cells, which might sustain the high rate of recurrence for this tumor. Conclusions Our results can significantly contribute to the designation of possible targets for the development of anti-chordoma therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arpad Bozsodi
- National Center for Spinal Disorders, Buda Health Center, Királyhágó u. 1-3, Budapest, H-1126, Hungary
- School of PhD Studies, Semmelweis University, Üllői út 26, Budapest, H-1085, Hungary
| | - Beata Scholtz
- Genomic Medicine and Bioinformatic Core Facility, Dept. of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei krt. 98, Debrecen, H-4032, Hungary
| | - Gergo Papp
- 1st Department of Pathology and Experimental Cancer Research, Semmelweis University, Üllői út 26, Budapest, H-1085, Hungary
| | - Zoltan Sapi
- 1st Department of Pathology and Experimental Cancer Research, Semmelweis University, Üllői út 26, Budapest, H-1085, Hungary
| | - Adam Biczo
- National Center for Spinal Disorders, Buda Health Center, Királyhágó u. 1-3, Budapest, H-1126, Hungary
| | - Peter Pal Varga
- National Center for Spinal Disorders, Buda Health Center, Királyhágó u. 1-3, Budapest, H-1126, Hungary
| | - Aron Lazary
- National Center for Spinal Disorders, Buda Health Center, Királyhágó u. 1-3, Budapest, H-1126, Hungary
- Department of Spine Surgery, Department of Orthopaedics, Semmelweis University, Királyhágó u. 1-3, Budapest, H-1126, Hungary
- Corresponding author.
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4
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Molecular Regulation of Androgen Receptors in Major Female Reproductive System Cancers. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23147556. [PMID: 35886904 PMCID: PMC9322163 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23147556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Revised: 07/03/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
There are three main types of cancer in the female reproductive system, specifically ovarian cancer (OVCA), endometrial cancer (EC), and cervical cancer (CC). They are common malignant tumors in women worldwide, with high morbidity and mortality. In recent years, androgen receptors (ARs) have been found to be closely related to the occurrence, progression, prognosis, and drug resistance of these three types of tumors. This paper summarizes current views on the role of AR in female reproductive system cancer, the associations between female reproductive system cancers and AR expression and polymorphisms. AR regulates the downstream target genes transcriptional activity and the expression via interacting with coactivators/corepressors and upstream/downstream regulators and through the gene transcription mechanism of “classical A/AR signaling” or “non-classical AR signaling”, involving a large number of regulatory factors and signaling pathways. ARs take part in the processes of cancer cell proliferation, migration/invasion, cancer cell stemness, and chemotherapeutic drug resistance. These findings suggest that the AR and related regulators could target the treatment of female reproductive system cancer.
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5
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Ayala Soriano C, Benitez Barzaga M, Chhina A, Jain M, Nava VE. Hepatoid prostatic carcinoma with adrenal metastasis and novel genetic alterations. Diagn Cytopathol 2022; 50:E310-E314. [PMID: 35765767 DOI: 10.1002/dc.25006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Revised: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Hepatoid carcinoma (HC) encompasses epithelial extrahepatic tumors exhibiting features of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) both by morphology and immunohistochemistry. Distinguishing metastatic HCC from HC may be challenging, particularly when limited material, such as a cytologic specimen, is available. HC from prostatic origin is unusual and has only rarely been characterized by cytology. Herein we present an 86-year-old male with history of castration-resistant prostate cancer developing a left adrenal gland nodule. Fine needle aspiration revealed a poorly differentiated malignant neoplasm diagnosed as metastatic hepatoid prostatic adenocarcinoma based on immunohistochemistry (positive for HepPar1, AFP, NKX3.1, PSMA, and Racemase; and negative for CK7, CK20, cytokeratin 34betaE12, p63, and Arg-1). Because prostatic carcinoma with hepatoid features is rare, and the patient had failed standard therapy, next generation sequencing was performed in an attempt to identify druggable molecular targets. Well-known prostate carcinoma-related alterations were found in three genes (CDK12, AR, and SPOP). In addition, three variants of uncertain significance (DDR2 R128C, SRC P428L, and HNRNPU K574Sfs*32) were identified, which to the best of our knowledge have not been previously reported. Our results support the power of an immunohistochemistry panel including Arg-1 and HepPar1 when HC is suspected, and highlight the value of cytology for comprehensive diagnostic evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Ayala Soriano
- Department of Pathology, The George Washington University Hospital, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Maikel Benitez Barzaga
- Department of Pathology, The George Washington University Hospital, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Arashpreet Chhina
- Department of Medicine, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Maneesh Jain
- Department of Medicine, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Victor E Nava
- Department of Pathology, The George Washington University Hospital, Washington, District of Columbia, USA.,Department of Pathology, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
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6
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Jafari H, Hussain S, Campbell MJ. Nuclear Receptor Coregulators in Hormone-Dependent Cancers. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:2402. [PMID: 35626007 PMCID: PMC9139824 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14102402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Nuclear receptors (NRs) function collectively as a transcriptional signaling network that mediates gene regulatory actions to either maintain cellular homeostasis in response to hormonal, dietary and other environmental factors, or act as orphan receptors with no known ligand. NR complexes are large and interact with multiple protein partners, collectively termed coregulators. Coregulators are essential for regulating NR activity and can dictate whether a target gene is activated or repressed by a variety of mechanisms including the regulation of chromatin accessibility. Altered expression of coregulators contributes to a variety of hormone-dependent cancers including breast and prostate cancers. Therefore, understanding the mechanisms by which coregulators interact with and modulate the activity of NRs provides opportunities to develop better prognostic and diagnostic approaches, as well as novel therapeutic targets. This review aims to gather and summarize recent studies, techniques and bioinformatics methods used to identify distorted NR coregulator interactions that contribute as cancer drivers in hormone-dependent cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hedieh Jafari
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA;
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA;
| | - Shahid Hussain
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA;
| | - Moray J. Campbell
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA;
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7
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Miller KJ, Asim M. Unravelling the Role of Kinases That Underpin Androgen Signalling in Prostate Cancer. Cells 2022; 11:cells11060952. [PMID: 35326402 PMCID: PMC8946764 DOI: 10.3390/cells11060952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The androgen receptor (AR) signalling pathway is the key driver in most prostate cancers (PCa), and is underpinned by several kinases both upstream and downstream of the AR. Many popular therapies for PCa that target the AR directly, however, have been circumvented by AR mutation, such as androgen receptor variants. Some upstream kinases promote AR signalling, including those which phosphorylate the AR and others that are AR-regulated, and androgen regulated kinase that can also form feed-forward activation circuits to promotes AR function. All of these kinases represent potentially druggable targets for PCa. There has generally been a divide in reviews reporting on pathways upstream of the AR and those reporting on AR-regulated genes despite the overlap that constitutes the promotion of AR signalling and PCa progression. In this review, we aim to elucidate which kinases—both upstream and AR-regulated—may be therapeutic targets and require future investigation and ongoing trials in developing kinase inhibitors for PCa.
