1
|
Chikkamenahalli LL, Jessen E, Bernard CE, Ip WE, Breen-Lyles M, Cipriani G, Pullapantula SR, Li Y, AlAsfoor S, Wilson L, Koch KL, Kuo B, Shulman RJ, Chumpitazi BP, McKenzie TJ, Kellogg TA, Tonascia J, Hamilton FA, Sarosiek I, McCallum R, Parkman HP, Pasricha PJ, Abell TL, Farrugia G, Dasari S, Grover M. Single cell atlas of human gastric muscle immune cells and macrophage-driven changes in idiopathic gastroparesis. iScience 2024; 27:108991. [PMID: 38384852 PMCID: PMC10879712 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.108991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Revised: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Gastrointestinal immune cells, particularly muscularis macrophages (MM) interact with the enteric nervous system and influence gastrointestinal motility. Here we determine the human gastric muscle immunome and its changes in patients with idiopathic gastroparesis (IG). Single cell sequencing was performed on 26,000 CD45+ cells obtained from the gastric tissue of 20 subjects. We demonstrate 11 immune cell clusters with T cells being most abundant followed by myeloid cells. The proportions of cells belonging to the 11 clusters were similar between IG and controls. However, 9/11 clusters showed 578-11,429 differentially expressed genes. In IG, MM had decreased expression of tissue-protective and microglial genes and increased the expression of monocyte trafficking and stromal activating genes. Furthermore, in IG, IL12 mediated JAK-STAT signaling involved in the activation of tissue-resident macrophages and Eph-ephrin signaling involved in monocyte chemotaxis were upregulated. Patients with IG had a greater abundance of monocyte-like cells. These data further link immune dysregulation to the pathophysiology of gastroparesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Erik Jessen
- Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Cheryl E. Bernard
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Enteric Neuroscience Program, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - W.K. Eddie Ip
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Margaret Breen-Lyles
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Enteric Neuroscience Program, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Gianluca Cipriani
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Enteric Neuroscience Program, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Suraj R. Pullapantula
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Enteric Neuroscience Program, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Ying Li
- Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Shefaa AlAsfoor
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Enteric Neuroscience Program, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Laura Wilson
- Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | - Braden Kuo
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - James Tonascia
- Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Frank A. Hamilton
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Irene Sarosiek
- Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, TX, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Gianrico Farrugia
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Enteric Neuroscience Program, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Surendra Dasari
- Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Madhusudan Grover
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Enteric Neuroscience Program, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - the NIDDK Gastroparesis Clinical Research Consortium (GpCRC)
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Enteric Neuroscience Program, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
- Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
- Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, TX, USA
- Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ, USA
- University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Till KJ, Abdullah M, Alnassfan T, Janet GZ, Marks T, Coma S, Weaver DT, Pachter JA, Pettitt AR, Slupsky JR. Roles of PI3Kγ and PI3Kδ in mantle cell lymphoma proliferation and migration contributing to efficacy of the PI3Kγ/δ inhibitor duvelisib. Sci Rep 2023; 13:3793. [PMID: 36882482 PMCID: PMC9992372 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-30148-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is an aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma that is incurable with existing therapies, and therefore presents a significant unmet clinical need. The ability of this disease to overcome therapy, including those that target the B cell receptor pathway which has a pathogenic role in MCL, highlights the need to develop new treatment strategies. Herein, we demonstrate that a distinguishing feature of lymph node resident MCL cells is the expression of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase γ (PI3Kγ), a PI3K isoform that is not highly expressed in other B cells or B-cell malignancies. By exploring the role of PI3K in MCL using different PI3K isoform inhibitors, we provide evidence that duvelisib, a dual PI3Kδ/γ inhibitor, has a greater effect than PI3Kδ- and PI3Kγ-selective inhibitors in blocking the proliferation of primary MCL cells and MCL cell lines, and in inhibiting tumour growth in a mouse xenograft model. In addition, we demonstrated that PI3Kδ/γ signalling is critical for migration of primary MCL cells and cell lines. Our data indicates that aberrant expression of PI3Kγ is a critical feature of MCL pathogenesis. Thus, we suggest that the dual PI3Kδ/γ duvelisib would be effective for the treatment of mantle cell lymphoma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen J Till
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Ashton Street, Liverpool, L69 3GE, UK.
| | - Mariah Abdullah
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Ashton Street, Liverpool, L69 3GE, UK
| | - Tahera Alnassfan
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Ashton Street, Liverpool, L69 3GE, UK
| | - Gallardo Zapata Janet
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Ashton Street, Liverpool, L69 3GE, UK
| | - Thomas Marks
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Ashton Street, Liverpool, L69 3GE, UK
| | - Silvia Coma
- Verastem Oncology, 117 Kendrick St #500, Needham, MA, 02494, USA
| | - David T Weaver
- Verastem Oncology, 117 Kendrick St #500, Needham, MA, 02494, USA
| | | | - Andrew R Pettitt
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Ashton Street, Liverpool, L69 3GE, UK
| | - Joseph R Slupsky
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Ashton Street, Liverpool, L69 3GE, UK
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Zholudeva AO, Lomakina ME, Orlova EA, Wang Y, Fokin AI, Polesskaya A, Gautreau AM, Alexandrova AY. The Role of the Adapter Protein Anks1a in the Regulation of Breast Cancer Cell Motility. BIOCHEMISTRY. BIOKHIMIIA 2022; 87:1651-1661. [PMID: 36717454 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297922120203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a critical step in tumor progression that leads to the acquisition by cancer cells the capacity for migration using the mesenchymal motility mode regulated by the Rac→WAVE→Arp2/3 signaling pathway. Earlier it was shown that proteins interacting with Rac can regulate mesenchymal migration and thus determine the metastatic potential of the cells. The search for new regulators of cell migration is an important theoretical and practical task. The adaptor protein Anks1a is one of the proteins interacting with Rac, whose expression is altered in many types of tumors. The aim of this study was to find whether Anks1a affects the migration of cancer cells and to identify the mechanism underlying this effect. It was suggested that Anks1a can influence cancer cell migration either as a Rac1 effector or by activating human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) exchange. We investigated how upregulation and inhibition of Anks1a expression affected migration of breast cancer cells with different HER2 status. Anks1a was shown to interact with the activated form of Rac1. In the MDA-MB-231 cells (triple negative cancer), which lack HER2, Anks1a accumulated at the active cell edge, which is characterized by enrichment with active Rac1, whereas no such accumulation was observed in the HER2-overexpressing SK-BR-3 cells. Downregulation of the ANKS1a expression with esiRNA had almost no effect on the cancer cell motility, except a slight increase in the average migration rate of MDA-MB-231 cells. Among three cell lines tested, overexpression of Anks1a increased the migration rate of HER2-overexpressng SK-BR-3 cells only. We showed that Anks1a is an effector of activated Rac1, but its influence on the cell migration in this capacity was minimal, at least in the studied breast cancer cells. Anks1a affected the motility of breast cancer cells due to its involvement in the EGF receptor exchange.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna O Zholudeva
- N. N. Blokhin National Medical Research Center of Oncology, Moscow, 115478, Russia
| | - Maria E Lomakina
- N. N. Blokhin National Medical Research Center of Oncology, Moscow, 115478, Russia.,CNRS UMR7654, Ecole Polytechnique, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, Palaiseau, France
| | - Evgeniya A Orlova
- N. N. Blokhin National Medical Research Center of Oncology, Moscow, 115478, Russia
| | - Yanan Wang
- CNRS UMR7654, Ecole Polytechnique, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, Palaiseau, France
| | - Artem I Fokin
- CNRS UMR7654, Ecole Polytechnique, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, Palaiseau, France
| | - Anna Polesskaya
- CNRS UMR7654, Ecole Polytechnique, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, Palaiseau, France
| | - Alexis M Gautreau
- CNRS UMR7654, Ecole Polytechnique, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, Palaiseau, France
| | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Lanahan SM, Wymann MP, Lucas CL. The role of PI3Kγ in the immune system: new insights and translational implications. Nat Rev Immunol 2022; 22:687-700. [PMID: 35322259 PMCID: PMC9922156 DOI: 10.1038/s41577-022-00701-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Over the past two decades, new insights have positioned phosphoinositide 3-kinase-γ (PI3Kγ) as a context-dependent modulator of immunity and inflammation. Recent advances in protein structure determination and drug development have allowed for generation of highly specific PI3Kγ inhibitors, with the first now in clinical trials for several oncology indications. Recently, a monogenic immune disorder caused by PI3Kγ deficiency was discovered in humans and modelled in mice. Human inactivated PI3Kγ syndrome confirms the immunomodulatory roles of PI3Kγ and strengthens newly defined roles of this molecule in modulating inflammatory cytokine release in macrophages. Here, we review the functions of PI3Kγ in the immune system and discuss how our understanding of its potential as a therapeutic target has evolved.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephen M Lanahan
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | | | - Carrie L Lucas
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Villaseca S, Romero G, Ruiz MJ, Pérez C, Leal JI, Tovar LM, Torrejón M. Gαi protein subunit: A step toward understanding its non-canonical mechanisms. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:941870. [PMID: 36092739 PMCID: PMC9449497 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.941870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The heterotrimeric G protein family plays essential roles during a varied array of cellular events; thus, its deregulation can seriously alter signaling events and the overall state of the cell. Heterotrimeric G-proteins have three subunits (α, β, γ) and are subdivided into four families, Gαi, Gα12/13, Gαq, and Gαs. These proteins cycle between an inactive Gα-GDP state and active Gα-GTP state, triggered canonically by the G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) and by other accessory proteins receptors independent also known as AGS (Activators of G-protein Signaling). In this review, we summarize research data specific for the Gαi family. This family has the largest number of individual members, including Gαi1, Gαi2, Gαi3, Gαo, Gαt, Gαg, and Gαz, and constitutes the majority of G proteins α subunits expressed in a tissue or cell. Gαi was initially described by its inhibitory function on adenylyl cyclase activity, decreasing cAMP levels. Interestingly, today Gi family G-protein have been reported to be importantly involved in the immune system function. Here, we discuss the impact of Gαi on non-canonical effector proteins, such as c-Src, ERK1/2, phospholipase-C (PLC), and proteins from the Rho GTPase family members, all of them essential signaling pathways regulating a wide range of physiological processes.
