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Hu ZL, Wang YX, Lin ZY, Ren WS, Liu B, Zhao H, Qin Q. Regulatory factors of Nrf2 in age-related macular degeneration pathogenesis. Int J Ophthalmol 2024; 17:1344-1362. [PMID: 39026906 PMCID: PMC11246936 DOI: 10.18240/ijo.2024.07.21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a complicated disease that causes irreversible visual impairment. Increasing evidences pointed retinal pigment epithelia (RPE) cells as the decisive cell involved in the progress of AMD, and the function of anti-oxidant capacity of PRE plays a fundamental physiological role. Nuclear factor erythroid 2 related factor 2 (Nrf2) is a significant transcription factor in the cellular anti-oxidant system as it regulates the expression of multiple anti-oxidative genes. Its functions of protecting RPE cells against oxidative stress (OS) and ensuing physiological changes, including inflammation, mitochondrial damage and autophagy dysregulation, have already been elucidated. Understanding the roles of upstream regulators of Nrf2 could provide further insight to the OS-mediated AMD pathogenesis. For the first time, this review summarized the reported upstream regulators of Nrf2 in AMD pathogenesis, including proteins and miRNAs, and their underlying molecular mechanisms, which may help to find potential targets via regulating the Nrf2 pathway in the future research and further discuss the existing Nrf2 regulators proved to be beneficial in preventing AMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi-Ling Hu
- Five Year Program of Ophthalmology and Optometry 2019, Beijing Tong Ren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100054, China
| | - Yu-Xuan Wang
- Four Year Program of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy 2020, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Zi-Yue Lin
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Wen-Shuo Ren
- Four Year Program of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy 2020, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Bo Liu
- Five Year Program of Ophthalmology and Optometry 2021, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Hui Zhao
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of TCM Collateral Disease Theory Research, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Qiong Qin
- Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
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Mijit M, Kpenu E, Chowdhury NN, Gampala S, Wireman R, Liu S, Babb O, Georgiadis MM, Wan J, Fishel ML, Kelley MR. In vitro and In vivo evidence demonstrating chronic absence of Ref-1 Cysteine 65 impacts Ref-1 folding configuration, redox signaling, proliferation and metastasis in pancreatic cancer. Redox Biol 2024; 69:102977. [PMID: 38056311 PMCID: PMC10749280 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2023.102977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2023] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Ref-1/APE1 (Redox Effector/Apurinic Endonuclease 1) is a multifunctional enzyme that serves as a redox factor for several transcription factors (TFs), e.g., NF-kB, HIF-1α, which in an oxidized state fail to bind DNA. Conversion of these TFs to a reduced state serves to regulate various biological responses such as cell growth, inflammation, and cellular metabolism. The redox activity involves a thiol exchange reaction for which Cys65 (C65) serves as the nucleophile. Using CRISPR editing in human pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) cells, we changed C65 to Ala (C65A) in Ref-1 to evaluate alteration of Ref-1 redox dynamics as well as chronic loss of Ref-1 redox activity on cell signaling pathways, specifically those regulated by NF-kB and HIF-1α. The redox activity of Ref-1 requires partial unfolding to expose C65, which is buried in the folded structure. Labeling of Ref-1 with polyethylene glycol-maleimide (PEGm) provides a readout of reduced Cys residues in Ref-1 and thereby an assessment of partial unfolding in Ref-1. In comparing Ref-1WT vs Ref-1C65A cell lines, we found an altered distribution of oxidized versus reduced states of Ref-1. Accordingly, activation of NF-kB and HIF-1α in Ref-1C65A lines was significantly lower compared to Ref-1WT lines. The bioinformatic data revealed significant downregulation of metabolic pathways including OXPHOS in Ref-1C65A expressing clones compared to Ref-1WT line. Ref-1C65A also demonstrated reduced cell proliferation and use of tricarboxylic acid (TCA) substrates compared to Ref-1WT lines. A subcutaneous as well as PDAC orthotopic in vivo model demonstrated a significant reduction in tumor size, weight, and growth in the Ref-1C65A lines compared to the Ref-1WT lines. Moreover, mice implanted with Ref-1C65A redox deficient cells demonstrate significantly reduced metastatic burden to liver and lung compared to mice implanted with Ref-1 redox proficient cells. These results from the current study provide direct evidence that the chronic absence of Cys65 in Ref-1 results in redox inactivity of the protein in human PDAC cells, and subsequent biological results confirm a critical involvement of Ref-1 redox signaling and tumorigenic phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Mijit
- Department of Pediatrics and Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA; Indiana University Simon Comprehensive Cancer Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - E Kpenu
- Department of Pediatrics and Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - N N Chowdhury
- Department of Pediatrics and Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA; Indiana University Simon Comprehensive Cancer Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - S Gampala
- Department of Pediatrics and Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA; Indiana University Simon Comprehensive Cancer Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - R Wireman
- Department of Pediatrics and Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - S Liu
- Indiana University Simon Comprehensive Cancer Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA; Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - O Babb
- Department of Pediatrics and Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - M M Georgiadis
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - J Wan
- Indiana University Simon Comprehensive Cancer Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA; Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - M L Fishel
- Department of Pediatrics and Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA; Indiana University Simon Comprehensive Cancer Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - M R Kelley
- Department of Pediatrics and Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA; Indiana University Simon Comprehensive Cancer Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA; Indiana University School of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indianapolis, IN, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA.
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Berry JS, Tarn J, Casement J, Duret PM, Scott L, Wood K, Johnsen SJ, Nordmark G, Devauchelle-Pensec V, Seror R, Fisher B, Barone F, Bowman SJ, Bombardieri M, Lendrem D, Felten R, Gottenberg JE, Ng WF. Examining the biological pathways underlying clinical heterogeneity in Sjogren's syndrome: proteomic and network analysis. Ann Rheum Dis 2024; 83:88-95. [PMID: 37657927 DOI: 10.1136/ard-2023-224503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/20/2023] [Indexed: 09/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Stratification approaches are vital to address clinical heterogeneity in Sjogren's syndrome (SS). We previously described that the Newcastle Sjogren's Stratification Tool (NSST) identified four distinct clinical subtypes of SS. We performed proteomic and network analysis to analyse the underlying pathobiology and highlight potential therapeutic targets for different SS subtypes. METHOD We profiled serum proteins using O-link technology of 180 SS subjects. We used 5 O-link proteomics panels which included a total of 454 unique proteins. Network reconstruction was performed using the ARACNE algorithm, with differential expression estimates overlaid on these networks to reveal the key subnetworks of differential expression. Furthermore, data from a phase III trial of tocilizumab in SS were reanalysed by stratifying patients at baseline using NSST. RESULTS Our analysis highlights differential expression of chemokines, cytokines and the major autoantigen TRIM21 between the SS subtypes. Furthermore, we observe differential expression of several transcription factors associated with energy metabolism and redox balance namely APE1/Ref-1, FOXO1, TIGAR and BACH1. The differentially expressed proteins were inter-related in our network analysis, supporting the concept that distinct molecular networks underlie the clinical subtypes of SS. Stratification of patients at baseline using NSST revealed improvement of fatigue score only in the subtype expressing the highest levels of serum IL-6. CONCLUSIONS Our data provide clues to the pathways contributing to the glandular and non-glandular manifestations of SS and to potential therapeutic targets for different SS subtypes. In addition, our analysis highlights the need for further exploration of altered metabolism and mitochondrial dysfunction in the context of SS subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joe Scott Berry
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Jessica Tarn
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - John Casement
- Bioinformatics Support Unit, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | | | - Lauren Scott
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Karl Wood
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Svein-Joar Johnsen
- Department of Rheumatology, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway
| | | | - Valérie Devauchelle-Pensec
- Lymphocytes B et auto-immunité, Inserm U1227, Brest university and La Cavale Blanche Hospital, Brest, France
| | - Raphaele Seror
- Centre for Immunology of Viral Infections and Autoimmune Diseases, Paris-Saclay University Faculty of Medicine, Le Kremlin-Bicetre, France
| | - Benjamin Fisher
- Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University Hospitals Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- Department of Rheumatology, National Institute for Health Research (NIHR), Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | - Fransesca Barone
- Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University Hospitals Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Simon J Bowman
- Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University Hospitals Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Michele Bombardieri
- Centre for Experimental Medicine and Rheumatology, Queen Mary University of London Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, London, UK
| | - Dennis Lendrem
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Renaud Felten
- Centre National de Référence des maladies auto-immunes et systémiques rares Est/Sud-Ouest (RESO), Hôpitaux universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
- Laboratoire d'Immunologie, Immunopathologie et Chimie Thérapeutique, Institut de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IBMC), Strasbourg, France
| | - Jacques-Eric Gottenberg
- Centre National de Référence des maladies auto-immunes et systémiques rares Est/Sud-Ouest (RESO), Hôpitaux universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
- Laboratoire d'Immunologie, Immunopathologie et Chimie Thérapeutique, Institut de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IBMC), Strasbourg, France
| | - Wan-Fai Ng
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
- National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR), Newcastle Biomedical Research Centre & NIHR Newcastle Clinical Research Facility, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
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Siqueira PB, de Sousa Rodrigues MM, de Amorim ÍSS, da Silva TG, da Silva Oliveira M, Rodrigues JA, de Souza da Fonseca A, Mencalha AL. The APE1/REF-1 and the hallmarks of cancer. Mol Biol Rep 2024; 51:47. [PMID: 38165468 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-023-08946-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
APE1/REF-1 (apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease 1 / redox factor-1) is a protein with two domains, with endonuclease function and redox activity. Its main activity described is acting in DNA repair by base excision repair (BER) pathway, which restores DNA damage caused by oxidation, alkylation, and single-strand breaks. In contrast, the APE1 redox domain is responsible for regulating transcription factors, such as AP-1 (activating protein-1), NF-κB (Nuclear Factor kappa B), HIF-1α (Hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha), and STAT3 (Signal Transducers and Activators of Transcription 3). These factors are involved in physiological cellular processes, such as cell growth, inflammation, and angiogenesis, as well as in cancer. In human malignant tumors, APE1 overexpression is associated with lung, colon, ovaries, prostate, and breast cancer progression, more aggressive tumor phenotypes, and worse prognosis. In this review, we explore APE1 and its domain's role in cancer development processes, highlighting the role of APE1 in the hallmarks of cancer. We reviewed original articles and reviews from Pubmed related to APE1 and cancer and found that both domains of APE1/REF-1, but mainly its redox activity, are essential to cancer cells. This protein is often overexpressed in cancer, and its expression and activity are correlated to processes such as proliferation, invasion, inflammation, angiogenesis, and resistance to cell death. Therefore, APE1 participates in essential processes of cancer development. Then, the activity of APE1/REF-1 in these hallmarks suggests that targeting this protein could be a good therapeutic approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priscyanne Barreto Siqueira
- Departamento de Biofísica e Biometria, Laboratório de Biologia do Câncer, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Biologia Roberto Alcântara Gomes, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil.
| | - Mariana Moreno de Sousa Rodrigues
- Departamento de Biofísica e Biometria, Laboratório de Biologia do Câncer, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Biologia Roberto Alcântara Gomes, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil.
| | - Ísis Salviano Soares de Amorim
- Departamento de Biofísica e Biometria, Laboratório de Biologia do Câncer, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Biologia Roberto Alcântara Gomes, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
- Laboratório de Alimentos Funcionais, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Nutrição Josué de Castro, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
| | - Thayssa Gomes da Silva
- Departamento de Biofísica e Biometria, Laboratório de Biofotônica, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Biologia Roberto Alcântara Gomes, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
| | - Matheus da Silva Oliveira
- Departamento de Biofísica e Biometria, Laboratório de Biologia do Câncer, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Biologia Roberto Alcântara Gomes, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
| | - Juliana Alves Rodrigues
- Departamento de Biofísica e Biometria, Laboratório de Biologia do Câncer, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Biologia Roberto Alcântara Gomes, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
| | - Adenilson de Souza da Fonseca
- Departamento de Biofísica e Biometria, Laboratório de Biofotônica, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Biologia Roberto Alcântara Gomes, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
| | - Andre Luiz Mencalha
- Departamento de Biofísica e Biometria, Laboratório de Biologia do Câncer, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Biologia Roberto Alcântara Gomes, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
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Hamad RS, Al-Kuraishy HM, Alexiou A, Papadakis M, Ahmed EA, Saad HM, Batiha GES. SARS-CoV-2 infection and dysregulation of nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) pathway. Cell Stress Chaperones 2023; 28:657-673. [PMID: 37796433 PMCID: PMC10746631 DOI: 10.1007/s12192-023-01379-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Revised: 08/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a recent pandemic caused by a novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‑CoV‑2) leading to pulmonary and extra-pulmonary manifestations due to the development of oxidative stress (OS) and hyperinflammation. The underlying cause for OS and hyperinflammation in COVID-19 may be related to the inhibition of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), a master regulator of antioxidative responses and cellular homeostasis. The Nrf2 pathway inhibits the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and the development of cytokine storm and OS in COVID-19. Nrf2 activators can attenuate endothelial dysfunction (ED), renin-angiotensin system (RAS) dysregulation, immune thrombosis, and coagulopathy. Hence, this review aimed to reveal the potential role of the Nrf2 pathway and its activators in the management of COVID-19. As well, we tried to revise the mechanistic role of the Nrf2 pathway in COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rabab S Hamad
- Biological Sciences Department, College of Science, King Faisal University, 31982, Al Ahsa, Saudi Arabia
- Central Laboratory, Theodor Bilharz Research Institute, Giza, 12411, Egypt
| | - Hayder M Al-Kuraishy
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Medicine, Medical Faculty, College of Medicine, Al-Mustansiriyah University, P.O. Box 14132, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Athanasios Alexiou
- Department of Science and Engineering, Novel Global Community Educational Foundation, Hebersham, NSW, 2770, Australia
- AFNP Med, 1030, Vienna, Austria
| | - Marios Papadakis
- Department of Surgery II, University Hospital Witten-Herdecke, University of Witten-Herdecke, Heusnerstrasse 40, 42283, Wuppertal, Germany.
| | - Eman A Ahmed
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, 41522, Egypt
| | - Hebatallah M Saad
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Matrouh University, Marsa Matruh, 51744, Egypt.
| | - Gaber El-Saber Batiha
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhour, 22511, Egypt.