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8
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Özturan D, Morova T, Lack NA. Androgen Receptor-Mediated Transcription in Prostate Cancer. Cells 2022; 11:898. [PMID: 35269520 PMCID: PMC8909478 DOI: 10.3390/cells11050898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Revised: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Androgen receptor (AR)-mediated transcription is critical in almost all stages of prostate cancer (PCa) growth and differentiation. This process involves a complex interplay of coregulatory proteins, chromatin remodeling complexes, and other transcription factors that work with AR at cis-regulatory enhancer regions to induce the spatiotemporal transcription of target genes. This enhancer-driven mechanism is remarkably dynamic and undergoes significant alterations during PCa progression. In this review, we discuss the AR mechanism of action in PCa with a focus on how cis-regulatory elements modulate gene expression. We explore emerging evidence of genetic variants that can impact AR regulatory regions and alter gene transcription in PCa. Finally, we highlight several outstanding questions and discuss potential mechanisms of this critical transcription factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doğancan Özturan
- School of Medicine, Koç University, Istanbul 34450, Turkey;
- Koç University Research Centre for Translational Medicine (KUTTAM), Koç University, Istanbul 34450, Turkey
| | - Tunç Morova
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6H 3Z6, Canada;
| | - Nathan A. Lack
- School of Medicine, Koç University, Istanbul 34450, Turkey;
- Koç University Research Centre for Translational Medicine (KUTTAM), Koç University, Istanbul 34450, Turkey
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6H 3Z6, Canada;
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9
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Pérez-Núñez I, Rozalén C, Palomeque JÁ, Sangrador I, Dalmau M, Comerma L, Hernández-Prat A, Casadevall D, Menendez S, Liu DD, Shen M, Berenguer J, Ruiz IR, Peña R, Montañés JC, Albà MM, Bonnin S, Ponomarenko J, Gomis RR, Cejalvo JM, Servitja S, Marzese DM, Morey L, Voorwerk L, Arribas J, Bermejo B, Kok M, Pusztai L, Kang Y, Albanell J, Celià-Terrassa T. LCOR mediates interferon-independent tumor immunogenicity and responsiveness to immune-checkpoint blockade in triple-negative breast cancer. NATURE CANCER 2022; 3:355-370. [PMID: 35301507 DOI: 10.1038/s43018-022-00339-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Ligand-dependent corepressor (LCOR) mediates normal and malignant breast stem cell differentiation. Cancer stem cells (CSCs) generate phenotypic heterogeneity and drive therapy resistance, yet their role in immunotherapy is poorly understood. Here we show that immune-checkpoint blockade (ICB) therapy selects for LCORlow CSCs with reduced antigen processing/presentation machinery (APM) driving immune escape and ICB resistance in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). We unveil an unexpected function of LCOR as a master transcriptional activator of APM genes binding to IFN-stimulated response elements (ISREs) in an IFN signaling-independent manner. Through genetic modification of LCOR expression, we demonstrate its central role in modulation of tumor immunogenicity and ICB responsiveness. In TNBC, LCOR associates with ICB clinical response. Importantly, extracellular vesicle (EV) Lcor-messenger RNA therapy in combination with anti-PD-L1 overcame resistance and eradicated breast cancer metastasis in preclinical models. Collectively, these data support LCOR as a promising target for enhancement of ICB efficacy in TNBC, by boosting of tumor APM independently of IFN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iván Pérez-Núñez
- Cancer Research Program, Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Catalina Rozalén
- Cancer Research Program, Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain
| | - José Ángel Palomeque
- Cancer Research Program, Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Irene Sangrador
- Cancer Research Program, Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mariona Dalmau
- Cancer Research Program, Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laura Comerma
- Pathology Department, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anna Hernández-Prat
- Cancer Research Program, Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain
| | - David Casadevall
- Cancer Research Program, Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Silvia Menendez
- Cancer Research Program, Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Daniel Dan Liu
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Minhong Shen
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Jordi Berenguer
- Cancer Research Program, Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Irene Rius Ruiz
- Preclinical Research Program, Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Raul Peña
- Cancer Research Program, Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain
| | - José Carlos Montañés
- Research Program on Biomedical Informatics, Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute and Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - M Mar Albà
- Research Program on Biomedical Informatics, Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute and Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sarah Bonnin
- Centre for Genomic Regulation, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Julia Ponomarenko
- Centre for Genomic Regulation, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Roger R Gomis
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, Barcelona, Spain
- Cancer Science Program, Institute for Research in Biomedicine, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Oncología, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan Miguel Cejalvo
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Oncología, Madrid, Spain
- Medical Oncology Department, Hospital Clínico Universitario; Medicine Department, Universidad de Valencia, Spain, INCLIVA, Valencia, Spain
| | - Sonia Servitja
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Oncología, Madrid, Spain
- Medical Oncology Department, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Diego M Marzese
- Fundació Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Illes Balears, Mallorca, Spain
| | - Lluis Morey
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, Miami, FL, USA
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Leonie Voorwerk
- Division of Tumor Biology & Immunology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Joaquín Arribas
- Cancer Research Program, Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain
- Preclinical Research Program, Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology, Barcelona, Spain
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Oncología, Madrid, Spain
| | - Begoña Bermejo
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Oncología, Madrid, Spain
- Medical Oncology Department, Hospital Clínico Universitario; Medicine Department, Universidad de Valencia, Spain, INCLIVA, Valencia, Spain
| | - Marleen Kok
- Division of Tumor Biology & Immunology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Lajos Pusztai
- Breast Medical Oncology, Yale Cancer Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Yibin Kang
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research Princeton Branch, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Joan Albanell
- Cancer Research Program, Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain.
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain.
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Oncología, Madrid, Spain.
- Medical Oncology Department, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Toni Celià-Terrassa
- Cancer Research Program, Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain.
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Oncología, Madrid, Spain.
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Flindris S, Katsoulas N, Goussia A, Lazaris AC, Navrozoglou I, Paschopoulos M, Thymara I. The Expression of NRIP1 and LCOR in Endometrioid Endometrial Cancer. In Vivo 2021; 35:2631-2640. [PMID: 34410950 DOI: 10.21873/invivo.12545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of the study was to analyze the expression of nuclear receptor interacting protein 1 (NRIP1) and its partner ligand-dependent nuclear receptor co-repressor (LCOR) in endometrioid endometrial cancer and to investigate their association with estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), Ki-67, clinicopathological parameters and patient survival. MATERIALS AND METHODS Immunohistochemical evaluation was carried out to investigate the subcellular expression of NRIP1 and LCOR in endometrioid endometrial cancer samples. Statistical analysis was used to identify the correlations of NRIP1 and LCOR expression with clinicopathological variables and to estimate the survival rates. RESULTS Endometrial cancer tissues exhibited higher expression of NRIP1 and LCOR in comparison with the normal tissues. Cytoplasmic LCOR expression was positively associated with ER and PR expression, while cytoplasmic NRIP1 expression was positively associated with ER expression. Moreover, cytoplasmic expression of NRIP1 was positively associated with Ki-67. CONCLUSION Our study demonstrated that high cytoplasmic expression of LCOR may predict a longer overall survival of patients with endometrioid endometrial cancer. Patients with tumors expressing low levels of LCOR showed a worse survival compared to those expressing high levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanos Flindris
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece;
| | - Nikolaos Katsoulas
- First Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Laiko General Hospital of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Anna Goussia
- Department of Pathology, University Hospital of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Andreas Christos Lazaris
- First Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Laiko General Hospital of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Iordanis Navrozoglou
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Minas Paschopoulos
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Irene Thymara
- First Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Laiko General Hospital of Athens, Athens, Greece
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Ehsani M, David FO, Baniahmad A. Androgen Receptor-Dependent Mechanisms Mediating Drug Resistance in Prostate Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:1534. [PMID: 33810413 PMCID: PMC8037957 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13071534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Androgen receptor (AR) is a main driver of prostate cancer (PCa) growth and progression as well as the key drug target. Appropriate PCa treatments differ depending on the stage of cancer at diagnosis. Although androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) of PCa is initially effective, eventually tumors develop resistance to the drug within 2-3 years of treatment onset leading to castration resistant PCa (CRPC). Castration resistance is usually mediated by reactivation of AR signaling. Eventually, PCa develops additional resistance towards treatment with AR antagonists that occur regularly, also mostly due to bypass mechanisms that activate AR signaling. This tumor evolution with selection upon therapy is presumably based on a high degree of tumor heterogenicity and plasticity that allows PCa cells to proliferate and develop adaptive signaling to the treatment and evolve pathways in therapy resistance, including resistance to chemotherapy. The therapy-resistant PCa phenotype is associated with more aggressiveness and increased metastatic ability. By far, drug resistance remains a major cause of PCa treatment failure and lethality. In this review, various acquired and intrinsic mechanisms that are AR‑dependent and contribute to PCa drug resistance will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Aria Baniahmad
- Institute of Human Genetics, Jena University Hospital, Am Klinikum 1, 07740 Jena, Germany; (M.E.); (F.O.D.)
