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Davis SN, Grindel SH, Viola JM, Liu GY, Liu J, Qian G, Porter CM, Hughes AJ. Nephron progenitors rhythmically alternate between renewal and differentiation phases that synchronize with kidney branching morphogenesis. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2023.11.21.568157. [PMID: 38045273 PMCID: PMC10690271 DOI: 10.1101/2023.11.21.568157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
The mammalian kidney achieves massive parallelization of function by exponentially duplicating nephron-forming niches during development. Each niche caps a tip of the ureteric bud epithelium (the future urinary collecting duct tree) as it undergoes branching morphogenesis, while nephron progenitors within niches balance self-renewal and differentiation to early nephron cells. Nephron formation rate approximately matches branching rate over a large fraction of mouse gestation, yet the nature of this apparent pace-maker is unknown. Here we correlate spatial transcriptomics data with branching 'life-cycle' to discover rhythmically alternating signatures of nephron progenitor differentiation and renewal across Wnt, Hippo-Yap, retinoic acid (RA), and other pathways. We then find in human stem-cell derived nephron progenitor organoids that Wnt/β-catenin-induced differentiation is converted to a renewal signal when it temporally overlaps with YAP activation. Similar experiments using RA activation indicate a role in setting nephron progenitor exit from the naive state, the spatial extent of differentiation, and nephron segment bias. Together the data suggest that nephron progenitor interpretation of consistent Wnt/β-catenin differentiation signaling in the niche may be modified by rhythmic activity in ancillary pathways to set the pace of nephron formation. This would synchronize nephron formation with ureteric bud branching, which creates new sites for nephron condensation. Our data bring temporal resolution to the renewal vs. differentiation balance in the nephrogenic niche and inform new strategies to achieve self-sustaining nephron formation in synthetic human kidney tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachin N Davis
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, 19104, PA, USA
- Bioengineering Graduate Group, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, 19104, PA, USA
| | - Samuel H Grindel
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, 19104, PA, USA
- Bioengineering Graduate Group, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, 19104, PA, USA
| | - John M Viola
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, 19104, PA, USA
- Bioengineering Graduate Group, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, 19104, PA, USA
| | - Grace Y Liu
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, 19104, PA, USA
- Bioengineering Graduate Group, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, 19104, PA, USA
| | - Jiageng Liu
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, 19104, PA, USA
- Bioengineering Graduate Group, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, 19104, PA, USA
| | - Grace Qian
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, 19104, PA, USA
- Bioengineering Graduate Group, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, 19104, PA, USA
| | - Catherine M Porter
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, 19104, PA, USA
- Bioengineering Graduate Group, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, 19104, PA, USA
| | - Alex J Hughes
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, 19104, PA, USA
- Bioengineering Graduate Group, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, 19104, PA, USA
- Cell and Molecular Biology Graduate Group, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, 19104, PA, USA
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, 19104, PA, USA
- Center for Soft and Living Matter, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, 19104, PA, USA
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, 19104, PA, USA
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2
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Albertelli M, Petolicchio C, Brasili S, Pogna A, Boschetti M, Luciano G, Campana D, Gay S, Veresani A, Ferone D, Vera L. Impact of Vitamin D Deficiency on Tumor Aggressiveness in Neuroendocrine Neoplasms. Nutrients 2023; 15:3771. [PMID: 37686803 PMCID: PMC10490039 DOI: 10.3390/nu15173771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: The role of vitamin D (25(OH)D) in the pathogenesis and outcome of several conditions, including autoimmune diseases, diabetes and cancers is largely described in the literature. The aims of this study were to evaluate the prevalence of 25(OH)D deficit in a cohort of patients with neuroendocrine neoplasms (NENs) in comparison to a matched healthy control group and to analyze the possible role of 25(OH)D as a prognostic factor for NENs in terms of biological aggressiveness, tumor progression and survival. Methods: From 2009 to 2023, 172 patients with NENs (99 females; median age, 63 years) were included in the study. Serum 25(OH)D levels were defined as deficient if ≤20 ng/mL. The possible associations between 25(OH)D levels and disease grading, staging, ki67%, overall survival (OS), and progression-free survival (PFS) were considered. Results: NEN patients had significantly lower 25(OH)D levels compared to controls (p < 0.001) regardless of the primary origin. Patients with 25(OH)D < 20 ng/mL had a significantly higher ki67 index (p = 0.02) compared to the ones with 25(OH)D levels above 20 ng/mL. Patients with disease progression were found to have a significantly lower 25(OH)D at baseline (p = 0.02), whereas PFS and OS were not significantly influenced by 25(OH)D. Conclusions: Vitamin D deficiency is highly prevalent among NENs and is associated with higher ki67 and disease progression. Our study highlights the importance of monitoring 25(OH)D levels in patients with NENs, as its deficiency appeared to be linked to the worst biological tumor aggressiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Albertelli
- Endocrinology Unit, Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties (DiMI), University of Genova, 16132 Genoa, Italy; (M.A.); (C.P.); (S.B.); (M.B.); (A.V.)
- Endocrinology Unit, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, 16132 Genova, Italy; (S.G.); (L.V.)
| | - Cristian Petolicchio
- Endocrinology Unit, Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties (DiMI), University of Genova, 16132 Genoa, Italy; (M.A.); (C.P.); (S.B.); (M.B.); (A.V.)
| | - Sara Brasili
- Endocrinology Unit, Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties (DiMI), University of Genova, 16132 Genoa, Italy; (M.A.); (C.P.); (S.B.); (M.B.); (A.V.)
| | - Andrea Pogna
- Endocrinology Unit, Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties (DiMI), University of Genova, 16132 Genoa, Italy; (M.A.); (C.P.); (S.B.); (M.B.); (A.V.)
| | - Mara Boschetti
- Endocrinology Unit, Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties (DiMI), University of Genova, 16132 Genoa, Italy; (M.A.); (C.P.); (S.B.); (M.B.); (A.V.)
- Endocrinology Unit, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, 16132 Genova, Italy; (S.G.); (L.V.)
| | - Giorgio Luciano
- CNR SCITEC “Giulio Natta” Scitec Istituto per Studio delle Science e Tecnologie Chimiche, 16149 Genova, Italy;
| | - Davide Campana
- Bologna ENETS Center of Excellence, S. Orsola-Malpighi University Hospital, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy;
| | - Stefano Gay
- Endocrinology Unit, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, 16132 Genova, Italy; (S.G.); (L.V.)
| | - Alessandro Veresani
- Endocrinology Unit, Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties (DiMI), University of Genova, 16132 Genoa, Italy; (M.A.); (C.P.); (S.B.); (M.B.); (A.V.)
| | - Diego Ferone
- Endocrinology Unit, Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties (DiMI), University of Genova, 16132 Genoa, Italy; (M.A.); (C.P.); (S.B.); (M.B.); (A.V.)
- Endocrinology Unit, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, 16132 Genova, Italy; (S.G.); (L.V.)
| | - Lara Vera
- Endocrinology Unit, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, 16132 Genova, Italy; (S.G.); (L.V.)
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3
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Manfreda L, Rampazzo E, Persano L. Wnt Signaling in Brain Tumors: A Challenging Therapeutic Target. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:biology12050729. [PMID: 37237541 DOI: 10.3390/biology12050729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The involvement of Wnt signaling in normal tissue homeostasis and disease has been widely demonstrated over the last 20 years. In particular, dysregulation of Wnt pathway components has been suggested as a relevant hallmark of several neoplastic malignancies, playing a role in cancer onset, progression, and response to treatments. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on the instructions provided by Wnt signaling during organogenesis and, particularly, brain development. Moreover, we recapitulate the most relevant mechanisms through which aberrant Wnt pathway activation may impact on brain tumorigenesis and brain tumor aggressiveness, with a particular focus on the mutual interdependency existing between Wnt signaling components and the brain tumor microenvironment. Finally, the latest anti-cancer therapeutic approaches employing the specific targeting of Wnt signaling are extensively reviewed and discussed. In conclusion, here we provide evidence that Wnt signaling, due to its pleiotropic involvement in several brain tumor features, may represent a relevant target in this context, although additional efforts will be needed to: (i) demonstrate the real clinical impact of Wnt inhibition in these tumors; (ii) overcome some still unsolved concerns about the potential systemic effects of such approaches; (iii) achieve efficient brain penetration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Manfreda
- Department of Women and Children's Health, University of Padova, Via Giustininani, 3, 35128 Padova, Italy
- Pediatric Research Institute, Corso Stati Uniti, 4, 35127 Padova, Italy
| | - Elena Rampazzo
- Department of Women and Children's Health, University of Padova, Via Giustininani, 3, 35128 Padova, Italy
- Pediatric Research Institute, Corso Stati Uniti, 4, 35127 Padova, Italy
| | - Luca Persano
- Department of Women and Children's Health, University of Padova, Via Giustininani, 3, 35128 Padova, Italy
- Pediatric Research Institute, Corso Stati Uniti, 4, 35127 Padova, Italy
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4
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Bikle DD. Role of vitamin D and calcium signaling in epidermal wound healing. J Endocrinol Invest 2023; 46:205-212. [PMID: 35963983 PMCID: PMC9859773 DOI: 10.1007/s40618-022-01893-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE This review will discuss the role of vitamin D and calcium signaling in the epidermal wound response with particular focus on the stem cells of the epidermis and hair follicle that contribute to the wounding response. METHODS Selected publications relevant to the mechanisms of wound healing in general and the roles of calcium and vitamin D in wound healing in particular were reviewed. RESULTS Following wounding the stem cells of the hair follicle and interfollicular epidermis are activated to proliferate and migrate to the wound where they take on an epidermal fate to re-epithelialize the wound and regenerate the epidermis. The vitamin D and calcium sensing receptors (VDR and CaSR, respectively) are expressed in the stem cells of the hair follicle and epidermis where they play a critical role in enabling the stem cells to respond to wounding. Deletion of Vdr and/or Casr from these cells delays wound healing. The VDR is regulated by co-regulators such as the Med 1 complex and other transcription factors such as Ctnnb (beta-catenin) and p63. The formation of the Cdh1/Ctnn (E-cadherin/catenin) complex jointly stimulated by vitamin D and calcium plays a critical role in the activation, migration, and re-epithelialization processes. CONCLUSION Vitamin D and calcium signaling are critical for the ability of epidermal and hair follicle stem cells to respond to wounding. Vitamin D deficiency with the accompanying decrease in calcium signaling can result in delayed and/or chronic wounds, a major cause of morbidity, loss of productivity, and medical expense.