Collapse
|
6
|
Nickoloff-Bybel EA, Festa L, Meucci O, Gaskill PJ. Co-receptor signaling in the pathogenesis of neuroHIV. Retrovirology 2021; 18:24. [PMID: 34429135 PMCID: PMC8385912 DOI: 10.1186/s12977-021-00569-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The HIV co-receptors, CCR5 and CXCR4, are necessary for HIV entry into target cells, interacting with the HIV envelope protein, gp120, to initiate several signaling cascades thought to be important to the entry process. Co-receptor signaling may also promote the development of neuroHIV by contributing to both persistent neuroinflammation and indirect neurotoxicity. But despite the critical importance of CXCR4 and CCR5 signaling to HIV pathogenesis, there is only one therapeutic (the CCR5 inhibitor Maraviroc) that targets these receptors. Moreover, our understanding of co-receptor signaling in the specific context of neuroHIV is relatively poor. Research into co-receptor signaling has largely stalled in the past decade, possibly owing to the complexity of the signaling cascades and functions mediated by these receptors. Examining the many signaling pathways triggered by co-receptor activation has been challenging due to the lack of specific molecular tools targeting many of the proteins involved in these pathways and the wide array of model systems used across these experiments. Studies examining the impact of co-receptor signaling on HIV neuropathogenesis often show activation of multiple overlapping pathways by similar stimuli, leading to contradictory data on the effects of co-receptor activation. To address this, we will broadly review HIV infection and neuropathogenesis, examine different co-receptor mediated signaling pathways and functions, then discuss the HIV mediated signaling and the differences between activation induced by HIV and cognate ligands. We will assess the specific effects of co-receptor activation on neuropathogenesis, focusing on neuroinflammation. We will also explore how the use of substances of abuse, which are highly prevalent in people living with HIV, can exacerbate the neuropathogenic effects of co-receptor signaling. Finally, we will discuss the current state of therapeutics targeting co-receptors, highlighting challenges the field has faced and areas in which research into co-receptor signaling would yield the most therapeutic benefit in the context of HIV infection. This discussion will provide a comprehensive overview of what is known and what remains to be explored in regard to co-receptor signaling and HIV infection, and will emphasize the potential value of HIV co-receptors as a target for future therapeutic development. ![]()
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E A Nickoloff-Bybel
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, 245 N. 15th Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19102, USA
| | - L Festa
- Department of Basic and Translational Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 240 S. 40th Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - O Meucci
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, 245 N. 15th Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19102, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19102, USA
| | - P J Gaskill
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, 245 N. 15th Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19102, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Honda T, Nishio Y, Sakai H, Asagiri M, Yoshimura K, Inui M, Kuramasu A. Calcium/calmodulin-dependent regulation of Rac GTPases and Akt in histamine-induced chemotaxis of mast cells. Cell Signal 2021; 83:109973. [PMID: 33689810 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2021.109973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Revised: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Histamine induces chemotaxis of mast cells through the histamine H4 receptor. This involves the activation of small GTPases, Rac1 and Rac2, downstream of phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase (PI3K). Activation of the H4 receptor also results in phospholipase C (PLC)-mediated calcium mobilization; however, it is unclear whether the PLC‑calcium pathway interacts with the PI3K-Rac pathway. Here, we demonstrated that calcium mobilization regulates the PI3K-dependent activation of Rac GTPases through calmodulin. A PLC inhibitor (U73122) and an intracellular calcium chelator (BAPTA-AM) suppressed the histamine-induced activation of Rac, whereas the calcium ionophore ionomycin increased the active Rac GTPases, suggesting that intracellular calcium regulates the activation of Rac. The calmodulin antagonist (W-7) inhibited the histamine-induced activation of Rac and migration of mast cells, indicating that calmodulin mediates the effect of calcium. Inhibition of calcium/calmodulin signaling suppressed histamine-induced phosphorylation of Akt. The Akt inhibitor MK-2206 attenuated histamine-induced migration of mast cells. However, it did not suppress the activation of Rac GTPases. These results suggest that Rac GTPases and Akt play independent roles in the histamine-induced chemotaxis of mast cells. Our findings enable further elucidation of the molecular mechanism of histamine-induced chemotaxis of mast cells and help identify therapeutic targets for allergic and inflammatory conditions involving mast cell accumulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Honda
- Department of Pharmacology, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-1, Minamikogushi, Ube, Yamaguchi 755-8505, Japan
| | - Yusuke Nishio
- Department of Pharmacology, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-1, Minamikogushi, Ube, Yamaguchi 755-8505, Japan
| | - Hiroki Sakai
- Department of Pharmacology, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-1, Minamikogushi, Ube, Yamaguchi 755-8505, Japan
| | - Masataka Asagiri
- Department of Pharmacology, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-1, Minamikogushi, Ube, Yamaguchi 755-8505, Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Yoshimura
- Department of Clinical Immuno Oncology, Showa University Clinical Research Institute for Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 6-11-11, Kitakarasuyama, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 157-8577, Japan
| | - Makoto Inui
- Department of Pharmacology, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-1, Minamikogushi, Ube, Yamaguchi 755-8505, Japan
| | - Atsuo Kuramasu
- Department of Pharmacology, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-1, Minamikogushi, Ube, Yamaguchi 755-8505, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Ji L, Chen Y, Xie L, Liu Z. The role of Dock2 on macrophage migration and functions during Citrobacter rodentium infection. Clin Exp Immunol 2021; 204:361-372. [PMID: 33662140 DOI: 10.1111/cei.13590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Revised: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Dedicator of cytokinesis 2 (Dock2), an atypical guanine exchange factor, is specifically expressed on immune cells and mediates cell adhesion and migration by activating Rac and regulates actin cytoskeleton remodeling. It plays a crucial role in the migration, formation of immune synapses, cell proliferation, activation of T and B lymphocytes and chemotaxis of pDCs and neutrophils. However, in-vivo physiological functions of Dock2 have been relatively seldom studied. Our previous studies showed that Dock2-/- mice were highly susceptible to colitis induced by Citrobacter rodentium infection, and in early infection, Dock2-/- mice had defects in macrophage migration. However, the specific roles of Dock2 in the migration and functions of macrophages are not clear. In this study, we found that the expression of chemokines such as chemokine (C-C motif) ligand (CCL)4 and CCL5 and chemokine receptors such as chemokine (C-C motif) receptor (CCR)4 and CCR5 in bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDM) of Dock2-/- mice decreased after infection, which were supported by the in-vivo infection experimental results; the Transwell experiment results showed that Dock2-/- BMDM had a defect in chemotaxis. The bacterial phagocytic and bactericidal experiment results also showed that Dock2-/- BMDM had the defects of bacterial phagocytosis and killing. Furthermore, the adoptive transfer of wild-type BMDM alleviated the susceptibility of Dock2-/- mice to C. rodentium infection. Our results show that Dock2 affects migration and phagocytic and bactericidal ability of macrophages by regulating the expression of chemokines, chemokine receptors and their responses to chemokine stimulation, thus playing an essential role in the host defense against enteric bacterial infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L Ji
- Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, China
| | - Y Chen
- School of Basic Medicine, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, China
| | - L Xie
- School of Basic Medicine, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, China
| | - Z Liu
- School of Basic Medicine, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, China.,Center for Immunology, Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Diseases, Ministry of Education, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Lee JW, Lee IH, Iimura T, Kong SW. Two macrophages, osteoclasts and microglia: from development to pleiotropy. Bone Res 2021; 9:11. [PMID: 33568650 PMCID: PMC7875961 DOI: 10.1038/s41413-020-00134-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue-resident macrophages are highly specialized to their tissue-specific microenvironments, activated by various inflammatory signals and modulated by genetic and environmental factors. Osteoclasts and microglia are distinct tissue-resident cells of the macrophage lineage in bone and brain that are responsible for pathological changes in osteoporosis and Alzheimer’s disease (AD), respectively. Osteoporosis is more frequently observed in individuals with AD compared to the prevalence in general population. Diagnosis of AD is often delayed until underlying pathophysiological changes progress and cause irreversible damages in structure and function of brain. As such earlier diagnosis and intervention of individuals at higher risk would be indispensable to modify clinical courses. Pleiotropy is the phenomenon that a genetic variant affects multiple traits and the genetic correlation between two traits could suggest a shared molecular mechanism. In this review, we discuss that the Pyk2-mediated actin polymerization pathway in osteoclasts and microglia in bone and brain, respectively, is the horizontal pleiotropic mediator of shared risk factors for osteoporosis and AD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Won Lee
- Department of Nephrology, Transplant Research Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.,Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Dental Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-8586, Japan
| | - In-Hee Lee
- Computational Health Informatics Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Tadahiro Iimura
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Dental Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-8586, Japan
| | - Sek Won Kong
- Computational Health Informatics Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA. .,Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Saleh R, Taha RZ, Sasidharan Nair V, Toor SM, Alajez NM, Elkord E. Transcriptomic Profiling of Circulating HLA-DR - Myeloid Cells, Compared with HLA-DR + Myeloid Antigen-presenting Cells. Immunol Invest 2020; 50:952-963. [PMID: 32727251 DOI: 10.1080/08820139.2020.1795875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) are a heterogeneous population of cells with potent immunosuppressive functions, which can inhibit the activation of immune responses under a steady-state condition and pathological conditions. We performed transcriptomic profiling of circulating CD33+HLA-DR+ myeloid antigen-presenting cells (APCs) and CD33+HLA-DR- myeloid cells (potentially MDSCs) in healthy individuals. We sorted both subpopulations from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of 10 healthy donors and performed RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq). We found that several signaling pathways associated with the positive regulation of immune responses, such as antigen presentation/processing, FcγR-mediated phagocytosis and immune cell trafficking, phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt signaling, DC maturation, triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 1 (TREM1) signaling, nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT) and IL-8 signaling were downregulated in CD33+HLA-DR- myeloid cells. In contrast, pathways implicated in tumor suppression and anti-inflammation, including peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) and phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN), were upregulated in CD33+HLA-DR- myeloid cells. These data indicate that PPAR/PTEN axis could be upregulated in myeloid cells to keep the immune system in check in normal physiological conditions. Our data reveal some of the molecular and functional differences between CD33+HLA-DR+ APCs and CD33+HLA-DR- myeloid cells in a steady-state condition, reflecting the potential suppressive function of CD33+HLA-DR- myeloid cells to maintain immune tolerance. For future studies, the same methodological approach could be applied to perform transcriptomic profiling of myeloid subsets in pathological conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Reem Saleh
- Cancer Research Center, Qatar Biomedical Research Institute (QBRI), Hamad Bin Khalifa University (HBKU), Qatar Foundation (QF), Doha, Qatar
| | - Rowaida Z Taha
- Cancer Research Center, Qatar Biomedical Research Institute (QBRI), Hamad Bin Khalifa University (HBKU), Qatar Foundation (QF), Doha, Qatar
| | - Varun Sasidharan Nair
- Cancer Research Center, Qatar Biomedical Research Institute (QBRI), Hamad Bin Khalifa University (HBKU), Qatar Foundation (QF), Doha, Qatar
| | - Salman M Toor
- Cancer Research Center, Qatar Biomedical Research Institute (QBRI), Hamad Bin Khalifa University (HBKU), Qatar Foundation (QF), Doha, Qatar
| | - Nehad M Alajez
- Cancer Research Center, Qatar Biomedical Research Institute (QBRI), Hamad Bin Khalifa University (HBKU), Qatar Foundation (QF), Doha, Qatar
| | - Eyad Elkord
- Cancer Research Center, Qatar Biomedical Research Institute (QBRI), Hamad Bin Khalifa University (HBKU), Qatar Foundation (QF), Doha, Qatar
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
The effect of a novel immunosuppressive drug, a PAK-2 inhibitor, on macrophage differentiation/polarization in a rat small intestinal transplantation model. Transpl Immunol 2019; 57:101246. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trim.2019.101246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Revised: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
|
12
|
Lo PC, Maeda A, Kodama T, Takakura C, Yoneyama T, Sakai R, Noguchi Y, Matsuura R, Eguchi H, Matsunami K, Okuyama H, Miyagawa S. The novel immunosuppressant prenylated quinolinecarboxylic acid-18 (PQA-18) suppresses macrophage differentiation and cytotoxicity in xenotransplantation. Immunobiology 2019; 224:575-584. [PMID: 30967296 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2019.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Revised: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Innate immunity plays a major role in xenograft rejection. However, the majority of immunosuppressants focus on inhibiting acquired immunity and not innate immunity. Therefore, a novel immunosuppressant suitable for use in conjunction with xenografts continues to be needed. It has been reported that prenylated quinolinecarboxylic acid-18 (PQA-18), a p21-activated kinase 2 (PAK2) inhibitor, exerts an immunosuppressive function on T cells. Hence, the possibility exists that PQA-18 might be used in conjunction with xenografts, which prompted us to investigate the efficacy of PQA-18 on macrophages compared with Tofacitinib, a janus kinase (JAK) inhibitor. Initial experiments confirmed that PQA-18 is non-toxic to swine endothelial cells (SECs) and human monocytes. Both PQA-18 and Tofacitinib suppressed macrophage-mediated cytotoxicity in both the differentiation and effector phases. Both PQA-18 and tofacitinib suppressed the expression of HLA-ABC by macrophages. However, contrary to Tofacitinib, PQA-18 also significantly suppressed the expression of CD11b, HLA-DR and CD40 on macrophages. PQA-18 significantly suppressed CCR7 expression on day 3 and on day 6, but Tofacitinib-induced suppression only on day 6. In a mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR) assay, PQA-18 was found to suppress Interleukin-2 (IL-2)-stimulated T cell proliferation to a lesser extent than Tofacitinib. However, PQA-18 suppressed xenogeneic-induced T cell proliferation more strongly than Tofacitinib on day 3 and the suppression was similar on day 7. In conclusion, PQA-18 has the potential to function as an immunosuppressant for xenotransplantation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Chi Lo
- Department of Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine Japan
| | - Akira Maeda
- Department of Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine Japan.