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Malfatti MC, Bellina A, Antoniali G, Tell G. Revisiting Two Decades of Research Focused on Targeting APE1 for Cancer Therapy: The Pros and Cons. Cells 2023; 12:1895. [PMID: 37508559 PMCID: PMC10378182 DOI: 10.3390/cells12141895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
APE1 is an essential endodeoxyribonuclease of the base excision repair pathway that maintains genome stability. It was identified as a pivotal factor favoring tumor progression and chemoresistance through the control of gene expression by a redox-based mechanism. APE1 is overexpressed and serum-secreted in different cancers, representing a prognostic and predictive factor and a promising non-invasive biomarker. Strategies directly targeting APE1 functions led to the identification of inhibitors showing potential therapeutic value, some of which are currently in clinical trials. Interestingly, evidence indicates novel roles of APE1 in RNA metabolism that are still not fully understood, including its activity in processing damaged RNA in chemoresistant phenotypes, regulating onco-miRNA maturation, and oxidized RNA decay. Recent data point out a control role for APE1 in the expression and sorting of onco-miRNAs within secreted extracellular vesicles. This review is focused on giving a portrait of the pros and cons of the last two decades of research aiming at the identification of inhibitors of the redox or DNA-repair functions of APE1 for the definition of novel targeted therapies for cancer. We will discuss the new perspectives in cancer therapy emerging from the unexpected finding of the APE1 role in miRNA processing for personalized therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matilde Clarissa Malfatti
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and DNA Repair, Department of Medicine, University of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy
| | - Alessia Bellina
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and DNA Repair, Department of Medicine, University of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy
| | - Giulia Antoniali
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and DNA Repair, Department of Medicine, University of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy
| | - Gianluca Tell
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and DNA Repair, Department of Medicine, University of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy
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Mijit M, Boner M, Cordova RA, Gampala S, Kpenu E, Klunk AJ, Zhang C, Kelley MR, Staschke KA, Fishel ML. Activation of the integrated stress response (ISR) pathways in response to Ref-1 inhibition in human pancreatic cancer and its tumor microenvironment. Front Med (Lausanne) 2023; 10:1146115. [PMID: 37181357 PMCID: PMC10174294 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2023.1146115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer or pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is characterized by a profound inflammatory tumor microenvironment (TME) with high heterogeneity, metastatic propensity, and extreme hypoxia. The integrated stress response (ISR) pathway features a family of protein kinases that phosphorylate eukaryotic initiation factor 2 (eIF2) and regulate translation in response to diverse stress conditions, including hypoxia. We previously demonstrated that eIF2 signaling pathways were profoundly affected in response to Redox factor-1 (Ref-1) knockdown in human PDAC cells. Ref-1 is a dual function enzyme with activities of DNA repair and redox signaling, responds to cellular stress, and regulates survival pathways. The redox function of Ref-1 directly regulates multiple transcription factors including HIF-1α, STAT3, and NF-κB, which are highly active in the PDAC TME. However, the mechanistic details of the crosstalk between Ref-1 redox signaling and activation of ISR pathways are unclear. Following Ref-1 knockdown, induction of ISR was observed under normoxic conditions, while hypoxic conditions were sufficient to activate ISR irrespective of Ref-1 levels. Inhibition of Ref-1 redox activity increased expression of p-eIF2 and ATF4 transcriptional activity in a concentration-dependent manner in multiple human PDAC cell lines, and the effect on eIF2 phosphorylation was PERK-dependent. Treatment with PERK inhibitor, AMG-44 at high concentrations resulted in activation of the alternative ISR kinase, GCN2 and induced levels of p-eIF2 and ATF4 in both tumor cells and cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs). Combination treatment with inhibitors of Ref-1 and PERK enhanced cell killing effects in both human pancreatic cancer lines and CAFs in 3D co-culture, but only at high doses of PERK inhibitors. This effect was completely abrogated when Ref-1 inhibitors were used in combination with GCN2 inhibitor, GCN2iB. We demonstrate that targeting of Ref-1 redox signaling activates the ISR in multiple PDAC lines and that this activation of ISR is critical for inhibition of the growth of co-culture spheroids. Combination effects were only observed in physiologically relevant 3D co-cultures, suggesting that the model system utilized can greatly affect the outcome of these targeted agents. Inhibition of Ref-1 signaling induces cell death through ISR signaling pathways, and combination of Ref-1 redox signaling blockade with ISR activation could be a novel therapeutic strategy for PDAC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmut Mijit
- Department of Pediatrics and Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indianapolis, IN, United States
- Indiana University Simon Comprehensive Cancer Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Megan Boner
- Department of Pediatrics and Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Ricardo A Cordova
- Indiana University Simon Comprehensive Cancer Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Silpa Gampala
- Department of Pediatrics and Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indianapolis, IN, United States
- Indiana University Simon Comprehensive Cancer Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Eyram Kpenu
- Department of Pediatrics and Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Angela J Klunk
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Chi Zhang
- Indiana University Simon Comprehensive Cancer Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
- Department of BioHealth Informatics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - MarK R Kelley
- Department of Pediatrics and Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indianapolis, IN, United States
- Indiana University Simon Comprehensive Cancer Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Kirk A Staschke
- Indiana University Simon Comprehensive Cancer Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Melissa L Fishel
- Department of Pediatrics and Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indianapolis, IN, United States
- Indiana University Simon Comprehensive Cancer Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
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8
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Mijit M, Liu S, Sishtla K, Hartman GD, Wan J, Corson TW, Kelley MR. Identification of Novel Pathways Regulated by APE1/Ref-1 in Human Retinal Endothelial Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:1101. [PMID: 36674619 PMCID: PMC9865623 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24021101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 12/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
APE1/Ref-1 (apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease 1, APE1 or APEX1; redox factor-1, Ref-1) is a dual-functional enzyme with crucial roles in DNA repair, reduction/oxidation (redox) signaling, and RNA processing and metabolism. The redox function of Ref-1 regulates several transcription factors, such as NF-κB, STAT3, HIF-1α, and others, which have been implicated in multiple human diseases, including ocular angiogenesis, inflammation, and multiple cancers. To better understand how APE1 influences these disease processes, we investigated the effects of APEX1 knockdown (KD) on gene expression in human retinal endothelial cells. This abolishes both DNA repair and redox signaling functions, as well as RNA interactions. Using RNA-seq analysis, we identified the crucial signaling pathways affected following APEX1 KD, with subsequent validation by qRT-PCR. Gene expression data revealed that multiple genes involved in DNA base excision repair, other DNA repair pathways, purine or pyrimidine metabolism signaling, and histidine/one carbon metabolism pathways were downregulated by APEX1 KD. This is in contrast with the alteration of pathways by APEX1 KD in human cancer lines, such as pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, lung, HeLa, and malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors. These results highlight the unique role of APE1/Ref-1 and the clinical therapeutic potential of targeting APE1 and pathways regulated by APE1 in the eye. These findings provide novel avenues for ocular neovascularization treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmut Mijit
- Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Sheng Liu
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Kamakshi Sishtla
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eugene and Marilyn Glick Eye Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Gabriella D. Hartman
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eugene and Marilyn Glick Eye Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
- Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Jun Wan
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
- Melvin and Bren Simon Comprehensive Cancer Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Timothy W. Corson
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eugene and Marilyn Glick Eye Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
- Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
- Melvin and Bren Simon Comprehensive Cancer Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Mark R. Kelley
- Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eugene and Marilyn Glick Eye Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
- Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
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9
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Mijit M, Wireman R, Armstrong L, Gampala S, Hassan Z, Schneeweis C, Schneider G, Zhang C, Fishel ML, Kelley MR. RelA Is an Essential Target for Enhancing Cellular Responses to the DNA Repair/Ref-1 Redox Signaling Protein and Restoring Perturbated Cellular Redox Homeostasis in Mouse PDAC Cells. Front Oncol 2022; 12:826617. [PMID: 35402225 PMCID: PMC8988139 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.826617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is one of the deadliest cancers with a poor response to current treatment regimens. The multifunctional DNA repair-redox signaling protein Ref-1 has a redox signaling function that activates several transcriptional factors (TFs) including NF-κB (RelA), STAT3, AP-1. These have been implicated in signaling in PDAC and associated with cancer progression and therapy resistance. Numerous studies have shown a role for RelA in PDAC inflammatory responses and therapy resistance, little is known as to how these inflammatory responses are modulated through Ref-1 redox signaling pathways during pancreatic pathogenesis. RelA and STAT3 are two major targets of Ref-1 and are important in PDAC pathogenesis. To decipher the mechanistic role of RelA in response to Ref-1 inhibition, we used PDAC cells (KC3590) from a genetically engineered Kras G12D-driven mouse model that also is functionally deficient for RelA (Parent/Vector) or KC3590 cells with fully functional RelA added back (clone 13; C13). We demonstrated that RelA deficient cells are more resistant to Ref-1 redox inhibitors APX3330, APX2009, and APX2014, and their sensitivity is restored in the RelA proficient cells. Knockdown of STAT3 did not change cellular sensitivity to Ref-1 redox inhibitors in either cell type. Gene expression analysis demonstrated that Ref-1 inhibitors significantly decreased IL-8, FOSB, and c-Jun when functional RelA is present. We also demonstrated that PRDX1, a known Ref-1 redox modulator, contributes to Ref-1 inhibitor cellular response. Knockdown of PRDX1 when functional RelA is present resulted in dramatically increased PDAC killing in response to Ref-1 inhibitors. The enhanced cell killing was not due to increased intracellular ROS production. Although Ref-1 inhibition decreased the NADP/NADPH ratio in the cells, the addition of PRDX1 knockdown did not further this redox imbalance. This data suggests that the mechanism of cell killing following Ref-1 inhibition is at least partially mediated through RelA and not STAT3. Further imbalancing of the redox signaling through disruption of the PRDX1-Ref-1 interaction may have therapeutic implications. Our data further support a pivotal role of RelA in mediating Ref-1 redox signaling in PDAC cells with the Kras G12D genotype and provide novel therapeutic strategies to combat PDAC drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmut Mijit
- Department of Pediatrics, Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Randall Wireman
- Department of Pediatrics, Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Lee Armstrong
- Department of Pediatrics, Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Silpa Gampala
- Department of Pediatrics, Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Zonera Hassan
- Department of Clinic and Polyclinic for Internal Medicine II, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Christian Schneeweis
- Department of Clinic and Polyclinic for Internal Medicine II, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Guenter Schneider
- Department of General, Visceral and Pediatric Surgery, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Chi Zhang
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
- Department of Biohealth Informatics, Indiana University-Purdue University (IUPUI), Indianapolis, IN, United States
- Indiana University Melvin and Bren Simon Comprehensive Cancer Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Melissa L. Fishel
- Department of Pediatrics, Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Mark R. Kelley
- Department of Pediatrics, Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
- Indiana University Melvin and Bren Simon Comprehensive Cancer Center, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, United States
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10
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Is Autophagy Always a Barrier to Cisplatin Therapy? Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12030463. [PMID: 35327655 PMCID: PMC8946631 DOI: 10.3390/biom12030463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Revised: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Cisplatin has long been a first-line chemotherapeutic agent in the treatment of cancer, largely for solid tumors. During the course of the past two decades, autophagy has been identified in response to cancer treatments and almost uniformly detected in studies involving cisplatin. There has been increasing recognition of autophagy as a critical factor affecting tumor cell death and tumor chemoresistance. In this review and commentary, we introduce four mechanisms of resistance to cisplatin followed by a discussion of the factors that affect the role of autophagy in cisplatin-sensitive and resistant cells and explore the two-sided outcomes that occur when autophagy inhibitors are combined with cisplatin. Our goal is to analyze the potential for the combinatorial use of cisplatin and autophagy inhibitors in the clinic.
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11
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Bibli SI, Fleming I. Oxidative Post-Translational Modifications: A Focus on Cysteine S-Sulfhydration and the Regulation of Endothelial Fitness. Antioxid Redox Signal 2021; 35:1494-1514. [PMID: 34346251 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2021.0162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Significance: Changes in the oxidative balance can affect cellular physiology and adaptation through redox signaling. The endothelial cells that line blood vessels are particularly sensitive to reactive oxygen species, which can alter cell function by a number of mechanisms, including the oxidative post-translational modification (oxPTM) of proteins on critical cysteine thiols. Such modifications can act as redox-switches to alter the function of targeted proteins. Recent Advances: Mapping the cysteine oxPTM proteome and characterizing the effects of individual oxPTMs to gain insight into consequences for cellular responses has proven challenging. A recent addition to the list of reversible oxPTMs that contributes to cellular redox homeostasis is persulfidation or S-sulfhydration. Critical Issues: It has been estimated that up to 25% of proteins are S-sulfhydrated, making this modification almost as abundant as phosphorylation. In the endothelium, persulfides are generated by the trans-sulfuration pathway that catabolizes cysteine and cystathionine to generate hydrogen sulfide (H2S) and H2S-related sulfane sulfur compounds (H2Sn). This pathway is of particular importance for the vascular system, as the enzyme cystathionine γ lyase (CSE) in endothelial cells accounts for a significant portion of total vascular H2S/H2Sn production. Future Directions: Impaired CSE activity in endothelial dysfunction has been linked with marked changes in the endothelial cell S-sulfhydrome and can contribute to the development of atherosclerosis and hypertension. It will be interesting to determine how changes in the S-sulfhydration of specific networks of proteins contribute to endothelial cell physiology and pathophysiology. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 35, 1494-1514.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia-Iris Bibli
- Institute for Vascular Signalling, Centre for Molecular Medicine, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,German Center of Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site RheinMain, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Ingrid Fleming
- Institute for Vascular Signalling, Centre for Molecular Medicine, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,German Center of Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site RheinMain, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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12
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Alghamdi N, Chang W, Dang P, Lu X, Wan C, Gampala S, Huang Z, Wang J, Ma Q, Zang Y, Fishel M, Cao S, Zhang C. A graph neural network model to estimate cell-wise metabolic flux using single-cell RNA-seq data. Genome Res 2021; 31:1867-1884. [PMID: 34301623 PMCID: PMC8494226 DOI: 10.1101/gr.271205.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The metabolic heterogeneity and metabolic interplay between cells are known as significant contributors to disease treatment resistance. However, with the lack of a mature high-throughput single-cell metabolomics technology, we are yet to establish systematic understanding of the intra-tissue metabolic heterogeneity and cooperative mechanisms. To mitigate this knowledge gap, we developed a novel computational method, namely, single-cell flux estimation analysis (scFEA), to infer the cell-wise fluxome from single-cell RNA-sequencing (scRNA-seq) data. scFEA is empowered by a systematically reconstructed human metabolic map as a factor graph, a novel probabilistic model to leverage the flux balance constraints on scRNA-seq data, and a novel graph neural network-based optimization solver. The intricate information cascade from transcriptome to metabolome was captured using multilayer neural networks to capitulate the nonlinear dependency between enzymatic gene expressions and reaction rates. We experimentally validated scFEA by generating an scRNA-seq data set with matched metabolomics data on cells of perturbed oxygen and genetic conditions. Application of scFEA on this data set showed the consistency between predicted flux and the observed variation of metabolite abundance in the matched metabolomics data. We also applied scFEA on five publicly available scRNA-seq and spatial transcriptomics data sets and identified context- and cell group-specific metabolic variations. The cell-wise fluxome predicted by scFEA empowers a series of downstream analyses including identification of metabolic modules or cell groups that share common metabolic variations, sensitivity evaluation of enzymes with regards to their impact on the whole metabolic flux, and inference of cell-tissue and cell-cell metabolic communications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norah Alghamdi
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics and Center for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, USA
| | - Wennan Chang
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics and Center for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, USA
| | - Pengtao Dang
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics and Center for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, USA
| | - Xiaoyu Lu
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics and Center for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, USA
| | - Changlin Wan
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics and Center for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, USA
| | - Silpa Gampala
- Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, USA
| | - Zhi Huang
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics and Center for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, USA
| | - Jiashi Wang
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics and Center for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, USA
| | - Qin Ma
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - Yong Zang
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics and Center for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, USA
| | - Melissa Fishel
- Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, USA
| | - Sha Cao
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics and Center for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, USA
| | - Chi Zhang
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics and Center for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, USA
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13
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Inhibition of APE1/Ref-1 for Neovascular Eye Diseases: From Biology to Therapy. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms221910279. [PMID: 34638620 PMCID: PMC8508814 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221910279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR), neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nvAMD), retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) and other eye diseases are characterized by retinal and/or choroidal neovascularization, ultimately causing vision loss in millions of people worldwide. nvAMD and PDR are associated with aging and the number of those affected is expected to increase as the global median age and life expectancy continue to rise. With this increase in prevalence, the development of novel, orally bioavailable therapies for neovascular eye diseases that target multiple pathways is critical, since current anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) treatments, delivered by intravitreal injection, are accompanied with tachyphylaxis, a high treatment burden and risk of complications. One potential target is apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease 1/reduction-oxidation factor 1 (APE1/Ref-1). The multifunctional protein APE1/Ref-1 may be targeted via inhibitors of its redox-regulating transcription factor activation activity to modulate angiogenesis, inflammation, oxidative stress response and cell cycle in neovascular eye disease; these inhibitors also have neuroprotective effects in other tissues. An APE1/Ref-1 small molecule inhibitor is already in clinical trials for cancer, PDR and diabetic macular edema. Efforts to develop further inhibitors are underway. APE1/Ref-1 is a novel candidate for therapeutically targeting neovascular eye diseases and alleviating the burden associated with anti-VEGF intravitreal injections.