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12
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Vogelsang TLR, Schmoeckel E, Kuhn C, Blankenstein T, Temelkov M, Heidegger H, Kolben TM, Kolben T, Mahner S, Mayr D, Jeschke U, Vattai A. Regulation of LCoR and RIP140 expression in cervical intraepithelial neoplasia and correlation with CIN progression and dedifferentiation. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2020; 146:1847-1855. [PMID: 32157438 PMCID: PMC7256097 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-020-03178-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Purpose Ligand-dependent corepressor (LCoR) and receptor-interacting protein 140 (RIP140/NRIP1) play an important role in the regulation of multiple oncogenic signaling pathways and the development of cancer. LCoR and RIP140 form a nuclear complex in breast cancer cells and are of prognostic value in further prostate and cervical cancer. The purpose of this study was to analyze the regulation of these proteins in the development of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN I–III). Methods Immunohistochemical analysis was obtained to quantify RIP140 and LCoR expression in formalin-fixed paraffin embedded tissue sections of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia samples. Tissue (n = 94) was collected from patients treated in the Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Germany, between 2002 and 2014. Correlations of expression levels with clinical outcome were carried out to assess for prognostic relevance in patients with CIN2 progression. Kruskal–Wallis test and Mann–Whitney U test were used for data analysis. Results Nuclear LCoR overexpression correlates significantly with CIN II progression. Nuclear RIP140 expression significantly increases and nuclear LCoR expression decreases with higher grading of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia. Cytoplasmic RIP140 expression is significantly higher in CIN III than in CIN I or CIN II. Conclusion A decrease of nuclear LCoR expression in line with an increase of dedifferentiation of CIN can be observed. Nuclear LCoR overexpression correlates with CIN II progression indicating a prognostic value of LCoR in cervical intraepithelial neoplasia. Nuclear and cytoplasmic RIP140 expression increases significantly with higher grading of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia underlining its potential role in the development of pre-cancerous lesions. These findings support the relevance of LCoR and RIP140 in the tumorigenesis indicating a possible role of LCoR and RIP140 as targets for novel therapeutic approaches in cervical intraepithelial neoplasia and cervical cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tilman L R Vogelsang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 80337, Munich, Germany
| | - Elisa Schmoeckel
- Institute of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, 80337, Munich, Germany
| | - Christina Kuhn
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 80337, Munich, Germany
| | - Thomas Blankenstein
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 80337, Munich, Germany
| | - Mina Temelkov
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 80337, Munich, Germany
| | - Helene Heidegger
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 80337, Munich, Germany
| | - Theresa Maria Kolben
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 80337, Munich, Germany
| | - Thomas Kolben
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 80337, Munich, Germany
| | - Sven Mahner
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 80337, Munich, Germany
| | - Doris Mayr
- Institute of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, 80337, Munich, Germany
| | - Udo Jeschke
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 80337, Munich, Germany. .,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital Augsburg, 86156, Augsburg, Germany.
| | - Aurelia Vattai
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 80337, Munich, Germany
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13
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Yang Z, Chen J, Xie H, Liu T, Chen Y, Ma Z, Pei X, Yang W, Li L. Androgen receptor suppresses prostate cancer metastasis but promotes bladder cancer metastasis via differentially altering miRNA525-5p/SLPI-mediated vasculogenic mimicry formation. Cancer Lett 2019; 473:118-129. [PMID: 31843555 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2019.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Revised: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Early studies suggest that the androgen receptor (AR) may play differential roles in influencing prostate cancer (PCa) and bladder cancer (BCa) metastasis, but the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Here, we found that the AR might function via differentially altering vasculogenic mimicry (VM) formation to either decrease PCa metastasis or increase BCa metastasis. Mechanism dissection showed that the AR could differentially alter the expression of the VM marker SLPI through miR-525-5p to regulate SLPI; moreover, it could either increase miR-525-5p transcription in PCa or decrease it in BCa via binding to different androgen-response-elements (AREs) located at different positions in the miR-525 precursor promoter. Further, results from liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) showed that the co-factors of AR in PCa and BCa are NFIX and HDAC2, respectively. Together, these results provide the first detailed mechanism of how the AR can differentially alter PCa and BCa metastasis; thus, targeting the newly identified AR-miR-525-5p-SLPI axis may help suppress metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao Yang
- Sex Hormone Research Center, Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Jiaqi Chen
- Sex Hormone Research Center, Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Hongjun Xie
- Sex Hormone Research Center, Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Tianjie Liu
- Sex Hormone Research Center, Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Yule Chen
- Sex Hormone Research Center, Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Zhenkun Ma
- Sex Hormone Research Center, Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Xinqi Pei
- Sex Hormone Research Center, Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Wenjie Yang
- Sex Hormone Research Center, Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Lei Li
- Sex Hormone Research Center, Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, China.
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14
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Interaction between androgen receptor and coregulator SLIRP is regulated by Ack1 tyrosine kinase and androgen. Sci Rep 2019; 9:18637. [PMID: 31819114 PMCID: PMC6901447 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-55057-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 11/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Aberrant activation of the androgen receptor (AR) may play a critical role in castration resistant prostate cancer. After ligand binding, AR is recruited to the androgen responsive element (ARE) sequences on the DNA where AR interaction with coactivators and corepressors modulates transcription. We demonstrated that phosphorylation of AR at Tyr-267 by Ack1/TNK2 tyrosine kinase results in nuclear translocation, DNA binding, and androgen-dependent gene transcription in a low androgen environment. In order to dissect downstream mechanisms, we searched for proteins whose interaction with AR was regulated by Ack1. SLIRP (SRA stem-loop interacting RNA binding protein) was identified as a candidate protein. Interaction between AR and SLIRP was disrupted by Ack1 kinase activity as well as androgen or heregulin treatment. The noncoding RNA, SRA, was required for AR-SLIRP interaction. SLIRP was bound to ARE’s of AR target genes in the absence of androgen. Treatment with androgen or heregulin led to dissociation of SLIRP from the ARE. Whole transcriptome analysis of SLIRP knockdown in androgen responsive LNCaP cells showed that SLIRP affects a significant subset of androgen-regulated genes. Our data suggest that Ack1 kinase and androgen regulate interaction between AR and SLIRP and that SLIRP functions as a coregulator of AR with properties of a corepressor in a context-dependent manner.
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15
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Elevated miR-615-3p Expression Predicts Adverse Clinical Outcome and Promotes Proliferation and Migration of Prostate Cancer Cells. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2019; 189:2377-2388. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2019.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Revised: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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16
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Sun J, Hu X, Gao Y, Tang Q, Zhao Z, Xi W, Yang F, Zhang W, Song Y, Song B, Wang T, Wang H. MYSM1-AR complex-mediated repression of Akt/c-Raf/GSK-3β signaling impedes castration-resistant prostate cancer growth. Aging (Albany NY) 2019; 11:10644-10663. [PMID: 31761786 PMCID: PMC6914400 DOI: 10.18632/aging.102482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Epigenetic alterations that lead to dysregulated gene expression in the progression of castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) remain elusive. Here, we investigated the role of histone deubiquitinase MYSM1 in the pathogenesis of prostate cancer (PCa). Tissues and public datasets of PCa were evaluated for MYSM1 levels. We explored the effects of MYSM1 on cell proliferation, senescence and viability both in vitro and in vivo. Integrative database analyses and co-immunoprecipitation assays were performed to elucidate genomic association of MYSM1 and MYSM1-involved biological interaction network in PCa. We observed that MYSM1 were downregulated in CRPC compared to localized prostate tumors. Knockdown of MYSM1 promoted cell proliferation and suppressed senescence of CRPC cells under condition of androgen ablation. MYSM1 downregulation enhanced the tumorigenic ability in nude mice. Integrative bioinformatic analyses of the significantly associated genes with MYSM1 revealed MYSM1-correlated pathways, providing substantial clues as to the role of MYSM1 in PCa. MYSM1 was able to bind to androgen receptor instead of increasing its expression and knockdown of MYSM1 resulted in activation of Akt/c-Raf/GSK-3β signaling. Together, our findings indicate that MYSM1 is pivotal in CRPC pathogenesis and may be established as a potential target for future treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinbo Sun
- Department of Urology, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710038, China
| | - Xiangnan Hu
- Department of Urology, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710038, China
| | - Yongheng Gao
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710038, China
| | - Qisheng Tang
- Department of Urology, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710038, China
| | - Zhining Zhao
- Department of Urology, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710038, China.,Clinical Laboratory, 451 Hospital of Chinese People's Liberation Army, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710054, China
| | - Wenjin Xi
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Immunology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, China
| | - Fan Yang
- Department of Urology, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710038, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Urology, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710038, China
| | - Yue Song
- Department of Orthopedics, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, China
| | - Bin Song
- Department of Urology, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710038, China
| | - Tao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Immunology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, China.,Department of Medical Genetics and Developmental Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, China
| | - He Wang
- Department of Urology, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710038, China
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17
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ER-Negative Breast Cancer Is Highly Responsive to Cholesterol Metabolite Signalling. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11112618. [PMID: 31683867 PMCID: PMC6893441 DOI: 10.3390/nu11112618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Revised: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Interventions that alter cholesterol have differential impacts on hormone receptor positive- and negative-breast cancer risk and prognosis. This implies differential regulation or response to cholesterol within different breast cancer subtypes. We evaluated differences in side-chain hydroxycholesterol and liver X nuclear receptor signalling between Oestrogen Receptor (ER)-positive and ER-negative breast cancers and cell lines. Cell line models of ER-positive and ER-negative disease were treated with Liver X Receptor (LXR) ligands and transcriptional activity assessed using luciferase reporters, qPCR and MTT. Publicly available datasets were mined to identify differences between ER-negative and ER-positive tumours and siRNA was used to suppress candidate regulators. Compared to ER-positive breast cancer, ER-negative breast cancer cells were highly responsive to LXR agonists. In primary disease and cell lines LXRA expression was strongly correlated with its target genes in ER-negative but not ER-positive disease. Expression of LXR’s corepressors (NCOR1, NCOR2 and LCOR) was significantly higher in ER-positive disease relative to ER-negative, and their knock-down equalized sensitivity to ligand between subtypes in reporter, gene expression and viability assays. Our data support further evaluation of dietary and pharmacological targeting of cholesterol metabolism as an adjunct to existing therapies for ER-negative and ER-positive breast cancer patients.
