1
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Smith H, Giulivi C. Starch treatment improves the salivary proteome for subject identification purposes. Forensic Sci Med Pathol 2024; 20:117-128. [PMID: 37084127 PMCID: PMC10944386 DOI: 10.1007/s12024-023-00629-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 04/22/2023]
Abstract
Identification of subjects, including perpetrators, is one of the most crucial goals of forensic science. Saliva is among the most common biological fluids found at crime scenes, containing identifiable components. DNA has been the most prominent identifier to date, but its analysis can be complex due to low DNA yields and issues preserving its integrity at the crime scene. Proteins are emerging as viable candidates for subject identification. Previous work has shown that the salivary proteome of the least-abundant proteins may be helpful for subject identification, but more optimized techniques are needed. Among them is removing the most abundant proteins, such as salivary α-amylase. Starch treatment of saliva samples elicited the removal of this enzyme and that of glycosylated, low-molecular-weight proteins, proteases, and immunoglobulins, resulting in a saliva proteome profile enriched with a subset of proteins, allowing a more reliable and nuanced subject identification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Smith
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Cecilia Giulivi
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA.
- MIND Institute, University of California at Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, CA, USA.
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2
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Di Pietro L, Boroumand M, Lattanzi W, Manconi B, Salvati M, Cabras T, Olianas A, Flore L, Serrao S, Calò CM, Francalacci P, Parolini O, Castagnola M. A Catalog of Coding Sequence Variations in Salivary Proteins' Genes Occurring during Recent Human Evolution. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:15010. [PMID: 37834461 PMCID: PMC10573131 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241915010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Revised: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Saliva houses over 2000 proteins and peptides with poorly clarified functions, including proline-rich proteins, statherin, P-B peptides, histatins, cystatins, and amylases. Their genes are poorly conserved across related species, reflecting an evolutionary adaptation. We searched the nucleotide substitutions fixed in these salivary proteins' gene loci in modern humans compared with ancient hominins. We mapped 3472 sequence variants/nucleotide substitutions in coding, noncoding, and 5'-3' untranslated regions. Despite most of the detected variations being within noncoding regions, the frequency of coding variations was far higher than the general rate found throughout the genome. Among the various missense substitutions, specific substitutions detected in PRB1 and PRB2 genes were responsible for the introduction/abrogation of consensus sequences recognized by convertase enzymes that cleave the protein precursors. Overall, these changes that occurred during the recent human evolution might have generated novel functional features and/or different expression ratios among the various components of the salivary proteome. This may have influenced the homeostasis of the oral cavity environment, possibly conditioning the eating habits of modern humans. However, fixed nucleotide changes in modern humans represented only 7.3% of all the substitutions reported in this study, and no signs of evolutionary pressure or adaptative introgression from archaic hominins were found on the tested genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorena Di Pietro
- Dipartimento Scienze della Vita e Sanità Pubblica, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy; (L.D.P.)
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Mozhgan Boroumand
- Laboratorio di Proteomica, Centro Europeo di Ricerca sul Cervello, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, 00179 Rome, Italy
| | - Wanda Lattanzi
- Dipartimento Scienze della Vita e Sanità Pubblica, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy; (L.D.P.)
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Barbara Manconi
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e Dell’ambiente, Università di Cagliari, 09042 Monserrato, Italy
| | - Martina Salvati
- Dipartimento Scienze della Vita e Sanità Pubblica, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy; (L.D.P.)
| | - Tiziana Cabras
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e Dell’ambiente, Università di Cagliari, 09042 Monserrato, Italy
| | - Alessandra Olianas
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e Dell’ambiente, Università di Cagliari, 09042 Monserrato, Italy
| | - Laura Flore
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e Dell’ambiente, Università di Cagliari, 09042 Monserrato, Italy
| | - Simone Serrao
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Proteomics and Metabolomics Unit, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20854 Vedano al Lambro, Italy
| | - Carla M. Calò
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e Dell’ambiente, Università di Cagliari, 09042 Monserrato, Italy
| | - Paolo Francalacci
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e Dell’ambiente, Università di Cagliari, 09042 Monserrato, Italy
| | - Ornella Parolini
- Dipartimento Scienze della Vita e Sanità Pubblica, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy; (L.D.P.)
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Massimo Castagnola
- Laboratorio di Proteomica, Centro Europeo di Ricerca sul Cervello, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, 00179 Rome, Italy
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3
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Messana I, Manconi B, Cabras T, Boroumand M, Sanna MT, Iavarone F, Olianas A, Desiderio C, Rossetti DV, Vincenzoni F, Contini C, Guadalupi G, Fiorita A, Faa G, Castagnola M. The Post-Translational Modifications of Human Salivary Peptides and Proteins Evidenced by Top-Down Platforms. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12776. [PMID: 37628956 PMCID: PMC10454625 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241612776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 08/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
In this review, we extensively describe the main post-translational modifications that give rise to the multiple proteoforms characterized to date in the human salivary proteome and their potential role. Most of the data reported were obtained by our group in over twenty-five years of research carried out on human saliva mainly by applying a top-down strategy. In the beginning, we describe the products generated by proteolytic cleavages, which can occur before and after secretion. In this section, the most relevant families of salivary proteins are also described. Next, we report the current information concerning the human salivary phospho-proteome and the limited news available on sulfo-proteomes. Three sections are dedicated to the description of glycation and enzymatic glycosylation. Citrullination and N- and C-terminal post-translational modifications (PTMs) and miscellaneous other modifications are described in the last two sections. Results highlighting the variation in the level of some proteoforms in local or systemic pathologies are also reviewed throughout the sections of the manuscript to underline the impact and relevance of this information for the development of new diagnostic biomarkers useful in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Messana
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche “Giulio Natta”, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, 00168 Rome, Italy; (I.M.); (C.D.); (D.V.R.)
| | - Barbara Manconi
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, 09124 Cagliari, Italy; (B.M.); (M.T.S.); (A.O.); (C.C.); (G.G.)
| | - Tiziana Cabras
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, 09124 Cagliari, Italy; (B.M.); (M.T.S.); (A.O.); (C.C.); (G.G.)
| | | | - Maria Teresa Sanna
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, 09124 Cagliari, Italy; (B.M.); (M.T.S.); (A.O.); (C.C.); (G.G.)
| | - Federica Iavarone
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biotecnologiche di Base, Cliniche Intensivologiche e Perioperatorie, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy; (F.I.); (F.V.)
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli Fondazione IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy;
| | - Alessandra Olianas
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, 09124 Cagliari, Italy; (B.M.); (M.T.S.); (A.O.); (C.C.); (G.G.)
| | - Claudia Desiderio
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche “Giulio Natta”, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, 00168 Rome, Italy; (I.M.); (C.D.); (D.V.R.)
| | - Diana Valeria Rossetti
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche “Giulio Natta”, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, 00168 Rome, Italy; (I.M.); (C.D.); (D.V.R.)
| | - Federica Vincenzoni
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biotecnologiche di Base, Cliniche Intensivologiche e Perioperatorie, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy; (F.I.); (F.V.)