| | - Tasuku Kodama
- Department of Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine Japan
| | - Chihiro Takakura
- Department of Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine Japan
| | - Tomohisa Yoneyama
- Department of Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine Japan
| | - Rieko Sakai
- Department of Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine Japan
| | - Yuki Noguchi
- Department of Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine Japan
| | - Rei Matsuura
- Department of Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine Japan
| | - Hiroshi Eguchi
- Department of Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine Japan
| | | | - Hiroomi Okuyama
- Department of Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine Japan
| | - Shuji Miyagawa
- Department of Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine Japan
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Duncan DS, Weiner RL, Weitlauf C, Risner ML, Roux AL, Sanford ER, Formichella CR, Sappington RM. Ccl5 Mediates Proper Wiring of Feedforward and Lateral Inhibition Pathways in the Inner Retina. Front Neurosci 2018; 12:702. [PMID: 30369865 PMCID: PMC6194164 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2018.00702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The β-chemokine Ccl5 and its receptors are constitutively expressed in neurons of the murine inner retina. Here, we examined the functional and structural significance of this constitutive Ccl5 signaling on retinal development. We compared outcomes of electrophysiology, ocular imaging and retinal morphology in wild-type mice (WT) and mice with Ccl5 deficiency (Ccl5-/-). Assessment of retinal structure by ocular coherence tomography and histology revealed slight thinning of the inner plexiform layer (IPL) and inner nuclear layer (INL) in Ccl5-/- mice, compared to WT (p < 0.01). Assessment of postnatal timepoints important for development of the INL (P7 and P10) revealed Ccl5-dependent alterations in the pattern and timing of apoptotic pruning. Morphological analyses of major inner retinal cell types in WT, Ccl5-/-, gustducingfp and gustducingfp/Ccl5-/- mice revealed Ccl5-dependent reduction in GNAT3 expression in rod bipolar cells as well as a displacement of their terminals from the IPL into the GCL. RGC dendritic organization and amacrine cell morphology in the IPL was similarly disorganized in Ccl5-/- mice. Examination of the intrinsic electrophysiological properties of RGCs revealed higher spontaneous activity in Ccl5-/- mice that was characterized by higher spiking frequency and a more depolarized resting potential. This hyperactive phenotype could be negated by current clamp and correlated with both membrane resistance and soma area. Overall, our findings identify Ccl5 signaling as a mediator of inner retinal circuitry during development of the murine retina. The apparent role of Ccl5 in retinal development further supports chemokines as trophic modulators of CNS development and function that extends far beyond the inflammatory contexts in which they were first characterized.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D'Anne S Duncan
- Vanderbilt Eye Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Rebecca L Weiner
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, United States.,Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Carl Weitlauf
- Vanderbilt Eye Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Michael L Risner
- Vanderbilt Eye Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Abigail L Roux
- Vanderbilt Eye Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Emily R Sanford
- Vanderbilt Eye Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Cathryn R Formichella
- Vanderbilt Eye Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Rebecca M Sappington
- Vanderbilt Eye Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States.,Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, United States.,Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, United States
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Kuramasu A, Wakabayashi M, Inui M, Yanai K. Distinct Roles of Small GTPases Rac1 and Rac2 in Histamine H 4 Receptor-Mediated Chemotaxis of Mast Cells. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2018; 367:9-19. [PMID: 30021868 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.118.249706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Histamine induces chemotaxis of mast cells through the H4 receptor. However, little is known about the precise intracellular signaling pathway that mediates this process. In this study, we identified small GTPases Rac1 and Rac2 as intracellular binding partners of the H4 receptor and characterized their roles in H4 receptor signaling. We showed that histamine induced Rac GTPase activation via the H4 receptor. A Rac inhibitor NSC23766 attenuated chemotaxis of mast cells toward histamine, as well as histamine-induced calcium mobilization and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) activation. Histamine-induced migration of mast cells was also sensitive to PD98059, an inhibitor of the mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase, indicating that the Rac-ERK pathway was involved in chemotaxis through the H4 receptor. Inhibition of phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase (PI3K) by LY294002 suppressed the histamine-induced chemotaxis and activation of Rac GTPases, suggesting that PI3K regulates chemotaxis upstream of Rac activation. Specific knockdown of Rac1 and Rac2 by short-hairpin RNA revealed that both Rac GTPases are necessary for histamine-induced migration. Downregulation of Rac1 and Rac2 led to attenuated response in calcium mobilization and ERK activation, respectively. These observations suggested that Rac1 and Rac2 have distinct and essential roles in intracellular signaling downstream of H4 receptor-PI3K in histamine-induced chemotaxis of mast cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Atsuo Kuramasu
- Department of Pharmacology, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, Yamaguchi, Japan (A.K., M.I.); and Department of Pharmacology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan (M.W., K.Y.)
| | - Mie Wakabayashi
- Department of Pharmacology, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, Yamaguchi, Japan (A.K., M.I.); and Department of Pharmacology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan (M.W., K.Y.)
| | - Makoto Inui
- Department of Pharmacology, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, Yamaguchi, Japan (A.K., M.I.); and Department of Pharmacology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan (M.W., K.Y.)
| | - Kazuhiko Yanai
- Department of Pharmacology, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Ube, Yamaguchi, Japan (A.K., M.I.); and Department of Pharmacology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan (M.W., K.Y.)