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14
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Biomolecular Modifications Linked to Oxidative Stress in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis: Determining Promising Biomarkers Related to Oxidative Stress. Processes (Basel) 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/pr9091667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Reduction–oxidation reactions are essential to cellular homeostasis. Oxidative stress transcends physiological antioxidative system damage to biomolecules, including nucleic acids and proteins, and modifies their structures. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is the most common adult-onset motor neuron disease. The cells present in the central nervous system, including motor neurons, are vulnerable to oxidative stress. Neurodegeneration has been demonstrated to be caused by oxidative biomolecular modifications. Oxidative stress has been suggested to be involved in the pathogenesis of ALS. Recent progress in research on the underlying mechanisms of oxidative stress in ALS has led to the development of disease-modifying therapies, including edaravone. However, the clinical effects of edaravone remain limited, and ALS is a heretofore incurable disease. The reason for the lack of reliable biomarkers and the precise underlying mechanisms between oxidative stress and ALS remain unclear. As extracellular proteins and RNAs present in body fluids and represent intracellular pathological neurodegenerative processes, extracellular proteins and/or RNAs are predicted to promise diagnosis, prediction of disease course, and therapeutic biomarkers for ALS. Therefore, we aimed to elucidate the underlying mechanisms between oxidative stress and ALS, and promising biomarkers indicating the mechanism to determine whether therapy targeting oxidative stress can be fundamental for ALS.
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15
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Gampala S, Shah F, Lu X, Moon HR, Babb O, Umesh Ganesh N, Sandusky G, Hulsey E, Armstrong L, Mosely AL, Han B, Ivan M, Yeh JRJ, Kelley MR, Zhang C, Fishel ML. Ref-1 redox activity alters cancer cell metabolism in pancreatic cancer: exploiting this novel finding as a potential target. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2021; 40:251. [PMID: 34376225 PMCID: PMC8353735 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-021-02046-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pancreatic cancer is a complex disease with a desmoplastic stroma, extreme hypoxia, and inherent resistance to therapy. Understanding the signaling and adaptive response of such an aggressive cancer is key to making advances in therapeutic efficacy. Redox factor-1 (Ref-1), a redox signaling protein, regulates the conversion of several transcription factors (TFs), including HIF-1α, STAT3 and NFκB from an oxidized to reduced state leading to enhancement of their DNA binding. In our previously published work, knockdown of Ref-1 under normoxia resulted in altered gene expression patterns on pathways including EIF2, protein kinase A, and mTOR. In this study, single cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) and proteomics were used to explore the effects of Ref-1 on metabolic pathways under hypoxia. METHODS scRNA-seq comparing pancreatic cancer cells expressing less than 20% of the Ref-1 protein was analyzed using left truncated mixture Gaussian model and validated using proteomics and qRT-PCR. The identified Ref-1's role in mitochondrial function was confirmed using mitochondrial function assays, qRT-PCR, western blotting and NADP assay. Further, the effect of Ref-1 redox function inhibition against pancreatic cancer metabolism was assayed using 3D co-culture in vitro and xenograft studies in vivo. RESULTS Distinct transcriptional variation in central metabolism, cell cycle, apoptosis, immune response, and genes downstream of a series of signaling pathways and transcriptional regulatory factors were identified in Ref-1 knockdown vs Scrambled control from the scRNA-seq data. Mitochondrial DEG subsets downregulated with Ref-1 knockdown were significantly reduced following Ref-1 redox inhibition and more dramatically in combination with Devimistat in vitro. Mitochondrial function assays demonstrated that Ref-1 knockdown and Ref-1 redox signaling inhibition decreased utilization of TCA cycle substrates and slowed the growth of pancreatic cancer co-culture spheroids. In Ref-1 knockdown cells, a higher flux rate of NADP + consuming reactions was observed suggesting the less availability of NADP + and a higher level of oxidative stress in these cells. In vivo xenograft studies demonstrated that tumor reduction was potent with Ref-1 redox inhibitor similar to Devimistat. CONCLUSION Ref-1 redox signaling inhibition conclusively alters cancer cell metabolism by causing TCA cycle dysfunction while also reducing the pancreatic tumor growth in vitro as well as in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silpa Gampala
- Department of Pediatrics and Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Fenil Shah
- Department of Pediatrics and Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Xiaoyu Lu
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA.,Department of Biohealth Informatics, IUPUI, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Hye-Ran Moon
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47906, USA
| | - Olivia Babb
- Department of Pediatrics and Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Nikkitha Umesh Ganesh
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, 02115, USA.,Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - George Sandusky
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine , Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA.,Indiana University Simon Comprehensive Cancer Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, 1044 W Walnut St. R4-321, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Emily Hulsey
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine , Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Lee Armstrong
- Department of Pediatrics and Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Amber L Mosely
- Indiana University Simon Comprehensive Cancer Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, 1044 W Walnut St. R4-321, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Bumsoo Han
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47906, USA.,Purdue Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47906, USA
| | - Mircea Ivan
- Indiana University Simon Comprehensive Cancer Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, 1044 W Walnut St. R4-321, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Jing-Ruey Joanna Yeh
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, 02115, USA.,Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Mark R Kelley
- Department of Pediatrics and Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA.,Indiana University Simon Comprehensive Cancer Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, 1044 W Walnut St. R4-321, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Chi Zhang
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA. .,Department of Biohealth Informatics, IUPUI, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA. .,Indiana University Simon Comprehensive Cancer Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, 1044 W Walnut St. R4-321, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA.
| | - Melissa L Fishel
- Department of Pediatrics and Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA. .,Indiana University Simon Comprehensive Cancer Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, 1044 W Walnut St. R4-321, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA. .,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA.
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16
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Sriramajayam K, Peng D, Lu H, Zhou S, Bhat N, McDonald OG, Que J, Zaika A, El-Rifai W. Activation of NRF2 by APE1/REF1 is redox-dependent in Barrett's related esophageal adenocarcinoma cells. Redox Biol 2021; 43:101970. [PMID: 33887608 PMCID: PMC8082268 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2021.101970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Revised: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is a major risk factor for the development of metaplastic Barrett's esophagus (BE) and its progression to esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC). Uncontrolled accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in response to acidic bile salts (ABS) in reflux conditions can be lethal to cells. In this study, we investigated the role of APE1/REF1 in regulating nuclear erythroid factor-like 2 (NRF2), the master antioxidant transcription factor, in response to reflux conditions. RESULTS We found that APE1 protein was critical for protecting against cellular ROS levels, oxidative DNA damage, double strand DNA breaks, and cell death in response to conditions that mimic reflux. Analysis of cell lines and de-identified tissues from patients with EAC demonstrated overexpression of both APE1 and NRF2 in EAC cells, as compared to non-neoplastic esophageal cells. Using reflux conditions, we detected concordant and prolonged increases of APE1 and NRF2 protein levels for several hours, following transient short exposure to ABS (20 min). NRF2 transcription activity, as measured by ARE luciferase reporter, and expression of its target genes (HO-1 and TRXND1) were similarly increased in response to ABS. Using genetic knockdown of APE1, we found that APE1 was required for the increase in NRF2 protein stability, nuclear localization, and transcription activation in EAC. Using knockdown of APE1 with reconstitution of wild-type and a redox-deficient mutant (C65A) of APE1, as well as pharmacologic APE1 redox inhibitor (E3330), we demonstrated that APE1 regulated NRF2 in a redox-dependent manner. Mechanistically, we found that APE1 is required for phosphorylation and inactivation of GSK-3β, an important player in the NRF2 degradation pathway. CONCLUSION APE1 redox function was required for ABS-induced activation of NRF2 by regulating phosphorylation and inactivation of GSK-3β. The APE1-NRF2 network played a critical role in protecting esophageal cells against ROS and promoting cell survival under oxidative reflux conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kannappan Sriramajayam
- Department of Surgery, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, 33136, USA
| | - Dunfa Peng
- Department of Surgery, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, 33136, USA; Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL-33136, USA
| | - Heng Lu
- Department of Surgery, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, 33136, USA
| | - Shoumin Zhou
- Department of Surgery, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, 33136, USA
| | - Nadeem Bhat
- Department of Surgery, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, 33136, USA
| | - Oliver G McDonald
- Department of Pathology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, 33136, USA
| | - Jianwen Que
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - Alexander Zaika
- Department of Surgery, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, 33136, USA; Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL-33136, USA; Department of Veterans Affairs, Miami Healthcare System, Miami, FL, 33136, USA
| | - Wael El-Rifai
- Department of Surgery, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, 33136, USA; Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL-33136, USA; Department of Veterans Affairs, Miami Healthcare System, Miami, FL, 33136, USA.
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17
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Significance of base excision repair to human health. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 364:163-193. [PMID: 34507783 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2021.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative and alkylating DNA damage occurs under normal physiological conditions and exogenous exposure to DNA damaging agents. To counteract DNA base damage, cells have evolved several defense mechanisms that act at different levels to prevent or repair DNA base damage. Cells combat genomic lesions like these including base modifications, abasic sites, as well as single-strand breaks, via the base excision repair (BER) pathway. In general, the core BER process involves well-coordinated five-step reactions to correct DNA base damage. In this review, we will uncover the current understanding of BER mechanisms to maintain genomic stability and the biological consequences of its failure due to repair gene mutations. The malfunction of BER can often lead to BER intermediate accumulation, which is genotoxic and can lead to different types of human disease. Finally, we will address the use of BER intermediates for targeted cancer therapy.
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18
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Chun KS, Kim DH, Surh YJ. Role of Reductive versus Oxidative Stress in Tumor Progression and Anticancer Drug Resistance. Cells 2021; 10:cells10040758. [PMID: 33808242 PMCID: PMC8065762 DOI: 10.3390/cells10040758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Revised: 03/20/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Redox homeostasis is not only essential for the maintenance of normal physiological functions, but also plays an important role in the growth, survival, and therapy resistance of cancer cells. Altered redox balance and consequent disruption of redox signaling are implicated in the proliferation and progression of cancer cells and their resistance to chemo- and radiotherapy. The nuclear factor erythroid 2 p45-related factor (Nrf2) is the principal stress-responsive transcription factor that plays a pivotal role in maintaining cellular redox homeostasis. Aberrant Nrf2 overactivation has been observed in many cancerous and transformed cells. Uncontrolled amplification of Nrf2-mediated antioxidant signaling results in reductive stress. Some metabolic pathways altered due to reductive stress have been identified as major contributors to tumorigenesis. This review highlights the multifaceted role of reductive stress in cancer development and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung-Soo Chun
- College of Pharmacy, Keimyung University, Daegu 42691, Korea;
| | - Do-Hee Kim
- Department of Chemistry, College of Convergence and Integrated Science, Kyonggi University, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 16227, Korea
- Correspondence: (D.-H.K.); (Y.-J.S.)
| | - Young-Joon Surh
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
- Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul 03080, Korea
- Correspondence: (D.-H.K.); (Y.-J.S.)
