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Chauhan H, Carruthers N, Stemmer P, Schneider BP, Moszczynska A. Neurotoxic Methamphetamine Doses Alter CDCel-1 Levels and Its Interaction with Vesicular Monoamine Transporter-2 in Rat Striatum. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.07.21.604458. [PMID: 39091864 PMCID: PMC11291068 DOI: 10.1101/2024.07.21.604458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/04/2024]
Abstract
In recent years, methamphetamine METH misuse in the US has been rapidly increasing and there is no FDA-approved pharmacotherapy for METH use disorder (MUD). In addition to being dependent on the drug, people with MUD develop a variety of neurological problems related to the toxicity of this drug. A variety of molecular mechanisms underlying METH neurotoxicity has been identified, including dysfunction of the neuroprotective protein parkin. However, it is not known whether parkin loss of function within striatal dopaminergic (DAergic) terminals translates into a decrease in DA storage capacity. This study examined the relationship between parkin, its substrate cell division cycle related-1 (CDCrel-1), and vesicular monoamine transporter-2 (VMAT2) in METH neurotoxicity in male Sprague Dawley rats. To also assess individual differences in response to METH's neurotoxic effects, a large group of rats was treated with binge METH or saline and sacrificed 1h or 24h later. This study is the first to show that binge METH alters the levels and subcellular localization of CDCrel-1 and that CDCrel-1 interacts with VMAT2 and increases its levels at the plasma membrane. Furthermore, we found wide individual differences in the responses of measured indices to METH. Proteomic analysis of VMAT-2-associated proteins revealed upregulation of several proteins involved in the exocytosis/endocytosis cycle. The results suggest that at 1h after METH binge, DAergic neurons are engaged in counteracting METH-induced toxic effects, including oxidative stress- and hyperthermia-induced inhibition of synaptic vesicle cycling, with the responses varying between individual rats. Studying CDCrel-1, VMAT2, and other proteins in large groups of outbred rats can help define individual genetic and molecular differences in responses to METH neurotoxicity which, in turn, will aid treating humans suffering from METH use disorder and its neurological consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heli Chauhan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Wayne State University, 259 Mack Ave, Detroit, MI, USA 48201
| | - Nick Carruthers
- Institute of Environmental Health Sciences and Proteomics Core Facility, 540 East Canfield Ave., Detroit, MI 48202
| | - Paul Stemmer
- Institute of Environmental Health Sciences and Proteomics Core Facility, 540 East Canfield Ave., Detroit, MI 48202
| | - Bernard P. Schneider
- Brain Mind Institute École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne School of Life Sciences, Ch. Des Mines, 9, CH-1202 Geneve, Switzerland
| | - Anna Moszczynska
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Wayne State University, 259 Mack Ave, Detroit, MI, USA 48201
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Clausen L, Okarmus J, Voutsinos V, Meyer M, Lindorff-Larsen K, Hartmann-Petersen R. PRKN-linked familial Parkinson's disease: cellular and molecular mechanisms of disease-linked variants. Cell Mol Life Sci 2024; 81:223. [PMID: 38767677 PMCID: PMC11106057 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-024-05262-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Revised: 04/25/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a common and incurable neurodegenerative disorder that arises from the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra and is mainly characterized by progressive loss of motor function. Monogenic familial PD is associated with highly penetrant variants in specific genes, notably the PRKN gene, where homozygous or compound heterozygous loss-of-function variants predominate. PRKN encodes Parkin, an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase important for protein ubiquitination and mitophagy of damaged mitochondria. Accordingly, Parkin plays a central role in mitochondrial quality control but is itself also subject to a strict protein quality control system that rapidly eliminates certain disease-linked Parkin variants. Here, we summarize the cellular and molecular functions of Parkin, highlighting the various mechanisms by which PRKN gene variants result in loss-of-function. We emphasize the importance of high-throughput assays and computational tools for the clinical classification of PRKN gene variants and how detailed insights into the pathogenic mechanisms of PRKN gene variants may impact the development of personalized therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lene Clausen
- Department of Biology, Linderstrøm-Lang Centre for Protein Science, University of Copenhagen, 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Justyna Okarmus
- Department of Neurobiology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, 5230, Odense, Denmark
| | - Vasileios Voutsinos
- Department of Biology, Linderstrøm-Lang Centre for Protein Science, University of Copenhagen, 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Morten Meyer
- Department of Neurobiology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, 5230, Odense, Denmark
- Department of Neurology, Odense University Hospital, 5000, Odense, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Research, BRIDGE, Brain Research Inter Disciplinary Guided Excellence, University of Southern Denmark, 5230, Odense, Denmark
| | - Kresten Lindorff-Larsen
- Department of Biology, Linderstrøm-Lang Centre for Protein Science, University of Copenhagen, 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Rasmus Hartmann-Petersen
- Department of Biology, Linderstrøm-Lang Centre for Protein Science, University of Copenhagen, 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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3
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Wilson EL, Yu Y, Leal NS, Woodward JA, Patikas N, Morris JL, Field SF, Plumbly W, Paupe V, Chowdhury SR, Antrobus R, Lindop GE, Adia YM, Loh SHY, Prudent J, Martins LM, Metzakopian E. Genome-wide CRISPR/Cas9 screen shows that loss of GET4 increases mitochondria-endoplasmic reticulum contact sites and is neuroprotective. Cell Death Dis 2024; 15:203. [PMID: 38467609 PMCID: PMC10928201 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-024-06568-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 02/13/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
Organelles form membrane contact sites between each other, allowing for the transfer of molecules and signals. Mitochondria-endoplasmic reticulum (ER) contact sites (MERCS) are cellular subdomains characterized by close apposition of mitochondria and ER membranes. They have been implicated in many diseases, including neurodegenerative, metabolic, and cardiac diseases. Although MERCS have been extensively studied, much remains to be explored. To uncover novel regulators of MERCS, we conducted a genome-wide, flow cytometry-based screen using an engineered MERCS reporter cell line. We found 410 genes whose downregulation promotes MERCS and 230 genes whose downregulation decreases MERCS. From these, 29 genes were selected from each population for arrayed screening and 25 were validated from the high population and 13 from the low population. GET4 and BAG6 were highlighted as the top 2 genes that upon suppression increased MERCS from both the pooled and arrayed screens, and these were subjected to further investigation. Multiple microscopy analyses confirmed that loss of GET4 or BAG6 increased MERCS. GET4 and BAG6 were also observed to interact with the known MERCS proteins, inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptors (IP3R) and glucose-regulated protein 75 (GRP75). In addition, we found that loss of GET4 increased mitochondrial calcium uptake upon ER-Ca2+ release and mitochondrial respiration. Finally, we show that loss of GET4 rescues motor ability, improves lifespan and prevents neurodegeneration in a Drosophila model of Alzheimer's disease (Aβ42Arc). Together, these results suggest that GET4 is involved in decreasing MERCS and that its loss is neuroprotective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma L Wilson
- UK Dementia Research Institute, University of Cambridge, Clifford Albutt building, Cambridge biomedical campus, Cambridge, CB2 0AH, UK
- MRC Mitochondrial Biology Unit, University of Cambridge, The Keith Peters building, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0XY, UK
- MRC Toxicology Unit, University of Cambridge, Gleeson Building, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1QR, UK
| | - Yizhou Yu
- MRC Toxicology Unit, University of Cambridge, Gleeson Building, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1QR, UK
| | - Nuno S Leal
- MRC Toxicology Unit, University of Cambridge, Gleeson Building, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1QR, UK
| | - James A Woodward
- MRC Toxicology Unit, University of Cambridge, Gleeson Building, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1QR, UK
| | - Nikolaos Patikas
- UK Dementia Research Institute, University of Cambridge, Clifford Albutt building, Cambridge biomedical campus, Cambridge, CB2 0AH, UK
| | - Jordan L Morris
- MRC Mitochondrial Biology Unit, University of Cambridge, The Keith Peters building, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Sarah F Field
- UK Dementia Research Institute, University of Cambridge, Clifford Albutt building, Cambridge biomedical campus, Cambridge, CB2 0AH, UK
| | - William Plumbly
- UK Dementia Research Institute, University of Cambridge, Clifford Albutt building, Cambridge biomedical campus, Cambridge, CB2 0AH, UK
| | - Vincent Paupe
- MRC Mitochondrial Biology Unit, University of Cambridge, The Keith Peters building, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Suvagata R Chowdhury
- MRC Mitochondrial Biology Unit, University of Cambridge, The Keith Peters building, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Robin Antrobus
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, The Keith Peters Building, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Hills Rd, Cambridge, CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Georgina E Lindop
- Cambridge Advanced Imaging Centre, University of Cambridge, Anatomy Building, Downing Site, Cambridge, CB2 3DY, UK
| | - Yusuf M Adia
- MRC Toxicology Unit, University of Cambridge, Gleeson Building, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1QR, UK
| | - Samantha H Y Loh
- MRC Toxicology Unit, University of Cambridge, Gleeson Building, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1QR, UK
| | - Julien Prudent
- MRC Mitochondrial Biology Unit, University of Cambridge, The Keith Peters building, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0XY, UK.
| | - L Miguel Martins
- MRC Toxicology Unit, University of Cambridge, Gleeson Building, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1QR, UK.
| | - Emmanouil Metzakopian
- UK Dementia Research Institute, University of Cambridge, Clifford Albutt building, Cambridge biomedical campus, Cambridge, CB2 0AH, UK.
- bit bio, The Dorothy Hodgkin Building, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, CB22 3FH, UK.