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Mylvaganam SM, Grinstein S, Freeman SA. Picket-fences in the plasma membrane: functions in immune cells and phagocytosis. Semin Immunopathol 2018; 40:605-615. [DOI: 10.1007/s00281-018-0705-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2018] [Accepted: 09/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
|
16
|
Wang K, Baldwin GS, Nikfarjam M, He H. p21-activated kinase signalling in pancreatic cancer: New insights into tumour biology and immune modulation. World J Gastroenterol 2018; 24:3709-3723. [PMID: 30197477 PMCID: PMC6127653 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v24.i33.3709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Revised: 06/22/2018] [Accepted: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is one of the most aggressive and lethal malignancies worldwide, with a very poor prognosis and a five-year survival rate less than 8%. This dismal outcome is largely due to delayed diagnosis, early distant dissemination and resistance to conventional chemo-therapies. Kras mutation is a well-defined hallmark of pancreatic cancer, with over 95% of cases harbouring Kras mutations that give rise to constitutively active forms of Kras. As important down-stream effectors of Kras, p21-activated kinases (PAKs) are involved in regulating cell proliferation, apoptosis, invasion/migration and chemo-resistance. Immunotherapy is now emerging as a promising treatment modality in the era of personalized anti-cancer therapeutics. In this review, basic knowledge of PAK structure and regulation is briefly summarised and the pivotal role of PAKs in Kras-driven pancreatic cancer is highlighted in terms of tumour biology and chemo-resistance. Finally, the involvement of PAKs in immune modulation in the tumour microenvironment is discussed and the potential advantages of targeting PAKs are explored.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kai Wang
- Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne, Melbourne 3084, Australia
| | - Graham S Baldwin
- Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne, Melbourne 3084, Australia
| | - Mehrdad Nikfarjam
- Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne, Melbourne 3084, Australia
| | - Hong He
- Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne, Melbourne 3084, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Saxena N, Mogha P, Dash S, Majumder A, Jadhav S, Sen S. Matrix elasticity regulates mesenchymal stem cell chemotaxis. J Cell Sci 2018. [PMID: 29535208 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.211391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Efficient homing of human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) is likely to be dictated by a combination of physical and chemical factors present in the microenvironment. However, crosstalk between the physical and chemical cues remains incompletely understood. Here, we address this question by probing the efficiency of epidermal growth factor (EGF)-induced hMSC chemotaxis on substrates of varying stiffness (3, 30 and 600 kPa) inside a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) microfluidic device. Chemotactic speed was found to be the sum of a stiffness-dependent component and a chemokine concentration-dependent component. While the stiffness-dependent component scaled inversely with stiffness, the chemotactic component was independent of stiffness. Faster chemotaxis on the softest 3 kPa substrates is attributed to a combination of weaker adhesions and higher protrusion rate. While chemotaxis was mildly sensitive to contractility inhibitors, suppression of chemotaxis upon actin depolymerization demonstrates the role of actin-mediated protrusions in driving chemotaxis. In addition to highlighting the collective influence of physical and chemical cues in chemotactic migration, our results suggest that hMSC homing is more efficient on softer substrates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Neha Saxena
- Department of Chemical Engineering, IIT, Bombay, Maharashtra 400076, India
| | - Pankaj Mogha
- Department of Chemical Engineering, IIT, Bombay, Maharashtra 400076, India
| | - Silalipi Dash
- Department of Chemical Engineering, IIT, Bombay, Maharashtra 400076, India
| | - Abhijit Majumder
- Department of Chemical Engineering, IIT, Bombay, Maharashtra 400076, India
| | - Sameer Jadhav
- Department of Chemical Engineering, IIT, Bombay, Maharashtra 400076, India
| | - Shamik Sen
- Department of Bioscience and Bioengineering, IIT, Bombay, Maharashtra 400076, India
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Varshney P, Dey CS. P21-activated kinase 2 (PAK2) regulates glucose uptake and insulin sensitivity in neuronal cells. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2016; 429:50-61. [PMID: 27040307 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2016.03.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2016] [Revised: 03/25/2016] [Accepted: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
P21-activated kinases (PAKs) are recently reported as important players of insulin signaling and glucose homeostasis in tissues like muscle, pancreas and liver. However, their role in neuronal insulin signaling is still unknown. Present study reports the involvement of PAK2 in neuronal insulin signaling, glucose uptake and insulin resistance. Irrespective of insulin sensitivity, insulin stimulation decreased PAK2 activity. PAK2 downregulation displayed marked enhancement of GLUT4 translocation with increase in glucose uptake whereas PAK2 over-expression showed its reduction. Treatment with Akti-1/2 and wortmannin suggested that Akt and PI3K are mediators of insulin effect on PAK2 and glucose uptake. Rac1 inhibition demonstrated decreased PAK2 activity while inhibition of PP2A resulted in increased PAK2 activity, with corresponding changes in glucose uptake. Taken together, present study demonstrates an inhibitory role of insulin signaling (via PI3K-Akt) and PP2A on PAK2 activity and establishes PAK2 as a Rac1-dependent negative regulator of neuronal glucose uptake and insulin sensitivity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pallavi Varshney
- Kusuma School of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology-Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016, India
| | - Chinmoy Sankar Dey
- Kusuma School of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology-Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016, India.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Lupieri A, Smirnova N, Malet N, Gayral S, Laffargue M. PI3K signaling in arterial diseases: Non redundant functions of the PI3K isoforms. Adv Biol Regul 2015; 59:4-18. [PMID: 26238239 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbior.2015.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2015] [Revised: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 06/15/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases are the most common cause of death around the world. This includes atherosclerosis and the adverse effects of its treatment, such as restenosis and thrombotic complications. The development of these arterial pathologies requires a series of highly-intertwined interactions between immune and arterial cells, leading to specific inflammatory and fibroproliferative cellular responses. In the last few years, the study of phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) functions has become an attractive area of investigation in the field of arterial diseases, especially since inhibitors of specific PI3K isoforms have been developed. The PI3K family includes 8 members divided into classes I, II or III depending on their substrate specificity. Although some of the different isoforms are responsible for the production of the same 3-phosphoinositides, they each have specific, non-redundant functions as a result of differences in expression levels in different cell types, activation mechanisms and specific subcellular locations. This review will focus on the functions of the different PI3K isoforms that are suspected as having protective or deleterious effects in both the various immune cells and types of cell found in the arterial wall. It will also discuss our current understanding in the context of which PI3K isoform(s) should be targeted for future therapeutic interventions to prevent or treat arterial diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adrien Lupieri
- INSERM, U1048, I2MC and Université Toulouse III, Toulouse, F-31300, France
| | - Natalia Smirnova
- INSERM, U1048, I2MC and Université Toulouse III, Toulouse, F-31300, France
| | - Nicole Malet
- INSERM, U1048, I2MC and Université Toulouse III, Toulouse, F-31300, France
| | - Stéphanie Gayral
- INSERM, U1048, I2MC and Université Toulouse III, Toulouse, F-31300, France
| | - Muriel Laffargue
- INSERM, U1048, I2MC and Université Toulouse III, Toulouse, F-31300, France.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Ryan CM, Brown JAL, Bourke E, Prendergast ÁM, Kavanagh C, Liu Z, Owens P, Shaw G, Kolch W, O'Brien T, Barry FP. ROCK activity and the Gβγ complex mediate chemotactic migration of mouse bone marrow-derived stromal cells. Stem Cell Res Ther 2015. [PMID: 26204937 PMCID: PMC4603944 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-015-0125-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Bone marrow-derived stromal cells (BMSCs), also known as mesenchymal stem cells, are the focus of intensive efforts worldwide to elucidate their function and biology. Despite the importance of BMSC migration for their potential therapeutic uses, the mechanisms and signalling governing stem cell migration are still not fully elucidated. METHODS We investigated and detailed the effects of MCP-1 activation on BMSCs by using inhibitors of G protein-coupled receptor alpha beta (GPCR αβ), ROCK (Rho-associated, coiled-coil containing protein kinase), and PI3 kinase (PI3K). The effects of MCP-1 stimulation on intracellular signalling cascades were characterised by using immunoblotting and immunofluorescence. The effectors of MCP-1-mediated migration were investigated by using migration assays (both two-dimensional and three-dimensional) in combination with inhibitors. RESULTS We established the kinetics of the MCP-1-activated signalling cascade and show that this cascade correlates with cell surface re-localisation of chemokine (C motif) receptor 2 (CCR2) (the MCP-1 receptor) to the cell periphery following MCP-1 stimulation. We show that MCP-1-initiated signalling is dependent on the activation of βγ subunits from the GPCR αβγ complex. In addition, we characterise a novel role for PI3Kγ signalling for the activation of both PAK and ERK following MCP-1 stimulation. We present evidence that the Gβγ complex is responsible for PI3K/Akt, PAK, and ERK signalling induced by MCP-1 in BMSCs. Importantly, we found that, in BMSCs, inhibition of ROCK significantly inhibits MCP-1-induced chemotactic migration, in contrast to previous reports in other systems. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate differential chemotactic signalling in mouse BMSCs, which has important implications for the translation of in vivo mouse model findings into human trials. We identified novel components and interactions activated by MCP-1-mediated signalling, which are important for stem cell migration. This work has identified additional potential therapeutic targets that could be manipulated to improve BMSC delivery and homing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Caroline M Ryan
- Regenerative Medicine Institute (REMEDI), Biosciences, National University of Ireland Galway, University Road, Galway, Ireland. .,Systems Biology Ireland, UCD Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
| | - James A L Brown
- Regenerative Medicine Institute (REMEDI), Biosciences, National University of Ireland Galway, University Road, Galway, Ireland. .,Systems Biology Ireland, UCD Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland. .,Present address: Discipline of Surgery, School of Medicine, Lambe Institute, Translational Research Facility, National University of Ireland Galway, University Road, Galway, Ireland.
| | - Emer Bourke
- Discipline of Pathology, School of Medicine, National University of Ireland Galway, University Road, Galway, Ireland.
| | - Áine M Prendergast
- Regenerative Medicine Institute (REMEDI), Biosciences, National University of Ireland Galway, University Road, Galway, Ireland. .,Systems Biology Ireland, UCD Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland. .,Present address: Hematopoietic Stem Cells and Stress' group, Division of Stem Cells and Cancer, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer feld 280, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Claire Kavanagh
- Regenerative Medicine Institute (REMEDI), Biosciences, National University of Ireland Galway, University Road, Galway, Ireland.
| | - Zhonglin Liu
- Department of Radiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85724-5067, USA.
| | - Peter Owens
- Centre for Micro and Imaging, National University of Ireland Galway, University Road, Galway, Ireland.
| | - Georgina Shaw
- Regenerative Medicine Institute (REMEDI), Biosciences, National University of Ireland Galway, University Road, Galway, Ireland.
| | - Walter Kolch
- Systems Biology Ireland, UCD Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
| | - Timothy O'Brien
- Regenerative Medicine Institute (REMEDI), Biosciences, National University of Ireland Galway, University Road, Galway, Ireland. .,Systems Biology Ireland, UCD Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
| | - Frank P Barry
- Regenerative Medicine Institute (REMEDI), Biosciences, National University of Ireland Galway, University Road, Galway, Ireland. .,Systems Biology Ireland, UCD Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Role of actin filaments in fusopod formation and osteoclastogenesis. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2015; 1853:1715-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2015.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2015] [Revised: 03/19/2015] [Accepted: 04/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