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19
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Rajendran G, Taylor JA, Woolbright BL. Natural products as a means of overcoming cisplatin chemoresistance in bladder cancer. CANCER DRUG RESISTANCE (ALHAMBRA, CALIF.) 2021; 4:69-84. [PMID: 35582013 PMCID: PMC9019192 DOI: 10.20517/cdr.2020.69] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Revised: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Cisplatin remains an integral part of the treatment for muscle invasive bladder cancer. A large number of patients do not respond to cisplatin-based chemotherapy and efficacious salvage regimens are limited. Immunotherapy has offered a second line of treatment; however, only approximately 20% of patients respond, and molecular subtyping of tumors indicates there may be significant overlap in those patients that respond to cisplatin and those patients that respond to immunotherapy. As such, restoring sensitivity to cisplatin remains a major hurdle to improving patient care. One potential source of compounds for enhancing cisplatin is naturally derived bioactive products such as phytochemicals, flavonoids and others. These compounds can activate a diverse array of different pathways, many of which can directly promote or inhibit cisplatin sensitivity. The purpose of this review is to understand current drug development in the area of natural products and to assess how these compounds may enhance cisplatin treatment in bladder cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ganeshkumar Rajendran
- Department of Urology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - John A Taylor
- Department of Urology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Benjamin L Woolbright
- Department of Urology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
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20
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Gampala S, Shah F, Zhang C, Rhodes SD, Babb O, Grimard M, Wireman RS, Rad E, Calver B, Bai RY, Staedtke V, Hulsey EL, Saadatzadeh MR, Pollok KE, Tong Y, Smith AE, Clapp DW, Tee AR, Kelley MR, Fishel ML. Exploring transcriptional regulators Ref-1 and STAT3 as therapeutic targets in malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumours. Br J Cancer 2021; 124:1566-1580. [PMID: 33658640 PMCID: PMC8076291 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-021-01270-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND MPNST is a rare soft-tissue sarcoma that can arise from patients with NF1. Existing chemotherapeutic and targeted agents have been unsuccessful in MPNST treatment, and recent findings implicate STAT3 and HIF1-α in driving MPNST. The DNA-binding and transcriptional activity of both STAT3 and HIF1-α is regulated by Redox factor-1 (Ref-1) redox function. A first-generation Ref-1 inhibitor, APX3330, is being tested in cancer clinical trials and could be applied to MPNST. METHODS We characterised Ref-1 and p-STAT3 expression in various MPNST models. Tumour growth, as well as biomarkers of apoptosis and signalling pathways, were measured by qPCR and western blot following treatment with inhibitors of Ref-1 or STAT3. RESULTS MPNSTs from Nf1-Arfflox/floxPostnCre mice exhibit significantly increased positivity of p-STAT3 and Ref-1 expression when malignant transformation occurs. Inhibition of Ref-1 or STAT3 impairs MPNST growth in vitro and in vivo and induces apoptosis. Genes highly expressed in MPNST patients are downregulated following inhibition of Ref-1 or STAT3. Several biomarkers downstream of Ref-1 or STAT3 were also downregulated following Ref-1 or STAT3 inhibition. CONCLUSIONS Our findings implicate a unique therapeutic approach to target important MPNST signalling nodes in sarcomas using new first-in-class small molecules for potential translation to the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silpa Gampala
- Department of Pediatrics and Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University, School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Fenil Shah
- Department of Pediatrics and Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University, School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Chi Zhang
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University, School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.,Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Steven D Rhodes
- Department of Pediatrics and Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University, School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Olivia Babb
- Department of Pediatrics and Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University, School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Michelle Grimard
- Department of Pediatrics and Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University, School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Randall S Wireman
- Department of Pediatrics and Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University, School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Ellie Rad
- Division of Cancer and Genetics, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, UK
| | - Brian Calver
- Division of Cancer and Genetics, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, UK
| | - Ren-Yuan Bai
- Neurosurgery and Neurology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Verena Staedtke
- Neurosurgery and Neurology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Emily L Hulsey
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University, School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - M Reza Saadatzadeh
- Department of Pediatrics and Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University, School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Karen E Pollok
- Department of Pediatrics and Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University, School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Indiana University, School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Yan Tong
- Department of Biostatistics and Data Management, Indiana University, School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Abbi E Smith
- Department of Pediatrics and Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University, School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - D Wade Clapp
- Department of Pediatrics and Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University, School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Andrew R Tee
- Division of Cancer and Genetics, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, UK
| | - Mark R Kelley
- Department of Pediatrics and Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University, School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Indiana University, School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Melissa L Fishel
- Department of Pediatrics and Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University, School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA. .,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Indiana University, School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
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21
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Jagaraj CJ, Parakh S, Atkin JD. Emerging Evidence Highlighting the Importance of Redox Dysregulation in the Pathogenesis of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS). Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 14:581950. [PMID: 33679322 PMCID: PMC7929997 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2020.581950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The cellular redox state, or balance between cellular oxidation and reduction reactions, serves as a vital antioxidant defence system that is linked to all important cellular activities. Redox regulation is therefore a fundamental cellular process for aerobic organisms. Whilst oxidative stress is well described in neurodegenerative disorders including amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), other aspects of redox dysfunction and their contributions to pathophysiology are only just emerging. ALS is a fatal neurodegenerative disease affecting motor neurons, with few useful treatments. Hence there is an urgent need to develop more effective therapeutics in the future. Here, we discuss the increasing evidence for redox dysregulation as an important and primary contributor to ALS pathogenesis, which is associated with multiple disease mechanisms. Understanding the connection between redox homeostasis, proteins that mediate redox regulation, and disease pathophysiology in ALS, may facilitate a better understanding of disease mechanisms, and lead to the design of better therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cyril Jones Jagaraj
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Macquarie University Centre for MND Research, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Sonam Parakh
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Macquarie University Centre for MND Research, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Julie D Atkin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Macquarie University Centre for MND Research, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
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22
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Mota M, Metge BJ, Hinshaw DC, Alsheikh HA, Chen D, Samant RS, Shevde LA. Merlin deficiency alters the redox management program in breast cancer. Mol Oncol 2021; 15:942-956. [PMID: 33410252 PMCID: PMC8024723 DOI: 10.1002/1878-0261.12896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Revised: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The expression of Merlin tumor suppressor protein encoded by Neurofibromin 2 (NF2) gene is remarkably decreased in metastatic breast cancer tissues. In order to recapitulate clinical evidence, we generated a unique, conditional Nf2‐knockout (Nf2−/−) mouse mammary tumor model. Merlin‐deficient breast tumor cells and Nf2−/− mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) displayed a robustly invasive phenotype. Moreover, Nf2−/− MEFs presented with notable alterations in redox management networks, implicating a role for Merlin in redox homeostasis. This programmatic alteration resonated with pathways that emerged from breast tumor cells engineered for Merlin deficiency. Further investigations revealed that NF2‐silenced cells supported reduced activity of the Nuclear factor, erythroid 2 like 2 antioxidant transcription factor, concomitant with elevated expression of NADPH oxidase enzymes. Importantly, mammary‐specific Nf2−/− in an Mouse mammary tumor virus Neu + murine breast cancer model demonstrated accelerated mammary carcinogenesis in vivo. Tumor‐derived primary organoids and cell lines were characteristically invasive with evidence of a dysregulated cellular redox management system. As such, Merlin deficiency programmatically influences redox imbalance that orchestrates malignant attributes of mammary/breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mateus Mota
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Brandon J Metge
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, AL, USA
| | | | - Heba A Alsheikh
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Dongquan Chen
- Division of Preventive Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Rajeev S Samant
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, AL, USA.,O'Neal Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, AL, USA.,Birmingham VA Medical Center, AL, USA
| | - Lalita A Shevde
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, AL, USA.,O'Neal Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, AL, USA
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23
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Caston RA, Shah F, Starcher CL, Wireman R, Babb O, Grimard M, McGeown J, Armstrong L, Tong Y, Pili R, Rupert J, Zimmers TA, Elmi AN, Pollok KE, Motea EA, Kelley MR, Fishel ML. Combined inhibition of Ref-1 and STAT3 leads to synergistic tumour inhibition in multiple cancers using 3D and in vivo tumour co-culture models. J Cell Mol Med 2021; 25:784-800. [PMID: 33274592 PMCID: PMC7812272 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.16132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Revised: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
With a plethora of molecularly targeted agents under investigation in cancer, a clear need exists to understand which pathways can be targeted simultaneously with multiple agents to elicit a maximal killing effect on the tumour. Combination therapy provides the most promise in difficult to treat cancers such as pancreatic. Ref-1 is a multifunctional protein with a role in redox signalling that activates transcription factors such as NF-κB, AP-1, HIF-1α and STAT3. Formerly, we have demonstrated that dual targeting of Ref-1 (redox factor-1) and STAT3 is synergistic and decreases cell viability in pancreatic cancer cells. Data presented here extensively expands upon this work and provides further insights into the relationship of STAT3 and Ref-1 in multiple cancer types. Using targeted small molecule inhibitors, Ref-1 redox signalling was blocked along with STAT3 activation, and tumour growth evaluated in the presence and absence of the relevant tumour microenvironment. Our study utilized qPCR, cytotoxicity and in vivo analysis of tumour and cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAF) response to determine the synergy of Ref-1 and STAT3 inhibitors. Overall, pancreatic tumours grown in the presence of CAFs were sensitized to the combination of STAT3 and Ref-1 inhibition in vivo. In vitro bladder and pancreatic cancer demonstrated the most synergistic responses. By disabling both of these important pathways, this combination therapy has the capacity to hinder crosstalk between the tumour and its microenvironment, leading to improved tumour response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel A. Caston
- Department of Pediatrics and Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric ResearchIndiana University School of MedicineIndianapolisINUSA
| | - Fenil Shah
- Department of Pediatrics and Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric ResearchIndiana University School of MedicineIndianapolisINUSA
| | - Colton L. Starcher
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyIndiana University School of MedicineIndianapolisINUSA
| | - Randall Wireman
- Department of Pediatrics and Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric ResearchIndiana University School of MedicineIndianapolisINUSA
| | - Olivia Babb
- Department of Pediatrics and Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric ResearchIndiana University School of MedicineIndianapolisINUSA
| | - Michelle Grimard
- Department of Pediatrics and Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric ResearchIndiana University School of MedicineIndianapolisINUSA
| | - Jack McGeown
- Department of Pediatrics and Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric ResearchIndiana University School of MedicineIndianapolisINUSA
| | - Lee Armstrong
- Department of Pediatrics and Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric ResearchIndiana University School of MedicineIndianapolisINUSA
| | - Yan Tong
- Department of BiostatisticsIndiana University School of MedicineIndianapolisINUSA
| | - Roberto Pili
- Department of Pharmacology and ToxicologyIndiana University School of MedicineIndianapolisINUSA
- Department of UrologyIndiana University School of MedicineIndianapolisINUSA
- Department of Hematology and OncologyIndiana University School of MedicineIndianapolisINUSA
- Indiana University Simon Comprehensive Cancer CenterIndiana University School of MedicineIndianapolisINUSA
| | - Joseph Rupert
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyIndiana University School of MedicineIndianapolisINUSA
- Indiana University Simon Comprehensive Cancer CenterIndiana University School of MedicineIndianapolisINUSA
- Department of SurgeryIndiana University School of MedicineIndianapolisINUSA
| | - Teresa A. Zimmers
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyIndiana University School of MedicineIndianapolisINUSA
- Indiana University Simon Comprehensive Cancer CenterIndiana University School of MedicineIndianapolisINUSA
- Department of SurgeryIndiana University School of MedicineIndianapolisINUSA
- Richard L. Roudebush Veterans Administration Medical CenterIndianapolisINUSA
| | - Adily N. Elmi
- Department of Pediatrics and Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric ResearchIndiana University School of MedicineIndianapolisINUSA
| | - Karen E. Pollok
- Department of Pediatrics and Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric ResearchIndiana University School of MedicineIndianapolisINUSA
- Department of Pharmacology and ToxicologyIndiana University School of MedicineIndianapolisINUSA
- Indiana University Simon Comprehensive Cancer CenterIndiana University School of MedicineIndianapolisINUSA
| | - Edward A. Motea
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyIndiana University School of MedicineIndianapolisINUSA
- Indiana University Simon Comprehensive Cancer CenterIndiana University School of MedicineIndianapolisINUSA
| | - Mark R. Kelley
- Department of Pediatrics and Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric ResearchIndiana University School of MedicineIndianapolisINUSA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyIndiana University School of MedicineIndianapolisINUSA
- Department of Pharmacology and ToxicologyIndiana University School of MedicineIndianapolisINUSA
- Indiana University Simon Comprehensive Cancer CenterIndiana University School of MedicineIndianapolisINUSA
| | - Melissa L. Fishel
- Department of Pediatrics and Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric ResearchIndiana University School of MedicineIndianapolisINUSA
- Department of Pharmacology and ToxicologyIndiana University School of MedicineIndianapolisINUSA
- Indiana University Simon Comprehensive Cancer CenterIndiana University School of MedicineIndianapolisINUSA
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24
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Grillo M, Palmer C, Holmes N, Sang F, Larner AC, Bhosale R, Shaw PE. Stat3 oxidation-dependent regulation of gene expression impacts on developmental processes and involves cooperation with Hif-1α. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0244255. [PMID: 33332446 PMCID: PMC7746180 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0244255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species are bona fide intracellular second messengers that influence cell metabolism and aging by mechanisms that are incompletely resolved. Mitochondria generate superoxide that is dis-mutated to hydrogen peroxide, which in turn oxidises cysteine-based enzymes such as phosphatases, peroxiredoxins and redox-sensitive transcription factors to modulate their activity. Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription 3 (Stat3) has been shown to participate in an oxidative relay with peroxiredoxin II but the impact of Stat3 oxidation on target gene expression and its biological consequences remain to be established. Thus, we created murine embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) that express either WT-Stat3 or a redox-insensitive mutant of Stat3 (Stat3-C3S). The Stat3-C3S cells differed from WT-Stat3 cells in morphology, proliferation and resistance to oxidative stress; in response to cytokine stimulation, they displayed elevated Stat3 tyrosine phosphorylation and Socs3 expression, implying that Stat3-C3S is insensitive to oxidative inhibition. Comparative analysis of global gene expression in WT-Stat3 and Stat3-C3S cells revealed differential expression (DE) of genes both under basal conditions and during oxidative stress. Using differential gene regulation pattern analysis, we identified 199 genes clustered into 10 distinct patterns that were selectively responsive to Stat3 oxidation. GO term analysis identified down-regulated genes to be enriched for tissue/organ development and morphogenesis and up-regulated genes to be enriched for cell-cell adhesion, immune responses and transport related processes. Although most DE gene promoters contain consensus Stat3 inducible elements (SIEs), our chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) and ChIP-seq analyses did not detect Stat3 binding at these sites in control or oxidant-stimulated cells, suggesting that oxidised Stat3 regulates these genes indirectly. Our further computational analysis revealed enrichment of hypoxia response elements (HREs) within DE gene promoters, implying a role for Hif-1. Experimental validation revealed that efficient stabilisation of Hif-1α in response to oxidative stress or hypoxia required an oxidation-competent Stat3 and that depletion of Hif-1α suppressed the inducible expression of Kcnb1, a representative DE gene. Our data suggest that Stat3 and Hif-1α cooperate to regulate genes involved in immune functions and developmental processes in response to oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michela Grillo
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Queen’s Medical Centre, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Carolyn Palmer
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Queen’s Medical Centre, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Nadine Holmes
- Deep-Seq Unit, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Queen’s Medical Centre, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Fei Sang
- Deep-Seq Unit, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Queen’s Medical Centre, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew C. Larner
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Rahul Bhosale
- School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington, United Kingdom
| | - Peter E. Shaw
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Queen’s Medical Centre, Nottingham, United Kingdom
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25
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XPA deficiency affects the ubiquitin-proteasome system function. DNA Repair (Amst) 2020; 94:102937. [PMID: 32693352 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2020.102937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Revised: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Xeroderma pigmentosum complementation group A (XPA), is defective in xeroderma pigmentosum patients, causing pre-disposition to skin cancer and neurological abnormalities, which is not well understood. Here, we analyzed the XPA-deficient cells transcriptional profile under oxidative stress. The imbalance in of ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) gene expression was observed in XPA-deficient cells and the involvement of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor-2 (NFE2L2) was indicated. Co-immunoprecipitation assays showed the interaction between XPA, apurinic-apyrimidinic endonuclease 1 (APE1) and NFE2L2 proteins. Decreased NFE2L2 protein expression and proteasome activity was also observed in XPA-deficient cells. The data suggest the involvement of the growth arrest and DNA-damage-inducible beta (GADD45β) in NFE2L2 functions. Similar results were obtained in xpa-1 (RNAi) Caenorhabditis elegans suggesting the conservation of XPA and NFE2L2 interactions. In conclusion, stress response activation occurs in XPA-deficient cells under oxidative stress; however, these cells fail to activate the UPS cytoprotective response, which may contribute to XPA patient's phenotypes.