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18
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Review: Understanding the role of androgens and placental AR variants: Insight into steroid-dependent fetal-placental growth and development. Placenta 2019; 84:63-68. [DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2019.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Revised: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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19
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Müller K, Sixou S, Kuhn C, Jalaguier S, Mayr D, Ditsch N, Weissenbacher T, Harbeck N, Mahner S, Cavaillès V, Jeschke U. Prognostic relevance of RIP140 and ERβ expression in unifocal versus multifocal breast cancers: a preliminary report. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20020418. [PMID: 30669416 PMCID: PMC6359229 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20020418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Revised: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the expression of two nuclear receptor transcriptional coregulators, namely RIP140 (receptor-interacting protein of 140 kDa) and LCoR (ligand-dependent corepressor) in unifocal versus multifocal breast cancers. The expression of these two proteins was analyzed by immunohistochemistry in a matched-pair cohort of 21 unifocal and 21 multifocal breast tumors. The expression of the two estrogen receptors (ERα and ERβ) was studied in parallel. RIP140 and LCoR levels appeared lower in unifocal tumors compared to multifocal samples (decreased of immune-reactive scores and reduced number of high expressing cells). In both tumor types, RIP140 and LCoR expression was correlated with each other and with expression of ERβ. Very interestingly, the expression of RIP140, LCoR, and ERβ was inversely correlated with overall survival only for the unifocal group. The negative correlation with overall and recurrence free survival was more pronounced in patients whose unifocal tumors expressed high levels of both RIP140 and ERβ. Altogether, this preliminary report indicates that the ERβ/RIP140 signaling is altered in unifocal breast cancers and correlated with patient outcome. Further investigation is needed to decipher the molecular mechanisms and the biological relevance of this deregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Müller
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, LMU Munich, University Hospital, 81377 Munich, Germany.
| | - Sophie Sixou
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, LMU Munich, University Hospital, 81377 Munich, Germany.
- Faculté des Sciences Pharmaceutiques, Université Paul Sabatier Toulouse III, 31062 Toulouse CEDEX 09, France.
| | - Christina Kuhn
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, LMU Munich, University Hospital, 81377 Munich, Germany.
| | - Stephan Jalaguier
- IRCM, Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier, 34298 Montpellier, France.
| | - Doris Mayr
- Department of Pathology, LMU Munich, 80337 Munich, Germany.
| | - Nina Ditsch
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, LMU Munich, University Hospital, 81377 Munich, Germany.
| | - Tobias Weissenbacher
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, LMU Munich, University Hospital, 81377 Munich, Germany.
| | - Nadia Harbeck
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, LMU Munich, University Hospital, 81377 Munich, Germany.
| | - Sven Mahner
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, LMU Munich, University Hospital, 81377 Munich, Germany.
| | - Vincent Cavaillès
- IRCM, Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier, 34298 Montpellier, France.
| | - Udo Jeschke
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, LMU Munich, University Hospital, 81377 Munich, Germany.
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20
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Sixou S, Müller K, Jalaguier S, Kuhn C, Harbeck N, Mayr D, Engel J, Jeschke U, Ditsch N, Cavaillès V. Importance of RIP140 and LCoR Sub-Cellular Localization for Their Association With Breast Cancer Aggressiveness and Patient Survival. Transl Oncol 2018; 11:1090-1096. [PMID: 30007204 PMCID: PMC6070698 DOI: 10.1016/j.tranon.2018.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Revised: 06/13/2018] [Accepted: 06/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
New markers are needed to improve diagnosis and to personalize treatments for patients with breast cancer (BC). Receptor-interacting protein of 140 kDa (RIP140) and ligand-dependent corepressor (LCoR), two transcriptional co-regulators of estrogen receptors, strongly interact in BC cells. Although their role in cancer progression has been outlined in the last few years, their function in BC has not been elucidated yet. In this study, we investigated RIP140 and LCoR localization (cytoplasm vs nucleus) in BC samples from a well-characterized cohort of patients (n = 320). RIP140 and LCoR were expressed in more than 80% of tumors, (predominantly in the cytoplasm), and the two markers were highly correlated. Expression of RIP140 and LCoR in the nucleus was negatively correlated with tumor size. Conversely, RIP140 and LCoR cytoplasmic expression strongly correlated with expression of two tumor aggressiveness markers: N-cadherin and CD133 (epithelial mesenchymal transition and cancer stem cell markers, respectively). Finally, high RIP140 nuclear expression was significantly correlated with longer overall survival, whereas high total or cytoplasmic expression of RIP140 was associated with shorter disease-free survival. Our study strongly suggests that the role of RIP140 and LCoR in BC progression could vary according to their prevalent sub-cellular localization, with opposite prognostic values for nuclear and cytoplasmic expression. The involvement in BC progression/invasiveness of cytoplasmic RIP140 could be balanced by the anti-tumor action of nuclear RIP140, thus explaining the previous contradictory findings about its role in BC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Sixou
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Frauenheilkunde und Geburtshilfe, Campus Innenstadt, Klinikum der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Maistrasse 11, D-80337 München, Germany; Université Paul Sabatier Toulouse III, Faculté des Sciences Pharmaceutiques, F-31062 Toulouse cedex 09, France.
| | - Katharina Müller
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Frauenheilkunde und Geburtshilfe, Campus Innenstadt, Klinikum der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Maistrasse 11, D-80337 München, Germany.
| | - Stéphan Jalaguier
- IRCM - Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier, INSERM U1194, Université Montpellier, Parc Euromédecine, 208 rue des Apothicaires, F-34298 Montpellier Cedex 5, France.
| | - Christina Kuhn
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Frauenheilkunde und Geburtshilfe, Campus Innenstadt, Klinikum der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Maistrasse 11, D-80337 München, Germany.
| | - Nadia Harbeck
- Brustzentrum der Universität München, Klinik und Poliklinik für Frauenheilkunde und Geburtshilfe, Klinikum der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Maistrasse 11, D-80337 München, Germany.
| | - Doris Mayr
- Department of Pathology, Campus Innenstadt, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Hospital, Thalkirchner Str. 36, D-80337 Munich, Germany.
| | - Jutta Engel
- Tumorregister München (TRM) des Tumorzentrums München (TZM) am Klinikum der Universität München (KUM), Marchionistraße 15, 81377 Munich, Germany.
| | - Udo Jeschke
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Frauenheilkunde und Geburtshilfe, Campus Innenstadt, Klinikum der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Maistrasse 11, D-80337 München, Germany.
| | - Nina Ditsch
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Campus Großhadern, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Hospital, Marchionistraße 15, 81377 Munich, Germany.
| | - Vincent Cavaillès
- IRCM - Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier, INSERM U1194, Université Montpellier, Parc Euromédecine, 208 rue des Apothicaires, F-34298 Montpellier Cedex 5, France.