|
22
|
Wu J, Pipathsouk A, Keizer-Gunnink A, Fusetti F, Alkema W, Liu S, Altschuler S, Wu L, Kortholt A, Weiner OD. Homer3 regulates the establishment of neutrophil polarity. Mol Biol Cell 2015; 26:1629-39. [PMID: 25739453 PMCID: PMC4436775 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e14-07-1197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2014] [Revised: 02/23/2015] [Accepted: 02/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Most chemoattractants rely on activation of the heterotrimeric G-protein Gαi to regulate directional cell migration, but few links from Gαi to chemotactic effectors are known. Through affinity chromatography using primary neutrophil lysate, we identify Homer3 as a novel Gαi2-binding protein. RNA interference-mediated knockdown of Homer3 in neutrophil-like HL-60 cells impairs chemotaxis and the establishment of polarity of phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-triphosphate (PIP3) and the actin cytoskeleton, as well as the persistence of the WAVE2 complex. Most previously characterized proteins that are required for cell polarity are needed for actin assembly or activation of core chemotactic effectors such as the Rac GTPase. In contrast, Homer3-knockdown cells show normal magnitude and kinetics of chemoattractant-induced activation of phosphoinositide 3-kinase and Rac effectors. Chemoattractant-stimulated Homer3-knockdown cells also exhibit a normal initial magnitude of actin polymerization but fail to polarize actin assembly and intracellular PIP3 and are defective in the initiation of cell polarity and motility. Our data suggest that Homer3 acts as a scaffold that spatially organizes actin assembly to support neutrophil polarity and motility downstream of GPCR activation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julie Wu
- Cardiovascular Research Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158
| | - Anne Pipathsouk
- Cardiovascular Research Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158
| | - A Keizer-Gunnink
- Department of Cell Biochemistry, Groningen Biological Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, 9700 AB Groningen, Netherlands
| | - F Fusetti
- Department of Biochemistry and Netherlands Proteomics Centre, Groningen Biological Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, 9700 AB Groningen, Netherlands
| | - W Alkema
- NIZO Food Research, 6718 ZB Ede, Netherlands Centre for Molecular and Biomolecular Informatics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, 6525 GA Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Shanshan Liu
- Green Center for Systems Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
| | - Steven Altschuler
- Green Center for Systems Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
| | - Lani Wu
- Green Center for Systems Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
| | - Arjan Kortholt
- Department of Cell Biochemistry, Groningen Biological Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, 9700 AB Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Orion D Weiner
- Cardiovascular Research Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Kolic J, Spigelman AF, Smith AM, Manning Fox JE, MacDonald PE. Insulin secretion induced by glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide requires phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase γ in rodent and human β-cells. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:32109-32120. [PMID: 25288806 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.577510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
PI3Kγ, a G-protein-coupled type 1B phosphoinositol 3-kinase, exhibits a basal glucose-independent activity in β-cells and can be activated by the glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP). We therefore investigated the role of the PI3Kγ catalytic subunit (p110γ) in insulin secretion and β-cell exocytosis stimulated by GIP. We inhibited p110γ with AS604850 (1 μmol/liter) or knocked it down using an shRNA adenovirus or siRNA duplex in mouse and human islets and β-cells. Inhibition of PI3Kγ blunted the exocytotic and insulinotropic response to GIP receptor activation, whereas responses to the glucagon-like peptide-1 or the glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist exendin-4 were unchanged. Downstream, we find that GIP, much like glucose stimulation, activates the small GTPase protein Rac1 to induce actin remodeling. Inhibition of PI3Kγ blocked these effects of GIP. Although exendin-4 could also stimulate actin remodeling, this was not prevented by p110γ inhibition. Finally, forced actin depolymerization with latrunculin B restored the exocytotic and secretory responses to GIP during PI3Kγ inhibition, demonstrating that the loss of GIP-induced actin depolymerization was indeed limiting insulin exocytosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jelena Kolic
- Department of Pharmacology, and the Alberta Diabetes Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E1, Canada
| | - Aliya F Spigelman
- Department of Pharmacology, and the Alberta Diabetes Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E1, Canada
| | - Alannah M Smith
- Department of Pharmacology, and the Alberta Diabetes Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E1, Canada
| | - Jocelyn E Manning Fox
- Department of Pharmacology, and the Alberta Diabetes Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E1, Canada
| | - Patrick E MacDonald
- Department of Pharmacology, and the Alberta Diabetes Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E1, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Rougerie P, Miskolci V, Cox D. Generation of membrane structures during phagocytosis and chemotaxis of macrophages: role and regulation of the actin cytoskeleton. Immunol Rev 2014; 256:222-39. [PMID: 24117824 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Macrophages are best known for their protective search and destroy functions against invading microorganisms. These processes are commonly known as chemotaxis and phagocytosis. Both of these processes require actin cytoskeletal remodeling to produce distinct F-actin-rich membrane structures called lamellipodia and phagocytic cups. This review will focus on the mechanisms by which macrophages regulate actin polymerization through initial receptor signaling and subsequent Arp2/3 activation by nucleation-promoting factors like the WASP/WAVE family, followed by remodeling of actin networks to produce these very distinct structures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Rougerie
- Department of Anatomy and Structural Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Gadepalli R, Kotla S, Heckle MR, Verma SK, Singh NK, Rao GN. Novel role for p21-activated kinase 2 in thrombin-induced monocyte migration. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:30815-31. [PMID: 24025335 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.463414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
To understand the role of thrombin in inflammation, we tested its effects on migration of THP-1 cells, a human monocytic cell line. Thrombin induced THP-1 cell migration in a dose-dependent manner. Thrombin induced tyrosine phosphorylation of Pyk2, Gab1, and p115 RhoGEF, leading to Rac1- and RhoA-dependent Pak2 activation. Downstream to Pyk2, Gab1 formed a complex with p115 RhoGEF involving their pleckstrin homology domains. Furthermore, inhibition or depletion of Pyk2, Gab1, p115 RhoGEF, Rac1, RhoA, or Pak2 levels substantially attenuated thrombin-induced THP-1 cell F-actin cytoskeletal remodeling and migration. Inhibition or depletion of PAR1 also blocked thrombin-induced activation of Pyk2, Gab1, p115 RhoGEF, Rac1, RhoA, and Pak2, resulting in diminished THP-1 cell F-actin cytoskeletal remodeling and migration. Similarly, depletion of Gα12 negated thrombin-induced Pyk2, Gab1, p115 RhoGEF, Rac1, RhoA, and Pak2 activation, leading to attenuation of THP-1 cell F-actin cytoskeletal remodeling and migration. These novel observations reveal that thrombin induces monocyte/macrophage migration via PAR1-Gα12-dependent Pyk2-mediated Gab1 and p115 RhoGEF interactions, leading to Rac1- and RhoA-targeted Pak2 activation. Thus, these findings provide mechanistic evidence for the role of thrombin and its receptor PAR1 in inflammation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ravisekhar Gadepalli
- From the Department of Physiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee 38163
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Itakura A, Aslan JE, Kusanto BT, Phillips KG, Porter JE, Newton PK, Nan X, Insall RH, Chernoff J, McCarty OJT. p21-Activated kinase (PAK) regulates cytoskeletal reorganization and directional migration in human neutrophils. PLoS One 2013; 8:e73063. [PMID: 24019894 PMCID: PMC3760889 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0073063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2013] [Accepted: 07/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils serve as a first line of defense in innate immunity owing in part to their ability to rapidly migrate towards chemotactic factors derived from invading pathogens. As a migratory function, neutrophil chemotaxis is regulated by the Rho family of small GTPases. However, the mechanisms by which Rho GTPases orchestrate cytoskeletal dynamics in migrating neutrophils remain ill-defined. In this study, we characterized the role of p21-activated kinase (PAK) downstream of Rho GTPases in cytoskeletal remodeling and chemotactic processes of human neutrophils. We found that PAK activation occurred upon stimulation of neutrophils with f-Met-Leu-Phe (fMLP), and PAK accumulated at the actin-rich leading edge of stimulated neutrophils, suggesting a role for PAK in Rac-dependent actin remodeling. Treatment with the pharmacological PAK inhibitor, PF3758309, abrogated the integrity of RhoA-mediated actomyosin contractility and surface adhesion. Moreover, inhibition of PAK activity impaired neutrophil morphological polarization and directional migration under a gradient of fMLP, and was associated with dysregulated Ca(2+) signaling. These results suggest that PAK serves as an important effector of Rho-family GTPases in neutrophil cytoskeletal reorganization, and plays a key role in driving efficient directional migration of human neutrophils.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Asako Itakura
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Joseph E. Aslan
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Branden T. Kusanto
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Kevin G. Phillips
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Juliana E. Porter
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
- Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Paul K. Newton
- Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Xiaolin Nan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Robert H. Insall
- CRUK Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan Chernoff
- Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Owen J. T. McCarty
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, School of Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Díaz-Muñoz MD, Osma-García IC, Iñiguez MA, Fresno M. Cyclooxygenase-2 deficiency in macrophages leads to defective p110γ PI3K signaling and impairs cell adhesion and migration. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 191:395-406. [PMID: 23733875 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1202002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Cyclooxygenase (Cox)-2 dependent PGs modulate several functions in many pathophysiological processes, including migration of immune cells. In this study, we addressed the role of Cox-2 in macrophage migration by using in vivo and in vitro models. Upon thioglycolate challenge, CD11b(+) F4/80(+) macrophages showed a diminished ability to migrate to the peritoneal cavity in cox-2(-/-) mice. In vivo migration of cox-2(-/-) macrophages from the peritoneal cavity to lymph nodes, as well as cell adhesion to the mesothelium, was reduced in response to LPS. In vitro migration of cox-2(-/-) macrophages toward MCP-1, RANTES, MIP-1α, or MIP-1β, as well as cell adhesion to ICAM-1 or fibronectin, was impaired. Defects in cell migration were not due to changes in chemokine receptor expression. Remarkably, cox-2(-/-) macrophages showed a deficiency in focal adhesion formation, with reduced phosphorylation of paxillin (Tyr(188)). Interestingly, expression of the p110γ catalytic subunit of PI3K was severely reduced in the absence of Cox-2, leading to defective Akt phosphorylation, as well as cdc42 and Rac-1 activation. Our results indicate that the paxillin/p110γ-PI3K/Cdc42/Rac1 axis is defective in cox-2(-/-) macrophages, which results in impaired cell adhesion and migration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manuel D Díaz-Muñoz