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Ghosh S, Vashisth K, Ghosh S, Han SS, Bhaskar R, Sinha JK. From sleep to cancer to neurodegenerative disease: the crucial role of Hsp70 in maintaining cellular homeostasis and potential therapeutic implications. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2023:1-12. [PMID: 37643058 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2023.2252509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Sleep is a fundamental process essential for reparatory and restorative mechanisms in all organisms. Recent research has linked sleep to various pathological conditions, including cancer and neurodegeneration, which are associated with various molecular changes in different cellular environments. Despite the potential significance of various molecules, the HSPA1A or Hsp70 protein, which has possible connections with sleep and different neuropsychological and pathological disorders, has been explored the least. This paper explores the potential for manipulating and discovering drugs related to the Hsp70 protein to alleviate sleep problems and improve the prognosis for various other health issues. This paper discusses the critical role of Hsp70 in cancer, neurodegeneration, apoptosis, sleep, and its regulation at the structural level through allosteric mechanisms and different substrates. The significant impact of Hsp70's connection to various conditions suggests that existing sleep medicine could be used to improve such conditions, leading to improved outcomes, minimized research costs, and a new direction for current research. Overall, this paper highlights the potential of Hsp70 protein as a key therapeutic target for developing new drugs for the treatment of sleep disorders, cancer, neurodegeneration, and other related pathological conditions. Further research into the molecular mechanisms of Hsp70 regulation and its interactions with other cellular pathways is necessary to develop targeted treatments for these conditions.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shampa Ghosh
- GloNeuro, Sector 107, Vishwakarma Road, Noida, India
- ICMR - National Institute of Nutrition, Tarnaka, Hyderabad, India
| | | | - Soumya Ghosh
- GloNeuro, Sector 107, Vishwakarma Road, Noida, India
| | - Sung Soo Han
- School of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeonsang, Republic of Korea
- Research Institute of Cell Culture, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Rakesh Bhaskar
- School of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeonsang, Republic of Korea
- Research Institute of Cell Culture, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Republic of Korea
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5
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Molecular chaperones and Parkinson's disease. Neurobiol Dis 2021; 160:105527. [PMID: 34626793 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2021.105527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2021] [Revised: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by progressive death of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra and the formation of Lewy bodies (LBs). Mutations in PD-related genes lead to neuronal pathogenesis through various mechanisms, with known examples including SNCA/α-synuclein (PAKR1), Parkin (PARK2), PINK1 (PARK6), DJ-1 (PARK7), and LRRK2 (PARK8). Molecular chaperones/co-chaperones are proteins that aid the folding of other proteins into a functionally active conformation. It has been demonstrated that chaperones/co-chaperones interact with PD-related proteins and regulate their function in PD. HSP70, HSP90 and small heat shock proteins can prevent neurodegeneration by regulating α-syn misfolding, oligomerization and aggregation. The function of chaperones is regulated by co-chaperones such as HSP110, HSP40, HOP, CHIP, and BAG family proteins. Parkin, PINK1 and DJ-1 are PD-related proteins which are associated with mitochondrial function. Molecular chaperones regulate mitochondrial function and protein homeostasis by interacting with these PD-related proteins. This review discusses critical molecular chaperones/co-chaperones and PD-related proteins which contribute to the pathogenesis of PD, hoping to provide new molecular targets for therapeutic interventions to thwart the disease progression instead of only bringing symptomatic relief. Moreover, appreciating the critical role of chaperones in PD can also help us screen efficient biomarkers to identify PD at an early stage.
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6
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All Roads Lead to Rome: Different Molecular Players Converge to Common Toxic Pathways in Neurodegeneration. Cells 2021; 10:cells10092438. [PMID: 34572087 PMCID: PMC8468417 DOI: 10.3390/cells10092438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Revised: 09/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs) such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD), Parkinson’s disease (PD), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and Huntington’s disease (HD) are being suggested to have common cellular and molecular pathological mechanisms, characterized mainly by protein misfolding and aggregation. These large inclusions, most likely, represent an end stage of a molecular cascade; however, the soluble misfolded proteins, which take part in earlier steps of this cascade, are the more toxic players. These pathological proteins, which characterize each specific disease, lead to the selective vulnerability of different neurons, likely resulting from a combination of different intracellular mechanisms, including mitochondrial dysfunction, ER stress, proteasome inhibition, excitotoxicity, oxidative damage, defects in nucleocytoplasmic transport, defective axonal transport and neuroinflammation. Damage within these neurons is enhanced by damage from the nonneuronal cells, via inflammatory processes that accelerate the progression of these diseases. In this review, while acknowledging the hallmark proteins which characterize the most common NDDs; we place specific focus on the common overlapping mechanisms leading to disease pathology despite these different molecular players and discuss how this convergence may occur, with the ultimate hope that therapies effective in one disease may successfully translate to another.
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7
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Shin EJ, Jeong JH, Hwang Y, Sharma N, Dang DK, Nguyen BT, Nah SY, Jang CG, Bing G, Nabeshima T, Kim HC. Methamphetamine-induced dopaminergic neurotoxicity as a model of Parkinson's disease. Arch Pharm Res 2021; 44:668-688. [PMID: 34286473 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-021-01341-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease with a high prevalence, approximately 1 % in the elderly population. Numerous studies have demonstrated that methamphetamine (MA) intoxication caused the neurological deficits and nigrostriatal damage seen in Parkinsonian conditions, and subsequent rodent studies have found that neurotoxic binge administration of MA reproduced PD-like features, in terms of its symptomatology and pathology. Several anti-Parkinsonian medications have been shown to attenuate the motor impairments and dopaminergic damage induced by MA. In addition, it has been recognized that mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, pro-apoptosis, proteasomal/autophagic impairment, and neuroinflammation play important roles in inducing MA neurotoxicity. Importantly, MA neurotoxicity has been shown to share a common mechanism of dopaminergic toxicity with that of PD pathogenesis. This review describes the major findings on the neuropathological features and underlying neurotoxic mechanisms induced by MA and compares them with Parkinsonian pathogenesis. Taken together, it is suggested that neurotoxic binge-type administration of MA in rodents is a valid animal model for PD that may provide knowledge on the neuropathogenesis of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Joo Shin
- Neuropsychopharmacology and Toxicology Program, College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, 24341, Chunchon, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Hoon Jeong
- Department of Global Innovative Drugs, Graduate School of Chung-Ang University, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, 06974, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeonggwang Hwang
- Neuropsychopharmacology and Toxicology Program, College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, 24341, Chunchon, Republic of Korea
| | - Naveen Sharma
- Neuropsychopharmacology and Toxicology Program, College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, 24341, Chunchon, Republic of Korea.,Department of Global Innovative Drugs, Graduate School of Chung-Ang University, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, 06974, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Duy-Khanh Dang
- Neuropsychopharmacology and Toxicology Program, College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, 24341, Chunchon, Republic of Korea.,Pharmacy Faculty, Can Tho University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 900000, Can Tho City, Vietnam
| | - Bao-Trong Nguyen
- Neuropsychopharmacology and Toxicology Program, College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, 24341, Chunchon, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Yeol Nah
- Ginsentology Research Laboratory, Department of Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Bio/Molecular Informatics Center, Konkuk University, 05029, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Choon-Gon Jang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, 16419, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Guoying Bing
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, KY, 40536, Lexington, USA
| | - Toshitaka Nabeshima
- Advanced Diagnostic System Research Laboratory, Graduate School of Health Science, Fujita Health University, 470-1192, Toyoake, Japan
| | - Hyoung-Chun Kim
- Neuropsychopharmacology and Toxicology Program, College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, 24341, Chunchon, Republic of Korea. .,Neuropsychopharmacology & Toxicology Program, College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, 24341, Chunchon, Republic of Korea.
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8
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Murillo-González FE, García-Aguilar R, Vega L, Elizondo G. Regulation of Parkin expression as the key balance between neural survival and cancer cell death. Biochem Pharmacol 2021; 190:114650. [PMID: 34111426 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2021.114650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Parkin is a cytosolic E3 ubiquitin ligase that plays an important role in neuroprotection by targeting several proteins to be degraded by the 26S proteasome. Its dysfunction has been associated not only with Parkinson's disease (PD) but also with other neurodegenerative pathologies, such as Alzheimer's disease and Huntington's disease. More recently, Parkin has been identified as a tumor suppressor gene implicated in cancer development. Due to the important roles that this E3 ubiquitin ligase plays in cellular homeostasis, its expression, activity, and turnover are tightly regulated. Several reviews have addressed Parkin regulation; however, genetic and epigenetic regulation have been excluded. In addition to posttranslational modifications (PTMs), this review examines the regulatory mechanisms that control Parkin function through gene expression, epigenetic regulation, and degradation. Furthermore, the consequences of disrupting these regulatory processes on human health are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Libia Vega
- Department of Toxicology, CINVESTAV-IPN, Av. IPN 2508, C.P. 07360 Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Guillermo Elizondo
- Department of Cellular Biology, CINVESTAV-IPN, Av. IPN 2508, C.P. 07360 Mexico City, Mexico.
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9
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Tokarew JM, El-Kodsi DN, Lengacher NA, Fehr TK, Nguyen AP, Shutinoski B, O’Nuallain B, Jin M, Khan JM, Ng ACH, Li J, Jiang Q, Zhang M, Wang L, Sengupta R, Barber KR, Tran A, Im DS, Callaghan S, Park DS, Zandee S, Dong X, Scherzer CR, Prat A, Tsai EC, Takanashi M, Hattori N, Chan JA, Zecca L, West AB, Holmgren A, Puente L, Shaw GS, Toth G, Woulfe JM, Taylor P, Tomlinson JJ, Schlossmacher MG. Age-associated insolubility of parkin in human midbrain is linked to redox balance and sequestration of reactive dopamine metabolites. Acta Neuropathol 2021; 141:725-754. [PMID: 33694021 PMCID: PMC8043881 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-021-02285-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The mechanisms by which parkin protects the adult human brain from Parkinson disease remain incompletely understood. We hypothesized that parkin cysteines participate in redox reactions and that these are reflected in its posttranslational modifications. We found that in post mortem human brain, including in the Substantia nigra, parkin is largely insoluble after age 40 years; this transition is linked to its oxidation, such as at residues Cys95 and Cys253. In mice, oxidative stress induces posttranslational modifications of parkin cysteines that lower its solubility in vivo. Similarly, oxidation of recombinant parkin by hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) promotes its insolubility and aggregate formation, and in exchange leads to the reduction of H2O2. This thiol-based redox activity is diminished by parkin point mutants, e.g., p.C431F and p.G328E. In prkn-null mice, H2O2 levels are increased under oxidative stress conditions, such as acutely by 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine toxin exposure or chronically due to a second, genetic hit; H2O2 levels are also significantly increased in parkin-deficient human brain. In dopamine toxicity studies, wild-type parkin, but not disease-linked mutants, protects human dopaminergic cells, in part through lowering H2O2. Parkin also neutralizes reactive, electrophilic dopamine metabolites via adduct formation, which occurs foremost at the primate-specific residue Cys95. Further, wild-type but not p.C95A-mutant parkin augments melanin formation in vitro. By probing sections of adult, human midbrain from control individuals with epitope-mapped, monoclonal antibodies, we found specific and robust parkin reactivity that co-localizes with neuromelanin pigment, frequently within LAMP-3/CD63+ lysosomes. We conclude that oxidative modifications of parkin cysteines are associated with protective outcomes, which include the reduction of H2O2, conjugation of reactive dopamine metabolites, sequestration of radicals within insoluble aggregates, and increased melanin formation. The loss of these complementary redox effects may augment oxidative stress during ageing in dopamine-producing cells of mutant PRKN allele carriers, thereby enhancing the risk of Parkinson’s-linked neurodegeneration.