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21
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Cao H, Zhang S, Shan S, Sun C, Li Y, Wang H, Yu S, Liu Y, Guo F, Zhai Q, Wang YC, Jiang J, Wang H, Yan J, Liu W, Ying H. Ligand-dependent corepressor (LCoR) represses the transcription factor C/EBPβ during early adipocyte differentiation. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:18973-18987. [PMID: 28972158 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.793984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2017] [Revised: 09/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Nuclear receptors (NRs) regulate gene transcription by recruiting coregulators, involved in chromatin remodeling and assembly of the basal transcription machinery. The NR-associated protein ligand-dependent corepressor (LCoR) has previously been shown to suppress hepatic lipogenesis by decreasing the binding of steroid receptor coactivators to thyroid hormone receptor. However, the role of LCoR in adipogenesis has not been established. Here, we show that LCoR expression is reduced in the early stage of adipogenesis in vitro LCoR overexpression inhibited 3T3-L1 adipocyte differentiation, whereas LCoR knockdown promoted it. Using an unbiased affinity purification approach, we identified CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein β (C/EBPβ), a key transcriptional regulator in early adipogenesis, and corepressor C-terminal binding proteins as potential components of an LCoR-containing complex in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. We found that LCoR directly interacts with C/EBPβ through its C-terminal helix-turn-helix domain, required for LCoR's inhibitory effects on adipogenesis. LCoR overexpression also inhibited C/EBPβ transcriptional activity, leading to inhibition of mitotic clonal expansion and transcriptional repression of C/EBPα and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ2 (PPARγ2). However, LCoR overexpression did not affect the recruitment of C/EBPβ to the promoters of C/EBPα and PPARγ2 in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Of note, restoration of PPARγ2 or C/EBPα expression attenuated the inhibitory effect of LCoR on adipogenesis. Mechanistically, LCoR suppressed C/EBPβ-mediated transcription by recruiting C-terminal binding proteins to the C/EBPα and PPARγ2 promoters and by modulating histone modifications. Taken together, our results indicate that LCoR negatively regulates early adipogenesis by repressing C/EBPβ transcriptional activity and add LCoR to the growing list of transcriptional corepressors of adipogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongchao Cao
- From the Key Laboratories of Food Safety Research and
| | | | - Shifang Shan
- Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Chao Sun
- From the Key Laboratories of Food Safety Research and
| | - Yan Li
- From the Key Laboratories of Food Safety Research and
| | - Hui Wang
- From the Key Laboratories of Food Safety Research and
| | - Shuxian Yu
- From the Key Laboratories of Food Safety Research and
| | - Yi Liu
- Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Feifan Guo
- Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Qiwei Zhai
- Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Yu-Cheng Wang
- Shanghai Xuhui Central Hospital, Shanghai Clinical Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Jingjing Jiang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Hui Wang
- From the Key Laboratories of Food Safety Research and.,Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, Ministry of Health, Beijing 100021, China, and
| | - Jun Yan
- Model Animal Research Center, and Ministry of Eduction Key Laboratory of Model Animals for Disease Study, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210061, China
| | - Wei Liu
- From the Key Laboratories of Food Safety Research and
| | - Hao Ying
- From the Key Laboratories of Food Safety Research and .,Shanghai Xuhui Central Hospital, Shanghai Clinical Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China.,Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, Ministry of Health, Beijing 100021, China, and
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22
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Celià-Terrassa T, Liu DD, Choudhury A, Hang X, Wei Y, Zamalloa J, Alfaro-Aco R, Chakrabarti R, Jiang YZ, Koh BI, Smith HA, DeCoste C, Li JJ, Shao ZM, Kang Y. Normal and cancerous mammary stem cells evade interferon-induced constraint through the miR-199a-LCOR axis. Nat Cell Biol 2017; 19:711-723. [PMID: 28530657 PMCID: PMC5481166 DOI: 10.1038/ncb3533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Tumor-initiating cells (TICs), or cancer stem cells (CSC), possess stem cell-like properties observed in normal adult tissue stem cells. Normal and cancerous stem cells may therefore share regulatory mechanisms for maintaining self-renewing capacity and resisting differentiation elicited by cell-intrinsic or microenvironmental cues. Here, we show that miR-199a promotes stem cell properties in mammary stem cells (MaSCs) and breast CSCs by directly repressing nuclear receptor corepressor LCOR, which primes interferon (IFN) responses. Elevated miR-199a expression in stem cell-enriched populations protects normal and malignant stem-like cells from differentiation and senescence induced by IFNs that are produced by epithelial and immune cells in the mammary gland. Importantly, the miR-199a-LCOR-IFN axis is activated in poorly differentiated ER− breast tumors, functionally promotes tumor initiation and metastasis, and is associated with poor clinical outcome. Our study therefore reveals a common mechanism shared by normal and malignant stem cells to protect them from suppressive immune cytokine signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toni Celià-Terrassa
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
| | - Daniel D Liu
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
| | - Abrar Choudhury
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
| | - Xiang Hang
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
| | - Yong Wei
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
| | - Jose Zamalloa
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA.,Lewis-Sigler Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
| | - Raymundo Alfaro-Aco
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
| | - Rumela Chakrabarti
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
| | - Yi-Zhou Jiang
- Department of Breast Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Bong Ihn Koh
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
| | - Heath A Smith
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
| | - Christina DeCoste
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
| | - Jun-Jing Li
- Department of Breast Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Zhi-Ming Shao
- Department of Breast Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yibin Kang
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
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23
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Jalaguier S, Teyssier C, Nait Achour T, Lucas A, Bonnet S, Rodriguez C, Elarouci N, Lapierre M, Cavaillès V. Complex regulation of LCoR signaling in breast cancer cells. Oncogene 2017; 36:4790-4801. [PMID: 28414308 PMCID: PMC5562849 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2017.97] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2016] [Revised: 01/18/2017] [Accepted: 02/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Ligand-dependent corepressor (LCoR) is a transcriptional repressor of ligand-activated estrogen receptors (ERs) and other transcription factors that acts both by recruiting histone deacetylases and C-terminal binding proteins. Here, we first studied LCOR gene expression in breast cancer cell lines and tissues. We detected two mRNAs variants, LCoR and LCoR2 (which encodes a truncated LCoR protein). Their expression was highly correlated and localized in discrete nuclear foci. LCoR and LCoR2 strongly repressed transcription, inhibited estrogen-induced target gene expression and decreased breast cancer cell proliferation. By mutagenesis analysis, we showed that the helix-turn-helix domain of LCoR is required for these effects. Using in vitro interaction, coimmunoprecipitation, proximity ligation assay and confocal microscopy experiments, we found that receptor-interacting protein of 140 kDa (RIP140) is a LCoR and LCoR2 partner and that this interaction requires the HTH domain of LCoR and RIP140 N- and C-terminal regions. By increasing or silencing LCoR and RIP140 expression in human breast cancer cells, we then showed that RIP140 is necessary for LCoR inhibition of gene expression and cell proliferation. Moreover, LCoR and RIP140 mRNA levels were strongly correlated in breast cancer cell lines and biopsies. In addition, RIP140 positively regulated LCoR expression in human breast cancer cells and in transgenic mouse models. Finally, their expression correlated with overall survival of patients with breast cancer. Taken together, our results provide new insights into the mechanism of action of LCoR and RIP140 and highlight their strong interplay for the control of gene expression and cell proliferation in breast cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Jalaguier
- IRCM, Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier, Montpellier, France.,INSERM, U1194, Montpellier, France.,Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France.,Institut régional du Cancer de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - C Teyssier
- IRCM, Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier, Montpellier, France.,INSERM, U1194, Montpellier, France.,Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France.,Institut régional du Cancer de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - T Nait Achour
- IRCM, Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier, Montpellier, France.,INSERM, U1194, Montpellier, France.,Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France.,Institut régional du Cancer de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - A Lucas
- IRCM, Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier, Montpellier, France.,INSERM, U1194, Montpellier, France.,Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France.,Institut régional du Cancer de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - S Bonnet
- IRCM, Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier, Montpellier, France.,INSERM, U1194, Montpellier, France.,Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France.,Institut régional du Cancer de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - C Rodriguez
- IRCM, Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier, Montpellier, France.,INSERM, U1194, Montpellier, France.,Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France.,Institut régional du Cancer de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - N Elarouci
- Programme Cartes d'Identité des Tumeurs (CIT), Ligue Nationale Contre Le Cancer, Paris, France
| | - M Lapierre
- IRCM, Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier, Montpellier, France.,INSERM, U1194, Montpellier, France.,Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France.,Institut régional du Cancer de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - V Cavaillès
- IRCM, Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier, Montpellier, France.,INSERM, U1194, Montpellier, France.,Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France.,Institut régional du Cancer de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
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24
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Mblk-1 Transcription Factor Family: Its Roles in Various Animals and Regulation by NOL4 Splice Variants in Mammals. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18020246. [PMID: 28125049 PMCID: PMC5343783 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18020246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2016] [Revised: 01/15/2017] [Accepted: 01/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Transcription factors play critical roles in regulation of neural development and functions. A transcription factor Mblk-1 was previously reported from a screen for factors possibly important for the higher brain functions of the honeybee. This review first summarizes how Mblk-1 was identified, and then provides an overview of the studies of Mblk-1 and their homologs. Mblk-1 family proteins are found broadly in animals and are shown to affect transcription activities. Studies have revealed that the mammalian homologs can interact with several cofactors and together regulate transcription. Interestingly, a recent study using the mouse homologs, Mlr1 and Mlr2, showed that one of their cofactor proteins, NOL4, have several splice variants with different effects on the transactivation activities of Mlr proteins. These findings suggest that there is an additional layer of the regulation of Mblk-1 family proteins by cofactor splice variants and provide novel insights into our current understanding of the roles of the conserved transcription factor family.