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Affiliation(s)
- D D Bikle
- Department of Medicine and Dermatology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco VA Medical Center, San Francisco, USA.
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5
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Palanca A, Ampudia-Blasco FJ, Real JT. The Controversial Role of Vitamin D in Thyroid Cancer Prevention. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14132593. [PMID: 35807774 PMCID: PMC9268358 DOI: 10.3390/nu14132593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Revised: 06/19/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Thyroid cancer is the most common endocrine malignancy and exhibits rising incidence. Annual incidence varies by sex, age, and geographical location. It has been reported that impairment of vitamin D signalling promotes thyroid cancer progression. Recent studies have shown that vitamin D, a fat-soluble vitamin that acts as both a nutrient and a hormone, may have utility in the prevention of autoimmune thyroid-related diseases. However, the precise role of vitamin D in the pathobiology of thyroid cancer is controversial. Previous studies have suggested that elevated serum vitamin D levels have a protective role in thyroid cancer. However, there is also evidence demonstrating no inverse relationship between vitamin D levels and the occurrence of thyroid cancer. Furthermore, recent data provide evidence that circulating vitamin D concentration is inversely correlated with disease aggressiveness and poor prognosis, while evidence of an association with tumour initiation remains weak. Nevertheless, a variety of data support an anti-tumorigenic role of vitamin D and its potential utility as a secondary chemopreventive agent. In this review, we highlighted recent findings regarding the association of vitamin D status with the risk of thyroid cancer, prognosis, potential mechanisms, and possible utility as a chemopreventive agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Palanca
- Endocrinology and Nutrition Department, Valencia University Clinic Hospital, 46010 Valencia, Spain;
- INCLIVA Biomedical Research Institute, 46010 Valencia, Spain
- CIBERDEM, CIBER Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Diseases, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: (A.P.); (F.J.A.-B.); Tel.: +34-96-197-35-00 (A.P. & F.J.A.-B.)
| | - Francisco Javier Ampudia-Blasco
- Endocrinology and Nutrition Department, Valencia University Clinic Hospital, 46010 Valencia, Spain;
- INCLIVA Biomedical Research Institute, 46010 Valencia, Spain
- CIBERDEM, CIBER Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Diseases, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Department of Medicine, Medicine Faculty, University of Valencia (UV), 46010 Valencia, Spain
- Correspondence: (A.P.); (F.J.A.-B.); Tel.: +34-96-197-35-00 (A.P. & F.J.A.-B.)
| | - José T. Real
- Endocrinology and Nutrition Department, Valencia University Clinic Hospital, 46010 Valencia, Spain;
- INCLIVA Biomedical Research Institute, 46010 Valencia, Spain
- CIBERDEM, CIBER Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Diseases, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Department of Medicine, Medicine Faculty, University of Valencia (UV), 46010 Valencia, Spain
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Ebrahimi N, Kharazmi K, Ghanaatian M, Miraghel SA, Amiri Y, Seyedebrahimi SS, Mobarak H, Yazdani E, Parkhideh S, Hamblin MR, Aref AR. Role of the Wnt and GTPase pathways in breast cancer tumorigenesis and treatment. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2022; 67:11-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2022.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2022] [Revised: 04/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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7
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Bikle DD. Ligand-Independent Actions of the Vitamin D Receptor: More Questions Than Answers. JBMR Plus 2021; 5:e10578. [PMID: 34950833 PMCID: PMC8674770 DOI: 10.1002/jbm4.10578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Our predominant understanding of the actions of vitamin D involve binding of its ligand, 1,25(OH)D, to the vitamin D receptor (VDR), which for its genomic actions binds to discrete regions of its target genes called vitamin D response elements. However, chromatin immunoprecipitation‐sequencing (ChIP‐seq) studies have observed that the VDR can bind to many sites in the genome without its ligand. The number of such sites and how much they coincide with sites that also bind the liganded VDR vary from cell to cell, with the keratinocyte from the skin having the greatest overlap and the intestinal epithelial cell having the least. What is the purpose of the unliganded VDR? In this review, I will focus on two clear examples in which the unliganded VDR plays a role. The best example is that of hair follicle cycling. Hair follicle cycling does not need 1,25(OH)2D, and Vdr lacking the ability to bind 1,25(OH)2D can restore hair follicle cycling in mice otherwise lacking Vdr. This is not true for other functions of VDR such as intestinal calcium transport. Tumor formation in the skin after UVB radiation or the application of chemical carcinogens also appears to be at least partially independent of 1,25(OH)2D in that Vdr null mice develop such tumors after these challenges, but mice lacking Cyp27b1, the enzyme producing 1,25(OH)2D, do not. Examples in other tissues emerge when studies comparing Vdr null and Cyp27b1 null mice are compared, demonstrating a more severe phenotype with respect to bone mineral homeostasis in the Cyp27b1 null mouse, suggesting a repressor function for VDR. This review will examine potential mechanisms for these ligand‐independent actions of VDR, but as the title indicates, there are more questions than answers with respect to this role of VDR. © 2021 The Author. JBMR Plus published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel D Bikle
- Departments of Medicine and Dermatology University of California San Francisco, San Francisco VA Health Center San Francisco CA USA
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8
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Lai KKY, Kahn M. Pharmacologically Targeting the WNT/β-Catenin Signaling Cascade: Avoiding the Sword of Damocles. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2021; 269:383-422. [PMID: 34463849 DOI: 10.1007/164_2021_523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
WNT/β-catenin signaling plays fundamental roles in numerous developmental processes and in adult tissue homeostasis and repair after injury, by controlling cellular self-renewal, activation, division, differentiation, movement, genetic stability, and apoptosis. As such, it comes as no surprise that dysregulation of WNT/β-catenin signaling is associated with various diseases, including cancer, fibrosis, neurodegeneration, etc. Although multiple agents that specifically target the WNT/β-catenin signaling pathway have been studied preclinically and a number have entered clinical trials, none has been approved by the FDA to date. In this chapter, we provide our insights as to the reason(s) it has been so difficult to safely pharmacologically target the WNT/β-catenin signaling pathway and discuss the significant efforts undertaken towards this goal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keane K Y Lai
- Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Michael Kahn
- Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, CA, USA.
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9
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Xu X, Zhang M, Xu F, Jiang S. Wnt signaling in breast cancer: biological mechanisms, challenges and opportunities. Mol Cancer 2020; 19:165. [PMID: 33234169 PMCID: PMC7686704 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-020-01276-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 240] [Impact Index Per Article: 60.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Wnt signaling is a highly conserved signaling pathway that plays a critical role in controlling embryonic and organ development, as well as cancer progression. Genome-wide sequencing and gene expression profile analyses have demonstrated that Wnt signaling is involved mainly in the processes of breast cancer proliferation and metastasis. The most recent studies have indicated that Wnt signaling is also crucial in breast cancer immune microenvironment regulation, stemness maintenance, therapeutic resistance, phenotype shaping, etc. Wnt/β-Catenin, Wnt-planar cell polarity (PCP), and Wnt-Ca2+ signaling are three well-established Wnt signaling pathways that share overlapping components and play different roles in breast cancer progression. In this review, we summarize the main findings concerning the relationship between Wnt signaling and breast cancer and provide an overview of existing mechanisms, challenges, and potential opportunities for advancing the therapy and diagnosis of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiufang Xu
- School of Medical Imaging, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, 310053 Zhejiang China
| | - Miaofeng Zhang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310009 Zhejiang China
| | - Faying Xu
- School of Medical Imaging, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, 310053 Zhejiang China
| | - Shaojie Jiang
- School of Medical Imaging, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, 310053 Zhejiang China
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10
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Fundamental insights into the interaction between telomerase/TERT and intracellular signaling pathways. Biochimie 2020; 181:12-24. [PMID: 33232793 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2020.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Revised: 11/07/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Telomerase activity is critical for cancer cells to provide unrestricted proliferation and cellular immortality through maintaining telomeres. Telomerase enzymatic activity is regulatable at the level of DNA, mRNA, post translational modifications, cellular transport and enzyme assembly. More recent studies confirm the interaction of the telomerase with various intracellular signaling pathways including PI3K/AKT/mTOR, NF-κB and Wnt/β-catenin which mainly participating in inflammation, epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) and tumor cell invasion and metastasis. Furthermore, hTERT protein has been detected in non-nuclear sites such as the mitochondria and cytoplasm in cells. Mitochondrial TERT indicates various non-telomere-related functions such as decreasing reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, boosting the respiration rate, protecting mtDNA by direct binding, interacting with mitochondrial tRNAs and increasing mitochondrial membrane potential which can lead to higher chemoresistance rate in cancer cells during therapies. Understanding the molecular mechanisms of the TERT function and depended interactions in tumor cells can suggest novel therapeutic approaches. Hence, in this review we will explain the telomerase activity regulation in translational and post translational levels besides the established correlations with various cell signaling pathways with possible pathways for therapeutic targeting.