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli Fondazione IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy;
| | - Cristina Contini
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, 09124 Cagliari, Italy; (B.M.); (M.T.S.); (A.O.); (C.C.); (G.G.)
| | - Giulia Guadalupi
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, 09124 Cagliari, Italy; (B.M.); (M.T.S.); (A.O.); (C.C.); (G.G.)
| | - Antonella Fiorita
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli Fondazione IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy;
- Dipartimento di Scienze dell’Invecchiamento, Neurologiche, Ortopediche e della Testa e del Collo, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Gavino Faa
- Unit of Pathology, Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, University of Cagliari, 09124 Cagliari, Italy;
- Department of Biology, College of Science and Technology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA
| | - Massimo Castagnola
- Proteomics Laboratory, European Center for Brain Research, (IRCCS) Santa Lucia Foundation, 00168 Rome, Italy;
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4
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Donaghy C, Javellana JG, Hong YJ, Djoko K, Angeles-Boza AM. The Synergy between Zinc and Antimicrobial Peptides: An Insight into Unique Bioinorganic Interactions. Molecules 2023; 28:2156. [PMID: 36903402 PMCID: PMC10004757 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28052156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Revised: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are essential components of innate immunity across all species. AMPs have become the focus of attention in recent years, as scientists are addressing antibiotic resistance, a public health crisis that has reached epidemic proportions. This family of peptides represents a promising alternative to current antibiotics due to their broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity and tendency to avoid resistance development. A subfamily of AMPs interacts with metal ions to potentiate antimicrobial effectiveness, and, as such, they have been termed metalloAMPs. In this work, we review the scientific literature on metalloAMPs that enhance their antimicrobial efficacy when combined with the essential metal ion zinc(II). Beyond the role played by Zn(II) as a cofactor in different systems, it is well-known that this metal ion plays an important role in innate immunity. Here, we classify the different types of synergistic interactions between AMPs and Zn(II) into three distinct classes. By better understanding how each class of metalloAMPs uses Zn(II) to potentiate its activity, researchers can begin to exploit these interactions in the development of new antimicrobial agents and accelerate their use as therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Donaghy
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | | | - Young-Jin Hong
- Department of Chemistry, Durham University, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
| | - Karrera Djoko
- Department of Chemistry, Durham University, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
| | - Alfredo M. Angeles-Boza
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
- Institute of Materials Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
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5
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Olianas A, Guadalupi G, Cabras T, Contini C, Serrao S, Iavarone F, Castagnola M, Messana I, Onali S, Chessa L, Diaz G, Manconi B. Top-Down Proteomics Detection of Potential Salivary Biomarkers for Autoimmune Liver Diseases Classification. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:959. [PMID: 36674470 PMCID: PMC9866740 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24020959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
(1) Autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) and primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) are autoimmune liver diseases characterized by chronic hepatic inflammation and progressive liver fibrosis. The possible use of saliva as a diagnostic tool has been explored in several oral and systemic diseases. The use of proteomics for personalized medicine is a rapidly emerging field. (2) Salivary proteomic data of 36 healthy controls (HCs), 36 AIH and 36 PBC patients, obtained by liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry top-down pipeline, were analyzed by multiple Mann-Whitney test, Kendall correlation, Random Forest (RF) analysis and Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA); (3) Mann-Whitney tests provided indications on the panel of differentially expressed salivary proteins and peptides, namely cystatin A, statherin, histatin 3, histatin 5 and histatin 6, which were elevated in AIH patients with respect to both HCs and PBC patients, while S100A12, S100A9 short, cystatin S1, S2, SN and C showed varied levels in PBC with respect to HCs and/or AIH patients. RF analysis evidenced a panel of salivary proteins/peptides able to classify with good accuracy PBC vs. HCs (83.3%), AIH vs. HCs (79.9%) and PBC vs. AIH (80.2%); (4) RF appears to be an attractive machine-learning tool suited for classification of AIH and PBC based on their different salivary proteomic profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Olianas
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell’Ambiente, Università di Cagliari, 09042 Cagliari, Italy
| | - Giulia Guadalupi
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell’Ambiente, Università di Cagliari, 09042 Cagliari, Italy
| | - Tiziana Cabras
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell’Ambiente, Università di Cagliari, 09042 Cagliari, Italy
| | - Cristina Contini
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell’Ambiente, Università di Cagliari, 09042 Cagliari, Italy
| | - Simone Serrao
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell’Ambiente, Università di Cagliari, 09042 Cagliari, Italy
| | - Federica Iavarone
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario “A. Gemelli”—IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Massimo Castagnola
- Laboratorio di Proteomica, Centro Europeo di Ricerca sul Cervello, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, 00179 Rome, Italy
| | - Irene Messana
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche “Giulio Natta”, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Simona Onali
- Liver Unit, University Hospital of Cagliari, 09042 Cagliari, Italy
| | - Luchino Chessa
- Liver Unit, University Hospital of Cagliari, 09042 Cagliari, Italy
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche e Sanità Pubblica, Università di Cagliari, 09042 Cagliari, Italy
| | - Giacomo Diaz
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Università di Cagliari, 09042 Cagliari, Italy
| | - Barbara Manconi
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell’Ambiente, Università di Cagliari, 09042 Cagliari, Italy
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6
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Perez-Rodriguez A, Eraso E, Quindós G, Mateo E. Antimicrobial Peptides with Anti-Candida Activity. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23169264. [PMID: 36012523 PMCID: PMC9409312 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23169264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Revised: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycoses are accountable for millions of infections yearly worldwide. Invasive candidiasis is the most usual, presenting a high morbidity and mortality. Candida albicans remains the prevalent etiologic agent, but the incidence of other species such as Candida parapsilosis, Candida glabrata and Candida auris keeps increasing. These pathogens frequently show a reduced susceptibility to commonly used antifungal drugs, including polyenes, triazoles and echinocandins, and the incidence of emerging multi-drug-resistant strains of these species continues to increase. Therefore, the need to search for new molecules that target these pathogenic species in a different manner is now more urgent than ever. Nature is an almost endless source of interesting new molecules that could meet this need. Among these molecules, antimicrobial peptides, present in different sources in nature, possess some advantages over conventional antifungal agents, even with their own drawbacks, and are considered as a promising pharmacological option against a wide range of microbial infections. In this review, we describe 20 antimicrobial peptides from different origins that possess an activity against Candida.
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7
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Nunes LGP, Reichert T, Machini MT. His-Rich Peptides, Gly- and His-Rich Peptides: Functionally Versatile Compounds with Potential Multi-Purpose Applications. Int J Pept Res Ther 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10989-021-10302-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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8
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Moussa DG, Siqueira WL. Bioinspired caries preventive strategy via customizable pellicles of saliva-derived protein/peptide constructs. Sci Rep 2021; 11:17007. [PMID: 34417532 PMCID: PMC8379205 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-96622-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Dental caries has been the most widespread chronic disease globally associated with significant health and financial burdens. Caries typically starts in the enamel, which is a unique tissue that cannot be healed or regrown; nonetheless, new preventive approaches have limitations and no effective care has developed yet. Since enamel is a non-renewable tissue, we believe that the intimate overlaying layer, the acquired enamel pellicle (AEP), plays a crucial lifetime protective role and could be employed to control bacterial adhesion and dental plaque succession. Based on our identified AEP whole proteome/peptidome, we investigated the bioinhibitory capacities of the native abundant proteins/peptides adsorbed in pellicle-mimicking conditions. Further, we designed novel hybrid constructs comprising antifouling and antimicrobial functional domains derived from statherin and histatin families, respectively, to attain synergistic preventive effects. Three novel constructs demonstrated significant multifaceted bio-inhibition compared to either the whole saliva and/or its native proteins/peptides via reducing biomass fouling and inducing biofilm dispersion beside triggering bacterial cell death. These data are valuable to bioengineer precision-guided enamel pellicles as an efficient and versatile prevention remedy. In conclusion, integrating complementary acting functional domains of salivary proteins/peptides is a novel translational approach to design multifunctional customizable enamel pellicles for caries prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dina G Moussa
- College of Dentistry, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Walter L Siqueira
- College of Dentistry, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada.