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25
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Asim M, Massie CE, Neal DE. Kinase joins the chaperone club: Androgen-regulated kinome reveals choline kinase alpha as a potential drug target in prostate cancer. Mol Cell Oncol 2016; 3:e1140262. [PMID: 27314091 PMCID: PMC4909410 DOI: 10.1080/23723556.2016.1140262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2016] [Revised: 01/05/2016] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
To identify clinically relevant downstream effectors of androgen signaling, the androgen-regulated kinome was defined in prostate cancer (PCa). Within this study, choline kinase α (CHKA) was identified as an androgen receptor chaperone that is both a biomarker of progression and a potential therapeutic target for PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Asim
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, CB2 0RE Cambridge, UK
- Department of Oncology, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, CB2 2QQ Cambridge, UK
| | - Charlie E. Massie
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, CB2 0RE Cambridge, UK
- Department of Oncology, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, CB2 2QQ Cambridge, UK
| | - David E. Neal
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, CB2 0RE Cambridge, UK
- Department of Oncology, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, CB2 2QQ Cambridge, UK
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26
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Hou YY, You JJ, Yang CM, Pan HW, Chen HC, Lee JH, Lin YS, Liou HH, Liu PF, Chi CC, Ger LP, Tsai KW. Aberrant DNA hypomethylation of miR-196b contributes to migration and invasion of oral cancer. Oncol Lett 2016; 11:4013-4021. [PMID: 27313732 PMCID: PMC4888123 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2016.4491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2015] [Accepted: 03/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRs) are a class of small endogenous non-coding RNAs of ~21-24 nucleotides in length. Previous studies have indicated that miR-196b has either an oncogenic or tumor-suppressive function in various types of cancer. However, the biological role of miR-196b in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) remains unclear. In the present study, the expression levels of miR-196b were examined in oral cancer tissues and corresponding adjacent normal tissues from 69 OSCC patients using stem-loop reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction. The results indicated that miR-196b was significantly overexpressed in OSCC tissues compared with the corresponding adjacent normal tissue samples (64 of 69, 92.7%, P<0.001). Analysis of the methylation status of the miR-196b gene indicated more frequent hypomethylation of the CpG islands located upstream of the miR-196b gene in the OSCC tissues than in the adjacent normal tissues (32 of 69, 46.3%), and the methylation status of miR-196b correlated inversely with its expression levels. Furthermore, the unmethylated status of the miR-196b promoter correlated with poor disease-specific survival in OSCC patients (P=0.035). Functional analysis revealed that ectopic miR-196b expression promoted oral cancer cell migration and invasion abilities, and that silencing of miR-196b could abrogate in vitro migration and invasion of oral cancer cells. Collectively, the present findings indicate that the epigenetic regulation of miR-196b expression plays a crucial role in modulating cell migration and invasion during OSCC progression, and thus may serve as a potential prognosis marker or therapeutic target for OSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Yi Hou
- Department of Otolaryngology, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung 813, Taiwan, R.O.C.; Department of Nursing, Yuh-Ing Junior College of Health Care and Management, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Jyun-Jie You
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan, R.O.C.; Department of Medical Education and Research, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung 813, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Cheng-Mei Yang
- Department of Stomatology, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung 813, Taiwan, R.O.C.; Department of Dental Technology, Shu-Zen Junior College of Medicine and Management, Kaohsiung 821, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Hung-Wei Pan
- Department of Medical Education and Research, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung 813, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Hung-Chih Chen
- Department of Stomatology, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung 813, Taiwan, R.O.C.; Department of Dental Technology, Shu-Zen Junior College of Medicine and Management, Kaohsiung 821, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Jang-Hwa Lee
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung 813, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Yaoh-Shiang Lin
- Department of Otolaryngology, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung 813, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Huei-Han Liou
- Department of Medical Education and Research, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung 813, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Pei-Feng Liu
- Department of Medical Education and Research, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung 813, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Chao-Chuan Chi
- Department of Otolaryngology, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung 813, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Luo-Ping Ger
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan, R.O.C.; Department of Medical Education and Research, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung 813, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Kuo-Wang Tsai
- Department of Medical Education and Research, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung 813, Taiwan, R.O.C
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27
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Esmaeili M, Jennek S, Ludwig S, Klitzsch A, Kraft F, Melle C, Baniahmad A. The tumor suppressor ING1b is a novel corepressor for the androgen receptor and induces cellular senescence in prostate cancer cells. J Mol Cell Biol 2016; 8:207-20. [PMID: 26993046 DOI: 10.1093/jmcb/mjw007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2015] [Accepted: 12/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The androgen receptor (AR) signaling is critical for prostate cancer (PCa) progression to the castration-resistant stage with poor clinical outcome. Altered function of AR-interacting factors may contribute to castration-resistant PCa (CRPCa). Inhibitor of growth 1 (ING1) is a tumor suppressor that regulates various cellular processes including cell proliferation. Interestingly, ING1 expression is upregulated in senescent primary human prostate cells; however, its role in AR signaling in PCa was unknown. Using a proteomic approach by surface-enhanced laser desorption ionization-mass spectrometry (SELDI-MS) combined with immunological techniques, we provide here evidence that ING1b interacts in vivo with the AR. The interaction was confirmed by co-immunoprecipitation, in vitro GST-pull-down, and quantitative intracellular colocalization analyses. Functionally, ING1b inhibits AR-responsive promoters and endogenous key AR target genes in the human PCa LNCaP cells. Conversely, ING1b knockout (KO) mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) exhibit enhanced AR activity, suggesting that the interaction with ING1b represses the AR-mediated transcription. Also, data suggest that ING1b expression is downregulated in CRPCa cells compared with androgen-dependent LNCaP cells. Interestingly, its ectopic expression induces cellular senescence and reduces cell migration in both androgen-dependent and CRPCa cells. Intriguingly, ING1b can also inhibit androgen-induced growth in LNCaP cells in a similar manner as AR antagonists. Moreover, ING1b upregulates different cell cycle inhibitors including p27(KIP1), which is a novel target for ING1b. Taken together, our findings reveal a novel corepressor function of ING1b on various AR functions, thereby inhibiting PCa cell growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohsen Esmaeili
- Institute of Human Genetics, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Susanne Jennek
- Institute of Human Genetics, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Susann Ludwig
- Institute of Human Genetics, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | | | - Florian Kraft
- Institute of Human Genetics, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Christian Melle
- Biomolecular Photonics Group, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Aria Baniahmad
- Institute of Human Genetics, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
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28