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11
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Bikle DD. The Vitamin D Receptor as Tumor Suppressor in Skin. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1268:285-306. [PMID: 32918224 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-46227-7_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cutaneous malignancies including melanomas and keratinocyte carcinomas (KC) are the most common types of cancer, occurring at a rate of over one million per year in the United States. KC, which include both basal cell carcinomas and squamous cell carcinomas, are substantially more common than melanomas and form the subject of this chapter. Ultraviolet radiation (UVR), both UVB and UVA, as occurs with sunlight exposure is generally regarded as causal for these malignancies, but UVB is also required for vitamin D synthesis in the skin. Keratinocytes are the major cell in the epidermis. These cells not only produce vitamin D but contain the enzymatic machinery to metabolize vitamin D to its active metabolite, 1,25(OH)2D, and express the receptor for this metabolite, the vitamin D receptor (VDR). This allows the cell to respond to the 1,25(OH)2D that it produces. Based on our own data and that reported in the literature, we conclude that vitamin D signaling in the skin suppresses UVR-induced epidermal tumor formation. In this chapter we focus on four mechanisms by which vitamin D signaling suppresses tumor formation. They are inhibition of proliferation/stimulation of differentiation with discussion of the roles of hedgehog, Wnt/β-catenin, and hyaluronan/CD44 pathways in mediating vitamin D regulation of proliferation/differentiation, regulation of the balance between oncogenic and tumor suppressor long noncoding RNAs, immune regulation, and promotion of DNA damage repair (DDR).
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel D Bikle
- Medicine and Dermatology, VA Medical Center and University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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12
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Colditz J, Thiele S, Baschant U, Niehrs C, Bonewald LF, Hofbauer LC, Rauner M. Postnatal Skeletal Deletion of Dickkopf-1 Increases Bone Formation and Bone Volume in Male and Female Mice, Despite Increased Sclerostin Expression. J Bone Miner Res 2018; 33:1698-1707. [PMID: 29734465 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.3463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Revised: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 04/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The Wnt antagonist Dickkopf-1 (Dkk1) is a negative regulator of osteoblast function and bone mass. However, because of the lack of appropriate models, many aspects of its role in the regulation of postnatal bone turnover and its cellular source have remained unknown. In this study, we deleted Dkk1 postnatally and in different cell types using various Cre-drivers (Rosa26-ERT2-Cre, Osx-cre, Dmp1-Cre) and assessed to which extent cells of the osteoblastic lineage contribute to the effects of Dkk1 on bone turnover and homeostasis. Female and male mice were examined at 12 weeks of age. Mice with a global or cell type-specific deletion of Dkk1 showed a two- to threefold higher bone volume compared with their Cre-negative littermates. The mineral apposition rate and the bone formation rate were increased two- to fourfold in all three mouse lines, despite a significant increase in systemic and skeletal levels of sclerostin. Dkk1 deletion further reduced the number of osteoclasts about twofold, which was accompanied by a strong decrease in the receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand/osteoprotegerin mRNA ratio in femoral bone. Despite similar increases in bone mass, the deletion of Dkk1 in osterix-expressing cells reduced circulating Dkk1 significantly (males, -79%; females, -77%), whereas they were not changed in Dkk1fl/fl ;Dmp1-Cre mice. However, both lines showed significantly reduced Dkk1 mRNA levels in bone. In summary, we show that lack of Dkk1 in cells of the osteoblastic lineage leads to high bone mass with increased bone formation, despite increased levels of sclerostin. Moreover, the majority of systemic Dkk1 appears to originate from osteoprogenitors but not from mature osteoblasts or osteocytes. Nevertheless, the amount of Dkk1 produced locally by more mature osteogenic cells is sufficient to modulate bone mass. Thus, this study highlights the importance of local Wnt signaling on postnatal bone homeostasis. © 2018 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliane Colditz
- Department of Medicine III, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.,Center for Healthy Aging, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Sylvia Thiele
- Department of Medicine III, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.,Center for Healthy Aging, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Ulrike Baschant
- Department of Medicine III, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.,Center for Healthy Aging, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Christof Niehrs
- Division of Molecular Embryology, DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, Heidelberg, Germany.,Institute of Molecular Biology, Mainz, Germany
| | - Lynda F Bonewald
- Indiana Center for Musculoskeletal Health, Departments of Anatomy and Cell Biology and Orthopaedic Surgery, School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Lorenz C Hofbauer
- Department of Medicine III, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.,Center for Healthy Aging, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.,Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Martina Rauner
- Department of Medicine III, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.,Center for Healthy Aging, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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Yang W, Wang Y, Wang W, Chen Z, Bai G. Expression of Aldehyde Dehydrogenase 1A1 (ALDH1A1) as a Prognostic Biomarker in Colorectal Cancer Using Immunohistochemistry. Med Sci Monit 2018; 24:2864-2872. [PMID: 29748529 PMCID: PMC5961416 DOI: 10.12659/msm.910109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The expression of aldehyde dehydrogenase 1A1 (ALDH1A1) is increased in several human tumors, including colorectal carcinoma (CRC). The aim of this study was to compare the expression ALDH1A1 in CRC tumor tissue compared with non-tumor adjacent tissue (NAT), using immunohistochemistry (IHC), and to determine whether the expression of the ALDH1A1 protein was associated with prognostic factors in CRC. Material/Methods Formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissue from 424 patients diagnosed with CRC, and 196 matched NATs were used to prepare tissue microarrays (TMAs). IHC was performed using an immunoperoxidase method with a primary polyclonal rabbit anti-ALDH1A1 antibody. The IHC scores by light microscopy were the staining intensity (scored from 0–3) multiplied by the percentage area of positive immunostaining within the visual field (scored from 0–4). Associations between tumor expression levels of ALDH1A1 and patient clinicopathological characteristics, including tumor grade, size, and TNM stage at surgery were analyzed. Results ALDH1A1 protein expression was significantly increased in CRC tissues compared with matched NATs. In patients with CRC, increased expression of the ALDH1A1 protein was significantly associated with the presence of lymph node metastasis: 64.28% in N0 cases; 75.49% in N1 cases; and 82.14% in N2 cases, (P=0.002). Univariate and multivariate analysis showed that ALDH1A1 expression was an independent prognostic marker for CRC (P<0.001). Conclusions Using IHC, the expression of the ALDH1A1 protein in CRC tissues was significantly associated with the presence of lymph node metastases and might be a potential prognostic marker in patients with CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wangshuo Yang
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, Liaoning, China (mainland)
| | - Yang Wang
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, Liaoning, China (mainland)
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, Liaoning, China (mainland)
| | - Zhuming Chen
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, Liaoning, China (mainland)
| | - Guang Bai
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, Liaoning, China (mainland)
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Bong YS, Assefnia S, Tuohy T, Neklason DW, Burt RW, Ahn J, Bueno De Mesquita PJ, Byers SW. A role for the vitamin D pathway in non-intestinal lesions in genetic and carcinogen models of colorectal cancer and in familial adenomatous polyposis. Oncotarget 2018; 7:80508-80520. [PMID: 27768599 PMCID: PMC5348337 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.12768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2016] [Accepted: 10/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Vitamin D is implicated in the etiology of cancers of the gastrointestinal tract, usually characterized by alteration in the APC/β-catenin/TCF tumor suppressor pathway. The vitamin D receptor (VDR) is also implicated in cardiovascular and skin diseases as well as in immunity. Activated VDR can indirectly alter β-catenin nuclear localization and directly suppress β-catenin/TCF mediated transcriptional activity. We treated VDR null mice with the carcinogen azoxymethane (AOM) and generated mice bearing a mutated APC (hypomorph) on a VDR null background (Apc1638N/+Vdr−/−). VDR null mice do not develop GI or extra-colonic tumors but loss of VDR decreased intestinal tumor latency and increased progression to adenocarcinoma in both models. AOM treatment of VDR null mice also caused squamous cell carcinoma of the anus. Although levels and distribution of total or activated β-catenin in the epithelial component of tumors were unaffected by loss of VDR, β-catenin dependent cyclin D1 expression was affected suggesting a direct VDR effect on β-catenin co-activator activity. Extra-colonic mucosa manifestations in Apc1638N/+Vdr−/− animals included increased nuclear β-catenin in submucosal stromal cells, spleno- and cardiomegaly and large epidermoid cysts characteristic of the FAP variant, Gardner's syndrome. Consistent with this, SNPs in the VDR, vitamin D binding protein and CYP24 as well as mutations in APC distal to codon 850 were strongly associated with Gardners syndrome in a cohort of 457 FAP patients, This work suggests that alterations in the vitamin D/VDR axis are important in Gardner's syndrome, as well as in the etiology of anal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Sik Bong
- Georgetown-Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Oncology, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - Shahin Assefnia
- Georgetown-Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Oncology, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - Therese Tuohy
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States of America
| | - Deborah W Neklason
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States of America
| | - Randall W Burt
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States of America
| | - Jaeil Ahn
- Department of Biostatistics, Bioinformatics and Biomathematics, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - Paul J Bueno De Mesquita
- Georgetown-Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Oncology, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - Stephen W Byers
- Georgetown-Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Oncology, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, DC, United States of America
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15
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Amini-Nik S, Yousuf Y, Jeschke MG. Scar management in burn injuries using drug delivery and molecular signaling: Current treatments and future directions. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2018; 123:135-154. [PMID: 28757325 PMCID: PMC5742037 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2017.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2017] [Revised: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In recent decades, there have been tremendous improvements in burn care that have allowed patients to survive severe burn injuries that were once fatal. However, a major limitation of burn care currently is the development of hypertrophic scars in approximately 70% of patients. This significantly decreases the quality of life for patients due to the physical and psychosocial symptoms associated with scarring. Current approaches to manage scarring include surgical techniques and non-surgical methods such as laser therapy, steroid injections, and compression therapy. These treatments are limited in their effectiveness and regularly fail to manage symptoms. As a result, the development of novel treatments that aim to improve outcomes and quality of life is imperative. Drug delivery that targets the molecular cascades of wound healing to attenuate or prevent hypertrophic scarring is a promising approach that has therapeutic potential. In this review, we discuss current treatments for scar management after burn injury, and how drug delivery targeting molecular signaling can lead to new therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeid Amini-Nik
- Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Canada; Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada; Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.
| | - Yusef Yousuf
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada; Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Canada
| | - Marc G Jeschke
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada; Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Canada; Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada; Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada; Ross-Tilley Burn Centre, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Canada.