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10
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De R, Mazumder S, Bandyopadhyay U. Mediators of mitophagy that regulate mitochondrial quality control play crucial role in diverse pathophysiology. Cell Biol Toxicol 2020; 37:333-366. [PMID: 33067701 DOI: 10.1007/s10565-020-09561-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondria are double membrane-bound cellular work-horses constantly functioning to regulate vital aspects of cellular metabolism, bioenergetics, proliferation and death. Biogenesis, homeostasis and regulated turnover of mitochondria are stringently regulated to meet the bioenergetic requirements. Diverse external and internal stimuli including oxidative stress, diseases, xenobiotics and even age profoundly affect mitochondrial integrity. Damaged mitochondria need immediate segregation and selective culling to maintain physiological homeostasis. Mitophagy is a specialised form of macroautophagy that constantly checks mitochondrial quality followed by elimination of rogue mitochondria by lysosomal targeting through multiple pathways tightly regulated and activated in context-specific manners. Mitophagy is implicated in diverse oxidative stress-associated metabolic, proliferating and degenerative disorders owing to the centrality of mitopathology in diseases as well as the common mandate to eliminate damaged mitochondria for restoring physiological homeostasis. With improved health care and growing demand for precision medicine, specifically targeting the keystone factors in pathogenesis, more exploratory studies are focused on mitochondrial quality control as underlying guardian of cellular pathophysiology. In this context, mitophagy emerged as a promising area to focus biomedical research for identifying novel therapeutic targets against diseases linked with physiological redox perturbation. The present review provides a comprehensive account of the recent developments on mitophagy along with precise discussion on its impact on major diseases and possibilities of therapeutic modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rudranil De
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University, Kolkata, Plot No: 36, 37 & 38, Major Arterial Road, Action Area II, Kadampukur Village, Newtown, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700135, India
| | - Somnath Mazumder
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4 Raja S.C. Mullick Road, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700032, India
- Department of Zoology, Raja Peary Mohan College, 1 Acharya Dhruba Pal Road, Uttarpara, West Bengal, 712258, India
| | - Uday Bandyopadhyay
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4 Raja S.C. Mullick Road, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700032, India.
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Bose Institute, P-1/12, CIT Rd, Scheme VIIM, Kankurgachi, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700054, India.
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11
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Joshi N, Raveendran A, Nagotu S. Chaperones and Proteostasis: Role in Parkinson's Disease. Diseases 2020; 8:diseases8020024. [PMID: 32580484 PMCID: PMC7349525 DOI: 10.3390/diseases8020024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Proper folding to attain a defined three-dimensional structure is a prerequisite for the functionality of a protein. Improper folding that eventually leads to formation of protein aggregates is a hallmark of several neurodegenerative disorders. Loss of protein homeostasis triggered by cellular stress conditions is a major contributing factor for the formation of these toxic aggregates. A conserved class of proteins called chaperones and co-chaperones is implicated in maintaining the cellular protein homeostasis. Expanding the body of evidence highlights the role of chaperones as central mediators in the formation, de-aggregation and degradation of the aggregates. Altered expression and function of chaperones is associated with many neurodegenerative diseases including Parkinson’s disease. Several studies indicate that chaperones are at the center of the cause and effect cycle of this disease. An overview of the various chaperones that are associated with homeostasis of Parkinson’s disease-related proteins and their role in pathogenicity will be discussed in this review.
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12
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Kook S, Zhan X, Thibeault K, Ahmed MR, Gurevich VV, Gurevich EV. Mdm2 enhances ligase activity of parkin and facilitates mitophagy. Sci Rep 2020; 10:5028. [PMID: 32193420 PMCID: PMC7081349 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-61796-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Loss-of-function mutations in the E3 ubiquitin ligase parkin have been implicated in the death of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra, which is the root cause of dopamine deficit in the striatum in Parkinson's disease. Parkin ubiquitinates proteins on mitochondria that lost membrane potential, promoting the elimination of damaged mitochondria. Neuroprotective activity of parkin has been linked to its critical role in the mitochondria maintenance. Here we report a novel regulatory mechanism: another E3 ubiquitin ligase Mdm2 directly binds parkin and enhances its enzymatic activity in vitro and in intact cells. Mdm2 translocates to damaged mitochondria independently of parkin, enhances parkin-dependent ubiquitination of the outer mitochondria membrane protein mitofusin1. Mdm2 facilitates and its knockdown reduces parkin-dependent mitophagy. Thus, ubiquitously expressed Mdm2 might enhance cytoprotective parkin activity. The data suggest that parkin activation by Mdm2 could be targeted to increase its neuroprotective functions, which has implications for anti-parkinsonian therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seunghyi Kook
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Xuanzhi Zhan
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Tennessee Technological University, Cookeville, TN, 38505, USA
| | - Kimberly Thibeault
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Mohamed R Ahmed
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
- Biomaterials and Advanced Drug Delivery Laboratories, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, 94304, USA
| | - Vsevolod V Gurevich
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Eugenia V Gurevich
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA.
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13
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Docrat TF, Nagiah S, Naicker N, Baijnath S, Singh S, Chuturgoon AA. The protective effect of metformin on mitochondrial dysfunction and endoplasmic reticulum stress in diabetic mice brain. Eur J Pharmacol 2020; 875:173059. [PMID: 32131023 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2020.173059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Revised: 02/23/2020] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes is a metabolic disorder associated with mitochondrial (mt) dysfunction and oxidative stress. The molecular mechanisms involved in diabetes-associated neurological complications remain elusive. This study aims to investigate the protective effect of metformin (MF) on regulatory networks and integrated stress responses in brain tissue of Streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic mice. STZ-induced diabetic mice were treated with MF (20 mg/kg BW), and whole brain tissue was harvested for further analysis. Protein carbonylation was measured as a marker of neuronal oxidative stress. Protein expression of mt chaperones, maintenance proteins, and regulators of the unfolded protein response (UPR) were measured by Western blot. Transcript levels of antioxidant enzyme GSTA4; mt biogenesis markers, ER stress regulators, and miR-132 and miR-148a were analysed using qPCR. The results showed that MF efficiently reduced protein carbonylation and oxidation. Mt function was improved by MF-treatment through upregulation of chaperone proteins (HSP60, HSP70 and LonP1). MF elicits the UPR to attenuate ER stress through a miR-132 repression mechanism. Additionally, MF was found to elevate deacetylases- Sirt1, Sirt3; and mt biogenesis marker PGC-1α through miR-148a repression. This is the first study to demonstrate the epigenetic regulation of mt maintenance by MF in diabetic C57BL/6 mouse whole brain tissue. We thus conclude that MF, beyond its anti-hyperglycaemic role, mediates neuroprotection through epigenomic and integrated stress responses in diabetic mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taskeen Fathima Docrat
- Discipline of Medical Biochemistry, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, College of Health Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
| | - Savania Nagiah
- Discipline of Medical Biochemistry, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, College of Health Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
| | - Nikita Naicker
- Discipline of Medical Biochemistry, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, College of Health Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
| | - Sooraj Baijnath
- Discipline of Medical Biochemistry, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, College of Health Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
| | - Sanil Singh
- Discipline of Medical Biochemistry, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, College of Health Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
| | - Anil A Chuturgoon
- Discipline of Medical Biochemistry, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, College of Health Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa.
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14
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Meschede J, Šadić M, Furthmann N, Miedema T, Sehr DA, Müller-Rischart AK, Bader V, Berlemann LA, Pilsl A, Schlierf A, Barkovits K, Kachholz B, Rittinger K, Ikeda F, Marcus K, Schaefer L, Tatzelt J, Winklhofer KF. The parkin-coregulated gene product PACRG promotes TNF signaling by stabilizing LUBAC. Sci Signal 2020; 13:13/617/eaav1256. [PMID: 32019898 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aav1256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The Parkin-coregulated gene (PACRG), which encodes a protein of unknown function, shares a bidirectional promoter with Parkin (PRKN), which encodes an E3 ubiquitin ligase. Because PRKN is important in mitochondrial quality control and protection against stress, we tested whether PACRG also affected these pathways in various cultured human cell lines and in mouse embryonic fibroblasts. PACRG did not play a role in mitophagy but did play a role in tumor necrosis factor (TNF) signaling. Similarly to Parkin, PACRG promoted nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) activation in response to TNF. TNF-induced nuclear translocation of the NF-κB subunit p65 and NF-κB-dependent transcription were decreased in PACRG-deficient cells. Defective canonical NF-κB activation in the absence of PACRG was accompanied by a decrease in linear ubiquitylation mediated by the linear ubiquitin chain assembly complex (LUBAC), which is composed of the two E3 ubiquitin ligases HOIP and HOIL-1L and the adaptor protein SHARPIN. Upon TNF stimulation, PACRG was recruited to the activated TNF receptor complex and interacted with LUBAC components. PACRG functionally replaced SHARPIN in this context. In SHARPIN-deficient cells, PACRG prevented LUBAC destabilization, restored HOIP-dependent linear ubiquitylation, and protected cells from TNF-induced apoptosis. This function of PACRG in positively regulating TNF signaling may help to explain the association of PACRG and PRKN polymorphisms with an increased susceptibility to intracellular pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens Meschede
- Molecular Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, 44801 Bochum, Germany
| | - Maria Šadić
- Neurobiochemistry, Adolf Butenandt Institute, Ludwig Maximilians University, 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Nikolas Furthmann
- Molecular Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, 44801 Bochum, Germany
| | - Tim Miedema
- Molecular Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, 44801 Bochum, Germany
| | - Dominik A Sehr
- Molecular Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, 44801 Bochum, Germany
| | | | - Verian Bader
- Molecular Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, 44801 Bochum, Germany
| | - Lena A Berlemann
- Molecular Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, 44801 Bochum, Germany
| | - Anna Pilsl
- Neurobiochemistry, Adolf Butenandt Institute, Ludwig Maximilians University, 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Anita Schlierf
- Neurobiochemistry, Adolf Butenandt Institute, Ludwig Maximilians University, 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Katalin Barkovits
- Medizinisches Proteom-Center, Ruhr University Bochum, 44801 Bochum, Germany
| | - Barbara Kachholz
- Molecular Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, 44801 Bochum, Germany
| | | | - Fumiyo Ikeda
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology (IMBA), 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Katrin Marcus
- Medizinisches Proteom-Center, Ruhr University Bochum, 44801 Bochum, Germany
| | - Liliana Schaefer
- Pharmacenter Frankfurt/ZAFES, Institute for General Pharmacology and Toxicology, Goethe University, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Jörg Tatzelt
- Neurobiochemistry, Adolf Butenandt Institute, Ludwig Maximilians University, 80336 Munich, Germany.,Biochemistry of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Institute of Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, 44801 Bochum, Germany
| | - Konstanze F Winklhofer
- Molecular Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, 44801 Bochum, Germany. .,Neurobiochemistry, Adolf Butenandt Institute, Ludwig Maximilians University, 80336 Munich, Germany
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15
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Kovalchuke L, Mosharov EV, Levy OA, Greene LA. Stress-induced phospho-ubiquitin formation causes parkin degradation. Sci Rep 2019; 9:11682. [PMID: 31406131 PMCID: PMC6690910 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-47952-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the E3 ubiquitin ligase parkin are the most common known cause of autosomal recessive Parkinson’s disease (PD), and parkin depletion may play a role in sporadic PD. Here, we sought to elucidate the mechanisms by which stress decreases parkin protein levels using cultured neuronal cells and the PD-relevant stressor, L-DOPA. We find that L-DOPA causes parkin loss through both oxidative stress-independent and oxidative stress-dependent pathways. Characterization of the latter reveals that it requires both the kinase PINK1 and parkin’s interaction with phosphorylated ubiquitin (phospho-Ub) and is mediated by proteasomal degradation. Surprisingly, autoubiquitination and mitophagy do not appear to be required for such loss. In response to stress induced by hydrogen peroxide or CCCP, parkin degradation also requires its association with phospho-Ub, indicating that this mechanism is broadly generalizable. As oxidative stress, metabolic dysfunction and phospho-Ub levels are all elevated in PD, we suggest that these changes may contribute to a loss of parkin expression.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eugene V Mosharov
- Departments of Psychiatry, Neurology, and Pharmacology, Columbia University: Division of Molecular Therapeutics, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | - Oren A Levy
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Lloyd A Greene
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.