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26
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Manguinhas R, Fernandes AS, Costa JG, Saraiva N, Camões SP, Gil N, Rosell R, Castro M, Miranda JP, Oliveira NG. Impact of the APE1 Redox Function Inhibitor E3330 in Non-small Cell Lung Cancer Cells Exposed to Cisplatin: Increased Cytotoxicity and Impairment of Cell Migration and Invasion. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:antiox9060550. [PMID: 32599967 PMCID: PMC7346157 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9060550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Revised: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Elevated expression levels of the apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease 1 (APE1) have been correlated with the more aggressive phenotypes and poor prognosis of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). This study aimed to assess the impact of the inhibition of the redox function of APE1 with E3330 either alone or in combination with cisplatin in NSCLC cells. For this purpose, complementary endpoints focusing on cell viability, apoptosis, cell cycle distribution, and migration/invasion were studied. Cisplatin decreased the viability of H1975 cells in a time- and concentration-dependent manner, with IC50 values of 9.6 µM for crystal violet assay and 15.9 µM for 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-5-(3-carboxymethoxyphenyl)-2-(4-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium (MTS) assay. E3330 was clearly cytotoxic for concentrations above 30 µM. The co-incubation of E3330 and cisplatin significantly decreased cell viability compared to cisplatin alone. Regarding cell cycle distribution, cisplatin led to an increase in sub-G1, whereas the co-treatment with E3330 did not change this profile, which was then confirmed in terms of % apoptotic cells. In addition, the combination of E3330 and cisplatin at low concentrations decreased collective and chemotactic migration, and also chemoinvasion, by reducing these capabilities up to 20%. Overall, these results point to E3330 as a promising compound to boost cisplatin therapy that warrants further investigation in NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Manguinhas
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Professor Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal; (R.M.); (S.P.C.); (M.C.); (J.P.M.)
| | - Ana S. Fernandes
- Research Center for Biosciences & Health Technologies (CBIOS), Universidade Lusófona de Humanidades e Tecnologias, Campo Grande 376, 1749-024 Lisboa, Portugal; (A.S.F.); (J.G.C.); (N.S.)
| | - João G. Costa
- Research Center for Biosciences & Health Technologies (CBIOS), Universidade Lusófona de Humanidades e Tecnologias, Campo Grande 376, 1749-024 Lisboa, Portugal; (A.S.F.); (J.G.C.); (N.S.)
| | - Nuno Saraiva
- Research Center for Biosciences & Health Technologies (CBIOS), Universidade Lusófona de Humanidades e Tecnologias, Campo Grande 376, 1749-024 Lisboa, Portugal; (A.S.F.); (J.G.C.); (N.S.)
| | - Sérgio P. Camões
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Professor Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal; (R.M.); (S.P.C.); (M.C.); (J.P.M.)
| | - Nuno Gil
- Lung Cancer Unit, Champalimaud Centre for the Unknown, Av. Brasília, 1400-038 Lisboa, Portugal;
| | - Rafael Rosell
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Institute for Health Science Research Germans Trias i Pujol (IGTP), Campus Can Ruti, Ctra de Can Ruti, Camí de les Escoles, s/n, 08916 Badalona, Barcelona, Spain;
- Internal Medicine Department, Universitat Autónoma de Barcelona, Campus de la UAB, Plaça Cívica, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Matilde Castro
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Professor Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal; (R.M.); (S.P.C.); (M.C.); (J.P.M.)
| | - Joana P. Miranda
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Professor Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal; (R.M.); (S.P.C.); (M.C.); (J.P.M.)
| | - Nuno G. Oliveira
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Professor Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal; (R.M.); (S.P.C.); (M.C.); (J.P.M.)
- Correspondence:
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27
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A Dual Face of APE1 in the Maintenance of Genetic Stability in Monocytes: An Overview of the Current Status and Future Perspectives. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:genes11060643. [PMID: 32545201 PMCID: PMC7349382 DOI: 10.3390/genes11060643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Monocytes, which play a crucial role in the immune system, are characterized by an enormous sensitivity to oxidative stress. As they lack four key proteins responsible for DNA damage response (DDR) pathways, they are especially prone to reactive oxygen species (ROS) exposure leading to oxidative DNA lesions and, consequently, ROS-driven apoptosis. Although such a phenomenon is of important biological significance in the regulation of monocyte/macrophage/dendritic cells’ balance, it also a challenge for monocytic mechanisms that have to provide and maintain genetic stability of its own DNA. Interestingly, apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease 1 (APE1), which is one of the key proteins in two DDR mechanisms, base excision repair (BER) and non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) pathways, operates in monocytic cells, although both BER and NHEJ are impaired in these cells. Thus, on the one hand, APE1 endonucleolytic activity leads to enhanced levels of both single- and double-strand DNA breaks (SSDs and DSBs, respectively) in monocytic DNA that remain unrepaired because of the impaired BER and NHEJ. On the other hand, there is some experimental evidence suggesting that APE1 is a crucial player in monocytic genome maintenance and stability through different molecular mechanisms, including induction of cytoprotective and antioxidant genes. Here, the dual face of APE1 is discussed.
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28
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Liu Y, Zhang Z, Li Q, Zhang L, Cheng Y, Zhong Z. Mitochondrial APE1 promotes cisplatin resistance by downregulating ROS in osteosarcoma. Oncol Rep 2020; 44:499-508. [PMID: 32627008 PMCID: PMC7336412 DOI: 10.3892/or.2020.7633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease 1 (APE1) is a primary nuclear-localized multifunctional protein in osteosarcoma. However, the cytoplasmic localization of APE1 was found to be functional and to increase with cisplatin resistance, yet the molecular mechanism is unknown. In the present study, we explored the cisplatin resistance mechanism in osteosarcoma from the new perspective of APE1 extranuclear biological activity. Using cisplatin-resistant and cisplatin-sensitive osteosarcoma cell lines, we found that mitochondrial APE1 (mtAPE1) was overexpressed in cisplatin-resistant cells but not in sensitive cells. Overexpression of mtAPE1 reduced cisplatin-induced apoptosis, while knockdown of APE1 reversed this phenomenon and caused oxidative DNA damage via overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS). We further demonstrated that high mtAPE1 expression could downregulate ROS production by decreasing the phosphorylation of Rac1 (p-Rac1), further promoting cisplatin resistance in osteosarcoma. Our findings suggest that mitochondrial APE1 promotes cisplatin resistance by decreasing ROS generation, which may provide new ideas for researching the molecular mechanism of osteosarcoma chemoresistance and strategies to overcome cisplatin resistance in osteosarcoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufeng Liu
- Cancer Center, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing 400038, P.R. China
| | - Zhimin Zhang
- Cancer Center, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing 400038, P.R. China
| | - Qing Li
- Cancer Center, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing 400038, P.R. China
| | - Liang Zhang
- Cancer Center, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing 400038, P.R. China
| | - Yi Cheng
- Cancer Center, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing 400038, P.R. China
| | - Zhaoyang Zhong
- Cancer Center, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing 400038, P.R. China
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Liu Y, Zhang Z, Zhang L, Zhong Z. Cytoplasmic APE1 promotes resistance response in osteosarcoma patients with cisplatin treatment. Cell Biochem Funct 2020; 38:195-203. [PMID: 31930546 DOI: 10.1002/cbf.3461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Revised: 09/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Chemotherapy resistance has become a hold back and major clinical challenge in osteosarcoma cancer. The alteration and subcellular distribution of apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease 1 (APE1) has been reported to be involved in chemotherapy resistance in many cancers. Here, we report that the cytoplasmic distribution of APE1 plays a key role in the sensitivity of combination platinum chemotherapy in osteosarcoma. Interestingly, the prevalence of cisplatin-induced DNA damage and apoptosis in low cytoplasmic APE1 osteosarcoma cell lines was higher than in high expression of cytoplasmic APE1 cell lines. Overexpression of cytoplasmic APE1 protected the osteosarcoma cells from CDDP-induced apoptosis. In addition, clinical data also show that the level of cytoplasmic APE1 was negatively associated with sensitivity to combination chemotherapy of cisplatin in osteosarcoma patients. Our findings suggest that cytoplasmic APE1 plays a significant role in chemotherapy resistance. This role is a supplement to the extranuclear function of APE1, and cytoplasmic APE1 expression level could be a promising predictor of platinum treatment prognosis for osteosarcoma patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufeng Liu
- Cancer Center, The Third Affiliated Hospital and Research Institute of Surgery of Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, PR China
| | - Zhimin Zhang
- Cancer Center, The Third Affiliated Hospital and Research Institute of Surgery of Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, PR China
| | - Liang Zhang
- Cancer Center, The Third Affiliated Hospital and Research Institute of Surgery of Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, PR China
| | - Zhaoyang Zhong
- Cancer Center, The Third Affiliated Hospital and Research Institute of Surgery of Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, PR China
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Wan C, Chang W, Zhang Y, Shah F, Lu X, Zang Y, Zhang A, Cao S, Fishel ML, Ma Q, Zhang C. LTMG: a novel statistical modeling of transcriptional expression states in single-cell RNA-Seq data. Nucleic Acids Res 2019; 47:e111. [PMID: 31372654 PMCID: PMC6765121 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkz655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2019] [Revised: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
A key challenge in modeling single-cell RNA-seq data is to capture the diversity of gene expression states regulated by different transcriptional regulatory inputs across individual cells, which is further complicated by largely observed zero and low expressions. We developed a left truncated mixture Gaussian (LTMG) model, from the kinetic relationships of the transcriptional regulatory inputs, mRNA metabolism and abundance in single cells. LTMG infers the expression multi-modalities across single cells, meanwhile, the dropouts and low expressions are treated as left truncated. We demonstrated that LTMG has significantly better goodness of fitting on an extensive number of scRNA-seq data, comparing to three other state-of-the-art models. Our biological assumption of the low non-zero expressions, rationality of the multimodality setting, and the capability of LTMG in extracting expression states specific to cell types or functions, are validated on independent experimental data sets. A differential gene expression test and a co-regulation module identification method are further developed. We experimentally validated that our differential expression test has higher sensitivity and specificity, compared with other five popular methods. The co-regulation analysis is capable of retrieving gene co-regulation modules corresponding to perturbed transcriptional regulations. A user-friendly R package with all the analysis power is available at https://github.com/zy26/LTMGSCA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changlin Wan
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University, School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Wennan Chang
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University, School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University, School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
- Colleges of Computer Science and Technology, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Fenil Shah
- Department of Pediatrics and Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University, School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Xiaoyu Lu
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University, School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Yong Zang
- Department of Biostatistics, Indiana University, School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Anru Zhang
- Department of Statistics, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Sha Cao
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University, School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, Indiana University, School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Melissa L Fishel
- Department of Pediatrics and Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University, School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Indiana University, School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN,46202, USA
| | - Qin Ma
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, the Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Chi Zhang
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University, School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
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Qin JJ, Cheng XD, Zhang J, Zhang WD. Dual roles and therapeutic potential of Keap1-Nrf2 pathway in pancreatic cancer: a systematic review. Cell Commun Signal 2019; 17:121. [PMID: 31511020 PMCID: PMC6740038 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-019-0435-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2019] [Accepted: 09/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer (PC) is one of the most fatal diseases with a very high rate of metastasis and low rate of survival. Despite the advances in understanding this devastating disease, PC still accounts for 3% of all cancers and causes almost 7% of death of cancer patients. Recent studies have demonstrated that the transcription factor nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and its key negative regulator Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (Keap1) are dysregulated in PC and the Keap1-Nrf2 pathway is an emerging target for PC prevention and therapy. Indeed, Nrf2 plays an either tumor-suppressive or promoting function in PC, which depends on the developmental stages of the disease and the cellular context. Several natural-product Nrf2 activators have been developed to prevent pancreatic carcinogenesis, while the Nrf2 inhibitors have been examined for their efficacy in inhibiting PC growth and metastasis and reversing chemoresistance. However, further preclinical and clinical studies for determining the effectiveness and safety of targeting the Keap1-Nrf2 pathway for PC prevention and therapy are warranted. In this review, we comprehensively discuss the dual roles of the Keap1-Nrf2 signaling pathway in PC as well as the current targeting strategies and known activators and inhibitors of Nrf2. We also propose new strategies that may be used to address the current issues and develop more specific and more effective Nrf2 activator/inhibitors for PC prevention and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang-Jiang Qin
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, 548 Binwen Road, Binjiang District, Hangzhou, 310053, Zhejiang, China. .,Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, 310022, China.
| | | | - Jia Zhang
- Shanxi Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Taiyuan, 030012, China
| | - Wei-Dong Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University, 325 Guohe Road, Yangpu District, Shanghai, 200433, China. .,Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China.