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9
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Boroumand M, Iavarone F, Manconi B, Pieroni L, Greco V, Vento G, Tirone C, Desiderio C, Fiorita A, Faa G, Messana I, Cabras T, Olianas A, Castagnola M. HPLC-ESI-MS top-down analysis of salivary peptides of preterm newborns evidenced high activity of some exopeptidases and convertases during late fetal development. Talanta 2020; 222:121429. [PMID: 33167196 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2020.121429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Revised: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
To have information on the proteolytic activity of convertases and exo-peptidases on human salivary proteins, this study investigated the relative amounts of the truncated proteoforms in the saliva of preterm newborns and compared them with the relative amounts measured in saliva of at-term newborns, of babies (0-10 years old) and of adults. Results indicated that convertase(s), acting on acidic proline-rich proteins and histatin 3, and carboxypeptidase(s) acting on acidic proline-rich proteins, P-C peptide, histatin 6 and statherin were many folds more active in preterm newborns than in the other groups. Conversely, the aminopeptidase responsible for the removal of the N-terminal Asp residue of statherin was not active in preterm newborns, becoming active only several months after the normal term of delivery. The high activity of convertases determined in preterm newborns suggests that it is required for the molecular events connected to the fetus development, and encourages further studies devoted to the characterization of their specific substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mozhgan Boroumand
- Laboratorio di Proteomica, Centro Europeo di Ricerca Sul Cervello, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Roma, Italy.
| | - Federica Iavarone
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biotecnologiche di Base, Cliniche Intensivologiche e Perioperatorie, Università Cattolica Del Sacro Cuore, Roma, Italy; Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "A. Gemelli", IRCCS, Roma, Italy.
| | - Barbara Manconi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Della Vita e Dell'Ambiente, Università di Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy.
| | - Luisa Pieroni
- Laboratorio di Proteomica, Centro Europeo di Ricerca Sul Cervello, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Roma, Italy.
| | - Viviana Greco
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biotecnologiche di Base, Cliniche Intensivologiche e Perioperatorie, Università Cattolica Del Sacro Cuore, Roma, Italy; Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "A. Gemelli", IRCCS, Roma, Italy.
| | - Giovanni Vento
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "A. Gemelli", IRCCS, Roma, Italy; Divisione di Neonatologia, Dipartimento per La Salute Della Donna e Del Bambino, Università Cattolica Del Sacro Cuore, Roma, Italy.
| | - Chiara Tirone
- Divisione di Neonatologia, Dipartimento per La Salute Della Donna e Del Bambino, Università Cattolica Del Sacro Cuore, Roma, Italy.
| | - Claudia Desiderio
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche "Giulio Natta", Consiglio Nazionale Delle Ricerche, Roma, Italy.
| | - Antonella Fiorita
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "A. Gemelli", IRCCS, Roma, Italy; Dipartimento di Scienze Dell'Invecchiamento, Neurologiche, Ortopediche e Della Testa e Del Collo, Università Cattolica Del Sacro Cuore, Roma, Italy.
| | - Gavino Faa
- Sezione di Anatomia Patologica, Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche e Sanità Pubblica, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy; Department of Biology, College of Science and Technology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| | - Irene Messana
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche "Giulio Natta", Consiglio Nazionale Delle Ricerche, Roma, Italy.
| | - Tiziana Cabras
- Dipartimento di Scienze Della Vita e Dell'Ambiente, Università di Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy.
| | - Alessandra Olianas
- Dipartimento di Scienze Della Vita e Dell'Ambiente, Università di Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy.
| | - Massimo Castagnola
- Laboratorio di Proteomica, Centro Europeo di Ricerca Sul Cervello, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Roma, Italy.
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10
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van Dijk IA, Veerman ECI, Reits EAJ, Bolscher JGM, Stap J. Salivary peptide histatin 1 mediated cell adhesion: a possible role in mesenchymal-epithelial transition and in pathologies. Biol Chem 2019; 399:1409-1419. [PMID: 30138105 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2018-0246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Histatins are histidine-rich peptides present in the saliva of humans and higher primates and have been implicated in the protection of the oral cavity. Histatin 1 is one of the most abundant histatins and recent reports show that it has a stimulating effect on cellular adherence, thereby suggesting a role in maintaining the quality of the epithelial barrier and stimulating mesenchymal-to-epithelial transition. Here we summarize these findings and discuss them in the context of previous reports. The recent findings also provide new insights in the physiological functions of histatin 1, which are discussed here. Furthermore, we put forward a possible role of histatin 1 in various pathologies and its potential function in clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene A van Dijk
- Department of Medical Biology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 15, NL-1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Enno C I Veerman
- Department of Oral Biochemistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam, University of Amsterdam and VU University Amsterdam, Gustav Mahlerlaan 3004, NL-1081 AL Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Eric A J Reits
- Department of Oral Biochemistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam, University of Amsterdam and VU University Amsterdam, Gustav Mahlerlaan 3004, NL-1081 AL Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jan G M Bolscher
- Department of Oral Biochemistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam, University of Amsterdam and VU University Amsterdam, Gustav Mahlerlaan 3004, NL-1081 AL Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jan Stap
- Department of Medical Biology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 15, NL-1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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11
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Torres P, Castro M, Reyes M, Torres VA. Histatins, wound healing, and cell migration. Oral Dis 2018; 24:1150-1160. [PMID: 29230909 DOI: 10.1111/odi.12816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2017] [Revised: 12/04/2017] [Accepted: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Wounds in the oral mucosa heal faster and more efficiently than those in the skin, although the mechanisms underlying these differences are not completely clear. In the last 10 years, a group of salivary peptides, the histatins, has gained attention on behalf of their ability to improve several phases of the wound-healing process. In addition to their roles as anti-microbial agents and in enamel maintenance, histatins elicit other biological effects, namely by promoting the migration of different cell types contained in the oral mucosa and in non-oral tissues. Histatins, and specifically histatin-1, promote cell adhesion and migration in oral keratinocytes, gingival and dermal fibroblasts, non-oral epithelial cells, and endothelial cells. This is particularly relevant, as histatin-1 promotes the re-epithelialization phase and the angiogenic responses by increasing epithelial and endothelial cell migration. Although the molecular mechanisms associated with histatin-dependent cell migration remain poorly understood, recent studies have pointed to the control of signaling endosomes and the balance of small GTPases. This review aimed to update the literature on the effects of histatins in cell migration, with a focus on wound healing. We will also discuss the consequences that this increasing field will have in disease and therapy design.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Torres
- Faculty of Dentistry, Institute for Research in Dental Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - M Castro
- Faculty of Dentistry, Institute for Research in Dental Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - M Reyes
- Faculty of Dentistry, Institute for Research in Dental Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - V A Torres
- Faculty of Dentistry, Institute for Research in Dental Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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Park SC, Kim YM, Lee JK, Kim NH, Kim EJ, Heo H, Lee MY, Lee JR, Jang MK. Targeting and synergistic action of an antifungal peptide in an antibiotic drug-delivery system. J Control Release 2017; 256:46-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2017.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Revised: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 04/17/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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13