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16
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Gao S, Gao Y, He HH, Han D, Han W, Avery A, Macoska JA, Liu X, Chen S, Ma F, Chen S, Balk SP, Cai C. Androgen Receptor Tumor Suppressor Function Is Mediated by Recruitment of Retinoblastoma Protein. Cell Rep 2017; 17:966-976. [PMID: 27760327 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2016.09.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2016] [Revised: 08/17/2016] [Accepted: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Although well characterized as a transcriptional activator that drives prostate cancer (PCa) growth, androgen receptor (AR) can function as a transcriptional repressor, and high-level androgens can suppress PCa proliferation. The molecular basis for this repression activity remains to be determined. Genes required for DNA replication are highly enriched among androgen-repressed genes, and AR is recruited to the majority of these genes, where it rapidly represses their transcription. This activity is enhanced in PCa cells expressing high AR levels and is mediated by recruitment of hypophosphorylated retinoblastoma protein (Rb). Significantly, AR also indirectly increases the expression of DNA replication genes through stimulatory effects on other metabolic genes with subsequent CDK activation and Rb hyperphosphorylation. In castration-resistant PCa cells, which are dependent on high-level AR expression, this anti-proliferative repression function might be exploited through treatment with androgen in combination with agents that suppress AR-driven metabolic functions or cell cycle progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Gao
- Center for Personalized Cancer Therapy, University of Massachusetts, Boston, Boston, MA 02125, USA; Hematology-Oncology Division and Cancer Center, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Yanfei Gao
- Hematology-Oncology Division and Cancer Center, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400010, China
| | - Housheng Hansen He
- Ontario Cancer Institute, Princess Margaret Cancer Center/University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G1L7, Canada
| | - Dong Han
- Center for Personalized Cancer Therapy, University of Massachusetts, Boston, Boston, MA 02125, USA
| | - Wanting Han
- Center for Personalized Cancer Therapy, University of Massachusetts, Boston, Boston, MA 02125, USA
| | - Amy Avery
- Center for Personalized Cancer Therapy, University of Massachusetts, Boston, Boston, MA 02125, USA
| | - Jill A Macoska
- Center for Personalized Cancer Therapy, University of Massachusetts, Boston, Boston, MA 02125, USA
| | - Xiaming Liu
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
| | - Sen Chen
- Hematology-Oncology Division and Cancer Center, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Fen Ma
- Hematology-Oncology Division and Cancer Center, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Shaoyong Chen
- Hematology-Oncology Division and Cancer Center, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
| | - Steven P Balk
- Hematology-Oncology Division and Cancer Center, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
| | - Changmeng Cai
- Center for Personalized Cancer Therapy, University of Massachusetts, Boston, Boston, MA 02125, USA; Hematology-Oncology Division and Cancer Center, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
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Abstract
Dramatic advances have been made in the understanding of cancer over the past decade. Prime among those are better appreciation of the biology of cancer and the development of targeted therapies. Despite these improvements, however, most tumors remain refractory to anti-cancer medications and frequently recur. Cancer Stem Cells (CSCs), which in some cases express markers of pluripotency (e.g., Oct-4), share many of the molecular features of normal stem cells. These cells have been hypothesised to play a role in tumor resistance and relapse. They exhibit dependence on many primitive regulatory pathways and may be best viewed in the context of embryonic signaling pathways. In this article, we review important embryonic signaling cascades and their differential expression in CSCs. We also discuss these pathways as actionable targets for novel therapies in hopes that eliminating cancer stem cells will lead to an improvement in overall survival for patients.
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Diverse Functions of Retinoic Acid in Brain Vascular Development. J Neurosci 2017; 36:7786-801. [PMID: 27445154 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3952-15.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2015] [Accepted: 06/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED As neural structures grow in size and increase metabolic demand, the CNS vasculature undergoes extensive growth, remodeling, and maturation. Signals from neural tissue act on endothelial cells to stimulate blood vessel ingression, vessel patterning, and acquisition of mature brain vascular traits, most notably the blood-brain barrier. Using mouse genetic and in vitro approaches, we identified retinoic acid (RA) as an important regulator of brain vascular development via non-cell-autonomous and cell-autonomous regulation of endothelial WNT signaling. Our analysis of globally RA-deficient embryos (Rdh10 mutants) points to an important, non-cell-autonomous function for RA in the development of the vasculature in the neocortex. We demonstrate that Rdh10 mutants have severe defects in cerebrovascular development and that this phenotype correlates with near absence of endothelial WNT signaling, specifically in the cerebrovasculature, and substantially elevated expression of WNT inhibitors in the neocortex. We show that RA can suppress the expression of WNT inhibitors in neocortical progenitors. Analysis of vasculature in non-neocortical brain regions suggested that RA may have a separate, cell-autonomous function in brain endothelial cells to inhibit WNT signaling. Using both gain and loss of RA signaling approaches, we show that RA signaling in brain endothelial cells can inhibit WNT-β-catenin transcriptional activity and that this is required to moderate the expression of WNT target Sox17. From this, a model emerges in which RA acts upstream of the WNT pathway via non-cell-autonomous and cell-autonomous mechanisms to ensure the formation of an adequate and stable brain vascular plexus. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Work presented here provides novel insight into important yet little understood aspects of brain vascular development, implicating for the first time a factor upstream of endothelial WNT signaling. We show that RA is permissive for cerebrovascular growth via suppression of WNT inhibitor expression in the neocortex. RA also functions cell-autonomously in brain endothelial cells to modulate WNT signaling and its downstream target, Sox17. The significance of this is although endothelial WNT signaling is required for neurovascular development, too much endothelial WNT signaling, as well as overexpression of its target Sox17, are detrimental. Therefore, RA may act as a "brake" on endothelial WNT signaling and Sox17 to ensure normal brain vascular development.
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19
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Diencephalic Size Is Restricted by a Novel Interplay Between GCN5 Acetyltransferase Activity and Retinoic Acid Signaling. J Neurosci 2017; 37:2565-2579. [PMID: 28154153 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2121-16.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2016] [Revised: 01/24/2017] [Accepted: 01/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Diencephalic defects underlie an array of neurological diseases. Previous studies have suggested that retinoic acid (RA) signaling is involved in diencephalic development at late stages of embryonic development, but its roles and mechanisms of action during early neural development are still unclear. Here we demonstrate that mice lacking enzymatic activity of the acetyltransferase GCN5 ((Gcn5hat/hat )), which were previously characterized with respect to their exencephalic phenotype, exhibit significant diencephalic expansion, decreased diencephalic RA signaling, and increased diencephalic WNT and SHH signaling. Using a variety of molecular biology techniques in both cultured neuroepithelial cells treated with a GCN5 inhibitor and forebrain tissue from (Gcn5hat/hat ) embryos, we demonstrate that GCN5, RARα/γ, and the poorly characterized protein TACC1 form a complex in the nucleus that binds specific retinoic acid response elements in the absence of RA. Furthermore, RA triggers GCN5-mediated acetylation of TACC1, which results in dissociation of TACC1 from retinoic acid response elements and leads to transcriptional activation of RA target genes. Intriguingly, RA signaling defects caused by in vitro inhibition of GCN5 can be rescued through RA-dependent mechanisms that require RARβ. Last, we demonstrate that the diencephalic expansion and transcriptional defects seen in (Gcn5hat/hat ) mutants can be rescued with gestational RA supplementation, supporting a direct link between GCN5, TACC1, and RA signaling in the developing diencephalon. Together, our studies identify a novel, nonhistone substrate for GCN5 whose modification regulates a previously undescribed, tissue-specific mechanism of RA signaling that is required to restrict diencephalic size during early forebrain development.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Changes in diencephalic size and shape, as well as SNPs associated with retinoic acid (RA) signaling-associated genes, have been linked to neuropsychiatric disorders. However, the mechanisms that regulate diencephalic morphogenesis and the involvement of RA signaling in this process are poorly understood. Here we demonstrate a novel role of the acetyltransferase GCN5 in a previously undescribed mechanism of RA signaling in the developing forebrain that is required to maintain the appropriate size of the diencephalon. Together, our experiments identify a novel nonhistone substrate of GCN5, highlight an essential role for both GCN5 and RA signaling in early diencephalic development, and elucidate a novel molecular regulatory mechanism for RA signaling that is specific to the developing forebrain.
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20
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Datta K, Suman S, Kumar S, Fornace AJ. Colorectal Carcinogenesis, Radiation Quality, and the Ubiquitin-Proteasome Pathway. J Cancer 2016; 7:174-83. [PMID: 26819641 PMCID: PMC4716850 DOI: 10.7150/jca.13387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Accepted: 11/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Adult colorectal epithelium undergoes continuous renewal and maintains homeostatic balance through regulated cellular proliferation, differentiation, and migration. The canonical Wnt signaling pathway involving the transcriptional co-activator β-catenin is important for colorectal development and normal epithelial maintenance, and deregulated Wnt/β-catenin signaling has been implicated in colorectal carcinogenesis. Colorectal carcinogenesis has been linked to radiation exposure, and radiation has been demonstrated to alter Wnt/β-catenin signaling, as well as the proteasomal pathway involved in the degradation of the signaling components and thus regulation of β-catenin. The current review discusses recent progresses in our understanding of colorectal carcinogenesis in relation to different types of radiation and roles that radiation quality plays in deregulating β-catenin and ubiquitin-proteasome pathway (UPP) for colorectal cancer initiation and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamal Datta
- 1. Department of Biochemistry and Molecular & Cellular Biology and Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC USA
| | - Shubhankar Suman
- 1. Department of Biochemistry and Molecular & Cellular Biology and Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC USA
| | - Santosh Kumar
- 1. Department of Biochemistry and Molecular & Cellular Biology and Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC USA
| | - Albert J Fornace
- 1. Department of Biochemistry and Molecular & Cellular Biology and Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC USA.; 2. Center of Excellence in Genomic Medicine Research (CEGMR), King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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21
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Lee MF, Hsieh NT, Huang CY, Li CI. AllTrans-Retinoic Acid Mediates MED28/HMG Box-Containing Protein 1 (HBP1)/β-Catenin Signaling in Human Colorectal Cancer Cells. J Cell Physiol 2015; 231:1796-803. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.25285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2015] [Accepted: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Fen Lee
- Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences; Chang Jung Christian University; Tainan Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Nien-Tsu Hsieh
- Department of Nutrition; China Medical University; Taichung Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Chun-Yin Huang
- Department of Nutrition; China Medical University; Taichung Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Chun-I Li
- Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences; Chang Jung Christian University; Tainan Taiwan, R.O.C
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22
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Applegate CC, Lane MA. Role of retinoids in the prevention and treatment of colorectal cancer. World J Gastrointest Oncol 2015; 7:184-203. [PMID: 26483874 PMCID: PMC4606174 DOI: 10.4251/wjgo.v7.i10.184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2015] [Revised: 07/10/2015] [Accepted: 09/16/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Vitamin A and its derivatives, retinoids, have been widely studied for their use as cancer chemotherapeutic agents. With respect to colorectal cancer (CRC), several critical mutations dysregulate pathways implicated in progression and metastasis, resulting in aberrant Wnt/β-catenin signaling, gain-of-function mutations in K-ras and phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase/Akt, cyclooxygenase-2 over-expression, reduction of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ activation, and loss of p53 function. Dysregulation leads to increased cellular proliferation and invasion and decreased cell-cell interaction and differentiation. Retinoids affect these pathways by various mechanisms, many involving retinoic acid receptors (RAR). RAR bind to all-trans-retinoic acid (ATRA) to induce the transcription of genes responsible for cellular differentiation. Although most research concerning the chemotherapeutic efficacy of retinoids focuses on the ability of ATRA to decrease cancer cell proliferation, increase differentiation, or promote apoptosis; as CRC progresses, RAR expression is often lost, rendering treatment of CRCs with ATRA ineffective. Our laboratory focuses on the ability of dietary vitamin A to decrease CRC cell proliferation and invasion via RAR-independent pathways. This review discusses our research and others concerning the ability of retinoids to ameliorate the defective signaling pathways listed above and decrease tumor cell proliferation and invasion through both RAR-dependent and RAR-independent mechanisms.