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Perner S, Cronauer MV, Schrader AJ, Klocker H, Culig Z, Baniahmad A. Adaptive responses of androgen receptor signaling in castration-resistant prostate cancer. Oncotarget 2015; 6:35542-55. [PMID: 26325261 PMCID: PMC4742123 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.4689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2015] [Accepted: 06/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate Cancer (PCa) is an important age-related disease being the most common cancer malignancy and the second leading cause of cancer mortality in men in Western countries. Initially, PCa progression is androgen receptor (AR)- and androgen-dependent. Eventually advanced PCa reaches the stage of Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer (CRPC), but remains dependent on AR, which indicates the importance of AR activity also for CRPC. Here, we discuss various pathways that influence the AR activity in CRPC, which indicates an adaptation of the AR signaling in PCa to overcome the treatment of PCa. The adaptation pathways include interferences of the normal regulation of the AR protein level, the expression of AR variants, the crosstalk of the AR with cytokine tyrosine kinases, the Src-Akt-, the MAPK-signaling pathways and AR corepressors. Furthermore, we summarize the current treatment options with regard to the underlying molecular basis of the common adaptation processes of AR signaling that may arise after the treatment with AR antagonists, androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) as well as for CRPC, and point towards novel therapeutic strategies. The understanding of individualized adaptation processes in PCa will lead to individualized treatment options in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven Perner
- Section for Prostate Cancer Research, Institute of Pathology, Center for Integrated Oncology Cologne/Bonn, University Hospital of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | | | | | - Helmut Klocker
- Division of Experimental Urology, Department of Urology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Zoran Culig
- Department of Urology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Aria Baniahmad
- Institute of Human Genetics, Jena University Hospital, Germany
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29
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Batth IS, Yun H, Kumar AP. Recepteur d'origine nantais (RON), more than a kinase: Role in castrate-resistant prostate cancer. Mol Carcinog 2015; 54:937-46. [PMID: 26152593 DOI: 10.1002/mc.22354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2015] [Revised: 05/20/2015] [Accepted: 05/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCA) is the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths in men in the United States. It is natural for a hormone-driven malignancy such as prostate cancer that androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) would be the preferred treatment for clinical disease management. However, after initial treatment response a vast majority of patients develop metastatic castrate-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC), which is fatal. While great headway has been made to understand the possible mechanisms that drive castrate-resistant disease, a bonafide cure remains elusive. Reactivation of androgen receptor (AR) signaling partly contributes to the emergence of CRPC. Here we briefly examine some of the known mechanisms of AR reactivation including intratumoral synthesis of androgens, modulation of AR coregulators, and AR variants with constitutive activity as well as activation of receptor tyrosine kinases. We primarily focus on the emerging dual function of the receptor tyrosine kinase (recepteur d'origine nantais; RON) as a traditional tyrosine kinase and transcription factor. We further discuss activation of RON as an alternate mechanism in the development of CRPC and available therapeutic approaches for clinical management of CRPC by combined inhibition of RON and AR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izhar Singh Batth
- Department of Urology, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Huiyoung Yun
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Addankl P Kumar
- Department of Urology, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas.,Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas.,Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas.,Cancer Therapy and Research Center, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas.,South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio, Texas
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30
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Abstract
Knowledge of the molecular events that contribute to prostate cancer progression has created opportunities to develop novel therapy strategies. It is now well established that c-Src, a non-receptor tyrosine kinase, regulates a complex signaling network that drives the development of castrate-resistance and bone metastases, events that signal the lethal phenotype of advanced disease. Preclinical studies have established a role for c-Src and Src Family Kinases (SFKs) in proliferation, angiogenesis, invasion and bone metabolism, thus implicating Src signaling in both epithelial and stromal mechanisms of disease progression. A number of small molecule inhibitors of SFK now exist, many of which have demonstrated efficacy in preclinical models and several that have been tested in patients with metastatic castrate-resistant prostate cancer. These agents have demonstrated provocative clinic activity, particularly in modulating the bone microenvironment in a therapeutically favorable manner. Here, we review the discovery and basic biology of c-Src and further discuss the role of SFK inhibitors in the treatment of advanced prostate cancer.
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31
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Vlaeminck-Guillem V, Gillet G, Rimokh R. SRC: marker or actor in prostate cancer aggressiveness. Front Oncol 2014; 4:222. [PMID: 25184116 PMCID: PMC4135356 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2014.00222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2014] [Accepted: 08/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
A key question for urologic practitioners is whether an apparently organ-confined prostate cancer (PCa) is actually aggressive or not. The dilemma is to specifically identify among all prostate tumors the very aggressive high-grade cancers that will become life-threatening by developing extra-prostatic invasion and metastatic potential and the indolent cancers that will never modify a patient's life expectancy. A choice must be made between several therapeutic options to achieve the optimal personalized management of the disease that causes as little harm as possible to patients. Reliable clinical, biological, or pathological markers that would enable distinctions to be made between aggressive and indolent PCas in routine practice at the time of initial diagnosis are still lacking. The molecular mechanisms that explain why a PCa is aggressive or not are also poorly understood. Among the potential markers and/or actors in PCa aggressiveness, Src and other members of the Src kinase family, are valuable candidates. Activation of Src-dependent intracellular pathways is frequently observed in PCa. Indeed, Src is at the cross-roads of several pathways [including androgen receptor (AR), TGFbeta, Bcl-2, Akt/PTEN or MAPK, and ERK …], and is now known to influence some of the cellular and tissular events that accompany tumor progression: cell proliferation, cell motility, invasion, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, resistance to apoptosis, angiogenesis, neuroendocrine differentiation, and metastatic spread. Recent work even suggests that Src could also play a part in PCa initiation in coordination with the AR. The aim of this review is to gather data that explore the links between the Src kinase family and PCa progression and aggressiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginie Vlaeminck-Guillem
- University of Lyon, Cancer Research Centre of Lyon, U1052 INSERM, UMS 3453 CNRS, Lyon I University, Léon Bérard Centre , Lyon , France ; Medical Unit of Molecular Oncology and Transfer, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University Hospital of Lyon-Sud, Hospices Civils of Lyon , Lyon , France
| | - Germain Gillet
- University of Lyon, Cancer Research Centre of Lyon, U1052 INSERM, UMS 3453 CNRS, Lyon I University, Léon Bérard Centre , Lyon , France
| | - Ruth Rimokh
- University of Lyon, Cancer Research Centre of Lyon, U1052 INSERM, UMS 3453 CNRS, Lyon I University, Léon Bérard Centre , Lyon , France
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32
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Lamb AD, Massie CE, Neal DE. The transcriptional programme of the androgen receptor (AR) in prostate cancer. BJU Int 2014; 113:358-66. [PMID: 24053777 DOI: 10.1111/bju.12415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The androgen receptor (AR) is essential for normal prostate and prostate cancer cell growth. AR transcriptional activity is almost always maintained even in hormone relapsed prostate cancer (HRPC) in the absence of normal levels of circulating testosterone. Current molecular techniques, such as chromatin-immunoprecipitation sequencing (ChIP-seq), have permitted identification of direct AR-binding sites in cell lines and human tissue with a distinct coordinate network evident in HRPC. The effectiveness of novel agents, such as abiraterone acetate (suppresses adrenal androgens) or enzalutamide (MDV3100, potent AR antagonist), in treating advanced prostate cancer underlines the on-going critical role of the AR throughout all stages of the disease. Persistent AR activity in advanced disease regulates cell cycle activity, steroid biosynthesis and anabolic metabolism in conjunction with regulatory co-factors, such as the E2F family, c-Myc and signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) transcription factors. Further treatment approaches must target these other factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alastair D Lamb
- Cambridge University Department of Urology, Addenbrooke's Hospital and Cancer Research UK (CRUK) Cambridge Institute, Cambridge, UK
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33