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16
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Martinez-Arroyo O, Gruevska A, Victor VM, González-Polo RA, Yakhine-Diop SM, Fuentes JM, Esplugues JV, Blas-Garcia A, Apostolova N. Mitophagy in human astrocytes treated with the antiretroviral drug Efavirenz: Lack of evidence or evidence of the lack. Antiviral Res 2019; 168:36-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2019.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Revised: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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17
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van Well EM, Bader V, Patra M, Sánchez-Vicente A, Meschede J, Furthmann N, Schnack C, Blusch A, Longworth J, Petrasch-Parwez E, Mori K, Arzberger T, Trümbach D, Angersbach L, Showkat C, Sehr DA, Berlemann LA, Goldmann P, Clement AM, Behl C, Woerner AC, Saft C, Wurst W, Haass C, Ellrichmann G, Gold R, Dittmar G, Hipp MS, Hartl FU, Tatzelt J, Winklhofer KF. A protein quality control pathway regulated by linear ubiquitination. EMBO J 2019; 38:e100730. [PMID: 30886048 PMCID: PMC6484417 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2018100730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Revised: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases are characterized by the accumulation of misfolded proteins in the brain. Insights into protein quality control mechanisms to prevent neuronal dysfunction and cell death are crucial in developing causal therapies. Here, we report that various disease-associated protein aggregates are modified by the linear ubiquitin chain assembly complex (LUBAC). HOIP, the catalytic component of LUBAC, is recruited to misfolded Huntingtin in a p97/VCP-dependent manner, resulting in the assembly of linear polyubiquitin. As a consequence, the interactive surface of misfolded Huntingtin species is shielded from unwanted interactions, for example with the low complexity sequence domain-containing transcription factor Sp1, and proteasomal degradation of misfolded Huntingtin is facilitated. Notably, all three core LUBAC components are transcriptionally regulated by Sp1, linking defective LUBAC expression to Huntington's disease. In support of a protective activity of linear ubiquitination, silencing of OTULIN, a deubiquitinase with unique specificity for linear polyubiquitin, decreases proteotoxicity, whereas silencing of HOIP has the opposite effect. These findings identify linear ubiquitination as a protein quality control mechanism and hence a novel target for disease-modifying strategies in proteinopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva M van Well
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Verian Bader
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Maria Patra
- Neurobiochemistry, Adolf Butenandt Institute, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Ana Sánchez-Vicente
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Jens Meschede
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Nikolas Furthmann
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Cathrin Schnack
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Alina Blusch
- Department of Neurology, St Josef Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Joseph Longworth
- Proteome and Genome Research Unit, Department of Oncology, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Strassen, Luxembourg
| | | | - Kohji Mori
- Biomedical Center (BMC), Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Thomas Arzberger
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
- Centre for Neuropathology and Prion Research, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Dietrich Trümbach
- Institute of Developmental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Lena Angersbach
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Cathrin Showkat
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Dominik A Sehr
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Lena A Berlemann
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Petra Goldmann
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Albrecht M Clement
- Institute for Pathobiochemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Christian Behl
- Institute for Pathobiochemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Andreas C Woerner
- Department of Cellular Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Carsten Saft
- Department of Neurology, St Josef Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Wurst
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Munich, Munich, Germany
- Institute of Developmental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Developmental Genetics, Technical University Munich, Neuherberg, Germany
- Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany
| | - Christian Haass
- Biomedical Center (BMC), Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Munich, Munich, Germany
- Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany
| | - Gisa Ellrichmann
- Department of Neurology, St Josef Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Ralf Gold
- Department of Neurology, St Josef Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Gunnar Dittmar
- Proteome and Genome Research Unit, Department of Oncology, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Strassen, Luxembourg
| | - Mark S Hipp
- Department of Cellular Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany
- Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany
| | - F Ulrich Hartl
- Department of Cellular Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany
- Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany
| | - Jörg Tatzelt
- Neurobiochemistry, Adolf Butenandt Institute, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
- Department of Biochemistry of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Institute of Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence RESOLV, Bochum, Germany
| | - Konstanze F Winklhofer
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
- Neurobiochemistry, Adolf Butenandt Institute, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Munich, Munich, Germany
- Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence RESOLV, Bochum, Germany
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18
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Woodall BP, Orogo AM, Najor RH, Cortez MQ, Moreno ER, Wang H, Divakaruni AS, Murphy AN, Gustafsson ÅB. Parkin does not prevent accelerated cardiac aging in mitochondrial DNA mutator mice. JCI Insight 2019; 5:127713. [PMID: 30990467 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.127713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The E3 ubiquitin ligase Parkin plays an important role in regulating clearance of dysfunctional or unwanted mitochondria in tissues, including the heart. However, whether Parkin also functions to prevent cardiac aging by maintaining a healthy population of mitochondria is still unclear. Here, we have examined the role of Parkin in the context of mtDNA damage and myocardial aging using a mouse model carrying a proofreading defective mitochondrial DNA polymerase gamma (POLG). We observed both decreased Parkin protein levels and development of cardiac hypertrophy in POLG hearts with age; however, cardiac hypertrophy in POLG mice was neither rescued, nor worsened by cardiac specific overexpression or global deletion of Parkin, respectively. Unexpectedly, mitochondrial fitness did not substantially decline with age in POLG mice when compared to WT. We found that baseline mitophagy receptor-mediated mitochondrial turnover and biogenesis were enhanced in aged POLG hearts. We also observed the presence of megamitochondria in aged POLG hearts. Thus, these processes may limit the accumulation of dysfunctional mitochondria as well as the degree of cardiac functional impairment in the aging POLG heart. Overall, our results demonstrate that Parkin is dispensable for constitutive mitochondrial quality control in a mtDNA mutation model of cardiac aging.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Amabel M Orogo
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences and
| | - Rita H Najor
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences and
| | | | | | - Hongxia Wang
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences and
| | - Ajit S Divakaruni
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Anne N Murphy
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Åsa B Gustafsson
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences and.,Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
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19
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Chen Y, Wu Y, Shi H, Wang J, Zheng Z, Chen J, Chen X, Zhang Z, Xu D, Wang X, Xiao J. Melatonin ameliorates intervertebral disc degeneration via the potential mechanisms of mitophagy induction and apoptosis inhibition. J Cell Mol Med 2019; 23:2136-2148. [PMID: 30609271 PMCID: PMC6378230 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.14125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Revised: 12/05/2018] [Accepted: 12/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Intervertebral disc degeneration (IDD) is a complicated disease in patients. The pathogenesis of IDD encompasses cellular oxidative stress, mitochondrion dysfunction and apoptosis. Melatonin eliminates oxygen free radicals, regulates mitochondrial homoeostasis and function, stimulates mitophagy and protects against cellular apoptosis. Therefore, we hypothesize that melatonin has beneficial effect on IDD by mitophagy stimulation and inhibition of apoptosis. The effects of melatonin on IDD were investigated in vitro and in vivo. For the former, melatonin diminished cellular apoptosis caused by tert‐butyl hydroperoxide in nucleus pulposus (NP) cells. Mitophagy, as well as its upstream regulator Parkin, was activated by melatonin in both a dose and time‐dependent manner. Mitophagy inhibition by cyclosporine A (CsA) partially eliminated the protective effects of melatonin against NP cell apoptosis, suggesting that mitophagy is involved in the protective effect of melatonin on IDD. In addition, melatonin was demonstrated to preserve the extracellular matrix (ECM) content of Collagen II, Aggrecan and Sox‐9, while inhibiting the expression of matrix degeneration enzymes, including MMP‐13 and ADAMTS‐5. In vivo, our results demonstrated that melatonin treatment ameliorated IDD in a puncture‐induced rat model. To conclude, our results suggested that melatonin protected NP cells against apoptosis via mitophagy induction and ameliorated disc degeneration, providing the potential therapy for IDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Chen
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Second Afliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yanqing Wu
- Institute of Life Sciences, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Hongxue Shi
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Jianle Wang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Second Afliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Zengming Zheng
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Second Afliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Jian Chen
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Second Afliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xibang Chen
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Second Afliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Zengjie Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Second Afliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Daoliang Xu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Second Afliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xiangyang Wang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Second Afliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Jian Xiao
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Second Afliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
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20
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Manzella N, Santin Y, Maggiorani D, Martini H, Douin-Echinard V, Passos JF, Lezoualc'h F, Binda C, Parini A, Mialet-Perez J. Monoamine oxidase-A is a novel driver of stress-induced premature senescence through inhibition of parkin-mediated mitophagy. Aging Cell 2018; 17:e12811. [PMID: 30003648 PMCID: PMC6156293 DOI: 10.1111/acel.12811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2017] [Revised: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular senescence, the irreversible cell cycle arrest observed in somatic cells, is an important driver of age‐associated diseases. Mitochondria have been implicated in the process of senescence, primarily because they are both sources and targets of reactive oxygen species (ROS). In the heart, oxidative stress contributes to pathological cardiac ageing, but the mechanisms underlying ROS production are still not completely understood. The mitochondrial enzyme monoamine oxidase‐A (MAO‐A) is a relevant source of ROS in the heart through the formation of H2O2 derived from the degradation of its main substrates, norepinephrine (NE) and serotonin. However, the potential link between MAO‐A and senescence has not been previously investigated. Using cardiomyoblasts and primary cardiomyocytes, we demonstrate that chronic MAO‐A activation mediated by synthetic (tyramine) and physiological (NE) substrates induces ROS‐dependent DNA damage response, activation of cyclin‐dependent kinase inhibitors p21cip, p16ink4a, and p15ink4b and typical features of senescence such as cell flattening and SA‐β‐gal activity. Moreover, we observe that ROS produced by MAO‐A lead to the accumulation of p53 in the cytosol where it inhibits parkin, an important regulator of mitophagy, resulting in mitochondrial dysfunction. Additionally, we show that the mTOR kinase contributes to mitophagy dysfunction by enhancing p53 cytoplasmic accumulation. Importantly, restoration of mitophagy, either by overexpression of parkin or inhibition of mTOR, prevents mitochondrial dysfunction and induction of senescence. Altogether, our data demonstrate a novel link between MAO‐A and senescence in cardiomyocytes and provides mechanistic insights into the potential role of MAO‐dependent oxidative stress in age‐related pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Manzella
- Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases (I2MC); Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Université de Toulouse; Toulouse France
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology; University of Pavia; Pavia Italy
| | - Yohan Santin
- Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases (I2MC); Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Université de Toulouse; Toulouse France
| | - Damien Maggiorani
- Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases (I2MC); Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Université de Toulouse; Toulouse France
| | - Hélène Martini
- Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases (I2MC); Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Université de Toulouse; Toulouse France
| | - Victorine Douin-Echinard
- Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases (I2MC); Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Université de Toulouse; Toulouse France
| | - Joao F. Passos
- Ageing Research Laboratories; Newcastle University Institute for Ageing, Newcastle University; Newcastle upon Tyne UK
| | - Frank Lezoualc'h
- Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases (I2MC); Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Université de Toulouse; Toulouse France
| | - Claudia Binda
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology; University of Pavia; Pavia Italy
| | - Angelo Parini
- Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases (I2MC); Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Université de Toulouse; Toulouse France
| | - Jeanne Mialet-Perez
- Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases (I2MC); Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Université de Toulouse; Toulouse France
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PICK1 inhibits the E3 ubiquitin ligase activity of Parkin and reduces its neuronal protective effect. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:E7193-E7201. [PMID: 29987020 PMCID: PMC6064985 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1716506115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkin functions as a multipurpose E3 ubiquitin ligase, and Parkin loss of function is associated with both sporadic and familial Parkinson's disease (PD). We report that the Bin/Amphiphysin/Rvs (BAR) domain of protein interacting with PRKCA1 (PICK1) bound to the really interesting new gene 1 (RING1) domain of Parkin and potently inhibited the E3 ligase activity of Parkin by disrupting its interaction with UbcH7. Parkin translocated to damaged mitochondria and led to their degradation in neurons, whereas PICK1 robustly inhibited this process. PICK1 also impaired the protective function of Parkin against stresses in SH-SY5Y cells and neurons. The protein levels of several Parkin substrates were reduced in young PICK1-knockout mice, and these mice were resistant to 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-mediated toxicity. Taken together, the results indicate that PICK1 is a potent inhibitor of Parkin, and the reduction of PICK1 enhances the protective effect of Parkin.
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Loss of NEDD4 contributes to RTP801 elevation and neuron toxicity: implications for Parkinson's disease. Oncotarget 2018; 7:58813-58831. [PMID: 27494837 PMCID: PMC5312278 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.11020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2016] [Accepted: 07/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a disorder characterized by the degeneration of certain neuronal populations in the central and peripheral nervous system. One of the hallmarks of the disease is the toxic accumulation of proteins within susceptible neurons due to major impairment in the degradation/clearance protein systems. RTP801 is a pro-apoptotic protein that is sufficient and necessary to induce neuronal death in cellular and animal models of PD. RTP801 is also upregulated in sporadic and parkin mutant PD brains. Here, we report the role of NEDD4, an E3 ligase involved in α-synuclein degradation and PD pathogenesis, in the regulation of RTP801 protein levels and toxicity. NEDD4 polyubiquitinates RTP801 in a cell-free system and in cellular cultures, and they interact physically. NEDD4 conjugates K63-ubiquitin chains to RTP801 and targets it for degradation. NEDD4 regulates RTP801 protein levels in both cultured cells and in the brain tissue. NEDD4 levels are diminished in nigral neurons from human PD brains. Interestingly, neurotoxin 6-OHDA decreases dramatically NEDD4 protein expression but elevates RTP801 protein levels. Moreover, NEDD4 protects neuronal PC12 cells from both 6-OHDA and RTP801-induced toxicity. In primary cortical neurons, NEDD4 knockdown toxicity is mediated by RTP801 since the double knockdown of RTP801 and NEDD4 abrogates the loss of phospho Ser473-Akt and the appearance of caspase-cleaved spectrin fragments. Thus, NEDD4 ligase regulates RTP801 and is sensitive to PD-associated oxidative stress. This suggests that NEDD4 loss of function in PD could contribute importantly into neuronal death by elevating RTP801.
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Activation mechanisms of the E3 ubiquitin ligase parkin. Biochem J 2017; 474:3075-3086. [PMID: 28860335 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20170476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2017] [Revised: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Monogenetic, familial forms of Parkinson's disease (PD) only account for 5-10% of the total number of PD cases, but analysis of the genes involved therein is invaluable to understanding PD-associated neurodegenerative signaling. One such gene, parkin, encodes a 465 amino acid E3 ubiquitin ligase. Of late, there has been considerable interest in the role of parkin signaling in PD and in identifying its putative substrates, as well as the elucidation of the mechanisms through which parkin itself is activated. Its dysfunction underlies both inherited and idiopathic PD-associated neurodegeneration. Here, we review recent literature that provides a model of activation of parkin in the setting of mitochondrial damage that involves PINK1 (PTEN-induced kinase-1) and phosphoubiquitin. We note that neuronal parkin is primarily a cytosolic protein (with various non-mitochondrial functions), and discuss potential cytosolic parkin activation mechanisms.
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24
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Mitophagy in neurodegenerative diseases. Neurochem Int 2017; 117:156-166. [PMID: 28797885 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2017.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2017] [Revised: 06/19/2017] [Accepted: 08/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases, such as Parkinson's disease (PD), Alzheimer's disease (AD), Huntington's disease (HD), and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS), are a complex "family" of pathologies, characterised by the progressive loss of neurons and/or neuronal functions, leading to severe physical and cognitive inabilities in affected patients. These syndromes, despite differences in the causative events, the onset, and the progression of the disease, share as common features the presence of aggregate-prone neuro-toxic proteins, in the form of aggresomes and/or inclusion bodies, perturbing cellular homeostasis and neuronal function (Popovic et al., 2014), and the presence of dysfunctional mitochondria. The removal of protein aggregates and of damaged organelles, through the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) and/or the autophagy/lysosome machinery, is a crucial step for the maintenance of neuronal homeostasis. Indeed, their impairment has been reported as associated with the development of these diseases. In this review, we focus on the role played by mitophagy, a specialised form of autophagy, in the onset and progression of major neurodegenerative diseases, as well as on possible therapeutic approaches involving mitophagy modulation.
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Shin JK, Lee SM. Genipin protects the liver from ischemia/reperfusion injury by modulating mitochondrial quality control. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2017; 328:25-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2017.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2016] [Revised: 04/21/2017] [Accepted: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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26
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Menges S, Minakaki G, Schaefer PM, Meixner H, Prots I, Schlötzer-Schrehardt U, Friedland K, Winner B, Outeiro TF, Winklhofer KF, von Arnim CAF, Xiang W, Winkler J, Klucken J. Alpha-synuclein prevents the formation of spherical mitochondria and apoptosis under oxidative stress. Sci Rep 2017; 7:42942. [PMID: 28224980 PMCID: PMC5320486 DOI: 10.1038/srep42942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2016] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress (OS), mitochondrial dysfunction, and dysregulation of alpha-synuclein (aSyn) homeostasis are key pathogenic factors in Parkinson's disease. Nevertheless, the role of aSyn in mitochondrial physiology remains elusive. Thus, we addressed the impact of aSyn specifically on mitochondrial response to OS in neural cells. We characterize a distinct type of mitochondrial fragmentation, following H2O2 or 6-OHDA-induced OS, defined by spherically-shaped and hyperpolarized mitochondria, termed "mitospheres". Mitosphere formation mechanistically depended on the fission factor Drp1, and was paralleled by reduced mitochondrial fusion. Furthermore, mitospheres were linked to a decrease in mitochondrial activity, and preceded Caspase3 activation. Even though fragmentation of dysfunctional mitochondria is considered to be a prerequisite for mitochondrial degradation, mitospheres were not degraded via Parkin-mediated mitophagy. Importantly, we provide compelling evidence that aSyn prevents mitosphere formation and reduces apoptosis under OS. In contrast, aSyn did not protect against Rotenone, which led to a different, previously described donut-shaped mitochondrial morphology. Our findings reveal a dichotomic role of aSyn in mitochondrial biology, which is linked to distinct types of stress-induced mitochondrial fragmentation. Specifically, aSyn may be part of a cellular defense mechanism preserving neural mitochondrial homeostasis in the presence of increased OS levels, while not protecting against stressors directly affecting mitochondrial function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Menges
- Department of Molecular Neurology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Georgia Minakaki
- Department of Molecular Neurology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | | | - Holger Meixner
- Department of Molecular Neurology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Iryna Prots
- IZKF Junior Research Group III and BMBF Research Group Neuroscience, IZKF, FAU Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany.,Department of Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Human Genetics, FAU Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | | | - Kristina Friedland
- Molecular and Clinical Pharmacy, Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, FAU Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Beate Winner
- IZKF Junior Research Group III and BMBF Research Group Neuroscience, IZKF, FAU Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany.,Department of Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Human Genetics, FAU Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Tiago F Outeiro
- Department of Neurodegeneration and Restorative Research, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37073 Göttingen, Germany.,Max Planck Institute for Experimental Medicine, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Konstanze F Winklhofer
- Molecular Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44801 Bochum, Germany
| | | | - Wei Xiang
- Institute of Biochemistry, FAU Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jürgen Winkler
- Department of Molecular Neurology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jochen Klucken
- Department of Molecular Neurology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
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Chakraborty J, Basso V, Ziviani E. Post translational modification of Parkin. Biol Direct 2017; 12:6. [PMID: 28222786 PMCID: PMC5319146 DOI: 10.1186/s13062-017-0176-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the gene encoding for the E3 ubiquitin ligase Parkin are associated to a rare form of familiar autosomal recessive Parkinsonism. Despite decades of research on the Parkin protein, whose structure has been recently solved, little is known about the specific signalling pathways that lead to Parkin activation. Parkin activity spans from mitochondria quality control to tumor suppression and stress protection; it is thus tempting to hypothesize that the broad impact of Parkin on cellular physiology might be the result of different post translational modifications that can be controlled by balanced opposing events. Sequence alignment of Parkin from different species indicates high homology between domains across Parkin orthologs and identifies highly conserved amino acid residues that, if modified, impinge on Parkin functions. In this review, we summarize findings on post translational modifications that have been shown to affect Parkin activity and stability. REVIEWERS This article was reviewed by Prof. Dr. Konstanze F. Winklhofer and by Prof. Thomas Simmen. Both reviewers have been nominated by Professor Luca Pellegrini.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joy Chakraborty
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Via Ugo Bassi 58b, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Valentina Basso
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Via Ugo Bassi 58b, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Elena Ziviani
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Via Ugo Bassi 58b, 35131, Padova, Italy. .,Istituto IRCCS San Camillo, Lido di Venezia, Venezia,, Italy.