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Yasuhara R, Irié T, Suzuki K, Sawada T, Miwa N, Sasaki A, Tsunoda Y, Nakamura S, Mishima K. The β-catenin signaling pathway induces aggressive potential in breast cancer by up-regulating the chemokine CCL5. Exp Cell Res 2015; 338:22-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2015.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2015] [Revised: 09/02/2015] [Accepted: 09/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Abstract
The androgen receptor (AR) is critical for the normal development of prostate and for its differentiated functions. The consistent expression of AR in prostate cancer (PCa), and its continued activity in PCa that relapse after androgen deprivation therapy (castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC)), indicate that at least a subset of these genes are also critical for PCa development and progression. This review addressed AR regulated genes that may be critical for PCa, and how AR may acquire new functions during PCa development and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven P Balk
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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25
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Novellasdemunt L, Antas P, Li VSW. Targeting Wnt signaling in colorectal cancer. A Review in the Theme: Cell Signaling: Proteins, Pathways and Mechanisms. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2015; 309:C511-21. [PMID: 26289750 PMCID: PMC4609654 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00117.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 241] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2015] [Accepted: 08/14/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The evolutionarily conserved Wnt signaling pathway plays essential roles during embryonic development and tissue homeostasis. Notably, comprehensive genetic studies in Drosophila and mice in the past decades have demonstrated the crucial role of Wnt signaling in intestinal stem cell maintenance by regulating proliferation, differentiation, and cell-fate decisions. Wnt signaling has also been implicated in a variety of cancers and other diseases. Loss of the Wnt pathway negative regulator adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) is the hallmark of human colorectal cancers (CRC). Recent advances in high-throughput sequencing further reveal many novel recurrent Wnt pathway mutations in addition to the well-characterized APC and β-catenin mutations in CRC. Despite attractive strategies to develop drugs for Wnt signaling, major hurdles in therapeutic intervention of the pathway persist. Here we discuss the Wnt-activating mechanisms in CRC and review the current advances and challenges in drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pedro Antas
- The Francis Crick Institute, Mill Hill Laboratory, London, United Kingdom
| | - Vivian S W Li
- The Francis Crick Institute, Mill Hill Laboratory, London, United Kingdom
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Kim Y, Jin D, Lee BB, Cho EY, Han J, Shim YM, Kim DH. RARβ2 hypermethylation is associated with poor recurrence-free survival in never-smokers with adenocarcinoma of the lung. Clin Epigenetics 2015; 7:32. [PMID: 25806093 PMCID: PMC4371724 DOI: 10.1186/s13148-015-0066-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2014] [Accepted: 02/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background This study was aimed at investigating if the effect of RARβ2 hypermethylation on recurrence-free survival (RFS) in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) depends on one’s smoking status and specific interacting proteins. Results We retrospectively analyzed the expressions of five proteins using immunohistochemistry in archival formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded tissues from 578 NSCLC patients who had undergone surgical resection from 1994 through 2004. Promoter methylation of RARβ2 was assessed by bisulfite pyrosequencing. Recurrence was found in 268 (46%) of 578 NSCLCs with a median follow-up period of 4.8 years. Overexpression of β-catenin, c-MET, cyclin D1, and EGFR occurred in 55%, 72%, 51%, and 41% of the patients, respectively. E-cadherin expression was negative in 62% of the patients, and RARβ2 hypermethylation was found in 37%. The abnormal expression of c-MET (P = 0.002) and EGFR (P = 0.001) was found to be highly prevalent in never-smokers. RARβ2 hypermethylation was significantly associated with poor recurrence-free survival (RFS) in 128 never-smokers with adenocarcinoma (P = 0.01) For parsimonious model building, the five proteins were clustered into three groups (β-catenin and E-cadherin; c-MET; cyclin D1 and EGFR) by an unsupervised hierarchical clustering and were included in a multivariate analysis. Cox proportional hazard analysis showed that RARβ2 hypermethylation was significantly associated with poor RFS in 128 never-smokers with adenocarcinoma (adjusted hazard ratio [HR] = 2.19, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.28 to 3.47; P = 0.009), after adjusting for interacting proteins. Conclusions The present study suggests that RARβ2 hypermethylation may be an independent prognostic factor of RFS in never-smokers with adenocarcinoma of the lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujin Kim
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, #300 Chunchun-dong, Jangan-Ku, Kyunggido, Suwon 440-746 South Korea
| | - DongHao Jin
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, #300 Chunchun-dong, Jangan-Ku, Kyunggido, Suwon 440-746 South Korea
| | - Bo Bin Lee
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, #300 Chunchun-dong, Jangan-Ku, Kyunggido, Suwon 440-746 South Korea
| | - Eun Yoon Cho
- Department of Pathology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, #50 Ilwon-dong, Kangnam-Ku, Seoul 135-710 South Korea
| | - Joungho Han
- Department of Pathology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, #50 Ilwon-dong, Kangnam-Ku, Seoul 135-710 South Korea
| | - Young Mog Shim
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, #50 Ilwon-dong, Kangnam-Ku, Seoul 135-710 South Korea
| | - Duk-Hwan Kim
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, #300 Chunchun-dong, Jangan-Ku, Kyunggido, Suwon 440-746 South Korea.,Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Rm B155, #50 Ilwon-dong, Kangnam-Ku, Seoul 135-710 South Korea
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27
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Song L, Li Y, He B, Gong Y. Development of Small Molecules Targeting the Wnt Signaling Pathway in Cancer Stem Cells for the Treatment of Colorectal Cancer. Clin Colorectal Cancer 2015; 14:133-45. [PMID: 25799881 DOI: 10.1016/j.clcc.2015.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2014] [Revised: 01/13/2015] [Accepted: 02/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) was ranked third in morbidity and mortality in the United States in 2013. Although substantial progress has been made in surgical techniques and postoperative chemotherapy in recent years, the prognosis for colon cancer is still not satisfactory, mainly because of cancer recurrence and metastasis. The latest studies have shown that cancer stem cells (CSCs) play important roles in cancer recurrence and metastasis. Drugs that target CSCs might therefore have great therapeutic potential in prevention of cancer recurrence and metastasis. The wingless-int (Wnt) signaling pathway in CSCs has been suggested to play crucial roles in colorectal carcinogenesis, and has become a popular target for anti-CRC therapy. Dysregulation of the Wnt signaling pathway, mostly by inactivating mutations of the adenomatous polyposis coli tumor suppressor or oncogenic mutations of β-catenin, has been implicated as a key factor in colorectal tumorigenesis. Abnormal increases of β-catenin levels represents a common pathway in Wnt signaling activation and is also observed in other human malignancies. These findings highlight the importance of developing small-molecule drugs that target the Wnt pathway. Herein we provide an overview on the current development of small molecules that target the Wnt pathway in colorectal CSCs and discuss future research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lele Song
- Department of Radiotherapy, the PLA 309 Hospital, Beijing, China; BioChain (Beijing) Science and Technology, Inc, Beijing, China.
| | - Yuemin Li
- Department of Radiotherapy, the PLA 309 Hospital, Beijing, China.