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Basiri T, Johnson N, Moffa E, Mulyar Y, Serra Nunes P, Machado M, Siqueira W. Duplicated or Hybridized Peptide Functional Domains Promote Oral Homeostasis. J Dent Res 2017; 96:1162-1167. [DOI: 10.1177/0022034517708552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- T. Basiri
- School of Dentistry and Department of Biochemistry, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - N.D. Johnson
- School of Dentistry and Department of Biochemistry, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - E.B. Moffa
- School of Dentistry and Department of Biochemistry, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Orthodontics and Public Health, Bauru Dental School, University of São Paulo, Bauru, Brazil
- CEUMA University, Post-Graduate Program in Dentistry, Maranhão, Brazil
| | - Y. Mulyar
- School of Dentistry and Department of Biochemistry, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - P.L. Serra Nunes
- CEUMA University, Post-Graduate Program in Dentistry, Maranhão, Brazil
| | - M.A.A.M. Machado
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Orthodontics and Public Health, Bauru Dental School, University of São Paulo, Bauru, Brazil
| | - W.L. Siqueira
- School of Dentistry and Department of Biochemistry, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
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14
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Marsh PD, Do T, Beighton D, Devine DA. Influence of saliva on the oral microbiota. Periodontol 2000 2017; 70:80-92. [PMID: 26662484 DOI: 10.1111/prd.12098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Saliva plays a major role in determining the composition and activity of the oral microbiota, via a variety of mechanisms. Molecules, mainly from saliva, form a conditioning film on oral surfaces, thus providing receptors for bacterial attachment. The attached cells use saliva components, such as glycoproteins, as their main source of nutrients for growth. Oral bacteria work sequentially and in a concerted manner to catabolize these structurally complex molecules. Saliva also buffers the pH in the biofilm to around neutrality, creating an environment which is conducive to the growth of many oral bacteria that provide important benefits to the host. Components of the adaptive and innate host defences are delivered by saliva, and these often function synergistically, and at sublethal concentrations, so a complex relationship develops between the host and the resident microbiota. Dysbiosis can occur rapidly if the flow of saliva is perturbed.
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15
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Marvin RK, Saepoo MB, Ye S, White DB, Liu R, Hensley K, Rega P, Kazan V, Giovannucci DR, Isailovic D. Salivary protein changes in response to acute stress in medical residents performing advanced clinical simulations: a pilot proteomics study. Biomarkers 2017; 22:372-382. [PMID: 28055279 DOI: 10.1080/1354750x.2017.1279215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Quantitative changes of salivary proteins due to acute stress were detected. OBJECTIVE To explore protein markers of stress in saliva of eight medical residents who performed emergency medicine simulations. MATERIALS AND METHODS Saliva was collected before the simulations, after the simulations, and following morning upon waking. Proteins were separated by sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), identified by mass spectrometry (MS), and relatively quantified by densitometry. RESULTS Salivary alpha-amylase and S-type cystatins significantly increased, while the ∼26 kDa and low-molecular weight (MW) (<10 kDa) SDS-PAGE bands exhibited changes after stress. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION Alpha-amylase and cystatins are potential salivary markers of acute stress, but further validation should be performed using larger sample populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel K Marvin
- a Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of Toledo , Toledo , OH , USA
| | | | - Simiao Ye
- c Department of Mathematics and Statistics , University of Toledo , Toledo , OH , USA
| | - Donald B White
- c Department of Mathematics and Statistics , University of Toledo , Toledo , OH , USA
| | - Rong Liu
- c Department of Mathematics and Statistics , University of Toledo , Toledo , OH , USA
| | - Kenneth Hensley
- d Department of Pathology , University of Toledo, Toledo , OH, USA
| | - Paul Rega
- e Department of Emergency Medicine , University of Toledo , Toledo , OH , USA
| | - Viviane Kazan
- e Department of Emergency Medicine , University of Toledo , Toledo , OH , USA
| | | | - Dragan Isailovic
- a Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of Toledo , Toledo , OH , USA
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Ekström J, Khosravani N, Castagnola M, Messana I. Saliva and the Control of Its Secretion. Dysphagia 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/174_2017_143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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17
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Abstract
The proteome of whole saliva, in contrast to that of serum, is highly susceptible to a variety of physiological and biochemical processes. First, salivary protein secretion is under neurologic control, with protein output being dependent on the stimulus. Second, extensive salivary protein modifications occur in the oral environment, where a plethora of host- and bacteria-derived enzymes act on proteins emanating from the glandular ducts. Salivary protein biosynthesis starts with the transcription and translation of salivary protein genes in the glands, followed by post-translational processing involving protein glycosylation, phosphorylation, and proteolysis. This gives rise to salivary proteins occurring in families, consisting of structurally closely related family members. Once glandular secretions enter the non-sterile oral environment, proteins are subjected to additional and continuous protein modifications, leading to extensive proteolytic cleavage, partial deglycosylation, and protein-protein complex formation. All these protein modifications occur in a dynamic environment dictated by the continuous supply of newly synthesized proteins and removal by swallowing. Understanding the proteome of whole saliva in an environment of continuous turnover will be a prerequisite to gain insight into the physiological and pathological processes relevant to oral health, and be crucial for the identification of meaningful biomarkers for oral disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- E J Helmerhorst
- Boston University Goldman School of Dental Medicine, Department of Periodontology and Oral Biology, 700 Albany Street CABR W-201, Boston, MA 02118, USA.
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Sanna M, Firinu D, Manconi PE, Pisanu M, Murgia G, Piras V, Castagnola M, Messana I, del Giacco SR, Cabras T. The salivary proteome profile in patients affected by SAPHO syndrome characterized by a top-down RP-HPLC-ESI-MS platform. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2016; 11:1552-62. [PMID: 25671558 DOI: 10.1039/c4mb00719k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
SAPHO syndrome is a rare and often unrecognized disease with prominent inflammatory cutaneous and articular symptoms characterized by musculoskeletal manifestations (synovitis, hyperostosis, osteomyelitis) associated with dermatological conditions (severe acne and pustulosis). The acidic soluble fraction of whole saliva from 10 adult women affected by SAPHO syndrome and from a group of 28 healthy women was analysed by RP-HPLC-ESI-MS with the aim of discovering salivary biomarkers of the disorder. The levels of the oral proteins and peptides were correlated with clinical data. The following proteins showed a significant decreased concentration in saliva of SAPHO subjects with respect to controls: cystatin S1 and SN, histatins, the major acidic PRPs, P-C and P-B peptides. The cystatin SN abundance lowered according to the disease duration and histatins showed positive correlations with the C reactive protein. Statistical analysis performed excluding one patient with a different pattern of salivary proteins/peptides highlighted a positive relationship between cystatin S1, histatins 3, histatin 5, and the neutrophil count. Moreover, histatin 3 correlated positively with the total white cell count and negatively with the erythrocyte sedimentation rate. Levels and frequency of S100A12 protein showed a trend to increase in SAPHO patients. The high expression of this pro-inflammatory protein is probably related to the inflammatory response and to the altered neutrophil responses to functional stimuli that characterize SAPHO syndrome suggesting a possible application as a salivary biomarker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Sanna
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Biomedical section, University of Cagliari, Monserrato Campus, 09042 Monserrato, CA, Italy.