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Fishel ML, Xia H, McGeown J, McIlwain DW, Elbanna M, Craft AA, Kaimakliotis HZ, Sandusky GE, Zhang C, Pili R, Kelley MR, Jerde TJ. Antitumor Activity and Mechanistic Characterization of APE1/Ref-1 Inhibitors in Bladder Cancer. Mol Cancer Ther 2019; 18:1947-1960. [PMID: 31413178 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-18-1166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Revised: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Bladder cancer is the ninth most common cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. Although cisplatin is used routinely in treating bladder cancer, refractory disease remains lethal for many patients. The recent addition of immunotherapy has improved patient outcomes; however, a large cohort of patients does not respond to these treatments. Therefore, identification of innovative molecular targets for bladder cancer is crucial. Apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease 1/redox factor-1 (APE1/Ref-1) is a multifunctional protein involved in both DNA repair and activation of transcription factors through reduction-oxidation (redox) regulation. High APE1/Ref-1 expression is associated with shorter patient survival time in many cancer types. In this study, we found high APE1/Ref-1 expression in human bladder cancer tissue relative to benign urothelium. Inhibition of APE1/Ref-1 redox signaling using APE1/Ref-1-specific inhibitors attenuates bladder cancer cell proliferation in monolayer, in three-dimensional cultures, and in vivo. This inhibition corresponds with an increase in apoptosis and decreased transcriptional activity of NF-κB and STAT3, transcription factors known to be regulated by APE1/Ref-1, resulting in decreased expression of downstream effectors survivin and Cyclin D1 in vitro and in vivo. We also demonstrate that in vitro treatment of bladder cancer cells with APE1/Ref-1 redox inhibitors in combination with standard-of-care chemotherapy cisplatin is more effective than cisplatin alone at inhibiting cell proliferation. Collectively, our data demonstrate that APE1/Ref-1 is a viable drug target for the treatment of bladder cancer, provide a mechanism of APE1/Ref-1 action in bladder cancer cells, and support the use of novel redox-selective APE1/Ref-1 inhibitors in clinical studies. SIGNIFICANCE: This work identifies a critical mechanism for APE1/Ref-1 in bladder cancer growth and provides compelling preclinical data using selective redox activity inhibitors of APE1/Ref-1 in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa L Fishel
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana.,Department of Pediatrics, Herman B. Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Hanyu Xia
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Jack McGeown
- Department of Pediatrics, Herman B. Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana.,University of Ulster, Coleraine, Northern Ireland
| | - David W McIlwain
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana.,Department of Pediatrics, Herman B. Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - May Elbanna
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Ariel A Craft
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | | | - George E Sandusky
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University Simon Cancer Center, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Chi Zhang
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana.,Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
| | - Roberto Pili
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana.,Department of Urology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana.,Department of Hematology and Oncology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Mark R Kelley
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana.,Department of Pediatrics, Herman B. Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Travis J Jerde
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana. .,Department of Urology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
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Murray D, Mirzayans R, McBride WH. Defenses against Pro-oxidant Forces - Maintenance of Cellular and Genomic Integrity and Longevity. Radiat Res 2018; 190:331-349. [PMID: 30040046 PMCID: PMC6203329 DOI: 10.1667/rr15101.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
There has been enormous recent progress in understanding how human cells respond to oxidative stress, such as that caused by exposure to ionizing radiation. We have witnessed a significant deciphering of the events that underlie how antioxidant responses counter pro-oxidant damage to key biological targets in all cellular compartments, including the genome and mitochondria. These cytoprotective responses include: 1. The basal cellular repertoire of antioxidant capabilities and its supporting cast of facilitator enzymes; and 2. The inducible phase of the antioxidant response, notably that mediated by the Nrf2 transcription factor. There has also been frenetic progress in defining how reactive electrophilic species swamp existing protective mechanisms to augment DNA damage, events that are embodied in the cellular "DNA-damage response", including cell cycle checkpoint activation and DNA repair, which occur on a time scale of hours to days, as well as the implementation of cellular responses such as apoptosis, autophagy, senescence and reprograming that extend the time period of damage sensing and response into weeks, months and years. It has become apparent that, in addition to the initial oxidative insult, cells typically undergo further waves of secondary reactive oxygen/nitrogen species generation, DNA damage and signaling and that these may reemerge long after the initial events have subsided, probably being driven, at least in part, by persisting DNA damage. These reactive oxygen/nitrogen species are an integral part of the pathological consequences of radiation exposure and may persist across multiple cell divisions. Because of the pervasive nature of oxidative stress, a cell will manifest different responses in different subcellular compartments and to different levels of stress injury. Aspects of these compartmentalized responses can involve the same proteins (such as ATM, p53 and p21) but in different functional guises, e.g., in cytoplasmic versus nuclear responses or in early- versus late-phase events. Many of these responses involve gene activation and new protein synthesis as well as a plethora of post-translational modifications of both basal and induced response proteins. It is these responses that we focus on in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Murray
- Department of Oncology, Division of Experimental Oncology, University of Alberta and Cross Cancer Institute, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Razmik Mirzayans
- Department of Oncology, Division of Experimental Oncology, University of Alberta and Cross Cancer Institute, Edmonton, Canada
| | - William H. McBride
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, California
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34
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Blocking HIF signaling via novel inhibitors of CA9 and APE1/Ref-1 dramatically affects pancreatic cancer cell survival. Sci Rep 2018; 8:13759. [PMID: 30214007 PMCID: PMC6137035 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-32034-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Accepted: 08/31/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) has reactive stroma that promotes tumor signaling, fibrosis, inflammation, and hypoxia, which activates HIF-1α to increase tumor cell metastasis and therapeutic resistance. Carbonic anhydrase IX (CA9) stabilizes intracellular pH following induction by HIF-1α. Redox effector factor-1 (APE1/Ref-1) is a multifunctional protein with redox signaling activity that converts certain oxidized transcription factors to a reduced state, enabling them to upregulate tumor-promoting genes. Our studies evaluate PDAC hypoxia responses and APE1/Ref-1 redox signaling contributions to HIF-1α-mediated CA9 transcription. Our previous studies implicated this pathway in PDAC cell survival under hypoxia. We expand those studies, comparing drug responses using patient-derived PDAC cells displaying differential hypoxic responses in 3D spheroid tumor-stroma models to characterize second generation APE1/Ref-1 redox signaling and CA9 inhibitors. Our data demonstrates that HIF-1α-mediated CA9 induction differs between patient-derived PDAC cells and that APE1/Ref-1 redox inhibition attenuates this induction by decreasing hypoxia-induced HIF-1 DNA binding. Dual-targeting of APE1/Ref-1 and CA9 in 3D spheroids demonstrated that this combination effectively kills PDAC tumor cells displaying drastically different levels of CA9. New APE1/Ref-1 and CA9 inhibitors were significantly more potent alone and in combination, highlighting the potential of combination therapy targeting the APE1-Ref-1 signaling axis with significant clinical potential.
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Sardar Pasha SPB, Sishtla K, Sulaiman RS, Park B, Shetty T, Shah F, Fishel ML, Wikel JH, Kelley MR, Corson TW. Ref-1/APE1 Inhibition with Novel Small Molecules Blocks Ocular Neovascularization. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2018; 367:108-118. [PMID: 30076264 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.118.248088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2018] [Accepted: 08/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Ocular neovascular diseases like wet age-related macular degeneration are a major cause of blindness. Novel therapies are greatly needed for these diseases. One appealing antiangiogenic target is reduction-oxidation factor 1-apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease 1 (Ref-1/APE1). This protein can act as a redox-sensitive transcriptional activator for nuclear factor (NF)-κB and other proangiogenic transcription factors. An existing inhibitor of Ref-1's function, APX3330, previously showed antiangiogenic effects. Here, we developed improved APX3330 derivatives and assessed their antiangiogenic activity. We synthesized APX2009 and APX2014 and demonstrated enhanced inhibition of Ref-1 function in a DNA-binding assay compared with APX3330. Both compounds were antiproliferative against human retinal microvascular endothelial cells (HRECs; GI50 APX2009: 1.1 μM, APX2014: 110 nM) and macaque choroidal endothelial cells (Rf/6a; GI50 APX2009: 26 μM, APX2014: 5.0 μM). Both compounds significantly reduced the ability of HRECs and Rf/6a cells to form tubes at mid-nanomolar concentrations compared with control, and both significantly inhibited HREC and Rf/6a cell migration in a scratch wound assay, reducing NF-κB activation and downstream targets. Ex vivo, APX2009 and APX2014 inhibited choroidal sprouting at low micromolar and high nanomolar concentrations, respectively. In the laser-induced choroidal neovascularization mouse model, intraperitoneal APX2009 treatment significantly decreased lesion volume by 4-fold compared with vehicle (P < 0.0001, ANOVA with Dunnett's post-hoc tests), without obvious intraocular or systemic toxicity. Thus, Ref-1 inhibition with APX2009 and APX2014 blocks ocular angiogenesis in vitro and ex vivo, and APX2009 is an effective systemic therapy for choroidal neovascularization in vivo, establishing Ref-1 inhibition as a promising therapeutic approach for ocular neovascularization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheik Pran Babu Sardar Pasha
- Eugene and Marilyn Glick Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology (S.P.B.S.P., K.S., R.S.S., B.P., T.S., T.W.C.), Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology (R.S.S., B.P., T.S., M.L.F., M.R.K., T.W.C.), Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (M.R.K., T.W.C.), Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Department of Pediatrics (F.S., M.L.F., M.R.K.), and Melvin and Bren Simon Cancer Center (M.L.F., M.R.K., T.W.C.), Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana; and Apexian Pharmaceuticals (J.H.W.), Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Kamakshi Sishtla
- Eugene and Marilyn Glick Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology (S.P.B.S.P., K.S., R.S.S., B.P., T.S., T.W.C.), Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology (R.S.S., B.P., T.S., M.L.F., M.R.K., T.W.C.), Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (M.R.K., T.W.C.), Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Department of Pediatrics (F.S., M.L.F., M.R.K.), and Melvin and Bren Simon Cancer Center (M.L.F., M.R.K., T.W.C.), Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana; and Apexian Pharmaceuticals (J.H.W.), Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Rania S Sulaiman
- Eugene and Marilyn Glick Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology (S.P.B.S.P., K.S., R.S.S., B.P., T.S., T.W.C.), Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology (R.S.S., B.P., T.S., M.L.F., M.R.K., T.W.C.), Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (M.R.K., T.W.C.), Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Department of Pediatrics (F.S., M.L.F., M.R.K.), and Melvin and Bren Simon Cancer Center (M.L.F., M.R.K., T.W.C.), Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana; and Apexian Pharmaceuticals (J.H.W.), Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Bomina Park
- Eugene and Marilyn Glick Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology (S.P.B.S.P., K.S., R.S.S., B.P., T.S., T.W.C.), Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology (R.S.S., B.P., T.S., M.L.F., M.R.K., T.W.C.), Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (M.R.K., T.W.C.), Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Department of Pediatrics (F.S., M.L.F., M.R.K.), and Melvin and Bren Simon Cancer Center (M.L.F., M.R.K., T.W.C.), Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana; and Apexian Pharmaceuticals (J.H.W.), Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Trupti Shetty
- Eugene and Marilyn Glick Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology (S.P.B.S.P., K.S., R.S.S., B.P., T.S., T.W.C.), Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology (R.S.S., B.P., T.S., M.L.F., M.R.K., T.W.C.), Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (M.R.K., T.W.C.), Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Department of Pediatrics (F.S., M.L.F., M.R.K.), and Melvin and Bren Simon Cancer Center (M.L.F., M.R.K., T.W.C.), Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana; and Apexian Pharmaceuticals (J.H.W.), Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Fenil Shah
- Eugene and Marilyn Glick Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology (S.P.B.S.P., K.S., R.S.S., B.P., T.S., T.W.C.), Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology (R.S.S., B.P., T.S., M.L.F., M.R.K., T.W.C.), Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (M.R.K., T.W.C.), Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Department of Pediatrics (F.S., M.L.F., M.R.K.), and Melvin and Bren Simon Cancer Center (M.L.F., M.R.K., T.W.C.), Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana; and Apexian Pharmaceuticals (J.H.W.), Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Melissa L Fishel
- Eugene and Marilyn Glick Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology (S.P.B.S.P., K.S., R.S.S., B.P., T.S., T.W.C.), Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology (R.S.S., B.P., T.S., M.L.F., M.R.K., T.W.C.), Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (M.R.K., T.W.C.), Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Department of Pediatrics (F.S., M.L.F., M.R.K.), and Melvin and Bren Simon Cancer Center (M.L.F., M.R.K., T.W.C.), Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana; and Apexian Pharmaceuticals (J.H.W.), Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - James H Wikel
- Eugene and Marilyn Glick Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology (S.P.B.S.P., K.S., R.S.S., B.P., T.S., T.W.C.), Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology (R.S.S., B.P., T.S., M.L.F., M.R.K., T.W.C.), Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (M.R.K., T.W.C.), Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Department of Pediatrics (F.S., M.L.F., M.R.K.), and Melvin and Bren Simon Cancer Center (M.L.F., M.R.K., T.W.C.), Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana; and Apexian Pharmaceuticals (J.H.W.), Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Mark R Kelley
- Eugene and Marilyn Glick Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology (S.P.B.S.P., K.S., R.S.S., B.P., T.S., T.W.C.), Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology (R.S.S., B.P., T.S., M.L.F., M.R.K., T.W.C.), Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (M.R.K., T.W.C.), Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Department of Pediatrics (F.S., M.L.F., M.R.K.), and Melvin and Bren Simon Cancer Center (M.L.F., M.R.K., T.W.C.), Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana; and Apexian Pharmaceuticals (J.H.W.), Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Timothy W Corson
- Eugene and Marilyn Glick Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology (S.P.B.S.P., K.S., R.S.S., B.P., T.S., T.W.C.), Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology (R.S.S., B.P., T.S., M.L.F., M.R.K., T.W.C.), Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (M.R.K., T.W.C.), Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Department of Pediatrics (F.S., M.L.F., M.R.K.), and Melvin and Bren Simon Cancer Center (M.L.F., M.R.K., T.W.C.), Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana; and Apexian Pharmaceuticals (J.H.W.), Indianapolis, Indiana
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Thakur S, Dhiman M, Mantha AK. APE1 modulates cellular responses to organophosphate pesticide-induced oxidative damage in non-small cell lung carcinoma A549 cells. Mol Cell Biochem 2018; 441:201-216. [PMID: 28887667 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-017-3186-7/figures/9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2017] [Accepted: 09/01/2017] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Monocrotophos (MCP) and chlorpyrifos (CP) are widely used organophosphate pesticides (OPPs), speculated to be linked with human pathologies including cancer. Owing to the fact that lung cells are most vulnerable to the environmental toxins, the development and progression of lung cancer can be caused by the exposure of OPPs. The present study investigates the oxidative DNA damage response evoked by MCP and CP in human non-small cell lung carcinoma A549 cells. A549 cells were exposed to MCP and CP; cytotoxicity and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation were measured to select the non-toxic dose. In order to establish whether MCP and CP can initiate the DNA repair and cell survival signalling pathways in A549 cells, qRT-PCR and Western blotting techniques were used to investigate the mRNA and protein expression levels of DNA base excision repair (BER)-pathway enzymes and transcription factors (TFs) involved in cell survival mechanisms. A significant increase in cell viability and ROS generation was observed when exposed to low and moderate doses of MCP and CP at different time points (24, 48 and 72 h) studied. A549 cells displayed a dose-dependent accumulation of apurinic/apyrimidinic (AP) sites after 24 h exposure to MCP advocating for the activation of AP endonuclease-mediated DNA BER-pathway. Cellular responses to MCP- and CP-induced oxidative stress resulted in an imbalance in the mRNA and protein expression of BER-pathway enzymes, viz. PARP1, OGG1, APE1, XRCC1, DNA pol β and DNA ligase III α at different time points. The treatment of OPPs resulted in the upregulation of TFs, viz. Nrf2, c-jun, phospho-c-jun and inducible nitric oxide synthase. Immunofluorescent confocal imaging of A549 cells indicated that MCP and CP induces the translocation of APE1 within the cytoplasm at an early 6 h time point, whereas it promotes nuclear localization after 24 h of treatment, which suggests that APE1 subcellular distribution is dynamically regulated in response to OPP-induced oxidative stress. Furthermore, nuclear colocalization of APE1 and the TF c-jun was observed in response to the treatment of CP and MCP for different time points in A549 cells. Therefore, in this study we demonstrate that MCP- and CP-induced oxidative stress alters APE1-dependent BER-pathway and also mediates cell survival signalling mechanisms via APE1 regulation, thereby promoting lung cancer cell survival and proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shweta Thakur
- Centre for Animal Sciences, School of Basic and Applied Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, Punjab, 151 001, India
| | - Monisha Dhiman
- Centre for Biochemistry and Microbial Sciences, School of Basic and Applied Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, Punjab, India
| | - Anil K Mantha
- Centre for Animal Sciences, School of Basic and Applied Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, Punjab, 151 001, India.