| | - Baoming He
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, the PLA 309 Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yuan Gong
- Department of Gastroenterology, the PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
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Klampfer L. Vitamin D and colon cancer. World J Gastrointest Oncol 2014; 6:430-7. [PMID: 25400874 PMCID: PMC4229786 DOI: 10.4251/wjgo.v6.i11.430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2014] [Revised: 07/31/2014] [Accepted: 09/23/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Calcitriol, 1α, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25 (OH)2D3), the most active form of vitamin D, is a pleotropic hormone with a wide range of biological activities. Due to its ability to regulate calcium and phosphate metabolism, 1,25D3 plays a major role in bone health. In addition, 1,25D3 binds to the vitamin D receptor and thereby regulates the expression of a number of genes which control growth, differentiation and survival of cancer cells. In agreement, the levels of vitamin D3 appear to be an essential determinant for the development and progression of colon cancer and supplementation with vitamin D3 is effective in suppressing intestinal tumorigenesis in animal models. Vitamin D3 has been estimated to lower the incidence of colorectal cancer by 50%, which is consistent with the inverse correlation between dietary vitamin D3 intake or sunlight exposure and human colorectal cancer. Several studies confirmed that increasing vitamin D3 lowers colon cancer incidence, reduces polyp recurrence, and that sufficient levels of vitamin D3 are associated with better overall survival of colon cancer patients. Vitamin D regulates the homeostasis of intestinal epithelium by modulating the oncogenic Wnt signaling pathway and by inhibiting tumor-promoting inflammation. Both activities contribute to the ability of 1,25D3 to prevent the development and progression of colon cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidija Klampfer
- Lidija Klampfer, Southern Research Institute, Birmingham, AL 35205, United States
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Dimitrov V, Salehi-Tabar R, An BS, White JH. Non-classical mechanisms of transcriptional regulation by the vitamin D receptor: insights into calcium homeostasis, immune system regulation and cancer chemoprevention. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2014; 144 Pt A:74-80. [PMID: 23911725 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2013.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2013] [Accepted: 07/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Hormonal 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D [1,25(OH)2D] signals through the nuclear vitamin D receptor (VDR), a ligand-regulated transcription factor. Gene expression profiling studies have revealed that 1,25(OH)2D signaling through the VDR can lead to activation or repression of target gene transcription in roughly equal proportions. Classically, transcriptional regulation by the VDR, similar to other nuclear receptors, has been characterized by its capacity to recognize high affinity cognate vitamin D response elements (VDREs), located in the regulatory regions of target genes. Several biochemical studies revealed that the VDRE-bound receptor recruits a series of coregulatory proteins, leading to transactivation of adjacent target genes. However, genome-wide and other analyses of VDR binding have revealed that a subset of VDR binding sites does not contain VDREs, and that VDREs are not associated with transcriptionally repressed VDR target genes. Work over the last ∼20 years and in particular recent findings have revealed a diverse array of mechanisms by which VDR can form complexes with several other classes of transcriptional activators, leading to repression of gene transcription. Moreover, these efforts have led to several insights into the molecular basis for the physiological regulation of calcium homeostasis, immune system function and cancer chemoprevention by 1,25(OH)2D/VDR signaling. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled '16th Vitamin D Workshop'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vassil Dimitrov
- Department of Physiology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | | | - Beum-Soo An
- Department of Physiology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada; Department of Biomaterial Science, College of Natural Resources and Life Science, Pusan National University, Gyeongsangnam-do 627-706, Republic of Korea
| | - John H White
- Department of Physiology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada; Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.
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Abstract
WNT-β-catenin signalling is involved in a multitude of developmental processes and the maintenance of adult tissue homeostasis by regulating cell proliferation, differentiation, migration, genetic stability and apoptosis, as well as by maintaining adult stem cells in a pluripotent state. Not surprisingly, aberrant regulation of this pathway is therefore associated with a variety of diseases, including cancer, fibrosis and neurodegeneration. Despite this knowledge, therapeutic agents specifically targeting the WNT pathway have only recently entered clinical trials and none has yet been approved. This Review examines the problems and potential solutions to this vexing situation and attempts to bring them into perspective.
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Kim YM, Kahn M. The role of the Wnt signaling pathway in cancer stem cells: prospects for drug development. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 4:1-12. [PMID: 26566491 PMCID: PMC4640466 DOI: 10.2147/rrbc.s53823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs), also known as tumor initiating cells are now considered to be the root cause of most if not all cancers, evading treatment and giving rise to disease relapse. They have become a central focus in new drug development. Prospective identification, understanding the key pathways that maintain CSCs, and being able to target CSCs, particularly if the normal stem cell population could be spared, could offer an incredible therapeutic advantage. The Wnt signaling cascade is critically important in stem cell biology, both in homeostatic maintenance of tissues and organs through their respective somatic stem cells and in the CSC/tumor initiating cell population. Aberrant Wnt signaling is associated with a wide array of tumor types. Therefore, the ability to safely target the Wnt signaling pathway offers enormous promise to target CSCs. However, just like the sword of Damocles, significant risks and concerns regarding targeting such a critical pathway in normal stem cell maintenance and tissue homeostasis remain ever present. With this in mind, we review recent efforts in modulating the Wnt signaling cascade and critically analyze therapeutic approaches at various stages of development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Mi Kim
- Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatrics and Pathology, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Michael Kahn
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Keck School of Medicine of University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA ; Norris Comprehensive Cancer Research Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Yuan X, Cai C, Chen S, Chen S, Yu Z, Balk SP. Androgen receptor functions in castration-resistant prostate cancer and mechanisms of resistance to new agents targeting the androgen axis. Oncogene 2014; 33:2815-25. [PMID: 23752196 PMCID: PMC4890635 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2013.235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 261] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2013] [Revised: 04/30/2013] [Accepted: 05/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The metabolic functions of androgen receptor (AR) in normal prostate are circumvented in prostate cancer (PCa) to drive tumor growth, and the AR also can acquire new growth-promoting functions during PCa development and progression through genetic and epigenetic mechanisms. Androgen deprivation therapy (ADT, surgical or medical castration) is the standard treatment for metastatic PCa, but patients invariably relapse despite castrate androgen levels (castration-resistant PCa, CRPC). Early studies from many groups had shown that AR was highly expressed and transcriptionally active in CRPC, and indicated that steroids from the adrenal glands were contributing to this AR activity. More recent studies showed that CRPC cells had increased expression of enzymes mediating androgen synthesis from adrenal steroids, and could synthesize androgens de novo from cholesterol. Phase III clinical trials showing a survival advantage in CRPC for treatment with abiraterone (inhibitor of the enzyme CYP17A1 required for androgen synthesis that markedly reduces androgens and precursor steroids) and for enzalutamide (new AR antagonist) have now confirmed that AR activity driven by residual androgens makes a major contribution to CRPC, and led to the recent Food and Drug Administration approval of both agents. Unfortunately, patients treated with these agents for advanced CRPC generally relapse within a year and AR appears to be active in the relapsed tumors, but the molecular mechanisms mediating intrinsic or acquired resistance to these AR-targeted therapies remain to be defined. This review outlines AR functions that contribute to PCa development and progression, the roles of intratumoral androgen synthesis and AR structural alterations in driving AR activity in CRPC, mechanisms of action for abiraterone and enzalutamide, and possible mechanisms of resistance to these agents.
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MESH Headings
- Androgen Receptor Antagonists/therapeutic use
- Androgens/metabolism
- Animals
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/genetics
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/metabolism
- Disease Progression
- Drug Resistance, Neoplasm
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Humans
- Male
- Prostatic Neoplasms, Castration-Resistant/drug therapy
- Prostatic Neoplasms, Castration-Resistant/genetics
- Prostatic Neoplasms, Castration-Resistant/metabolism
- Receptors, Androgen/chemistry
- Receptors, Androgen/metabolism
- Repressor Proteins/metabolism
- Steroid 17-alpha-Hydroxylase/antagonists & inhibitors
- Steroid 17-alpha-Hydroxylase/metabolism
- Trans-Activators/metabolism
- Transcription, Genetic
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Affiliation(s)
- X Yuan
- Hematology Oncology Division, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - C Cai
- Hematology Oncology Division, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - S Chen
- Hematology Oncology Division, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - S Chen
- Hematology Oncology Division, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Z Yu
- Hematology Oncology Division, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - S P Balk
- Hematology Oncology Division, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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Pavlov K, Meijer C, van den Berg A, Peters FTM, Kruyt FAE, Kleibeuker JH. Embryological signaling pathways in Barrett's metaplasia development and malignant transformation; mechanisms and therapeutic opportunities. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2014; 92:25-37. [PMID: 24935219 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2014.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2013] [Revised: 03/24/2014] [Accepted: 05/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Barrett's metaplasia of the esophagus (BE) is the precursor lesion of esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC), a deadly disease with a 5-year overall survival of less than 20%. The molecular mechanisms of BE development and its transformation to EAC are poorly understood and current surveillance and treatment strategies are of limited efficacy. Increasing evidence suggests that aberrant signaling through pathways active in the embryological development of the esophagus contributes to BE development and progression to EAC. We discuss the role that the Bone morphogenetic protein, Hedgehog, Wingless-Type MMTV Integration Site Family (WNT) and Retinoic acid signaling pathways play during embryological development of the esophagus and their contribution to BE development and malignant transformation. Modulation of these pathways provides new therapeutic opportunities. By integrating findings in developmental biology with those from translational research and clinical trials, this review provides a platform for future studies aimed at improving current management of BE and EAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Pavlov
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - C Meijer
- Department of Medical Oncology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - A van den Berg
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - F T M Peters
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - F A E Kruyt
- Department of Medical Oncology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - J H Kleibeuker
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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Genomic Binding Sites and Biological Effects of the Vitamin D: VDR Complex in Multiple Sclerosis. Neuromolecular Med 2014; 16:265-79. [DOI: 10.1007/s12017-014-8301-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2014] [Accepted: 03/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Kirubakaran P, Karthikeyan M. Pharmacophore modeling, 3D-QSAR and DFT studies of IWR small-molecule inhibitors of Wnt response. J Recept Signal Transduct Res 2013; 33:276-85. [DOI: 10.3109/10799893.2013.822888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Bikle DD. Protective actions of vitamin D in UVB induced skin cancer. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2013; 11:1808-16. [PMID: 22990497 DOI: 10.1039/c2pp25251a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Non-melanoma skin cancers (NMSC) are the most common type of cancer, occurring at a rate of over 1 million per year in the United States. Although their metastatic potential is generally low, they can and do metastasize, especially in the immune compromised host, and their surgical treatment is often quite disfiguring. Ultraviolet radiation (UVR) as occurs with sunlight exposure is generally regarded as causal for these malignancies, but UVR is also required for vitamin D synthesis in the skin. Based on our own data and that reported in the literature, we hypothesize that the vitamin D produced in the skin serves to suppress UVR epidermal tumor formation. In this review we will first discuss the evidence supporting the conclusion that the vitamin D receptor (VDR), with or without its ligand 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D, limits the propensity for cancer formation following UVR. We will then explore three potential mechanisms for this protection: inhibition of proliferation and stimulation of differentiation, immune regulation, and stimulation of DNA damage repair (DDR).