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In Vitro Identification of Histatin 5 Salivary Complexes. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0142517. [PMID: 26544073 PMCID: PMC4636238 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0142517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2015] [Accepted: 10/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
With recent progress in the analysis of the salivary proteome, the number of salivary proteins identified has increased dramatically. However, the physiological functions of many of the newly discovered proteins remain unclear. Closely related to the study of a protein’s function is the identification of its interaction partners. Although in saliva some proteins may act primarily as single monomeric units, a significant percentage of all salivary proteins, if not the majority, appear to act in complexes with partners to execute their diverse functions. Coimmunoprecipitation (Co-IP) and pull-down assays were used to identify the heterotypic complexes between histatin 5, a potent natural antifungal protein, and other salivary proteins in saliva. Classical protein–protein interaction methods in combination with high-throughput mass spectrometric techniques were carried out. Co-IP using protein G magnetic Sepharose TM beads suspension was able to capture salivary complexes formed between histatin 5 and its salivary protein partners. Pull-down assay was used to confirm histatin 5 protein partners. A total of 52 different proteins were identified to interact with histatin 5. The present study used proteomic approaches in conjunction with classical biochemical methods to investigate protein–protein interaction in human saliva. Our study demonstrated that when histatin 5 is complexed with salivary amylase, one of the 52 proteins identified as a histatin 5 partner, the antifungal activity of histatin 5 is reduced. We expected that our proteomic approach could serve as a basis for future studies on the mechanism and structural-characterization of those salivary protein interactions to understand their clinical significance.
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20
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Top-down analytical platforms for the characterization of the human salivary proteome. Bioanalysis 2014; 6:563-81. [PMID: 24568357 DOI: 10.4155/bio.13.349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Comprehensive analysis and characterization of the human salivary proteome is an important step towards the possible use of saliva for diagnostic and prognostic purposes. The contribution of the different sources to whole saliva, and the evaluation of individual variability and physiological modifications have been investigated by top-down proteomic approaches, disclosing the faceted and complex profile of the human salivary proteome. All this information is essential to develop saliva protein biomarkers. In this Review the major results obtained in the field by top-down platforms, and the improvements required to allow a more complete picture, will be discussed.
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21
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How does it kill?: understanding the candidacidal mechanism of salivary histatin 5. EUKARYOTIC CELL 2014; 13:958-64. [PMID: 24951439 DOI: 10.1128/ec.00095-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Histatins are salivary cationic peptides that provide the first line of defense against oral candidiasis caused by Candida albicans. This minireview presents a critical evaluation of our knowledge of the candidacidal mechanism of histatin 5 (Hst 5). Hst 5 is the most potent among all histatin family members with regard to its antifungal activity. The mode of action of Hst 5 has been a subject of intense debate. Unlike other classical host innate immune proteins, pore formation or membrane lysis by Hst 5 has largely been disproven, and it is now known that all targets of Hst 5 are intracellular. Hst 5 binds C. albicans cell wall proteins (Ssa1/2) and glycans and is taken up by the cells through fungal polyamine transporters in an energy-dependent manner. Once inside the fungal cells, Hst 5 may affect mitochondrial functions and cause oxidative stress; however, the ultimate cause of cell death is by volume dysregulation and ion imbalance triggered by osmotic stress. Besides these diverse targets, a novel mechanism based on the metal binding abilities of Hst 5 is discussed. Finally, translational approaches for Hst 5, based on peptide design and synergy with other known drugs, are considered a step forward for bench-to-bed application of Hst 5.
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22
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Histatin 5 binds to Porphyromonas gingivalis hemagglutinin B (HagB) and alters HagB-induced chemokine responses. Sci Rep 2014; 4:3904. [PMID: 24473528 PMCID: PMC3912440 DOI: 10.1038/srep03904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2013] [Accepted: 01/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Histatins are human salivary gland peptides with anti-microbial and anti-inflammatory activities. In this study, we hypothesized that histatin 5 binds to Porphyromonas gingivalis hemagglutinin B (HagB) and attenuates HagB-induced chemokine responses in human myeloid dendritic cells. Histatin 5 bound to immobilized HagB in a surface plasmon resonance (SPR) spectroscopy-based biosensor system. SPR spectroscopy kinetic and equilibrium analyses, protein microarray studies, and I-TASSER structural modeling studies all demonstrated two histatin 5 binding sites on HagB. One site had a stronger affinity with a KD1 of 1.9 μM and one site had a weaker affinity with a KD2 of 60.0 μM. Binding has biological implications and predictive modeling studies and exposure of dendritic cells both demonstrated that 20.0 μM histatin 5 attenuated (p < 0.05) 0.02 μM HagB-induced CCL3/MIP-1α, CCL4/MIP-1β, and TNFα responses. Thus histatin 5 is capable of attenuating chemokine responses, which may help control oral inflammation.
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23
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Amado F, Lobo MJC, Domingues P, Duarte JA, Vitorino R. Salivary peptidomics. Expert Rev Proteomics 2014; 7:709-21. [DOI: 10.1586/epr.10.48] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Abstract
Human saliva is an attractive body fluid for disease diagnosis and prognosis because saliva testing is simple, safe, low-cost and noninvasive. Comprehensive analysis and identification of the proteomic content in human whole and ductal saliva will not only contribute to the understanding of oral health and disease pathogenesis, but also form a foundation for the discovery of saliva protein biomarkers for human disease detection. In this article, we have summarized the proteomic technologies for comprehensive identification of proteins in human whole and ductal saliva. We have also discussed potential quantitative proteomic approaches to the discovery of saliva protein biomarkers for human oral and systemic diseases. With the fast development of mass spectrometry and proteomic technologies, we are enthusiastic that saliva protein biomarkers will be developed for clinical diagnosis and prognosis of human diseases in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shen Hu
- University of California Los Angeles, School of Dentistry & Dental Research Institute, CA 90095, USA.
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25
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Vitorino R, Ferreira R, Caseiro A, Amado F. Salivary Peptidomics Targeting Clinical Applications. COMPREHENSIVE ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-62650-9.00009-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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26
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Modifications of the acidic soluble salivary proteome in human children from birth to the age of 48months investigated by a top-down HPLC–ESI–MS platform. J Proteomics 2013; 91:536-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2013.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2013] [Revised: 08/01/2013] [Accepted: 08/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Proteomic evaluation of acquired enamel pellicle during in vivo formation. PLoS One 2013; 8:e67919. [PMID: 23844127 PMCID: PMC3700865 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0067919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2013] [Accepted: 05/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Acquired enamel pellicle (AEP) is a protein film that forms on the enamel surface of teeth by selective adsorption of proteins and peptides present in the mouth. This protein film forms the interface between enamel and the damage oral biofilm, which modulates the attachment of bacteria found in oral biofilm. The overall goal of this study was to gain insight into the biological formation of the human in vivo AEP. This study hypothesized that AEP is created by the formation of successive protein layers, which consist of initial binding to enamel and subsequent protein-protein interactions. This hypothesis was examined by observing quantitative and qualitative changes in pellicle composition during the first two hours of AEP formation in the oral cavity. Quantitative mass spectrometry approaches were used to generate an AEP protein profile for each time-point studied. Relative proteomic quantification was carried out for the 50 proteins observed in all four time-points. Notably, the abundance of important salivary proteins, such as histatin 1, decrease with increasing of the AEP formation, while other essential proteins such as statherin showed constant relative abundance in all time-points. In summary, this is the first study that investigates the dynamic process to the AEP formation by using proteomic approaches. Our data demonstrated that there are significant qualitative and quantitative proteome changes during the AEP formation, which in turn will likely impact the development of oral biofilms.