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Kulikov AV, Luchkina EA, Gogvadze V, Zhivotovsky B. Mitophagy: Link to cancer development and therapy. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2017; 482:432-439. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.10.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2016] [Accepted: 10/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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29
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Li M, Zhou S, Wang XS, Liu C, Li S. Effects of in vitro and in vivo avermectin exposure on alpha synuclein expression and proteasomal activity in pigeons. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2017; 135:24-31. [PMID: 27677079 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2016.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2016] [Revised: 09/10/2016] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Avermectins (AVMs) are used worldwide in agriculture and veterinary medicine. Residues of avermectin drugs, causing toxicological effects on non-target organisms, have raised great concern. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of AVM on the expression levels of alpha synuclein (α-Syn) and proteasomal activity in pigeon (Columba livia) neurons both in vivo and in vitro. The results showed that, the mRNA and protein levels of α-Syn increased in AVM treated groups relative to control groups in the cerebrum, cerebellum and optic lobe in vivo. Dose-dependent decreases in the proteasomal activity (i.e., chymotrypsin-like, trypsin-like and peptidylglutamyl peptidehydrolase) were observed both in vivo and in vitro. The results suggested that AVM could induce the expression levels of α-Syn and inhibit the normal physiological function of proteasome in brain tissues and neurons. The information presented in this study is helpful to understand the mechanism of AVM-induced neurotoxicology in birds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, PR China; College of Life Science, Daqing Normal College, Daqing 163712, PR China
| | - Shuo Zhou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, PR China
| | - Xian-Song Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, PR China
| | - Ci Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, PR China
| | - Shu Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, PR China.
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30
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Zhang Z, Liu L, Jiang X, Zhai S, Xing D. The Essential Role of Drp1 and Its Regulation by S-Nitrosylation of Parkin in Dopaminergic Neurodegeneration: Implications for Parkinson's Disease. Antioxid Redox Signal 2016; 25:609-622. [PMID: 27267045 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2016.6634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Dysfunctional regulation of mitochondrial dynamics, which switches the balance to fission, is involved in neurodegeneration in Parkinson's disease (PD). Dynamin-related protein-1 (Drp1), a key regulator of mitochondrial fission, has been attributed recently to such neurodegeneration in PD. However, the machinery that connects Drp1 to the pathophysiology of PD is unclear. RESULTS We demonstrated that nitric oxide (NO) was overproduced on 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium ion (MPP+) treatment, which subsequently engendered S-nitrosylation of Parkin (SNO-Parkin), and thus decreased the interaction with Drp1, leading to elevated Drp1 expression. Consistent with this, Drp1 was elevated in the ventral midbrain of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-treated PD mouse models, a region usually affected by PD. Concomitantly, in a mouse model of MPTP-induced PD, both SNO-Parkin and Drp1 levels were increased, whereas no significant difference in SNO-Drp1 protein levels were found in these mice. In addition, NO stress, induced by MPP+, triggered the phosphorylation of Drp1 Ser616 and caused its subsequent recruitment to the mitochondria. These events create a death-prone environment that contributes to the loss of dopaminergic neurons. INNOVATION We first showed that SNO-Parkin reduced its ability as a suppressor of Drp1 expression, leading to upregulation of Drp1 in neurotoxin-based PD models, in vitro and in vivo. CONCLUSION Our results provide a molecular explanation for the contribution of Drp1 to the pathogenesis of sporadic PD. These findings indicate that the SNO-Parkin pathway may be a novel therapeutic target to treat PD. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 25, 609-622.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenzhen Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science & Institute of Laser Life Science, College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University , Guangzhou, China
| | - Lei Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science & Institute of Laser Life Science, College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University , Guangzhou, China
| | - XiaoXiao Jiang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science & Institute of Laser Life Science, College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University , Guangzhou, China
| | - ShaoDong Zhai
- MOE Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science & Institute of Laser Life Science, College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University , Guangzhou, China
| | - Da Xing
- MOE Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science & Institute of Laser Life Science, College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University , Guangzhou, China
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Siddiqui A, Rane A, Rajagopalan S, Chinta SJ, Andersen JK. Detrimental effects of oxidative losses in parkin activity in a model of sporadic Parkinson's disease are attenuated by restoration of PGC1alpha. Neurobiol Dis 2016; 93:115-20. [PMID: 27185595 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2016.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2016] [Revised: 04/21/2016] [Accepted: 05/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Loss of parkin E3 ligase activity as a result of parkin gene mutation in rare familial forms of Parkinson's disease (PD) has been shown to be detrimental to mitochondrial function and to contribute to ensuing neurodegeneration. This has been shown by ourselves and others to be in part due to reductions in parkin-mediated ubiquitination of the transcriptional repressor PARIS, limiting the protein's subsequent degradation by the proteasome. Subsequent elevations in PARIS protein levels result in reduced expression of the master mitochondrial regulator PGC-1α, impacting in turn on mitochondrial function. Here, we report that oxidatively-mediated reductions in parkin solubility and function in a mouse model of age-related sporadic PD coincides with increased PARIS levels and reduced PGC-1α signaling. Furthermore, restoration of PGC-1α expression was found to abrogate losses in mitochondrial function and degeneration of dopaminergic (DAergic) neurons within the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) associated with this particular model. These findings suggest that the PGC-1α signaling pathway constitutes a viable therapeutic target for the treatment of not only familial PD, but also more common sporadic forms of the disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Almas Siddiqui
- Buck Research Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, CA 94945, United States
| | - Anand Rane
- Buck Research Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, CA 94945, United States
| | | | - Shankar J Chinta
- Buck Research Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, CA 94945, United States
| | - Julie K Andersen
- Buck Research Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, CA 94945, United States.
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Zhang CW, Hang L, Yao TP, Lim KL. Parkin Regulation and Neurodegenerative Disorders. Front Aging Neurosci 2016; 7:248. [PMID: 26793099 PMCID: PMC4709595 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2015.00248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2015] [Accepted: 12/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkin is a unique, multifunctional ubiquitin ligase whose various roles in the cell, particularly in neurons, are widely thought to be protective. The pivotal role that Parkin plays in maintaining neuronal survival is underscored by our current recognition that Parkin dysfunction represents not only a predominant cause of familial parkinsonism but also a formal risk factor for the more common, sporadic form of Parkinson’s disease (PD). Accordingly, keen research on Parkin over the past decade has led to an explosion of knowledge regarding its physiological roles and its relevance to PD. However, our understanding of Parkin is far from being complete. Indeed, surprises emerge from time to time that compel us to constantly update the paradigm of Parkin function. For example, we now know that Parkin’s function is not confined to mere housekeeping protein quality control (QC) roles but also includes mitochondrial homeostasis and stress-related signaling. Furthermore, emerging evidence also suggest a role for Parkin in several other major neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS). Yet, it remains truly amazing to note that a single enzyme could serve such multitude of functions and cellular roles. Clearly, its activity has to be tightly regulated. In this review, we shall discuss this and how dysregulated Parkin function may precipitate neuronal demise in various neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Wu Zhang
- Neurodegeneration Research Laboratory, National Neuroscience InstituteSingapore, Singapore; Institute of Advanced Materials, Nanjing Tech UniversityNanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Liting Hang
- Department of Physiology, National University of Singapore Singapore, Singapore
| | - Tso-Pang Yao
- Departments of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center Durham, NC, USA
| | - Kah-Leong Lim
- Neurodegeneration Research Laboratory, National Neuroscience InstituteSingapore, Singapore; Institute of Advanced Materials, Nanjing Tech UniversityNanjing, People's Republic of China; Department of Physiology, National University of SingaporeSingapore, Singapore; Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, National University of SingaporeSingapore, Singapore
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Mitochondrial Quality Control via the PGC1α-TFEB Signaling Pathway Is Compromised by Parkin Q311X Mutation But Independently Restored by Rapamycin. J Neurosci 2016; 35:12833-44. [PMID: 26377470 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0109-15.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Following its activation by PINK1, parkin is recruited to depolarized mitochondria where it ubiquitinates outer mitochondrial membrane proteins, initiating lysosomal-mediated degradation of these organelles. Mutations in the gene encoding parkin, PARK2, result in both familial and sporadic forms of Parkinson's disease (PD) in conjunction with reductions in removal of damaged mitochondria. In contrast to what has been reported for other PARK2 mutations, expression of the Q311X mutation in vivo in mice appears to involve a downstream step in the autophagic pathway at the level of lysosomal function. This coincides with increased PARIS expression and reduced expression of a reciprocal signaling pathway involving the master mitochondrial regulator peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma coactivator (PGC1α) and the lysosomal regulator transcription factor EB (TFEB). Treatment with rapamycin was found to independently restore PGC1α-TFEB signaling in a manner not requiring parkin activity and to abrogate impairment of mitochondrial quality control and neurodegenerative features associated with this in vivo model. Losses in PGC1α-TFEB signaling in cultured rat DAergic cells expressing the Q311X mutation associated with reduced mitochondrial function and cell viability were found to be PARIS-dependent and to be independently restored by rapamycin in a manner requiring TFEB. Studies in human iPSC-derived neurons demonstrate that TFEB induction can restore mitochondrial function and cell viability in a mitochondrially compromised human cell model. Based on these data, we propose that the parkin Q311X mutation impacts on mitochondrial quality control via PARIS-mediated regulation of PGC1α-TFEB signaling and that this can be independently restored via upregulation of TFEB function. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Mutations in PARK2 are generally associated with loss in ability to interact with PINK1, impacting on autophagic initiation. Our data suggest that, in the case of at least one parkin mutation, Q311X, detrimental effects are due to inhibition at the level of downstream lysosomal function. Mechanistically, this involves elevations in PARIS protein levels and subsequent effects on PGC1α-TFEB signaling that normally regulates mitochondrial quality control. Treatment with rapamycin independently restores PGC1α-TFEB signaling in a manner not requiring parkin activity and abrogates subsequent mitochondrial impairment and neuronal cell loss. Taken in total, our data suggest that the parkin Q311X mutation impacts on mitochondrial quality control via PARIS-mediated regulation of PGC1α-TFEB signaling and that this can be independently restored via rapamycin.