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Sarkar B, Dhiman M, Mittal S, Mantha AK. Curcumin revitalizes Amyloid beta (25-35)-induced and organophosphate pesticides pestered neurotoxicity in SH-SY5Y and IMR-32 cells via activation of APE1 and Nrf2. Metab Brain Dis 2017; 32:2045-2061. [PMID: 28861684 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-017-0093-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Accepted: 08/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Amyloid beta (Aβ) peptide deposition is the primary cause of neurodegeneration in Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathogenesis. Several reports point towards the role of pesticides in the AD pathogenesis, especially organophosphate pesticides (OPPs). Monocrotophos (MCP) and Chlorpyrifos (CP) are the most widely used OPPs. In this study, the role of MCP and CP in augmenting the Aβ-induced oxidative stress associated with the neurodegeneration in AD has been assessed in human neuroblastoma IMR-32 and SH-SY5Y cell lines. From the cell survival assay, it was observed that MCP and CP reduced cell survival both dose- and time-dependently. Nitro blue tetrazolium (NBT) based assay for determination of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) demonstrated that Aβ(25-35), MCP or CP produce significant oxidative stress alone or synergistically in IMR-32 and SH-SY5Y cells, while pretreatment of curcumin reduced ROS levels significantly in all treatment combinations. In this study, we also demonstrate that treatment of Aβ(25-35) and MCP upregulated inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS/NOS2) whereas, no change was observed in neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS/NOS1), but down-regulation of the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) level was observed. While curcumin pretreatment resulted in upregulation of iNOS and Nrf2 proteins. Also, the expression of key DNA repair enzymes APE1, DNA polymerase beta (Pol β), and PARP1 were found to be downregulated upon treatment with MCP, Aβ(25-35) and their combinations at 24 h and 48 h time points. In this study, pretreatment of curcumin to the SH-SY5Y cells enhanced the expression of DNA repair enzymes APE1, pol β, and PARP1 enzymes to counter the oxidative DNA base damage via base excision repair (BER) pathway, and also activated the antioxidant element (ARE) via Nrf2 upregulation. Furthermore, the immunofluorescent confocal imaging studies in SH-SY5Y and IMR-32 cells treated with Aβ(25-35) and MCP-mediated oxidative stress and their combinations at different time periods suggesting for cross-talk between the two proteins APE1 and Nrf2. The APE1's association with Nrf2 might be associated with the redox function of APE1 that might be directly regulating the ARE-mediated neuronal survival mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bibekananda Sarkar
- Center for Animal Sciences, School of Basic and Applied Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, Punjab, 151 001, India
| | - Monisha Dhiman
- Center for Biochemistry and Microbial Sciences, School of Basic and Applied Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, Punjab, India
| | - Sunil Mittal
- Center for Environmental Science & Technology, School of Earth Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, Punjab, India
| | - Anil K Mantha
- Center for Animal Sciences, School of Basic and Applied Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, Punjab, 151 001, India.
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Shah F, Goossens E, Atallah NM, Grimard M, Kelley MR, Fishel ML. APE1/Ref-1 knockdown in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma - characterizing gene expression changes and identifying novel pathways using single-cell RNA sequencing. Mol Oncol 2017; 11:1711-1732. [PMID: 28922540 PMCID: PMC5709621 DOI: 10.1002/1878-0261.12138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2017] [Revised: 08/24/2017] [Accepted: 09/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease 1/redox factor-1 (APE1/Ref-1 or APE1) is a multifunctional protein that regulates numerous transcription factors associated with cancer-related pathways. Because APE1 is essential for cell viability, generation of APE1-knockout cell lines and determining a comprehensive list of genes regulated by APE1 has not been possible. To circumvent this challenge, we utilized single-cell RNA sequencing to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in relation to APE1 protein levels within the cell. Using a straightforward yet novel statistical design, we identified 2837 genes whose expression is significantly changed following APE1 knockdown. Using this gene expression profile, we identified multiple new pathways not previously linked to APE1, including the EIF2 signaling and mechanistic target of Rapamycin pathways and a number of mitochondrial-related pathways. We demonstrate that APE1 has an effect on modifying gene expression up to a threshold of APE1 expression, demonstrating that it is not necessary to completely knockout APE1 in cells to accurately study APE1 function. We validated the findings using a selection of the DEGs along with siRNA knockdown and qRT-PCR. Testing additional patient-derived pancreatic cancer cells reveals particular genes (ITGA1, TNFAIP2, COMMD7, RAB3D) that respond to APE1 knockdown similarly across all the cell lines. Furthermore, we verified that the redox function of APE1 was responsible for driving gene expression of mitochondrial genes such as PRDX5 and genes that are important for proliferation such as SIPA1 and RAB3D by treating with APE1 redox-specific inhibitor, APX3330. Our study identifies several novel genes and pathways affected by APE1, as well as tumor subtype specificity. These findings will allow for hypothesis-driven approaches to generate combination therapies using, for example, APE1 inhibitor APX3330 with other approved FDA drugs in an innovative manner for pancreatic and other cancer treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fenil Shah
- Department of Pediatrics, Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Emery Goossens
- Department of Statistics, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Nadia M Atallah
- Purdue University Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Michelle Grimard
- Department of Pediatrics, Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Mark R Kelley
- Department of Pediatrics, Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.,Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Melissa L Fishel
- Department of Pediatrics, Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.,Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
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Łuczaj W, Gęgotek A, Skrzydlewska E. Antioxidants and HNE in redox homeostasis. Free Radic Biol Med 2017; 111:87-101. [PMID: 27888001 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2016.11.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Revised: 11/16/2016] [Accepted: 11/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Under physiological conditions, cells are in a stable state known as redox homeostasis, which is maintained by the balance between continuous ROS/RNS generation and several mechanisms involved in antioxidant activity. ROS overproduction results in alterations in the redox homeostasis that promote oxidative damage to major components of the cell, including the biomembrane phospholipids. Lipid peroxidation subsequently generates a diverse set of products, including α,β-unsaturated aldehydes. Of these products, 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (HNE) is the most studied aldehyde on the basis of its involvement in cellular physiology and pathology. This review summarizes the current knowledge in the field of HNE generation, metabolism, and detoxification, as well as its interactions with various cellular macromolecules (protein, phospholipid, and nucleic acid). The formation of HNE-protein adducts enables HNE to participate in multi-step regulation of cellular metabolic pathways that include signaling and transcription of antioxidant enzymes, pro-inflammatory factors, and anti-apoptotic proteins. The most widely described roles for HNE in the signaling pathways are associated with its activation of kinases, as well as transcription factors that are responsible for redox homeostasis (Ref-1, Nrf2, p53, NFκB, and Hsf1). Depending on its level, HNE exerts harmful or protective effects associated with the induction of antioxidant defense mechanisms. These effects make HNE a key player in maintaining redox homeostasis, as well as producing imbalances in this system that participate in aging and the development of pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wojciech Łuczaj
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Medical University of Bialystok, Mickiewicza 2d, 15-222 Bialystok, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Gęgotek
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Medical University of Bialystok, Mickiewicza 2d, 15-222 Bialystok, Poland
| | - Elżbieta Skrzydlewska
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Medical University of Bialystok, Mickiewicza 2d, 15-222 Bialystok, Poland.
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APE1 modulates cellular responses to organophosphate pesticide-induced oxidative damage in non-small cell lung carcinoma A549 cells. Mol Cell Biochem 2017; 441:201-216. [PMID: 28887667 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-017-3186-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2017] [Accepted: 09/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Monocrotophos (MCP) and chlorpyrifos (CP) are widely used organophosphate pesticides (OPPs), speculated to be linked with human pathologies including cancer. Owing to the fact that lung cells are most vulnerable to the environmental toxins, the development and progression of lung cancer can be caused by the exposure of OPPs. The present study investigates the oxidative DNA damage response evoked by MCP and CP in human non-small cell lung carcinoma A549 cells. A549 cells were exposed to MCP and CP; cytotoxicity and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation were measured to select the non-toxic dose. In order to establish whether MCP and CP can initiate the DNA repair and cell survival signalling pathways in A549 cells, qRT-PCR and Western blotting techniques were used to investigate the mRNA and protein expression levels of DNA base excision repair (BER)-pathway enzymes and transcription factors (TFs) involved in cell survival mechanisms. A significant increase in cell viability and ROS generation was observed when exposed to low and moderate doses of MCP and CP at different time points (24, 48 and 72 h) studied. A549 cells displayed a dose-dependent accumulation of apurinic/apyrimidinic (AP) sites after 24 h exposure to MCP advocating for the activation of AP endonuclease-mediated DNA BER-pathway. Cellular responses to MCP- and CP-induced oxidative stress resulted in an imbalance in the mRNA and protein expression of BER-pathway enzymes, viz. PARP1, OGG1, APE1, XRCC1, DNA pol β and DNA ligase III α at different time points. The treatment of OPPs resulted in the upregulation of TFs, viz. Nrf2, c-jun, phospho-c-jun and inducible nitric oxide synthase. Immunofluorescent confocal imaging of A549 cells indicated that MCP and CP induces the translocation of APE1 within the cytoplasm at an early 6 h time point, whereas it promotes nuclear localization after 24 h of treatment, which suggests that APE1 subcellular distribution is dynamically regulated in response to OPP-induced oxidative stress. Furthermore, nuclear colocalization of APE1 and the TF c-jun was observed in response to the treatment of CP and MCP for different time points in A549 cells. Therefore, in this study we demonstrate that MCP- and CP-induced oxidative stress alters APE1-dependent BER-pathway and also mediates cell survival signalling mechanisms via APE1 regulation, thereby promoting lung cancer cell survival and proliferation.
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Mahmoudian E, Khalilnezhad A, Gharagozli K, Amani D. Thioredoxin-1, redox factor-1 and thioredoxin-interacting protein, mRNAs are differentially expressed in Multiple Sclerosis patients exposed and non-exposed to interferon and immunosuppressive treatments. Gene 2017; 634:29-36. [PMID: 28844667 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2017.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Revised: 07/30/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oxidative stress is closely linked to inflammation in neurodegenerative diseases. We aimed to investigate the expression of redox system genes in Multiple Sclerosis (MS) patients either exposed or not exposed to conventional treatments. METHODS Forty-four MS patients were divided into three groups: newly diagnosed (Group 1), receiving interferon (Group 2) and receiving immunosuppressive drugs (Group 3). Also, 15 healthy controls were enrolled. The mRNA expression of TRX1, TXNRD1, TRX2, TXNRD2, TXNIP, and APEX1 genes in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) was assessed by relative quantitative real-time PCR. Also, serum level of Trx1 was measured by ELISA. RESULTS Serum level of Trx1 in the newly diagnosed MS patients was significantly higher compared to the healthy controls (P=0.013). Likewise, TRX1 and APEX1 expressions were significantly higher in the newly diagnosed patients compared to controls (P=0.003 and P=0.042), patients under interferon treatment (P=0.003 and P=0.013), and patients received immunosuppressants (P=0.001 and P=0.025). Furthermore, TXNIP expression in MS patients (either group 1, group 2, or group 3) was significantly lower than that in the control group (P=0.017, P=0.002, and P=0.022 respectively). The expression of TXNRD1, TRX2, and TXNRD2 did not show any significant difference between the control and the MS patient (P>0.05). CONCLUSIONS Our data showed that redox system elements are differentially expressed in newly diagnosed MS patients, or patients receiving either interferon or immunosuppressive treatments. However, much more studies are required to confirm our findings and clarify the underlying mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elham Mahmoudian
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ahad Khalilnezhad
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Kurosh Gharagozli
- Department of Neurology, Loghman Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Davar Amani
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Diao J, Li H, Huang W, Ma W, Dai H, Liu Y, Wang M, Hua HY, Ou J, Sun X, Sun X, Yang Y. SHYCD induces APE1/Ref-1 subcellular localization to regulate the p53-apoptosis signaling pathway in the prevention and treatment of acute on chronic liver failure. Oncotarget 2017; 8:84782-84797. [PMID: 29156683 PMCID: PMC5689573 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.19891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2016] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Background & Aims: San huang yin chi decoction(SHYCD) is derived from the yin chen hao decoction, a well-known and canonical Chinese medicine formula from the “Treatise on Febrile Diseases”. Over the past decade, SHYCD has been used to treat and prevent the liver cirrhosis and liver failure. In the present study, we investigated the effects of SHYCD for acute on chronic liver failure(ACLF) and explored its potential mechanism. an ACLF rat model, which induced by carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) combined with D-galactosamine (D-GalN) and lipopolysaccharide(LPS), was used and confirmed by B-ultrasound analysis. Rats were randomly divided into control group, model group, SHYCD-H group, SHYCD-M group, SHYCD-L group, AGNHW group. Compared with the ACLF model group, High, medium, and low doses of SHYCD reduced ALT, AST, TBIL, NH3, IL-1β, IL-6, and TNFα expression levels in the serum, Shorten PT and INR time,and increased Fbg content in the whole blood, increased survival rate of the rats, improved liver pathological changes. APE1 / Ref-1 was mainly expressed in the nucleus, but the nucleus and cytoplasm were co-expressed after hepatocyte injury. SHYCD significantly downregulated APE1/Ref-1 expression in the cytoplasm. Increased APE1/Ref-1, Bcl-2, reduced p53, caspase-3, Bax, and Cyt-c in the total protein. Base on the results, we conclused that High, medium, and low doses of SHYCD could be applied in prevention and treatment of ACLF, and dose-dependent. The possible mechanism is to promote the APE1 / Ref-1 from the cytoplasm to the nuclear transfer, regulation of p53 apoptosis signal pathway prevention and treatment of ACLF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianxin Diao
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Haiye Li
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wei Huang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenxiao Ma
- Gao Ming People's Hospital, Foshan, Guangdong, China
| | - Huan Dai
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yawei Liu
- Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangdong,Guangzhou, China
| | - Ming Wang
- Zhujiang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangdong, Guangzhou, China
| | - He Yu Hua
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jinying Ou
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaomin Sun
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xuegang Sun
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yungao Yang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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Abstract
Reduction-oxidation factor 1-apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease (Ref-1/APE1) is a critical node in tumor cells, both as a redox regulator of transcription factor activation and as part of the DNA damage response. As a redox signaling protein, Ref-1/APE1 enhances the transcriptional activity of STAT3, HIF-1α, nuclear factor kappa B, and other transcription factors to promote growth, migration, and survival in tumor cells as well as inflammation and angiogenesis in the tumor microenvironment. Ref-1/APE1 is activated in a variety of cancers, including prostate, colon, pancreatic, ovarian, lung and leukemias, leading to increased aggressiveness. Transcription factors downstream of Ref-1/APE1 are key contributors to many cancers, and Ref-1/APE1 redox signaling inhibition slows growth and progression in a number of tumor types. Ref-1/APE1 inhibition is also highly effective when paired with other drugs, including standard-of-care therapies and therapies targeting pathways affected by Ref-1/APE1 redox signaling. Additionally, Ref-1/APE1 plays a role in a variety of other indications, such as retinopathy, inflammation, and neuropathy. In this review, we discuss the functional consequences of activation of the Ref-1/APE1 node in cancer and other diseases, as well as potential therapies targeting Ref-1/APE1 and related pathways in relevant diseases. APX3330, a novel oral anticancer agent and the first drug to target Ref-1/APE1 for cancer is entering clinical trials and will be explored in various cancers and other diseases bringing bench discoveries to the clinic.