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Cabras T, Pisano E, Montaldo C, Giuca MR, Iavarone F, Zampino G, Castagnola M, Messana I. Significant modifications of the salivary proteome potentially associated with complications of Down syndrome revealed by top-down proteomics. Mol Cell Proteomics 2013; 12:1844-52. [PMID: 23533003 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m112.026708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
People with Down syndrome, a frequent genetic disorder in humans, have increased risk of health problems associated with this condition. One clinical feature of Down syndrome is the increased prevalence and severity of periodontal disease in comparison with the general population. Because saliva plays an important role in maintaining oral health, in the present study the salivary proteome of Down syndrome subjects was investigated to explore modifications with respect to healthy subjects. Whole saliva of 36 Down syndrome subjects, divided in the age groups 10-17 yr and 18-50 yr, was analyzed by a top-down proteomic approach, based on the high performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-MS analysis of the intact proteins and peptides, and the qualitative and quantitative profiles were compared with sex- and age-matched control groups. The results showed the following interesting features: 1) as opposed to controls, in Down syndrome subjects the concentration of the major salivary proteins of gland origin did not increase with age; as a consequence concentration of acidic proline rich proteins and S cystatins were found significantly reduced in older Down syndrome subjects with respect to matched controls; 2) levels of the antimicrobial α-defensins 1 and 2 and histatins 3 and 5 were significantly increased in whole saliva of older Down syndrome subjects with respect to controls; 3) S100A7, S100A8, and S100A12 levels were significantly increased in whole saliva of Down syndrome subjects in comparison with controls. The increased level of S100A7 and S100A12 may be of particular interest as a biomarker of early onset Alzheimer's disease, which is frequently associated with Down syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiziana Cabras
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Università di Cagliari, Monserrato (CA), Italy.
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30
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Castagnola M, Cabras T, Iavarone F, Vincenzoni F, Vitali A, Pisano E, Nemolato S, Scarano E, Fiorita A, Vento G, Tirone C, Romagnoli C, Cordaro M, Paludetti G, Faa G, Messana I. Top-down platform for deciphering the human salivary proteome. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2013; 25:27-43. [PMID: 23025766 DOI: 10.3109/14767058.2012.714647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Proteomic platforms can be classified in bottom-up strategies, which analyze the sample after proteolytic digestion, and top-down strategies, which analyze the intact naturally occurring proteome. Bottom-up platforms are high-throughput because they can investigate a large number of proteins, regardless of their dimension. Nonetheless, information on post-translational modifications (PTMs) can be lost, especially those regarding naturally occurring cleavages and alternative splicing. Top-down platforms cannot cover vast proteomes, however, they can disclose subtle structural variations occurring during protein maturation and allow label-free relative quantifications in an unlimited number of samples. A repertoire of 256 masses belonging to naturally occurring proteins and peptides consistently detected by RP-HPLC-ESI-MS analysis of the acidic soluble fraction of human whole saliva is presented in this study. Of them, 233 have been identified, while 23 are still pending for the definitive characterization. The present review reports average and mono-isotopic masses of the peptides and proteins detected, RP-HPLC elution times, PTMs, origin and quali-quantitative variations observed in several physiological and pathological conditions. The information reported can be a reference for users of top-down RP-HPLC-ESI-MS proteomic platforms applied to the study of the human salivary proteome as well as of other human bodily fluids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimo Castagnola
- Istituto di Biochimica e Biochimica Clinica, Facoltà di Medicina, Università Cattolica, Largo Francesco Vito 1, Rome, Italy.
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Candida albicans flu1-mediated efflux of salivary histatin 5 reduces its cytosolic concentration and fungicidal activity. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2013; 57:1832-9. [PMID: 23380720 DOI: 10.1128/aac.02295-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Histatin 5 (Hst 5) is a salivary human antimicrobial peptide that is toxic to the opportunistic yeast Candida albicans. Fungicidal activity of Hst 5 requires intracellular translocation and accumulation to a threshold concentration for it to disrupt cellular processes. Previously, we observed that total cytosolic levels of Hst 5 were gradually reduced from intact cells, suggesting that C. albicans possesses a transport mechanism for efflux of Hst 5. Since we identified C. albicans polyamine transporters responsible for Hst 5 uptake, we hypothesized that one or more polyamine efflux transporters may be involved in the efflux of Hst 5. C. albicans FLU1 and TPO2 were found to be the closest homologs of Saccharomyces cerevisiae TPO1, which encodes a major spermidine efflux transporter, indicating that the products of these two genes may be involved in efflux of Hst 5. We found that flu1Δ/Δ cells, but not tpo2Δ/Δ cells, had significant reductions in their rates of Hst 5 efflux and had significantly higher cytoplasmic Hst 5 and Hst 5 susceptibilities than did the wild type. We also found that flu1Δ/Δ cells had reduced biofilm formation compared to wild-type cells in the presence of Hst 5. Transcriptional levels of FLU1 were not altered over the course of treatment with Hst 5; therefore, Hst 5 is not likely to induce FLU1 gene overexpression as a potential mechanism of resistance. Thus, Flu1, but not Tpo2, mediates efflux of Hst 5 and is responsible for reduction of its toxicity in C. albicans.
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32
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Oppenheim FG, Helmerhorst EJ, Lendenmann U, Offner GD. Anti-candidal activity of genetically engineered histatin variants with multiple functional domains. PLoS One 2012; 7:e51479. [PMID: 23251551 PMCID: PMC3520795 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0051479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2012] [Accepted: 11/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The human bodily defense system includes a wide variety of innate antimicrobial proteins. Histatins are small molecular weight proteins produced by the human salivary glands that exhibit antifungal and antibacterial activities. While evolutionarily old salivary proteins such as mucins and proline-rich proteins contain large regions of tandem repeats, relatively young proteins like histatins do not contain such repeated domains. Anticipating that domain duplications have a functional advantage, we genetically engineered variants of histatin 3 with one, two, three, or four copies of the functional domain by PCR and splice overlap. The resulting proteins, designated reHst3 1-mer, reHist3 2-mer, reHis3 3-mer and reHist3 4-mer, exhibited molecular weights of 4,062, 5,919, 7,777, and 9,634 Da, respectively. The biological activities of these constructs were evaluated in fungicidal assays toward Candida albicans blastoconidia and germinated cells. The antifungal activities per mole of protein increased concomitantly with the number of functional domains present. This increase, however, was higher than could be anticipated from the molar concentration of functional domains present in the constructs. The demonstrated increase in antifungal activity may provide an evolutionary explanation why such domain multiplication is a frequent event in human salivary proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank G Oppenheim
- Department of Periodontology and Oral Biology, Boston University Henry M. Goldman School of Dental Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
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33
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Amado FML, Ferreira RP, Vitorino R. One decade of salivary proteomics: current approaches and outstanding challenges. Clin Biochem 2012; 46:506-17. [PMID: 23103441 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2012.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2012] [Revised: 10/13/2012] [Accepted: 10/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Efforts have been made in the last decade towards the complete characterization of saliva proteome using gel-based and gel-free approaches. The combination of these strategies resulted in the increment of the dynamic range of saliva proteome, which yield in the identification of more than 3,000 different protein species. Comparative protein profiling using isotope labeling and label free approaches has been used for the identification of novel biomarkers for oral and related diseases. Although progresses have been made in saliva proteome characterization, the comparative profiling in different pathophysiological conditions is still at the beginning if compared to other bodily fluids. The potential biomarkers identified so far lack specificity once common differentially expressed proteins were detected in the saliva of patients with distinct diseases. In addition, recent research works focused on saliva peptidome profiling already allowed a better understanding of peptides' physiological role in oral cavity. This review provides an overview of the major achievements in saliva proteomics giving emphasis to methodological concerns related with saliva collection, treatment and analysis, as well as the main advantages and pitfalls underlying salivary proteomic strategies and potential clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco M L Amado
- QOPNA, Mass Spectrometry Center, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal.