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CSIC-UAM), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Xie Y, Abel PW, Kirui JK, Deng C, Sharma P, Wolff DW, Toews ML, Tu Y. Identification of upregulated phosphoinositide 3-kinase γ as a target to suppress breast cancer cell migration and invasion. Biochem Pharmacol 2013; 85:1454-62. [PMID: 23500535 PMCID: PMC3637857 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2013.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2013] [Revised: 02/28/2013] [Accepted: 03/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Metastasis is the major cause of breast cancer mortality. We recently reported that aberrant G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) signaling promotes breast cancer metastasis by enhancing cancer cell migration and invasion. Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase γ (PI3Kγ) is specifically activated by GPCRs. The goal of the present study was to determine the role of PI3Kγ in breast cancer cell migration and invasion. Immunohistochemical staining showed that the expression of PI3Kγ protein was significantly increased in invasive human breast carcinoma when compared to adjacent benign breast tissue or ductal carcinoma in situ. PI3Kγ was also detected in metastatic breast cancer cells, but not in normal breast epithelial cell line or in non-metastatic breast cancer cells. In contrast, PI3K isoforms α, β and δ were ubiquitously expressed in these cell lines. Overexpression of recombinant PI3Kγ enhanced the metastatic ability of non-metastatic breast cancer cells. Conversely, migration and invasion of metastatic breast cancer cells were inhibited by a PI3Kγ inhibitor or by siRNA knockdown of PI3Kγ but not by inhibitors or siRNAs of PI3Kα or PI3Kβ. Lamellipodia formation is a key step in cancer metastasis, and PI3Kγ blockade disrupted lamellipodia formation induced by the activation of GPCRs such as CXC chemokine receptor 4 and protease-activated receptor 1, but not by the epidermal growth factor tyrosine kinase receptor. Taken together, these results indicate that upregulated PI3Kγ conveys the metastatic signal initiated by GPCRs in breast cancer cells, and suggest that PI3Kγ may be a novel therapeutic target for development of chemotherapeutic agents to prevent breast cancer metastasis.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Breast Neoplasms/enzymology
- Breast Neoplasms/genetics
- Breast Neoplasms/pathology
- Carcinoma, Ductal/enzymology
- Carcinoma, Ductal/genetics
- Carcinoma, Ductal/pathology
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Movement/drug effects
- Cell Movement/genetics
- Class Ib Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase/genetics
- Class Ib Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase/metabolism
- Diffusion Chambers, Culture
- Epithelial Cells/cytology
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic/drug effects
- Humans
- Neoplasm Invasiveness/genetics
- Neoplasm Invasiveness/pathology
- Phosphoinositide-3 Kinase Inhibitors
- Protein Kinase Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Pseudopodia/drug effects
- Pseudopodia/pathology
- RNA, Small Interfering/genetics
- Receptor, PAR-1/genetics
- Receptor, PAR-1/metabolism
- Receptors, CXCR4/genetics
- Receptors, CXCR4/metabolism
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
- Transfection
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Xie
- Creighton University School of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, Omaha, NE 68178
| | - Peter W. Abel
- Creighton University School of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, Omaha, NE 68178
| | - Joseph K. Kirui
- Creighton University School of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, Omaha, NE 68178
| | | | | | - Dennis W. Wolff
- Creighton University School of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, Omaha, NE 68178
| | - Myron L. Toews
- University of Nebraska Medical Center, Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, Omaha, NE 68198
| | - Yaping Tu
- Creighton University School of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, Omaha, NE 68178
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Comerford I, Litchfield W, Kara E, McColl SR. PI3Kγ drives priming and survival of autoreactive CD4(+) T cells during experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. PLoS One 2012; 7:e45095. [PMID: 23028778 PMCID: PMC3441529 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0045095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2012] [Accepted: 08/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The class IB phosphoinositide 3-kinase gamma enzyme complex (PI3Kγ) functions in multiple signaling pathways involved in leukocyte activation and migration, making it an attractive target in complex human inflammatory diseases including MS. Here, using pik3cg−/− mice and a selective PI3Kγ inhibitor, we show that PI3Kγ promotes development of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). In pik3cg−/− mice, EAE is markedly suppressed and fewer leukocytes including CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, granulocytes and mononuclear phagocytes infiltrate the CNS. CD4+ T cell priming in secondary lymphoid organs is reduced in pik3cg−/− mice following immunisation. This is attributable to defects in DC migration concomitant with a failure of full T cell activation following TCR ligation in the absence of p110γ. Together, this results in suppressed autoreactive T cell responses in pik3cg−/− mice, with more CD4+ T cells undergoing apoptosis and fewer cytokine-producing Th1 and Th17 cells in lymphoid organs and the CNS. When administered from onset of EAE, the orally active PI3Kγ inhibitor AS605240 caused inhibition and reversal of clinical disease, and demyelination and cellular pathology in the CNS was reduced. These results strongly suggest that inhibitors of PI3Kγ may be useful therapeutics for MS.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Administration, Oral
- Animals
- Apoptosis/drug effects
- Apoptosis/immunology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/drug effects
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/enzymology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/drug effects
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Cell Movement/drug effects
- Cell Movement/immunology
- Cell Survival/drug effects
- Cell Survival/immunology
- Central Nervous System/drug effects
- Central Nervous System/immunology
- Central Nervous System/pathology
- Class Ib Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase/deficiency
- Class Ib Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase/metabolism
- Cross-Priming/drug effects
- Cross-Priming/immunology
- Cytokines/biosynthesis
- Dendritic Cells/drug effects
- Dendritic Cells/enzymology
- Dendritic Cells/immunology
- Dendritic Cells/pathology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/enzymology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/etiology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/immunology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/pathology
- Female
- Gene Deletion
- Humans
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Protein Kinase Inhibitors/administration & dosage
- Protein Kinase Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Quinoxalines/administration & dosage
- Quinoxalines/pharmacology
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
- Signal Transduction/immunology
- Th1 Cells/drug effects
- Th1 Cells/immunology
- Th17 Cells/drug effects
- Th17 Cells/immunology
- Thiazolidinediones/administration & dosage
- Thiazolidinediones/pharmacology
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Iain Comerford
- Chemokine Biology Laboratory, the School of Molecular & Biomedical Science, the University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Yang T, Sun Y, Zhang F, Zhu Y, Shi L, Li H, Xu Z. POSH localizes activated Rac1 to control the formation of cytoplasmic dilation of the leading process and neuronal migration. Cell Rep 2012; 2:640-51. [PMID: 22959435 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2012.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2012] [Revised: 07/02/2012] [Accepted: 08/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The formation of proximal cytoplasmic dilation in the leading process (PCDLP) of migratory neocortical neurons is crucial for somal translocation and neuronal migration, processes that require the elaborate coordination of F-actin dynamics, centrosomal movement, and nucleokinesis. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms remain poorly understood. Here, we show that the Rac1-interacting scaffold protein POSH is essential for neuronal migration in vivo. We demonstrate that POSH is concentrated in the PCDLP and that knockdown of POSH impairs PCDLP formation, centrosome translocation, and nucleokinesis. Furthermore, POSH colocalizes with F-actin and the activated form of Rac1. Knockdown of POSH impairs F-actin assembly and delocalizes activated Rac1. Interference of Rac1 activity also disrupts F-actin assembly and PCDLP formation and perturbs neuronal migration. Thus, we have uncovered a mechanism by which POSH regulates the localization of activated Rac1 and F-actin assembly to control PCDLP formation and subsequent somal translocation of migratory neurons.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tao Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Radovic B, Aflaki E, Kratky D. Adipose triglyceride lipase in immune response, inflammation, and atherosclerosis. Biol Chem 2012; 393:1005-11. [PMID: 22944699 PMCID: PMC3520003 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2012-0192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2012] [Accepted: 05/23/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Consistent with its central importance in lipid and energy homeostasis, lipolysis occurs in essentially all tissues and cell types, including macrophages. The hydrolytic cleavage of triacylglycerol by adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL) generates non-esterified fatty acids, which are subsequently used as essential precursors for lipid and membrane synthesis, mediators in cell signaling processes or as energy substrate in mitochondria. This review summarizes the current knowledge concerning the consequences of ATGL deficiency in macrophages with particular emphasis on macrophage (dys)-function, apoptosis, and atherosclerosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Branislav Radovic
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Center of Molecular Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Harrachgasse 21, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | | | - Dagmar Kratky
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Center of Molecular Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Harrachgasse 21, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Wiege K, Le DD, Syed SN, Ali SR, Novakovic A, Beer-Hammer S, Piekorz RP, Schmidt RE, Nürnberg B, Gessner JE. Defective macrophage migration in Gαi2- but not Gαi3-deficient mice. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 189:980-7. [PMID: 22706085 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1200891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Various heterotrimeric G(i) proteins are considered to be involved in cell migration and effector function of immune cells. The underlying mechanisms, how they control the activation of myeloid effector cells, are not well understood. To elucidate isoform-redundant and -specific roles for Gα(i) proteins in these processes, we analyzed mice genetically deficient in Gα(i2) or Gα(i3). First, we show an altered distribution of tissue macrophages and blood monocytes in the absence of Gα(i2) but not Gα(i3). Gα(i2)-deficient but not wild-type or Gα(i3)-deficient mice exhibited reduced recruitment of macrophages in experimental models of thioglycollate-induced peritonitis and LPS-triggered lung injury. In contrast, genetic ablation of Gα(i2) had no effect on Gα(i)-dependent peritoneal cytokine production in vitro and the phagocytosis-promoting function of the Gα(i)-coupled C5a anaphylatoxin receptor by liver macrophages in vivo. Interestingly, actin rearrangement and CCL2- and C5a anaphylatoxin receptor-induced chemotaxis but not macrophage CCR2 and C5a anaphylatoxin receptor expression were reduced in the specific absence of Gα(i2). Furthermore, knockdown of Gα(i2) caused decreased cell migration and motility of RAW 264.7 cells, which was rescued by transfection of Gα(i2) but not Gα(i3). These results indicate that Gα(i2), albeit redundant to Gα(i3) in some macrophage activation processes, clearly exhibits a Gα(i) isoform-specific role in the regulation of macrophage migration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Wiege
- Clinical Department of Immunology and Rheumatology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Migration of Th1 lymphocytes is regulated by CD152 (CTLA-4)-mediated signaling via PI3 kinase-dependent Akt activation. PLoS One 2012; 7:e31391. [PMID: 22412835 PMCID: PMC3295805 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0031391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2011] [Accepted: 01/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Efficient adaptive immune responses require the localization of T lymphocytes in secondary lymphoid organs and inflamed tissues. To achieve correct localization of T lymphocytes, the migration of these cells is initiated and directed by adhesion molecules and chemokines. It has recently been shown that the inhibitory surface molecule CD152 (CTLA-4) initiates Th cell migration, but the molecular mechanism underlying this effect remains to be elucidated. Using CD4 T lymphocytes derived from OVA-specific TCR transgenic CD152-deficient and CD152-competent mice, we demonstrate that chemokine-triggered signal transduction is differentially regulated by CD152 via phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)-dependent activation of protein kinase B (PKB/Akt). In the presence of CD152 signaling, the chemoattractant CCL4 selectively induces the full activation of Akt via phosphorylation at threonine 308 and serine 473 in pro-inflammatory Th lymphocytes expressing the cognate chemokine receptor CCR5. Akt signals lead to cytoskeleton rearrangements, which are indispensable for migration. Therefore, this novel Akt-modulating function of CD152 signals affecting T cell migration demonstrates that boosting CD152 or its down-stream signal transduction could aid therapies aimed at sensitizing T lymphocytes for optimal migration, thus contributing to a precise and effective immune response.