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Saki M, Prakash A. DNA damage related crosstalk between the nucleus and mitochondria. Free Radic Biol Med 2017; 107:216-227. [PMID: 27915046 PMCID: PMC5449269 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2016.11.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2016] [Revised: 10/25/2016] [Accepted: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The electron transport chain is the primary pathway by which a cell generates energy in the form of ATP. Byproducts of this process produce reactive oxygen species that can cause damage to mitochondrial DNA. If not properly repaired, the accumulation of DNA damage can lead to mitochondrial dysfunction linked to several human disorders including neurodegenerative diseases and cancer. Mitochondria are able to combat oxidative DNA damage via repair mechanisms that are analogous to those found in the nucleus. Of the repair pathways currently reported in the mitochondria, the base excision repair pathway is the most comprehensively described. Proteins that are involved with the maintenance of mtDNA are encoded by nuclear genes and translocate to the mitochondria making signaling between the nucleus and mitochondria imperative. In this review, we discuss the current understanding of mitochondrial DNA repair mechanisms and also highlight the sensors and signaling pathways that mediate crosstalk between the nucleus and mitochondria in the event of mitochondrial stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Saki
- Mitchell Cancer Institute, The University of South Alabama, 1660 Springhill Avenue, Mobile, AL 36604, United States
| | - Aishwarya Prakash
- Mitchell Cancer Institute, The University of South Alabama, 1660 Springhill Avenue, Mobile, AL 36604, United States.
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Seifermann M, Epe B. Oxidatively generated base modifications in DNA: Not only carcinogenic risk factor but also regulatory mark? Free Radic Biol Med 2017; 107:258-265. [PMID: 27871818 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2016.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2016] [Revised: 11/07/2016] [Accepted: 11/08/2016] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The generation of DNA modifications in cells is in most cases accidental and associated with detrimental consequences such as increased mutation rates and an elevated risk of malignant transformation. Accordingly, repair enzymes involved in the removal of the modifications have primarily a protective function. Among the well-established exceptions of this rule are 5-methylcytosine and uracil, which are generated in DNA enzymatically under controlled conditions and fulfill important regulatory functions in DNA as epigenetic marks and in antibody diversification, respectively. More recently, considerable evidence has been obtained that also 8-oxo-7,8-dihydroguanine (8-oxoG), a frequent pro-mutagenic DNA modification generated by endogenous or exogenous reactive oxygen species (ROS), has distinct roles in the regulation of both transcription and signal transduction. Thus, the activation of transcription by the estrogen receptor, NF-κB, MYC and other transcription factors was shown to depend on the presence of 8-oxoG in the promoter regions and its recognition by the DNA repair glycosylase OGG1. The lysine-specific histone demethylase LSD1, which produces H2O2 as a by-product, was indentified as a local generator of 8-oxoG in some of these cases. In addition, a complex of OGG1 with the excised free substrate base was demonstrated to act as a guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) for small GTPases such as Ras, Rac and Rho, thus stimulating signal transduction. The various findings and intriguing novel mechanisms suggested will be described and compared in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Seifermann
- Institute of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Mainz, Staudingerweg 5, D-55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - Bernd Epe
- Institute of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Mainz, Staudingerweg 5, D-55099 Mainz, Germany.
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Basak P, Sadhukhan P, Sarkar P, Sil PC. Perspectives of the Nrf-2 signaling pathway in cancer progression and therapy. Toxicol Rep 2017; 4:306-318. [PMID: 28959654 PMCID: PMC5615147 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2017.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2017] [Revised: 05/18/2017] [Accepted: 06/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The Nuclear factor erythroid2-related factor2 (Nrf2), a master regulator of redox homoeostasis, is a key transcription factor regulating a wide array of genes for antioxidant and detoxification enzymes. It protects organs from various kinds of toxic insults. On the other hand, activation of Nrf2 is also correlated with cancer progression and chemoresistance. Downregulation of Nrf2 activity has attracted an increasing amount of attention as it may provide an alternative cancer therapy. In this review, we examine recent studies on roles of Nrf2 in several pathophysiological conditions emphasising cancer. We discuss elaborately the current knowledge on Nrf2 regulation including KEAP1-dependent and KEAP1-independent cascades. KEAP1/Nrf2 system is a master regulator of cellular response against a variety of environmental stresses. We also highlight several tightly controlled regulations of Nrf2 by numerous proteins, small molecules, toxic metals, etc. In addition, we evaluate the possible therapeutic approaches of increasing chemosensitivity via modulating Nrf2 signaling.
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A novel approach using C. elegans DNA damage-induced apoptosis to characterize the dynamics of uptake transporters for therapeutic drug discoveries. Sci Rep 2016; 6:36026. [PMID: 27786254 PMCID: PMC5081529 DOI: 10.1038/srep36026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2016] [Accepted: 10/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Organic cation transporter (OCT) function is critical for cellular homeostasis. C. elegans lacking OCT-1 displays a shortened lifespan and increased susceptibility to oxidative stress. We show that these phenotypes can be rescued by downregulating the OCT-1 paralogue, OCT-2. Herein, we delineate a biochemical pathway in C. elegans where uptake of genotoxic chemotherapeutics such as doxorubicin and cisplatin, and subsequent DNA damage-induced apoptosis of germ cells, are dependent exclusively upon OCT-2. We characterized OCT-2 as the main uptake transporter for doxorubicin, as well as a number of other therapeutic agents and chemical compounds, some identified through ligand-protein docking analyses. We provide insights into the conserved features of the structure and function and gene regulation of oct-1 and oct-2 in distinct tissues of C. elegans. Importantly, our innovative approach of exploiting C. elegans uptake transporters in combination with defective DNA repair pathways will have broad applications in medicinal chemistry.
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Logsdon DP, Grimard M, Luo M, Shahda S, Jiang Y, Tong Y, Yu Z, Zyromski N, Schipani E, Carta F, Supuran CT, Korc M, Ivan M, Kelley MR, Fishel ML. Regulation of HIF1α under Hypoxia by APE1/Ref-1 Impacts CA9 Expression: Dual Targeting in Patient-Derived 3D Pancreatic Cancer Models. Mol Cancer Ther 2016; 15:2722-2732. [PMID: 27535970 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-16-0253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Accepted: 08/03/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is the fourth leading cause of cancer-related mortality in the United States. Aggressive treatment regimens have not changed the disease course, and the median survival has just recently reached a year. Several mechanisms are proposed to play a role in PDAC therapeutic resistance, including hypoxia, which creates a more aggressive phenotype with increased metastatic potential and impaired therapeutic efficacy. AP Endonuclease-1/Redox Effector Factor 1 (APE1/Ref-1) is a multifunctional protein possessing a DNA repair function in base excision repair and the ability to reduce oxidized transcription factors, enabling them to bind to their DNA target sequences. APE1/Ref-1 regulates several transcription factors involved in survival mechanisms, tumor growth, and hypoxia signaling. Here, we explore the mechanisms underlying PDAC cell responses to hypoxia and modulation of APE1/Ref-1 redox signaling activity, which regulates the transcriptional activation of hypoxia-inducible factor 1 alpha (HIF1α). Carbonic anhydrase IX (CA9) is regulated by HIF1α and functions as a part of the cellular response to hypoxia to regulate intracellular pH, thereby promoting cell survival. We hypothesized that modulating APE1/Ref-1 function will block activation of downstream transcription factors, STAT3 and HIF1α, interfering with the hypoxia-induced gene expression. We demonstrate APE1/Ref-1 inhibition in patient-derived and established PDAC cells results in decreased HIF1α-mediated induction of CA9. Furthermore, an ex vivo three-dimensional tumor coculture model demonstrates dramatic enhancement of APE1/Ref-1-induced cell killing upon dual targeting of APE1/Ref-1 and CA9. Both APE1/Ref-1 and CA9 are under clinical development; therefore, these studies have the potential to direct novel PDAC therapeutic treatment. Mol Cancer Ther; 15(11); 2722-32. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek P Logsdon
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Michelle Grimard
- Department of Pediatrics, Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Meihua Luo
- Department of Pediatrics, Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Safi Shahda
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana.,Pancreatic Cancer Signature Center, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Yanlin Jiang
- Department of Pediatrics, Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Yan Tong
- Department of Biostatistics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Zhangsheng Yu
- Department of Biostatistics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Nicholas Zyromski
- Pancreatic Cancer Signature Center, Indianapolis, Indiana.,Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Ernestina Schipani
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Fabrizio Carta
- Neurofarba Department, Section of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Claudiu T Supuran
- Neurofarba Department, Section of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Murray Korc
- Pancreatic Cancer Signature Center, Indianapolis, Indiana.,Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Mircea Ivan
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana.,Pancreatic Cancer Signature Center, Indianapolis, Indiana.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Mark R Kelley
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana.,Department of Pediatrics, Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana.,Pancreatic Cancer Signature Center, Indianapolis, Indiana.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Melissa L Fishel
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana. .,Department of Pediatrics, Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana.,Pancreatic Cancer Signature Center, Indianapolis, Indiana
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49
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Peroxiredoxin 1 interacts with and blocks the redox factor APE1 from activating interleukin-8 expression. Sci Rep 2016; 6:29389. [PMID: 27388124 PMCID: PMC4937415 DOI: 10.1038/srep29389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2015] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
APE1 is an essential DNA repair protein that also possesses the ability to regulate transcription. It has a unique cysteine residue C65, which maintains the reduce state of several transcriptional activators such as NF-κB. How APE1 is being recruited to execute the various biological functions remains unknown. Herein, we show that APE1 interacts with a novel partner PRDX1, a peroxidase that can also prevent oxidative damage to proteins by serving as a chaperone. PRDX1 knockdown did not interfere with APE1 expression level or its DNA repair activities. However, PRDX1 knockdown greatly facilitates APE1 detection within the nucleus by indirect immunofluorescence analysis, even though APE1 level was unchanged. The loss of APE1 interaction with PRDX1 promotes APE1 redox function to activate binding of the transcription factor NF-κB onto the promoter of a target gene, the proinflammatory chemokine IL-8 involved in cancer invasion and metastasis, resulting in its upregulation. Depletion of APE1 blocked the upregulation of IL-8 in the PRDX1 knockdown cells. Our findings suggest that the interaction of PRDX1 with APE1 represents a novel anti-inflammatory function of PRDX1, whereby the association safeguards APE1 from reducing transcription factors and activating superfluous gene expression, which otherwise could trigger cancer invasion and metastasis.
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50
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Georgiadis MM, Chen Q, Meng J, Guo C, Wireman R, Reed A, Vasko MR, Kelley MR. Small molecule activation of apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease 1 reduces DNA damage induced by cisplatin in cultured sensory neurons. DNA Repair (Amst) 2016; 41:32-41. [PMID: 27078577 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2016.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Revised: 03/23/2016] [Accepted: 03/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Although chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy (CIPN) affects approximately 5-60% of cancer patients, there are currently no treatments available in part due to the fact that the underlying causes of CIPN are not well understood. One contributing factor in CIPN may be persistence of DNA lesions resulting from treatment with platinum-based agents such as cisplatin. In support of this hypothesis, overexpression of the base excision repair (BER) enzyme, apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease 1 (APE1), reduces DNA damage and protects cultured sensory neurons treated with cisplatin. Here, we address stimulation of APE1's endonuclease through a small molecule, nicorandil, as a means of mimicking the beneficial effects observed for overexpression of APE1. Nicorandil, was identified through high-throughput screening of small molecule libraries and found to stimulate APE1 endonuclease activity by increasing catalytic efficiency approximately 2-fold. This stimulation is primarily due to an increase in kcat. To prevent metabolism of nicorandil, an approved drug in Europe for the treatment of angina, cultured sensory neurons were pretreated with nicorandil and daidzin, an aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 inhibitor, resulting in decreased DNA damage but not altered transmitter release by cisplatin. This finding suggests that activation of APE1 by nicorandil in cisplatin-treated cultured sensory neurons does not imbalance the BER pathway in contrast to overexpression of the kinetically faster R177A APE1. Taken together, our results suggest that APE1 activators can be used to reduce DNA damage induced by cisplatin in cultured sensory neurons, although further studies will be required to fully assess their protective effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Millie M Georgiadis
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, United States; Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Indiana University Purdue University at Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, United States.
| | - Qiujia Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, United States
| | - Jingwei Meng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, United States
| | - Chunlu Guo
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Randall Wireman
- Department of Pediatrics, Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - April Reed
- Department of Pediatrics, Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Michael R Vasko
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Mark R Kelley
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, United States; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States; Department of Pediatrics, Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
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