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Castagnola M, Cabras T, Iavarone F, Fanali C, Nemolato S, Peluso G, Bosello SL, Faa G, Ferraccioli G, Messana I. The human salivary proteome: a critical overview of the results obtained by different proteomic platforms. Expert Rev Proteomics 2012; 9:33-46. [PMID: 22292822 DOI: 10.1586/epr.11.77] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The development of new separation techniques and different mass spectrometry instrumental devices, as well as the great availability of specific reactants, offers ample choice to scientists for carrying out high-throughput proteomic studies and being competitive in the field today. However, the different options available often do not provide comparable results, which can be linked to factors such as the strategy adopted, the nature of the sample and the instrumental availability. In this critical review, the results obtained so far in the study of human saliva by different proteomic approaches will be compared and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimo Castagnola
- Istituto di Biochimica e di Biochimica Clinica, Facoltà di Medicina, Università Cattolica, Largo F. Vito, 00168, Roma, Italy.
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Yount NY, Yeaman MR. Emerging themes and therapeutic prospects for anti-infective peptides. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 2012; 52:337-60. [PMID: 22235859 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-010611-134535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Pathogens resistant to most conventional anti-infectives are a harbinger of the need to discover and develop novel anti-infective agents and strategies. Endogenous host defense peptides (HDPs) have retained evolution-tested efficacy against pathogens that have become refractory to traditional antibiotics. Evidence indicates that HDPs target membrane integrity, bioenergetics, and other essential features of microbes that may be less mutable than conventional antibiotic targets. For these reasons, HDPs have received increasing attention as templates for development of potential anti-infective therapeutics. Unfortunately, advances toward this goal have proven disappointing, in part owing to limited understanding of relevant structure-activity and selective toxicity relationships in vivo, a limited number of reports and overall understanding of HDP pharmacology, and the difficulty of cost-effective production of such peptides on a commodity scale. However, recent molecular insights and technology innovations have led to novel HDP-based and mimetic anti-infective peptide candidates designed to overcome these limitations. Although initial setbacks have presented challenges to therapeutic development, emerging themes continue to highlight the potential of HDP-based anti-infectives as a platform for next-generation therapeutics that will help address the growing threat of multidrug-resistant infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nannette Y Yount
- Divisions of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, Los Angeles County Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California 90509, USA
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Halgand F, Zabrouskov V, Bassilian S, Souda P, Loo JA, Faull KF, Wong DT, Whitelegge JP. Defining intact protein primary structures from saliva: a step toward the human proteome project. Anal Chem 2012; 84:4383-95. [PMID: 22509742 DOI: 10.1021/ac203337s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Top-down mass spectrometry has been used to investigate structural diversity within some abundant salivary protein families. In this study, we report the identification of two isoforms of protein II-2 which differed in mass by less than 1 Da, the determination of a sequence for protein IB8a that was best satisfied by including a mutation and a covalent modification in the C-terminal part, and the assignment of a sequence of a previously unreported protein of mass 10433 Da. The final characterization of Peptide P-J was achieved, and the discovery of a truncated form of this peptide was reported. The first sequence assignment was done at low resolution using a hybrid quadrupole time-of-flight instrument to quickly identify and characterize proteins, and data acquisition was switched to Fourier-transform ion cyclotron resonance (FTICR) for proteins that required additional sequence coverage and certainty of assignment. High-resolution and high mass accuracy mass spectrometry on a FTICR-mass spectrometry (MS) instrument combined with electron-capture dissociation (ECD) provided the most informative data sets, with the more frequent presence of "unique" ions that unambiguously define the primary structure. A mixture of predictable and unusual post-translational modifications in the protein sequence precluded the use of shotgun-annotated databases at this stage, requiring manual iterations of sequence refinement in many cases. This led us to propose guidelines for an iterative processing workflow of MS and MSMS data sets that allow researchers to completely assign the identity and the structure of a protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Halgand
- NPI-Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90024, United States.
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Morzel M, Jeannin A, Lucchi G, Truntzer C, Pecqueur D, Nicklaus S, Chambon C, Ducoroy P. Human infant saliva peptidome is modified with age and diet transition. J Proteomics 2012; 75:3665-73. [PMID: 22575268 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2012.04.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2012] [Accepted: 04/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In order to describe developmental changes in human salivary peptidome, whole saliva was obtained from 98 infants followed longitudinally at 3 and 6months of age. Data on teeth eruption and diet at the age of 6months were also recorded. Salivary peptide extracts were characterised by label-free MALDI-MS. Peptides differentially expressed between the two ages, and those significantly affected by teeth eruption or introduction of solid foods were identified by MALDI TOF-TOF and LC ESI MS-MS. Out of 81 peaks retained for statistical analysis, 26 were overexpressed at the age of 6months. Exposure to solid foods had a more pronounced effect on profiles (overexpression of nine peaks) than teeth eruption (overexpression of one peak). Differential peaks corresponded to fragments of acidic and basic PRPs, statherin and histatin. Comparison with existing knowledge on adult saliva peptidome revealed that proteolytic processing of salivary proteins is qualitatively quite comparable in infants and in adults. However, age and diet are modulators of salivary peptidome in human infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martine Morzel
- CNRS, UMR6265 Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, F-21000 Dijon, France.