Collapse
|
34
|
Costa C, Martin-Conte EL, Hirsch E. Phosphoinositide 3-kinase p110γ in immunity. IUBMB Life 2011; 63:707-13. [PMID: 21800408 DOI: 10.1002/iub.516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2011] [Accepted: 05/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The rapid and accurate response of leukocytes to environmental cues is critical for a proper inflammatory reaction to foreign particles or invading microbes. In the last decade, the signal transduction enzyme phosphoinositide 3-kinase γ (PI3Kγ) has emerged as a critical modulator of leukocyte responses, with its effects spanning from recruitment to the site of inflammation to the production of reactive oxygen species. These findings initially obtained from genetically modified mice have led to the development of experimental anti-inflammatory inhibitors with reasonable selectivity and specificity. While such molecules have not yet reached clinical use, preclinical studies combining genetics and pharmacology continue to provide new therapeutic indications for targeting PI3Kγ. Thus, this review focuses on the latest discoveries regarding PI3Kγ function in leukocytes and on the most recent findings in disease models related to immunity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carlotta Costa
- Department of Genetic, Biology and Biochemistry and Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Torino, Via Nizza 52, Torino, Italy
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Park H, Ishihara D, Cox D. Regulation of tyrosine phosphorylation in macrophage phagocytosis and chemotaxis. Arch Biochem Biophys 2011; 510:101-11. [PMID: 21356194 PMCID: PMC3114168 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2011.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2010] [Revised: 02/15/2011] [Accepted: 02/18/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Macrophages display a large variety of surface receptors that are critical for their normal cellular functions in host defense, including finding sites of infection (chemotaxis) and removing foreign particles (phagocytosis). However, inappropriate regulation of these processes can lead to human diseases. Many of these receptors utilize tyrosine phosphorylation cascades to initiate and terminate signals leading to cell migration and clearance of infection. Actin remodeling dominates these processes and many regulators have been identified. This review focuses on how tyrosine kinases and phosphatases regulate actin dynamics leading to macrophage chemotaxis and phagocytosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haein Park
- Department of Anatomy and Structural Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA
| | - Dan Ishihara
- Department of Anatomy and Structural Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA
| | - Dianne Cox
- Department of Anatomy and Structural Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA
- Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Verma NK, Dempsey E, Freeley M, Botting CH, Long A, Kelleher D, Volkov Y. Analysis of dynamic tyrosine phosphoproteome in LFA-1 triggered migrating T-cells. J Cell Physiol 2011; 226:1489-98. [PMID: 20945386 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.22478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The ordered, directional migration of T-lymphocytes is a key process during immune surveillance and response. This requires cell adhesion to the high endothelial venules or to the extracellular matrix by a series of surface receptor/ligand interactions involving adhesion molecules of the integrin family including lymphocyte function associated molecule-1 (LFA-1) and intercellular adhesion molecules (ICAMs). Reversible protein phosphorylation is emerging as a key player in the regulation of biological functions with tyrosine phosphorylation playing a crucial role in signal transduction. Thus, the study of this type of post-translational modification at the proteomic level has great biological significance. In this work, phospho-enriched cell lysates from LFA-1-triggered migrating human T-cells were subjected to immunoaffinity purification of tyrosine phosphorylated proteins, mass spectrometric, and bioinformatic analysis. In addition to the identification of several well-documented proteins, the analysis suggested involvement of a number of new and novel proteins in LFA-1 induced T-cell migration. This dataset expands the list of the signaling components of the LFA-1 induced phosphotyrosine protein complexes in migrating T-cells that will be extremely useful in the study of their specific roles within LFA-1 associated signaling pathways. Identification of proteins previously not reported in the context of LFA-1 stimulated signal transduction might provide new insights into understanding the LFA-1 signaling networks and aid in the search for new potential therapeutic targets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Navin K Verma
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Impaired Rho GTPase activation abrogates cell polarization and migration in macrophages with defective lipolysis. Cell Mol Life Sci 2011; 68:3933-47. [PMID: 21533980 PMCID: PMC3214256 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-011-0688-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2010] [Revised: 03/22/2011] [Accepted: 04/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Infiltration of monocytes and macrophages into the site of inflammation is critical in the progression of inflammatory diseases such as atherosclerosis. Cell migration is dependent on the continuous organization of the actin cytoskeleton, which is regulated by members of the small Rho GTPase family (RhoA, Cdc42, Rac) that are also important for the regulation of signal transduction pathways. We have recently reported on reduced plaque formation in an atherosclerotic mouse model transplanted with bone marrow from adipose triglyceride lipase-deficient (Atgl−/−) mice. Here we provide evidence that defective lipolysis in macrophages lacking ATGL, the major enzyme responsible for triacylglycerol hydrolysis, favors an anti-inflammatory M2-like macrophage phenotype. Our data implicate an as yet unrecognized principle that insufficient lipolysis influences macrophage polarization and actin polymerization, resulting in impaired macrophage migration. Sustained phosphorylation of focal adhesion kinase [due to inactivation of its phosphatase by elevated levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS)] results in defective Cdc42, Rac1 and RhoA activation and in increased and sustained activation of Rac2. Inhibition of ROS production restores the migratory capacity of Atgl−/− macrophages. Since monocyte and macrophage migration are a prerequisite for infiltrating the arterial wall, our results provide a molecular link between lipolysis and the development of atherosclerosis.
Collapse
|
38
|
Calvo M, Zhu N, Grist J, Ma Z, Loeb JA, Bennett DLH. Following nerve injury neuregulin-1 drives microglial proliferation and neuropathic pain via the MEK/ERK pathway. Glia 2011; 59:554-68. [PMID: 21319222 PMCID: PMC3222694 DOI: 10.1002/glia.21124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2010] [Accepted: 11/22/2010] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Following peripheral nerve injury microglia accumulate within the spinal cord and adopt a proinflammatory phenotype a process which contributes to the development of neuropathic pain. We have recently shown that neuregulin-1, a growth factor released following nerve injury, activates erbB 2, 3, and 4 receptors on microglia and stimulates proliferation, survival and chemotaxis of these cells. Here we studied the intracellular signaling pathways downstream of neuregulin-1-erbB activation in microglial cells. We found that neuregulin-1 in vitro induced phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and Akt without activating p38MAPK. Using specific kinase inhibitors we found that the mitogenic effect of neuregulin-1 on microglia was dependant on MEK/ERK1/2 pathway, the chemotactic effect was dependant on PI3K/Akt signaling and survival was dependant on both pathways. Intrathecal treatment with neuregulin-1 was associated with microgliosis and development of mechanical and cold pain related hypersensitivity which was dependant on ERK1/2 phosphorylation in microglia. Spinal nerve ligation results in a robust microgliosis and sustained ERK1/2 phosphorylation within these cells. This pathway is downstream of neuregulin-1/erbB signaling since its blockade resulted in a significant reduction in microglial ERK1/2 phosphorylation. Inhibition of the MEK/ERK1/2 pathway resulted in decreased spinal microgliosis and in reduced mechanical and cold hypersensitivity after peripheral nerve damage. We conclude that neuregulin-1 released after nerve injury activates microglial erbB receptors which consequently stimulates the MEK/ERK1/2 pathway that drives microglial proliferation and contributes to the development of neuropathic pain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Margarita Calvo
- Wolfson CARD, Kings College London, Hodgkin Building, Guys Campus, SE1 1UL, London, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
8-oxo-2'-deoxyguanosine suppresses allergy-induced lung tissue remodeling in mice. Eur J Pharmacol 2010; 651:218-26. [PMID: 21114981 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2010.10.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2010] [Revised: 10/26/2010] [Accepted: 10/31/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
We previously reported that 8-oxo-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-oxo-dG) suppressed airway hyperresponsiveness and allergy-associated immune responses in ovalbumin-induced allergic mice by inactivating Rac. In the present study, 8-oxo-dG was investigated for its suppression of inflammation and remodeling in lung tissues induced by allergic reaction in mice. Mice were sensitized and challenged with ovalbumin without or with oral administration of 8-oxo-dG. The mice without 8-oxo-dG administration showed the following inflammatory and airway remodeling signs: infiltration of inflammatory cells into peribronchial area, hyperplasia of mucus-secreting goblet cells in bronchial walls, increase of expressions of Muc5ac and vascular cell adhesion molecule (VCAM)-1, collagen deposition and protein expression, and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2/-9 expressions. We also observed an increase of various inflammation-mediating proteins, namely IL-4, IL-5, IL-8, IL-13, TNF-α and IFN-γ, and activation of STAT1 and NF-κB. Production of reactive oxygen species and nitric oxide (NO(.)) was increased as indicated by a dramatic increase in formation of nitro-tyrosine. Importantly, Rac1 and 2 were also markedly activated. However, 8-oxo-dG suppressed all these inflammatory and tissue remodeling signs as well as activation of Rac1 and 2. These results indicate that 8-oxo-dG can inhibit allergy-induced inflammation and remodeling in airway and lung tissues through Rac inactivation.
Collapse
|
40
|
Zhang TT, Li H, Cheung SM, Costantini JL, Hou S, Al-Alwan M, Marshall AJ. Phosphoinositide 3-kinase-regulated adapters in lymphocyte activation. Immunol Rev 2010; 232:255-72. [PMID: 19909369 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-065x.2009.00838.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Signaling via phosphoinositide 3-kinases (PI3Ks) has emerged as a central component of lymphocyte activation via immunoreceptors, costimulatory receptors, cytokine receptors, and chemokine receptors. The discovery of phosphoinositide-binding pleckstrin homology (PH) domains has substantially increased understanding of how PI3Ks activate cellular responses. Accumulating evidence indicates that PH-domain containing adapter molecules provide important links between PI3K and lymphocyte function. Here, we review data on PI3K-regulated adapter proteins of the Grb-associated binder (GAB), Src kinase-associated phosphoprotein (SKAP), and B-lymphocyte adapter molecule of 32 kDa (Bam32)/ dual-adapter for phosphotyrosine and 3-phosphoinositides (DAPP)/TAPP families, with a focus on the latter group. Current data support the model that recruitment of these adapters to the plasma membrane of activated lymphocytes is driven by the phosphoinositides phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-tris-phosphate and phosphatidylinositol-3,4-bisphosphate, generated through the action of PI3Ks and under the regulatory control of lipid phosphatases Src homology 2 domain-containing inositol phosphatase (SHIP), phosphatase and tensin homolog, and inositol polyphosphate 4-phosphatase. At the plasma membrane, these adapters serve to assemble distinct protein complexes. Bam32/DAPP1 and SKAPs function to promote activation of monomeric guanosine triphosphatases, including Rac and Rap, and promote integrin activation, lymphocyte adhesion to matrix proteins, and cell:cell interactions between B and T lymphocytes. GABs can provide feedforward amplification or feedback inhibition of PI3K signaling. Current work is further defining the molecular interactions driven by these molecules and identifying the functions of TAPP adapters, which also appear to be involved in lymphocyte adhesion and are specific effectors downstream of the SHIP product phosphatidylinositol-3,4-bisphosphate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ting-Ting Zhang
- Department of Immunology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Krauss JL, Potempa J, Lambris JD, Hajishengallis G. Complementary Tolls in the periodontium: how periodontal bacteria modify complement and Toll-like receptor responses to prevail in the host. Periodontol 2000 2010; 52:141-62. [PMID: 20017800 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0757.2009.00324.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
|
42
|
Jeon S, Park JK, Bae CD, Park J. NGF-induced moesin phosphorylation is mediated by the PI3K, Rac1 and Akt and required for neurite formation in PC12 cells. Neurochem Int 2010; 56:810-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2010.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2009] [Revised: 02/18/2010] [Accepted: 03/12/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
43
|