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Braatz EM, Coleman RA. A mathematical model of insulin resistance in Parkinson’s disease. Comput Biol Chem 2015; 56:84-97. [DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiolchem.2015.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2014] [Revised: 04/06/2015] [Accepted: 04/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Meka DP, Müller-Rischart AK, Nidadavolu P, Mohammadi B, Motori E, Ponna SK, Aboutalebi H, Bassal M, Annamneedi A, Finckh B, Miesbauer M, Rotermund N, Lohr C, Tatzelt J, Winklhofer KF, Kramer ER. Parkin cooperates with GDNF/RET signaling to prevent dopaminergic neuron degeneration. J Clin Invest 2015; 125:1873-85. [PMID: 25822020 DOI: 10.1172/jci79300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2014] [Accepted: 02/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkin and the glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) receptor RET have both been independently linked to the dopaminergic neuron degeneration that underlies Parkinson's disease (PD). In the present study, we demonstrate that there is genetic crosstalk between parkin and the receptor tyrosine kinase RET in two different mouse models of PD. Mice lacking both parkin and RET exhibited accelerated dopaminergic cell and axonal loss compared with parkin-deficient animals, which showed none, and RET-deficient mice, in which we found moderate degeneration. Transgenic expression of parkin protected the dopaminergic systems of aged RET-deficient mice. Downregulation of either parkin or RET in neuronal cells impaired mitochondrial function and morphology. Parkin expression restored mitochondrial function in GDNF/RET-deficient cells, while GDNF stimulation rescued mitochondrial defects in parkin-deficient cells. In both cases, improved mitochondrial function was the result of activation of the prosurvival NF-κB pathway, which was mediated by RET through the phosphoinositide-3-kinase (PI3K) pathway. Taken together, these observations indicate that parkin and the RET signaling cascade converge to control mitochondrial integrity and thereby properly maintain substantia nigra pars compacta dopaminergic neurons and their innervation in the striatum. The demonstration of crosstalk between parkin and RET highlights the interplay in the protein network that is altered in PD and suggests potential therapeutic targets and strategies to treat PD.
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Charan RA, LaVoie MJ. Pathologic and therapeutic implications for the cell biology of parkin. Mol Cell Neurosci 2015; 66:62-71. [PMID: 25697646 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2015.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2014] [Revised: 02/07/2015] [Accepted: 02/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the E3 ligase parkin are the most common cause of autosomal recessive Parkinson's disease (PD), but it is believed that parkin dysfunction may also contribute to idiopathic PD. Since its discovery, parkin has been implicated in supporting multiple neuroprotective pathways, many revolving around the maintenance of mitochondrial health quality control and governance of cell survival. Recent advances across the structure, biochemistry, and cell biology of parkin have provided great insights into the etiology of parkin-linked and idiopathic PD and may ultimately generate novel therapeutic strategies to slow or halt disease progression. This review describes the various pathways in which parkin acts and the mechanisms by which parkin may be targeted for therapeutic intervention. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled 'Neuronal Protein'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rakshita A Charan
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
| | - Matthew J LaVoie
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
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Mitophagy and heart failure. J Mol Med (Berl) 2015; 93:253-62. [PMID: 25609139 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-015-1254-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2014] [Revised: 12/29/2014] [Accepted: 01/09/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Cardiac mitochondria are responsible for generating energy in the form of ATP through oxidative phosphorylation and are crucial for cardiac function. Mitochondrial dysfunction is a major contributor to loss of myocytes and development of heart failure. Myocytes have quality control mechanisms in place to ensure a network of functional mitochondria. Damaged mitochondria are degraded by a process called mitochondrial autophagy, or mitophagy, where the organelle is engulfed by an autophagosome and subsequently delivered to a lysosome for degradation. Evidence suggests that mitophagy is important for cellular homeostasis, and reduced mitophagy leads to inadequate removal of dysfunctional mitochondria. In this review, we discuss the regulation of mitophagy and the emerging evidence of the cardioprotective role of mitophagy. We also address the prospect of therapeutically targeting mitophagy to treat patients with cardiovascular disease.
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Parkin loss of function contributes to RTP801 elevation and neurodegeneration in Parkinson's disease. Cell Death Dis 2014; 5:e1364. [PMID: 25101677 PMCID: PMC4454308 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2014.333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2014] [Revised: 06/12/2014] [Accepted: 07/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Mutations in the PARK2 gene are associated with an autosomal recessive form of juvenile parkinsonism (AR-JP). These mutations affect parkin solubility and impair its E3 ligase activity, leading to a toxic accumulation of proteins within susceptible neurons that results in a slow but progressive neuronal degeneration and cell death. Here, we report that RTP801/REDD1, a pro-apoptotic negative regulator of survival kinases mTOR and Akt, is one of such parkin substrates. We observed that parkin knockdown elevated RTP801 in sympathetic neurons and neuronal PC12 cells, whereas ectopic parkin enhanced RTP801 poly-ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation. In parkin knockout mouse brains and in human fibroblasts from AR-JP patients with parkin mutations, RTP801 levels were elevated. Moreover, in human postmortem PD brains with mutated parkin, nigral neurons were highly positive for RTP801. Further consistent with the idea that RTP801 is a substrate for parkin, the two endogenous proteins interacted in reciprocal co-immunoprecipitates of cell lysates. A potential physiological role for parkin-mediated RTP801 degradation is indicated by observations that parkin protects neuronal cells from death caused by RTP801 overexpression by mediating its degradation, whereas parkin knockdown exacerbates such death. Similarly, parkin knockdown enhanced RTP801 induction in neuronal cells exposed to the Parkinson's disease mimetic 6-hydroxydopamine and increased sensitivity to this toxin. This response to parkin loss of function appeared to be mediated by RTP801 as it was abolished by RTP801 knockdown. Taken together these results indicate that RTP801 is a novel parkin substrate that may contribute to neurodegeneration caused by loss of parkin expression or activity.
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Cornelissen T, Haddad D, Wauters F, Van Humbeeck C, Mandemakers W, Koentjoro B, Sue C, Gevaert K, De Strooper B, Verstreken P, Vandenberghe W. The deubiquitinase USP15 antagonizes Parkin-mediated mitochondrial ubiquitination and mitophagy. Hum Mol Genet 2014; 23:5227-42. [PMID: 24852371 PMCID: PMC7108632 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddu244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 240] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Loss-of-function mutations in PARK2, the gene encoding the E3 ubiquitin ligase Parkin, are the most frequent cause of recessive Parkinson's disease (PD). Parkin translocates from the cytosol to depolarized mitochondria, ubiquitinates outer mitochondrial membrane proteins and induces selective autophagy of the damaged mitochondria (mitophagy). Here, we show that ubiquitin-specific protease 15 (USP15), a deubiquitinating enzyme (DUB) widely expressed in brain and other organs, opposes Parkin-mediated mitophagy, while a panel of other DUBs and a catalytically inactive version of USP15 do not. Moreover, knockdown of USP15 rescues the mitophagy defect of PD patient fibroblasts with PARK2 mutations and decreased Parkin levels. USP15 does not affect the ubiquitination status of Parkin or Parkin translocation to mitochondria, but counteracts Parkin-mediated mitochondrial ubiquitination. Knockdown of the DUB CG8334, the closest homolog of USP15 in Drosophila, largely rescues the mitochondrial and behavioral defects of parkin RNAi flies. These data identify USP15 as an antagonist of Parkin and suggest that USP15 inhibition could be a therapeutic strategy for PD cases caused by reduced Parkin levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Cornelissen
- Laboratory for Parkinson Research, Department of Neurosciences
| | - Dominik Haddad
- Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium Center for the Biology of Disease, VIB, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Fieke Wauters
- Laboratory for Parkinson Research, Department of Neurosciences
| | | | - Wim Mandemakers
- Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium Center for the Biology of Disease, VIB, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Brianada Koentjoro
- Department of Neurogenetics, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, Royal North Shore Hospital and University of Sydney, St Leonards, New South Wales 2065, Australia
| | - Carolyn Sue
- Department of Neurogenetics, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, Royal North Shore Hospital and University of Sydney, St Leonards, New South Wales 2065, Australia
| | - Kris Gevaert
- Department of Biochemistry, Ghent University, Ghent 9000, Belgium Department of Medical Protein Research, VIB, Ghent 9000, Belgium
| | - Bart De Strooper
- Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium Center for the Biology of Disease, VIB, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Patrik Verstreken
- Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium Center for the Biology of Disease, VIB, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Wim Vandenberghe
- Laboratory for Parkinson Research, Department of Neurosciences Department of Neurology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium
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Wang Y, Tabas I. Emerging roles of mitochondria ROS in atherosclerotic lesions: causation or association? J Atheroscler Thromb 2014; 21:381-90. [PMID: 24717761 DOI: 10.5551/jat.23929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial-derived reactive oxygen species (mtROS) is one of the major sources of cellular ROS, and excessive mtROS is associated with atherosclerosis progression in both human and mouse models. This review aims to summarize the most recent studies showing the existence, the causes and pathological consequences of excessive mtROS in atherosclerosis. Despite numerous association and causation studies demonstrating the importance of mtROS in atherosclerosis progression, the failure of antioxidant therapy in human randomized clinical trials demands more definitive, cell-type specific investigations. Better mechanistic understanding of mtROS in atherosclerosis may lead to more effective therapeutic strategies.