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel D Bikle
- Department of Medicine, San Francisco VA Medical Center and University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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37
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Androgen deprivation therapy and the risk of colorectal cancer in patients with prostate cancer. Cancer Causes Control 2013; 24:839-45. [PMID: 23546609 DOI: 10.1007/s10552-012-0132-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2012] [Accepted: 12/16/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Androgens are known to play an important protective role on colorectal carcinogenesis, and thus the objective of this study was to determine whether androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) is associated with an increased risk of incident colorectal cancer in patients with prostate cancer. METHODS We conducted a population-based cohort study within the UK General Practice Research Database population which included all patients newly diagnosed with prostate cancer between 1 January 1988 and 31 December 2008, followed until 31 December 2009. Time-dependent Cox proportional hazards models were used to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95 % confidence intervals (CIs) of incident primary colorectal cancer associated with the use of ADT. Secondary analyses considered cumulative duration of use and specific ADTs. RESULTS The cohort included a total of 21,503 patients, of whom 184 were diagnosed with colorectal cancer during a mean (SD) follow-up 4.0 (3.0) years (rate 2.4/1,000 person-years). Overall, use of ADT was not associated with an increased risk of colorectal cancer (HR 0.99, 95 % CI 0.73-1.35). Similarly, no association was observed in terms of duration use, although this secondary analysis may have been limited by statistical power. With respect to specific ADTs, bilateral orchiectomy was the only therapy associated with an increased risk of colorectal cancer (HR 2.50, 95 % CI 1.13-5.52). CONCLUSION Overall, the use of ADT is not associated with an increased risk of incident colorectal cancer. The increased risk observed with bilateral orchiectomy may possibly be due to the prolonged androgen suppression of this therapy.
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38
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Demay MB. The hair cycle and Vitamin D receptor. Arch Biochem Biophys 2012; 523:19-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2011.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2011] [Revised: 09/30/2011] [Accepted: 10/03/2011] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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Rosen CJ, Adams JS, Bikle DD, Black DM, Demay MB, Manson JE, Murad MH, Kovacs CS. The nonskeletal effects of vitamin D: an Endocrine Society scientific statement. Endocr Rev 2012; 33:456-92. [PMID: 22596255 PMCID: PMC3365859 DOI: 10.1210/er.2012-1000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 483] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2012] [Accepted: 04/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Significant controversy has emerged over the last decade concerning the effects of vitamin D on skeletal and nonskeletal tissues. The demonstration that the vitamin D receptor is expressed in virtually all cells of the body and the growing body of observational data supporting a relationship of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D to chronic metabolic, cardiovascular, and neoplastic diseases have led to widespread utilization of vitamin D supplementation for the prevention and treatment of numerous disorders. In this paper, we review both the basic and clinical aspects of vitamin D in relation to nonskeletal organ systems. We begin by focusing on the molecular aspects of vitamin D, primarily by examining the structure and function of the vitamin D receptor. This is followed by a systematic review according to tissue type of the inherent biological plausibility, the strength of the observational data, and the levels of evidence that support or refute an association between vitamin D levels or supplementation and maternal/child health as well as various disease states. Although observational studies support a strong case for an association between vitamin D and musculoskeletal, cardiovascular, neoplastic, and metabolic disorders, there remains a paucity of large-scale and long-term randomized clinical trials. Thus, at this time, more studies are needed to definitively conclude that vitamin D can offer preventive and therapeutic benefits across a wide range of physiological states and chronic nonskeletal disorders.
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40
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Okada H, Honda M, Campbell JS, Sakai Y, Yamashita T, Takebuchi Y, Hada K, Shirasaki T, Takabatake R, Nakamura M, Sunagozaka H, Tanaka T, Fausto N, Kaneko S. Acyclic retinoid targets platelet-derived growth factor signaling in the prevention of hepatic fibrosis and hepatocellular carcinoma development. Cancer Res 2012; 72:4459-71. [PMID: 22651928 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-12-0028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) often develops in association with liver cirrhosis, and its high recurrence rate leads to poor patient prognosis. Although recent evidence suggests that peretinoin, a member of the acyclic retinoid family, may be an effective chemopreventive drug for HCC, published data about its effects on hepatic mesenchymal cells, such as stellate cells and endothelial cells, remain limited. Using a mouse model in which platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-C is overexpressed (Pdgf-c Tg), resulting in hepatic fibrosis, steatosis, and eventually, HCC development, we show that peretinoin significantly represses the development of hepatic fibrosis and tumors. Peretinoin inhibited the signaling pathways of fibrogenesis, angiogenesis, and Wnt/β-catenin in Pdgf-c transgenic mice. In vitro, peretinoin repressed the expression of PDGF receptors α/β in primary mouse hepatic stellate cells (HSC), hepatoma cells, fibroblasts, and endothelial cells. Peretinoin also inhibited PDGF-C-activated transformation of HSCs into myofibroblasts. Together, our findings show that PDGF signaling is a target of peretinoin in preventing the development of hepatic fibrosis and HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hikari Okada
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kanazawa University, Takara-Machi 13-1, Kanazawa 920-8641, Japan
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Dellinger TH, Planutis K, Tewari KS, Holcombe RF. Role of canonical Wnt signaling in endometrial carcinogenesis. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2012; 12:51-62. [PMID: 22149432 DOI: 10.1586/era.11.194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
While the role of Wnt signaling is well established in colorectal carcinogenesis, its function in gynecologic cancers has not been elucidated. Here, we describe the current state of knowledge of canonical Wnt signaling in endometrial cancer (EC), and its implications for future therapeutic targets. Deregulation of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway in EC occurs by inactivating β-catenin mutations in approximately 10-45% of ECs, and via downregulation of Wnt antagonists by epigenetic silencing. The Wnt pathway is intimately involved with estrogen and progesterone, and emerging data implicate it in other important signaling pathways, such as mTOR and Hedgehog. While no therapeutic agents targeting the Wnt signaling pathway are currently in clinical trials, the preclinical data presented suggest a role for Wnt signaling in uterine carcinogenesis, with further research warranted to elucidate the mechanism of action and to proceed towards targeted cancer drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thanh H Dellinger
- Divison of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of California, Irvine, Medical Center, 101 The City Drive, Building 56, Room 260, Orange, CA 92868, USA.
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Abstract
The keratinocytes of the skin are unique in being not only the primary source of vitamin D for the body, but in possessing both the enzymatic machinery to metabolize the vitamin D produced to active metabolites (in particular 1,25(OH)(2)D) and the vitamin D receptor (VDR) that enables the keratinocytes to respond to the 1,25(OH)(2)D thus generated. Numerous functions of the skin are regulated by vitamin D and/or its receptor. These include inhibition of proliferation, stimulation of differentiation including formation of the permeability barrier, promotion of innate immunity, regulation of the hair follicle cycle, and suppression of tumor formation. Regulation of these actions is exerted by a number of different coregulator complexes including the coactivators vitamin D receptor interacting protein (DRIP) complex also known as Mediator and the steroid receptor coactivator (SRC) family (of which SRC 2 and 3 are found in keratincytes), the inhibitor hairless (Hr), and β-catenin whose impact on VDR function is complex. Different coregulators appear to be involved in different VDR regulated functions. This review will examine the various functions of vitamin D and its receptor in the skin, and explore the mechanisms by which these functions are regulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel D Bikle
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center/University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94121, USA.
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Byers SW, Rowlands T, Beildeck M, Bong YS. Mechanism of action of vitamin D and the vitamin D receptor in colorectal cancer prevention and treatment. Rev Endocr Metab Disord 2012; 13:31-8. [PMID: 21861107 PMCID: PMC3262916 DOI: 10.1007/s11154-011-9196-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Vitamin D and its analogs are potent inhibitors of colorectal cancer growth and metastasis. A number of recent studies have defined the intersections between the β-catenin-TCF pathway (a known contributor to colorectal cancer progression) and the vitamin D receptor (VDR) pathway, shedding light on the underlying mechanisms. Vitamin D also regulates the innate immune response, and as such influences susceptibility to inflammatory bowel disease, a predisposing factor in colorectal cancer. Understanding the role of vitamin D in these different contexts will enable development of next generation vitamin D analogs that will serve as both chemopreventatives and cancer therapeutics, without the accompanying side effects of hypercalcemia usually associated with high vitamin D intake. This review summarizes the mechanisms of action of vitamin D and the VDR in the context of the gastrointestinal tract and colorectal carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen W Byers
- Georgetown-Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, E415 Research Building, 3970 Reservoir Road, NW, Washington, DC 20057, USA.
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Abstract
The keratinocytes of the skin are unique in being not only the primary source of vitamin D for the body, but in possessing the enzymatic machinery to metabolize vitamin D to its active metabolite 1,25(OH)(2)D. Furthermore, these cells also express the vitamin D receptor (VDR) that enables them to respond to the 1,25(OH)(2)D they produce. Numerous functions of the skin are regulated by 1,25(OH)(2)D and/or its receptor. These include inhibition of proliferation, stimulation of differentiation including formation of the permeability barrier, promotion of innate immunity, and promotion of the hair follicle cycle. Regulation of these actions is exerted by a number of different coregulators including the coactivators DRIP and SRC, the cosuppressor hairless (Hr), and β-catenin. This review will examine the regulation of vitamin D production and metabolism in the skin, and explore the various functions regulated by 1,25(OH)(2)D and its receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel D Bikle
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94121, USA.