Gruen M, Rose C, König C, Gajda M, Wetzker R, Bräuer R. Loss of phosphoinositide 3-kinase gamma decreases migration and activation of phagocytes but not T cell activation in antigen-induced arthritis. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2010; 11:63. [PMID: 20374644 PMCID: PMC2867834 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2474-11-63] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2009] [Accepted: 04/07/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Phosphoinositide 3-kinase γ (PI3Kγ) has been depicted as a major regulator of inflammatory processes, including leukocyte activation and migration towards several chemokines. This study aims to explore the role of PI3Kγ in the murine model of antigen-induced arthritis (AIA). Methods Development of AIA was investigated in wildtype and PI3Kγ-deficient mice as well as in mice treated with a specific inhibitor of PI3Kγ (AS-605240) in comparison to untreated animals. Inflammatory reactions of leukocytes, including macrophage and T cell activation, and macrophage migration, were studied in vivo and in vitro. Results Genetic deletion or pharmacological inhibition of PI3Kγ induced a marked decrease of clinical symptoms in early AIA, together with a considerably diminished macrophage migration and activation (lower production of NO, IL-1β, IL-6). Also, macrophage and neutrophil infiltration into the knee joint were impaired in vivo. However, T cell functions, measured by cytokine production (TNFα, IFNγ, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-17) in vitro and DTH reaction in vivo were not altered, and accordingly, disease developed normally at later timepoints Conclusion PI3Kγ specifically affects phagocyte function in the AIA model but has no impact on T cell activation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Gruen
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Passos GF, Figueiredo CP, Prediger RDS, Silva KABS, Siqueira JM, Duarte FS, Leal PC, Medeiros R, Calixto JB. Involvement of phosphoinositide 3-kinase gamma in the neuro-inflammatory response and cognitive impairments induced by beta-amyloid 1-40 peptide in mice. Brain Behav Immun 2010; 24:493-501. [PMID: 20025958 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2009.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2009] [Revised: 12/05/2009] [Accepted: 12/13/2009] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia in the elderly, and the neuro-pathological hallmarks of AD include neurofibrillary tangles (NFT), and deposition of beta-amyloid (Abeta) in extracellular plaques. In addition, chronic inflammation due to recruitment of activated glial cells to amyloid plaques are an invariant component in AD, and several studies have reported that the use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) may provide a measure of protection against AD. In this report we have investigated whether phosphoinositide 3-kinase gamma (PI3Kgamma), which is important in inflammatory cell migration, plays a critical role in the neuro-inflammation, synaptic dysfunction, and cognitive deficits induced by intracerebroventricular injection of Abeta(1-40) in mice. We found that the selective inhibitor of PI3Kgamma, AS605240, was able to attenuate the Abeta(1-40)-induced accumulation of activated astrocytes and microglia in the hippocampus, and decrease immuno-staining for p-Akt and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2). Interestingly, Abeta(1-40) activated macrophages treated with AS605240 or another PI3Kgamma inhibitor, AS252424, displayed impaired chemotaxis in vitro, but their expression of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta) was unaffected. Finally, AS605240 prevented Abeta(1-40)-induced cognitive deficits and synaptic dysfunction, but failed to modify scopolamine-induced amnesia. Our data suggests that inhibition of PI3Kgamma may represent a novel therapeutic target for treating AD patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giselle F Passos
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Michaud J, Im DS, Hla T. Inhibitory Role of Sphingosine 1-Phosphate Receptor 2 in Macrophage Recruitment during Inflammation. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2010; 184:1475-1483. [PMID: 20042570 PMCID: PMC3068864 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0901586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/11/2023]
Abstract
Macrophage recruitment to sites of inflammation is an essential step in host defense. However, the mechanisms preventing excessive accumulation of macrophages remain relatively unknown. The lysophospholipid sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) promotes T and B cell egress from lymphoid organs by acting on S1P receptor 1 (S1P1R). More recently, S1P5R was shown to regulate NK cell mobilization during inflammation, raising the possibility that S1P regulates the trafficking of other leukocyte lineages. In this study, we show that S1P2R inhibits macrophage migration in vitro and that S1P2R-deficient mice have enhanced macrophage recruitment during thioglycollate peritonitis. We identify the signaling mechanisms used by S1P2R in macrophages, involving the second messenger cAMP and inhibition of Akt phosphorylation. In addition, we show that the phosphoinositide phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome 10, which has been suggested to mediate S1P2R effects in other cell types, does not mediate S1P2R inhibition in macrophages. Our results suggest that S1P serves as a negative regulator of macrophage recruitment by inhibiting migration in these cells and identify an additional facet to the regulation of leukocyte trafficking by S1P.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jason Michaud
- Department of Cell Biology, Center for Vascular Biology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030
| | - Dong-Soon Im
- Department of Cell Biology, Center for Vascular Biology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Timothy Hla
- Department of Cell Biology, Center for Vascular Biology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Center for Vascular Biology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY 10065
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Chen K, Obinata H, Izumi T. Detection of G protein-coupled receptor-mediated cellular response involved in cytoskeletal rearrangement using surface plasmon resonance. Biosens Bioelectron 2009; 25:1675-80. [PMID: 20044245 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2009.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2009] [Revised: 12/02/2009] [Accepted: 12/04/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) form a superfamily of cell surface receptors that play fundamental roles in physiology and pathophysiology. Although GPCRs have been the most successful targets for drug discovery, there still remain many orphan GPCRs, which provides opportunities for development of novel drugs. Here, we introduce a new method for evaluation of GPCR activation utilizing a surface plasmon resonance (SPR) sensor. Cells expressing GPCRs were cultured directly on an SPR sensor chip and stimulated with GPCR ligands, resulting in SPR responses that were dependent on the type of G alpha subunits coupling with receptors. Namely G(i)- and/or G(12/13)-coupled receptors evoked SPR responses but G(s)- or G(q)-coupled ones did not. Analyses on the intracellular signal pathways revealed that small G protein Rho/Rac-mediated actin rearrangement plays an important role in the signal transduction pathways leading to the SPR responses. An SPR response was also evoked by insulin-like growth factor-1, which stimulates Rac-dependent stress fiber formation via its receptor-tyrosine kinase. Thus, this method provides a unique opportunity for real-time monitoring of cellular responses involved in cytoskeletal rearrangements, and may be useful in ligand/drug discovery for certain types of receptor, such as G(i)- and G(12/13)-coupled receptors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kexin Chen
- Department of Biochemistry, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-39-22 Showa-machi, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8511, Japan.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Henry SC, Traver M, Daniell X, Indaram M, Oliver T, Taylor GA. Regulation of macrophage motility by Irgm1. J Leukoc Biol 2009; 87:333-43. [PMID: 19920210 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0509299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
IRG are a family of IFN-regulated proteins that are critical for resistance to infection. Mouse IRG proteins are divided into GMS and GKS subfamilies, based on a sequence within the G1 GTP-binding motif. The GMS proteins have a particularly profound impact on immunity, as typified by Irgm1, of which absence leads to a complete loss of resistance to a variety of intracellular bacteria and protozoa. The underlying molecular and cellular mechanisms are not clear. Here, we use time-lapse microscopy and cell-tracking analysis to demonstrate that Irgm1 is required for motility of IFN-gamma-activated macrophages. The absence of Irgm1 led to decreased actin remodeling at the leading edge of migrating macrophages, as well as decreased Rac activation. Although Irgm1 did not localize to the leading edge of migrating macrophages, it was found to regulate the localization of a GKS IRG protein, Irgb6, which in turn, concentrated on the plasma membrane in the advancing lamellipodia, in close apposition to molecular components that regulate membrane remodeling, including Rac, paxillin, and actin. Thus, Irgm1 likely controls macrophage motility by regulating the positioning of specific GKS IRG proteins to the plasma membrane, which in turn, modulate cytoskeletal remodeling and membrane dynamics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stanley C Henry
- Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, VA Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Patsouris D, Neels JG, Fan W, Li PP, Nguyen MTA, Olefsky JM. Glucocorticoids and thiazolidinediones interfere with adipocyte-mediated macrophage chemotaxis and recruitment. J Biol Chem 2009; 284:31223-35. [PMID: 19740750 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.041665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The link between intra-abdominal adiposity and type II diabetes has been known for decades, and adipose tissue macrophage (ATM)-associated inflammation has recently been linked to insulin resistance. However, the mechanisms associated with ATM recruitment remain ill defined. Herein, we describe in vitro chemotaxis studies, in which adipocyte conditioned medium was used to stimulate macrophage migration. We demonstrate that tumor necrosis factor alpha and free fatty acids, key inflammatory stimuli involved in obesity-associated autocrine/paracrine inflammatory signaling, stimulate adipocyte expression and secretion of macrophage chemoattractants. Pharmacological studies showed that peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma agonists and glucocorticoids potently inhibit adipocyte- induced recruitment of macrophages. This latter effect was mediated by the glucocorticoid receptor, which led to decreased chemokine secretion and expression. In vivo results were quite comparable; treatment of high fat diet-fed mice with dexamethasone prevented ATM accumulation in epididymal fat. This decrease in ATM was most pronounced for the proinflammatory F4/80(+), CD11b(+), CD11c(+) M-1-like ATM subset. Overall, our results elucidate a beneficial function of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma activation and glucocorticoid receptor/glucocorticoids in adipose tissue and indicate that pharmacologic prevention of ATM accumulation could be beneficial.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David Patsouris
- Division of Endocrinology-Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Syndecan-1 and syndecan-4 are involved in RANTES/CCL5-induced migration and invasion of human hepatoma cells. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2009; 1790:1314-26. [PMID: 19632304 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2009.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2009] [Revised: 07/12/2009] [Accepted: 07/20/2009] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We previously demonstrated that the CC-chemokine Regulated upon Activation, Normal T cell Expressed and Secreted (RANTES)/CCL5 exerts pro-tumoral effects on human hepatoma Huh7 cells through its G protein-coupled receptor, CCR1. Glycosaminoglycans play major roles in these biological events. METHODS In the present study, we explored 1/ the signalling pathways underlying RANTES/CCL5-mediated hepatoma cell migration or invasion by the use of specific pharmacological inhibitors, 2/ the role of RANTES/CCL5 oligomerization in these effects by using a dimeric RANTES/CCL5, 3/ the possible involvement of two membrane heparan sulfate proteoglycans, syndecan-1 (SDC-1) and syndecan-4 (SDC-4) in RANTES/CCL5-induced cell chemotaxis and spreading by pre-incubating cells with specific antibodies or by reducing SDC-1 or -4 expression by RNA interference. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION The present data suggest that focal adhesion kinase phosphorylation, phosphoinositide 3-kinase-, mitogen-activated protein kinase- and Rho kinase activations are involved in RANTES/CCL5 pro-tumoral effects on Huh7 cells. Interference with oligomerization of the chemokine reduced RANTES/CCL5-mediated cell chemotaxis. This study also indicates that SDC-1 and -4 may be required for HepG2, Hep3B and Huh7 human hepatoma cell migration, invasion or spreading induced by the chemokine. These results also further demonstrate the involvement of glycosaminoglycans as the glycosaminoglycan-binding deficient RANTES/CCL5 variant, in which arginine 47 was replaced by lysine, was devoid of effect. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE The modulation of RANTES/CCL5-mediated cellular effects by targeting the chemokine-syndecan interaction could represent a new therapeutic approach for hepatocellular carcinoma.
Collapse
|
50
|
Lee SH, Taek Han S, Choi SW, Sung SY, You HJ, Ye SK, Chung MH. Inhibition of Rac and Rac-linked functions by 8-oxo-2'-deoxyguanosine in murine macrophages. Free Radic Res 2009; 43:78-84. [PMID: 19358003 DOI: 10.1080/10715760802609432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Rac is a protein involved in the various functions of macrophages (Mphi), including the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), phagocytosis, chemotaxis and the secretion of cytokines (such as gamma-INF). This study tested the effects of nucleosides containing 8-oxoguanine(8-hydroxyguanine) such as 8-oxo-2'-guanosine (8-oxoG) or 8-oxo-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-oxodG), on Rac and the above-listed Rac-associated functions of Mphi using mouse peritoneal Mphi (MpMphi). It is reported that 8-oxodG was able to effectively inhibit Rac and the Rac-associated functions of MpMphi. Compared to 8-oxodG, 8-oxoG showed negligible effects. Furthermore, normal nucleosides such as deoxyguanosine (dG), guanosine (G) and adenosine (A) did not exert any effects. These results suggest that 8-oxodG could be used as a potential tool to modulate the functions of Mphi that are intimately related to various pathological processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sun-Hye Lee
- Department of Pharmacology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|