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Chai C, Lim KL. Genetic insights into sporadic Parkinson's disease pathogenesis. Curr Genomics 2014; 14:486-501. [PMID: 24532982 PMCID: PMC3924245 DOI: 10.2174/1389202914666131210195808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2012] [Revised: 09/09/2013] [Accepted: 10/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Intensive research over the last 15 years has led to the identification of several autosomal recessive and dominant
genes that cause familial Parkinson’s disease (PD). Importantly, the functional characterization of these genes has
shed considerable insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying the etiology and pathogenesis of PD. Collectively;
these studies implicate aberrant protein and mitochondrial homeostasis as key contributors to the development of PD, with
oxidative stress likely acting as an important nexus between the two pathogenic events. Interestingly, recent genome-wide
association studies (GWAS) have revealed variations in at least two of the identified familial PD genes (i.e. α-synuclein
and LRRK2) as significant risk factors for the development of sporadic PD. At the same time, the studies also uncovered
variability in novel alleles that is associated with increased risk for the disease. Additionally, in-silico meta-analyses of
GWAS data have allowed major steps into the investigation of the roles of gene-gene and gene-environment interactions
in sporadic PD. The emergent picture from the progress made thus far is that the etiology of sporadic PD is multi-factorial
and presumably involves a complex interplay between a multitude of gene networks and the environment. Nonetheless,
the biochemical pathways underlying familial and sporadic forms of PD are likely to be shared.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chou Chai
- Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore
| | - Kah-Leong Lim
- Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore ; Department of Physiology, National University of Singapore, Singapore ; Neurodegeneration Research Laboratory, National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore
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Lim KL. Ubiquitin–proteasome system dysfunction in Parkinson’s disease: current evidence and controversies. Expert Rev Proteomics 2014; 4:769-81. [DOI: 10.1586/14789450.4.6.769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Abstract
PARK2 (PARKIN) is an E3 ubiquitin ligase involved in multiple signaling pathways and cellular processes. Activity of PARK2 is tightly regulated through inter- and intra-molecular interactions. Dysfunction of PARK2 is associated with the progression of parkinsonism. Notably, frequent PARK2 inactivation has been identified in various human cancers. Park2-deficient mice are more susceptible to tumorigenesis, indicating its crucial role as a tumor suppressor. However, biological studies also show that PARK2 possesses both pro-survival and growth suppressive functions. Here, we summarize the genetic lesions of PARK2 in human cancers and discuss the current knowledge of PARK2 in cancer progression. We further highlight future efforts for the study of PARK2 in cancer.
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Zhang W, Wu H, Liu L, Zhu Y, Chen Q. Phosphorylation Events in Selective Mitophagy: Possible Biochemical Markers? CURRENT PATHOBIOLOGY REPORTS 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s40139-013-0033-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Trempe JF, Fon EA. Structure and Function of Parkin, PINK1, and DJ-1, the Three Musketeers of Neuroprotection. Front Neurol 2013; 4:38. [PMID: 23626584 PMCID: PMC3630392 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2013.00038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2013] [Accepted: 04/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Autosomal recessive forms of Parkinson’s disease are caused by mutations in three genes: Parkin, PINK1, and DJ-1. These genes encode for proteins with distinct enzymatic activities that may work together to confer neuroprotection. Parkin is an E3 ubiquitin ligase that has been shown to ubiquitinate substrates and to trigger proteasome-dependent degradation or autophagy, two crucial homeostatic processes in neurons. PINK1 is a mitochondrial protein kinase whose activity is required for Parkin-dependent mitophagy, a process that has been linked to neurodegeneration. Finally, DJ-1 is a protein homologous to a broad class of bacterial enzymes that may function as a sensor and modulator of reactive oxygen species, which have been implicated in neurodegenerative diseases. Here, we review the literature on the structure and biochemical functions of these three proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-François Trempe
- McGill Parkinson Program, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University Montreal, QC, Canada
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Funke C, Schneider SA, Berg D, Kell DB. Genetics and iron in the systems biology of Parkinson’s disease and some related disorders. Neurochem Int 2013; 62:637-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2012.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2012] [Revised: 11/19/2012] [Accepted: 11/28/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Haskin J, Szargel R, Shani V, Mekies LN, Rott R, Lim GGY, Lim KL, Bandopadhyay R, Wolosker H, Engelender S. AF-6 is a positive modulator of the PINK1/parkin pathway and is deficient in Parkinson's disease. Hum Mol Genet 2013; 22:2083-96. [PMID: 23393160 PMCID: PMC3803144 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddt058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkin E3 ubiquitin-ligase activity and its role in mitochondria homeostasis are thought to play a role in Parkinson's disease (PD). We now report that AF-6 is a novel parkin interacting protein that modulates parkin ubiquitin-ligase activity and mitochondrial roles. Parkin interacts with the AF-6 PDZ region through its C-terminus. This leads to ubiquitination of cytosolic AF-6 and its degradation by the proteasome. On the other hand, endogenous AF-6 robustly increases parkin translocation and ubiquitin-ligase activity at the mitochondria. Mitochondrial AF-6 is not a parkin substrate, but rather co-localizes with parkin and enhances mitochondria degradation through PINK1/parkin-mediated mitophagy. On the other hand, several parkin and PINK1 juvenile disease-mutants are insensitive to AF-6 effects. AF-6 is present in Lewy bodies and its soluble levels are strikingly decreased in the caudate/putamen and substantia nigra of sporadic PD patients, suggesting that decreased AF-6 levels may contribute to the accumulation of dysfunctional mitochondria in the disease. The identification of AF-6 as a positive modulator of parkin translocation to the mitochondria sheds light on the mechanisms involved in PD and underscores AF-6 as a novel target for future therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Haskin
- Department of Pharmacology, The Rappaport Faculty of Medicine and Research Institute, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Bat-Galim, Haifa, Israel
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Abstract
Mitochondria are primarily responsible for providing the contracting cardiac myocyte with a continuous supply of ATP. However, mitochondria can rapidly change into death-promoting organelles. In response to changes in the intracellular environment, mitochondria become producers of excessive reactive oxygen species and release prodeath proteins, resulting in disrupted ATP synthesis and activation of cell death pathways. Interestingly, cells have developed a defense mechanism against aberrant mitochondria that can cause harm to the cell. This mechanism involves selective sequestration and subsequent degradation of the dysfunctional mitochondrion before it causes activation of cell death. Induction of mitochondrial autophagy, or mitophagy, results in selective clearance of damaged mitochondria in cells. In response to stress such as ischemia/reperfusion, prosurvival and prodeath pathways are concomitantly activated in cardiac myocytes. Thus, there is a delicate balance between life and death in the myocytes during stress, and the final outcome depends on the complex cross-talk between these pathways. Mitophagy functions as an early cardioprotective response, favoring adaptation to stress by removing damaged mitochondria. In contrast, increased oxidative stress and apoptotic proteases can inactivate mitophagy, allowing for the execution of cell death. Herein, we discuss the importance of mitochondria and mitophagy in cardiovascular health and disease and provide a review of our current understanding of how these processes are regulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dieter A Kubli
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
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Sul JW, Park MY, Shin J, Kim YR, Yoo SE, Kong YY, Kwon KS, Lee YH, Kim E. Accumulation of the parkin substrate, FAF1, plays a key role in the dopaminergic neurodegeneration. Hum Mol Genet 2013; 22:1558-73. [PMID: 23307929 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddt006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
This study reports the physical and functional interplay between Fas-associated factor 1 (FAF1), a death-promoting protein, and parkin, a key susceptibility protein for Parkinson's disease (PD). We found that parkin acts as an E3 ubiquitin ligase to ubiquitinate FAF1 both in vitro and at cellular level, identifying FAF1 as a direct substrate of parkin. The loss of parkin function due to PD-linked mutations was found to disrupt the ubiquitination and degradation of FAF1, resulting in elevated FAF1 expression in SH-SY5Y cells. Moreover, FAF1-mediated cell death was abolished by wild-type parkin, but not by PD-linked parkin mutants, implying that parkin antagonizes the death potential of FAF1. This led us to investigate whether FAF1 participates in the pathogenesis of PD. To address this, we used a gene trap mutagenesis approach to generate mutant mice with diminished levels of FAF1 (Faf1(gt/gt)). Using the 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-treated mouse model of PD, we found that FAF1 accumulated in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc) of MPTP-treated PD mice, and that MPTP-induced dopaminergic cell loss in the SNc was significantly attenuated in Faf1(gt/gt) mice versus Faf1(+/+) mice. MPTP-induced reduction of locomotor activity was also lessened in Faf1(gt/gt) mice versus Faf1(+/+) mice. Furthermore, we found that FAF1 deficiency blocked PD-linked biochemical events, including caspase activation, ROS generation, JNK activation and cell death. Taken together, these results suggest a new role for FAF1: that of a positive modulator for PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jee-Won Sul
- College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, School of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, South Korea
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Walden H, Martinez-Torres RJ. Regulation of Parkin E3 ubiquitin ligase activity. Cell Mol Life Sci 2012; 69:3053-67. [PMID: 22527713 PMCID: PMC11115052 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-012-0978-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2012] [Revised: 03/20/2012] [Accepted: 03/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Parkin is an E3 ubiquitin ligase mutated in autosomal recessive juvenile Parkinson's disease. In addition, it is a putative tumour suppressor, and has roles outside its enzymatic activity. It is critical for mitochondrial clearance through mitophagy, and is an essential protein in most eukaryotes. As such, it is a tightly controlled protein, regulated through an array of external interactions with multiple proteins, posttranslational modifications including phosphorylation and S-nitrosylation, and self-regulation through internal associations. In this review, we highlight some of the recent studies into Parkin regulation and discuss future challenges for gaining a full molecular understanding of the regulation of Parkin E3 ligase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen Walden
- Protein Structure and Function Laboratory, London Research Institute of Cancer Research UK, Lincoln's Inn Fields Laboratories, London, UK.
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