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45
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McQueen P, Ghaffar S, Guo Y, Rubin EM, Zi X, Hoang BH. The Wnt signaling pathway: implications for therapy in osteosarcoma. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2011; 11:1223-32. [PMID: 21916576 DOI: 10.1586/era.11.94] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Osteosarcoma is the most common primary bone malignancy, with a high propensity for local invasion, early metastasis and relapse. While the molecular mechanisms behind osteosarcoma development and metastasis have not yet been fully elucidated, research has highlighted an important role for Wnt signaling. Several Wnt ligands, receptors and coreceptors are highly expressed in osteosarcoma cell lines, while Wnt inhibitors are downregulated. As a result, research has begun to identify mechanisms with which to inhibit Wnt signaling. The use of Wnt pathway inhibitors and the targeting of c-Met, a Wnt regulated proto-oncogene, may be two possible mechanisms for treatment of osteosarcoma. In addition, as the Wnt signaling pathway is a regulator of stem cells, reagents that function as Wnt inhibitors are currently under investigation as inhibitors of cancer stem cell proliferation. Research involving the Wnt signaling pathway and cancer stem cells holds promise for novel treatment options in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter McQueen
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California at Irvine, Orange, CA 92868, USA
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Heidel FH, Mar BG, Armstrong SA. Self-renewal related signaling in myeloid leukemia stem cells. Int J Hematol 2011; 94:109-117. [PMID: 21800073 DOI: 10.1007/s12185-011-0901-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2011] [Accepted: 07/12/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
A key characteristic of hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) is the ability to self-renew. Several genes and signaling pathways control the fine balance between self-renewal and differentiation in HSC and potentially also in leukemic stem cells. Besides pathways such as Wnt signaling, Hedgehog signaling and Notch signaling, transcription factors (FoxOs) and cell fate determinants may also play a role in stem cells. While some of these pathways seem to be dispensable for maintenance of adult HSC, there may be a distinct requirement in leukemia stem cells for leukemic self-renewal. Here we will focus on self-renewal related signaling in myeloid leukemia stem cells and its therapeutic relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian H Heidel
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA. .,Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber-Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA. .,Department of Hematology/Oncology, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany.
| | - Brenton G Mar
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber-Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Scott A Armstrong
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber-Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Boston, MA, USA
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Zhang F, Meng F, Li H, Dong Y, Yang W, Han A. Suppression of retinoid X receptor alpha and aberrant β-catenin expression significantly associates with progression of colorectal carcinoma. Eur J Cancer 2011; 47:2060-7. [PMID: 21561764 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2011.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2011] [Revised: 04/01/2011] [Accepted: 04/05/2011] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
To investigate retinoid X receptor alpha (RXRα) and β-catenin expression and their relationship with the clinicopathological features of colorectal carcinoma (CRC). Real-time PCR and western blot analyses revealed that β-catenin and RXRα expression at both mRNA and protein levels in four pairs of fresh CRC and adjacent non-tumour tissues (ANT) dramatically was increased and decreased in CRC compared with ANT, respectively. Furthermore, RXRα expression at both mRNA and protein levels was downregulated in higher histological grade CRC. Immunohistochemistry staining in 120 cases of CRC and 60 cases of lymph node metastatic carcinoma of CRC showed that RXRα expression was significantly suppressed in CRC compared with ANT (P<0.001) and low expression of RXRα in CRC was significantly associated with histological grade (P<0.001), TNM stage (P=0.022) and N classification (P=0.002). The aberrant (accumulated cytoplasm or/and nuclei) expression of β-catenin was higher in CRC than that in ANT (P<0.001) and associated with histological grade (P=0.001) and N classification (P=0.002). Moreover, there was a close relationship between low RXRα expression and aberrant β-catenin expression in CRC (P=0.032). Taken together with our previous study, aberrant β-catenin expression upregulated by suppression of RXRα may play a crucial role in pathogenesis and progression of CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fenfen Zhang
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital and Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
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Elizalde C, Campa VM, Caro M, Schlangen K, Aransay AM, Vivanco MDM, Kypta RM. Distinct roles for Wnt-4 and Wnt-11 during retinoic acid-induced neuronal differentiation. Stem Cells 2011; 29:141-53. [PMID: 21280163 DOI: 10.1002/stem.562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Retinoic acid and Wnt/β-catenin signals play important roles during neuronal differentiation but less is known about noncanonical Wnt signals in this context. We examined retinoic acid and Wnt signaling in two human embryonal carcinoma cell lines, NTERA-2 (clone D1), which undergoes neuronal differentiation in response to retinoic acid, and 2102Ep, which does not. Retinoic acid treatment inhibited β-catenin/Tcf activity in NTERA-2 cells but not in 2102Ep cells. Inhibition occurred downstream of β-catenin but did not involve competition between retinoic acid receptors and β-catenin for binding to p300 or Tcf-4. Ectopic expression of FZD1 partially restored inhibition in 2102Ep cells, suggesting the involvement of Wnt ligands. Retinoic acid treatment of NTERA-2 cells induced the expression of Wnt-4 and Wnt-11, both of which were able to inhibit β-catenin/Tcf activity. Wnt-4 and Wnt-11 were found at cell borders in islands of cells that expressed OCT4 and GFAP and were predominantly negative for Nestin, PAX6, and GATA6. Gene silencing of Wnt-4, but not Wnt-11, reduced retinoic acid downregulation of OCT4 and Nanog and upregulation of PAX6, ASCL1, HOXC5, and NEUROD1, suggesting that Wnt-4 promotes early neuronal differentiation. Gene expression analysis of NTERA-2 cells stably overexpressing Wnt-11 suggested that Wnt-11 potentiates retinoic acid induction of early neurogenesis. Consistent with this, overexpression of Wnt-11 maintained a population of proliferating progenitor cells in cultures treated with retinoic acid for several weeks. These observations highlight the distinct roles of two noncanonical Wnts during the early stages of retinoic acid-induced neuronal differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carina Elizalde
- Cell biology and Stem Cells Unit, Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences, CIC bioGUNE, 48160 Derio, Spain
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Gillessen S, Templeton A, Marra G, Kuo YF, Valtorta E, Shahinian VB. Risk of colorectal cancer in men on long-term androgen deprivation therapy for prostate cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 2010; 102:1760-70. [PMID: 21068432 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/djq419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Androgen deprivation with gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) agonists or orchiectomy is a common but controversial treatment for prostate cancer. Uncertainties remain about its use, particularly with increasing recognition of serious side effects. In animal studies, androgens protect against colonic carcinogenesis, suggesting that androgen deprivation may increase the risk of colorectal cancer. METHODS We identified 107 859 men in the linked Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER)-Medicare database who were diagnosed with prostate cancer in 1993 through 2002, with follow-up available through 2004. The primary outcome was development of colorectal cancer, determined from SEER files on second primary cancers. Cox proportional hazards regression was used to assess the influence of androgen deprivation on the outcome, adjusted for patient and prostate cancer characteristics. All statistical tests were two-sided. RESULTS Men who had orchiectomies had the highest unadjusted incidence rate of colorectal cancer (6.3 per 1000 person-years; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 5.3 to 7.5), followed by men who had GnRH agonist therapy (4.4 per 1000 person-years; 95% CI = 4.0 to 4.9), and men who had no androgen deprivation (3.7 per 1000 person-years; 95% CI = 3.5 to 3.9). After adjustment for patient and prostate cancer characteristics, there was a statistically significant dose-response effect (P(trend) = .010) with an increasing risk of colorectal cancer associated with increasing duration of androgen deprivation. Compared with the absence of these treatments, there was an increased risk of colorectal cancer associated with use of GnRH agonist therapy for 25 months or longer (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.31, 95% CI = 1.12 to 1.53) or with orchiectomy (HR = 1.37, 95% CI = 1.14 to 1.66). CONCLUSION Long-term androgen deprivation therapy for prostate cancer is associated with an increased risk of colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silke Gillessen
- Department of Medical Oncology, Kantonsspital, St Gallen, Switzerland
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Cohn E, Ossowski L, Bertran S, Marzan C, Farias EF. RARα1 control of mammary gland ductal morphogenesis and wnt1-tumorigenesis. Breast Cancer Res 2010; 12:R79. [PMID: 20923554 PMCID: PMC3096972 DOI: 10.1186/bcr2724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2010] [Accepted: 10/05/2010] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Retinoic acid signaling pathways are disabled in human breast cancer suggesting a controlling role in normal mammary growth that might be lost in tumorigenesis. We tested a single receptor isotype, RARα1, for its role in mouse mammary gland morphogenesis and MMTV-wnt1-induced oncogenesis. METHODS The role of RARα1 in mammary morphogenesis was tested in RARα1-knockout (KO) mice and in mammary tumorigenesis in bi-genic (RARα1/KO crossed with MMTV-wnt1) mice. We used whole mounts analysis, stem cells/progenitor quantification, mammary gland repopulation, Q-PCR, test of tumor-free survival, tumor fragments and cell transplantation. RESULTS In 2 genetic backgrounds (129/Bl-6 and FVB) the neo-natal RARα1/KO-mammary epithelial tree was 2-fold larger and the pubertal tree had 2-fold more branch points and 5-fold more mature end buds, a phenotype that was predominantly epithelial cell autonomous. The stem/progenitor compartment of the RARα1/KO mammary, defined as CD24(low)/ALDH(high activity) was increased by a median 1.7 fold, but the mammary stem cell (MaSC)-containing compartment, (CD24(low)/CD29(high)), was larger (~1.5 fold) in the wt-glands, and the mammary repopulating ability of the wt-gland epithelium was ~2-fold greater. In MMTV-wnt1 transgenic glands the progenitor (CD24(low)/ALDH(high activity)) content was 2.6-fold greater than in the wt and was further increased in the RARα1/KO-wnt1 glands. The tumor-free survival of RARα1/KO-wnt1 mice was significantly (p=0.0002, Kaplan Meier) longer, the in vivo growth of RARα1/KO-wnt1 transplanted tumor fragments was significantly (p=0.01) slower and RARα1/KO-wnt1 tumors cell suspension produced tumors after much longer latency. CONCLUSIONS In vitamin A-replete mice, RARα1 is required to maintain normal mammary morphogenesis, but paradoxically, also efficient tumorigenesis. While its loss increases the density of the mammary epithelial tree and the content of luminal mammary progenitors, it appears to reduce the size of the MaSC-containing compartment, the mammary repopulating activity, and to delay significantly the MMTV-wnt1-mammary tumorigenesis. Whether the delay in tumorigenesis is solely due to a reduction in wnt1 target cells or due to additional mechanisms remains to be determined. These results reveal the intricate nature of the retinoid signaling pathways in mammary development and carcinogenesis and suggest that a better understanding will be needed before retinoids can join the armament of effective anti- breast cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen Cohn
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Tisch Cancer Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA
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