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Gelman IH. Androgen receptor activation in castration-recurrent prostate cancer: the role of Src-family and Ack1 tyrosine kinases. Int J Biol Sci 2014; 10:620-6. [PMID: 24948875 PMCID: PMC4062955 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.8264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2013] [Accepted: 01/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
There is growing appreciation that castration-recurrent prostate cancer (CR-CaP) is driven by the continued expression of androgen receptor (AR). AR activation in CR-CaP through various mechanisms, including AR overexpression, expression of AR splice variants or mutants, increased expression of co-regulator proteins, and by post-translational modification, allows for the induction of AR-regulated genes in response to very low levels of tissue-expressed, so-called intracrine androgens, resulting in pathways that mediate CaP proliferation, anti-apoptosis and oncogenic aggressiveness. The current review focuses on the role played by Src-family (SFK) and Ack1 non-receptor tyrosine kinases in activating AR through direct phosphorylation, respectively, on tyrosines 534 or 267, and how these modifications facilitate progression to CR-CaP. The fact that SFK and Ack1 are central mediators for multiple growth factor receptor signaling pathways that become activated in CR-CaP, especially in the context of metastatic growth in the bone, has contributed to recent therapeutic trials using SFK/Ack1 inhibitors in monotherapy or in combination with antagonists of the AR activation axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irwin H. Gelman
- Department of Cancer Genetics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Elm and Carlton Streets, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
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34
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Abstract
Steroid hormones trigger a wide variety of biological responses through stage- and tissue-specific activation of target gene expression. The mechanisms that provide specificity to systemically released pulses of steroids, however, remain poorly understood. We previously completed a forward genetic screen for mutations that disrupt the destruction of larval salivary glands during metamorphosis in Drosophila melanogaster, a process triggered by the steroid hormone 20-hydroxyecdysone (ecdysone). Here, we characterize 10 complementation groups mapped to genes from this screen. Most of these mutations disrupt the ecdysone-induced expression of death activators, thereby failing to initiate tissue destruction. However, other responses to ecdysone, even within salivary glands, occur normally in mutant animals. Many of these newly identified regulators of ecdysone signaling, including brwd3, med12, med24, pak, and psg2, represent novel components of the ecdysone-triggered transcriptional hierarchy. These genes function combinatorially to provide specificity to ecdysone pulses, amplifying the hormonal cue in a stage-, tissue-, and target gene-specific manner. Most of the ecdysone response genes identified in this screen encode homologs of mammalian nuclear receptor coregulators, demonstrating an unexpected degree of functional conservation in the mechanisms that regulate steroid signaling between insects and mammals.
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35
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Su B, Gillard B, Gao L, Eng KH, Gelman IH. Src controls castration recurrence of CWR22 prostate cancer xenografts. Cancer Med 2013; 2:784-92. [PMID: 24403252 PMCID: PMC3892383 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2013] [Revised: 09/03/2013] [Accepted: 09/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Recurrence of prostate cancer (CaP) after androgen-deprivation therapy continues to have the greatest impact on patient survival. Castration-recurrent (CR)-CaP is likely driven by the activation of androgen receptor (AR) through multiple mechanisms including induction of AR coregulators, AR mutants or splice variants, and AR posttranslational modification such as phosphorylation by Src-family and Ack1 tyrosine kinases. Here, we address whether Src is required for the CR growth of human CWR22 CaP xenografts. The shRNA-mediated Src knockdown or treatment with the Src inhibitors, dasatinib or KXO1, reduced CaP recurrence over controls and increased time-to-recurrence following castration. Moreover, CR-CaP [Src-shRNA] tumors that recurred had similar Src protein and activation levels as those of parental cells, strengthening the notion that Src activity is required for progression to CR-CaP. In contrast, the ability of dasatinib or KXO1 to inhibit Src kinase activity in vitro did not correlate with their ability to inhibit serum-driven in vitro proliferation of CR and androgen-dependent stable cell lines derived from CWR22 tumors (CWR22Rv1 and CWR22PC, respectively), suggesting that the in vitro proliferation of these CaP lines is Src independent. Taken together, these findings strongly suggest that Src is a potent and specific therapeutic target for CR-CaP progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Su
- Biomedical Research Institute, Shenzhen PKU-HKUST Medical Center, Shenzhen, Guangzhou, China; Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York
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Current world literature. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes 2012; 19:233-47. [PMID: 22531108 DOI: 10.1097/med.0b013e3283542fb3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Vaiopoulos AG, Kostakis ID, Athanasoula KC, Papavassiliou AG. Targeting transcription factor corepressors in tumor cells. Cell Mol Life Sci 2012; 69:1745-53. [PMID: 22527719 PMCID: PMC11114811 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-012-0986-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2012] [Revised: 03/27/2012] [Accepted: 03/29/2012] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
By being the "integration" center of transcriptional control as they move and target transcription factors, corepressors fine-tune the epigenetic status of the nucleus. Many of them utilize enzymatic activities to modulate chromatin through histone modification or chromatin remodeling. The clinical and etiological relevance of the corepressors to neoplastic growth is increasingly being recognized. Aberrant expression or function (both loss and gain of) of corepressors has been associated with malignancy and contribute to the generation of transcriptional "inflexibility" manifested as distorted signaling along certain axes. Understanding and predicting the consequences of corepressor alterations in tumor cells has diagnostic and prognostic value, and also have the capacity to be targeted through selective epigenetic regimens. Here, we evaluate corepressors with the most promising therapeutic potential based on their physiological roles and involvement in malignant development, and also highlight areas that can be exploited for molecular targeting of a large proportion of clinical cancers and their complications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ioannis D. Kostakis
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Athens Medical School, 11527 Athens, Greece
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Calderon MR, Verway M, An BS, DiFeo A, Bismar TA, Ann DK, Martignetti JA, Shalom-Barak T, White JH. Ligand-dependent corepressor (LCoR) recruitment by Kruppel-like factor 6 (KLF6) regulates expression of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor CDKN1A gene. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:8662-74. [PMID: 22277651 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.311605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The widely expressed transcriptional coregulator, ligand-dependent corepressor (LCoR), initially characterized as a regulator of nuclear receptor-mediated transactivation, functions through recruitment of C-terminal binding proteins (CtBPs) and histone deacetylases (HDACs) to its N-terminal and central domains, respectively. We performed a yeast two-hybrid screen for novel cofactors, and identified an interaction between the C-terminal domain of LCoR and the transcription factor Krüppel-like factor 6 (KLF6), a putative tumor suppressor in prostate cancer. Subsequent experiments revealed LCoR regulation of several KLF6 target genes notably p21(WAF1/CIP1) (CDKN1A) and to a lesser extent E-cadherin (CDH1), indicating that LCoR regulates gene transcription through multiple classes of transcription factors. In multiple cancer cells, LCoR and KLF6 bind together on the promoters of the genes encoding CDKN1A and CDH1. LCoR contributes to KLF6-mediated transcriptional repression in a promoter- and cell type-dependent manner. Its inhibition of reporter constructs driven by the CDKN1A and CDH1 promoters in PC-3 prostate carcinoma cells is sensitive to treatment with the HDAC inhibitor trichostatin A. Additionally, the LCoR cofactor CtBP1 bound the same promoters and augmented the LCoR-dependent repression in PC-3 cells. Consistent with their inferred roles in transcriptional repression, siRNA-mediated knockdown of KLF6, LCoR, or CtBP1 in PC-3 cells induced expression of CDKN1A and CDH1 and additional KLF6 target genes. We propose a novel model of LCoR function in which promoter-bound KLF6 inhibits transcription of the CDKN1A gene and other genes as well by tethering a transcriptional corepressor complex containing LCoR, with specific contributions by CtBP1 and HDACs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario R Calderon
- Department of Physiology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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