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Dallas DC, Underwood MA, Zivkovic AM, German JB. Digestion of Protein in Premature and Term Infants. JOURNAL OF NUTRITIONAL DISORDERS & THERAPY 2012; 2:112. [PMID: 24744976 PMCID: PMC3988022 DOI: 10.4172/2161-0509.1000112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Premature birth rates and premature infant morbidity remain discouragingly high. Improving nourishment for these infants is the key for accelerating their development and decreasing disease risk. Dietary protein is essential for growth and development of infants. Studies on protein nourishment for premature infants have focused on protein requirements for catch-up growth, nitrogen balance, and digestive protease concentrations and activities. However, little is known about the processes and products of protein digestion in the premature infant. This review briefly summarizes the protein requirements of term and preterm infants, and the protein content of milk from women delivering preterm and at term. An in-depth review is presented of the current knowledge of term and preterm infant dietary protein digestion, including human milk protease and anti-protease concentrations; neonatal intestinal pH, and enzyme activities and concentrations; and protein fermentation by intestinal bacteria. The advantages and disadvantages of incomplete protein digestion as well as factors that increase resistance to proteolysis of particular proteins are discussed. In order to better understand protein digestion in preterm and term infants, future studies should examine protein and peptide fragment products of digestion in saliva, gastric, intestinal and fecal samples, as well as the effects of the gut micro biome on protein degradation. The confluence of new mass spectrometry technology and new bioinformatics programs will now allow thorough identification of the array of peptides produced in the infant as they are digested.
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Affiliation(s)
- David C Dallas
- Department of Food Science, University of California at Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
- Foods for Health Institute, University of California at Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Mark A Underwood
- Foods for Health Institute, University of California at Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California Davis, 2315 Stockton Blvd., Sacramento, CA, 95817, USA
| | - Angela M. Zivkovic
- Department of Food Science, University of California at Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
- Foods for Health Institute, University of California at Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - J. Bruce German
- Department of Food Science, University of California at Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
- Foods for Health Institute, University of California at Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
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Cabras T, Melis M, Castagnola M, Padiglia A, Tepper BJ, Messana I, Tomassini Barbarossa I. Responsiveness to 6-n-propylthiouracil (PROP) is associated with salivary levels of two specific basic proline-rich proteins in humans. PLoS One 2012; 7:e30962. [PMID: 22312435 PMCID: PMC3270025 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0030962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2011] [Accepted: 12/30/2011] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Thiourea tasting can be predictive of individual differences in bitter taste responses, general food preferences and eating behavior, and could be correlated with saliva chemical composition. We investigated the possible relationship between PROP bitter taste responsiveness and the salivary proteome in subjects genotyped for TAS2R38 and gustin gene polymorphisms. Taste perception intensity evoked by PROP and NaCl solutions was measured in sixty-three volunteers (21 males, 42 females, age 25±3 y) to establish their PROP taster status, and 24 PROP super-tasters and 21 nontasters were selected to participate in the study. TAS2R38 and gustin gene molecular analysis were performed using PCR techniques. Qualitative and quantitative determination of salivary proteins was performed by HPLC-ESI-MS before and after PROP taste stimulation. PROP super-tastings was strongly associated with the 'taster' variant (PAV haplotype) of TAS2R38 and the A allele of rs2274333 polymorphism in the gustin gene and nontasting was associated with the minor alleles at both loci. ANOVA revealed that basal levels of II-2 and Ps-1 proteins, belonging to the basic proline-rich protein (bPRPs) family, were significantly higher in PROP super-taster than in nontaster un-stimulated saliva, and that PROP stimulation elicited a rapid increase in the levels of these same proteins only in PROP super-taster saliva. These data show for the first time that responsiveness to PROP is associated with salivary levels of II-2 peptide and Ps-1 protein, which are products of the PRB1 gene. These findings suggest that PRB1, in addition to TAS2R38 and gustin, could contribute to individual differences in thiourea sensitivity, and the expression of the PROP phenotype as a complex genetic trait.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiziana Cabras
- Department of Life and Environment Sciences, Macrosection of Biomedicine, University of Cagliari, Monserrato, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Melania Melis
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Monserrato, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Massimo Castagnola
- Institute of Biochemistry and Clinical Biochemistry, Catholic University, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandra Padiglia
- Department of Life and Environment Sciences, Macrosection of Biomedicine, University of Cagliari, Monserrato, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Beverly J. Tepper
- Department of Food Science, School of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Irene Messana
- Department of Life and Environment Sciences, Macrosection of Biomedicine, University of Cagliari, Monserrato, Cagliari, Italy
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Russo LL, Papale M, Perrone D, Ranieri E, Rubini C, Giannatempo G, Santarelli A, Colella G, Muzio LL. Salivary Proteomic Signatures of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma. EUR J INFLAMM 2012. [DOI: 10.1177/1721727x1201000107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Delay in diagnosing oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) can be still identified as a major cause of its high morbidity and mortality. To date, the early diagnosis for OSCC is mainly based on clinical oral examination and there is an urgent need for reliable markers; thus, advancements in molecular technologies has set the stage for investigating new markers, as well as new diagnostic matrices. The aim of the present study is to investigate the presence of proteomic signatures of OSCC in saliva and their use as potential biomarkers for early and non-invasive diagnosis. Saliva from 45 OSCC patients and 30 healthy controls was analysed by SELDI-TOF mass spectrometry and ProteinChip® technology. A supervised multivariate statistical analysis (Classification and Regression Tree - CART) was used to build models for discriminating between OSCC and controls, and between early (ES-OSCC) and late stage (LS-OSCC) cancers. The peptide with 8041 Da mass was 22-fold more expressed in OSCC, thus being a suitable potential biomarker. Classification and regression analysis allowed to build a model that was capable of correctly classifying all cancers and controls in an independent testing set, using the 8041 m/z peak as splitter. Eleven peaks were also differently expressed between ES-OSCCand LS-OSCC, but, basing on these differences, it was not possible to build an algorithm to predict tumour staging. These findings confirm that saliva proteome in OSCC patients is different from healthy controls and these variations might reflect different stages of disease progression and are worthy of further validation as diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- L. Lo Russo
- Department of Surgical Sciences, University o/Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - M. Papale
- Department of BIOAGROMED, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - D. Perrone
- Department of Surgical Sciences, University o/Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - E. Ranieri
- Department of BIOAGROMED, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - C. Rubini
- Department of Neurosciences, Institute of Pathologic Anatomy, University of Ancona, Ancona, Italy
| | - G. Giannatempo
- Department of Surgical Sciences, University o/Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - A. Santarelli
- Department of Surgical Sciences, University o/Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - G. Colella
- Department of Head and Neck Pathology, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - L. Lo Muzio
- Department of Surgical Sciences, University o/Foggia, Foggia, Italy
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de Jong EP, van Riper SK, Koopmeiners JS, Carlis JV, Griffin TJ. Sample collection and handling considerations for peptidomic studies in whole saliva; implications for biomarker discovery. Clin Chim Acta 2011; 412:2284-8. [PMID: 21889499 PMCID: PMC3196990 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2011.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2011] [Revised: 08/16/2011] [Accepted: 08/17/2011] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Proteomic studies in saliva have demonstrated its potential as a diagnostic biofluid, however the salivary peptidome is less studied. Here we study the effects of several sample collection and handling factors on salivary peptide abundance levels. METHODS Salivary peptides were isolated using an ultrafiltration device and analyzed by tandem mass spectrometry. A panel of 41 peptides common after various treatments were quantified and normalized. We evaluated the effects of freezing rate of the samples, nutritional status of the donors (fed vs. fasted), and room-temperature sample degradation on peptide abundance levels. Repeatability of our sample processing method and our instrumental analysis method were investigated. RESULTS Increased sample freezing rate produced higher levels of peptides. Donor nutritional status had no influence on the levels of measured peptides. No significant difference was detected in donors' saliva following 5, 10 and 15 min of room-temperature degradation. Sample processing and instrumental variability were relatively small, with median CVs of 9.6 and 6.6. CONCLUSIONS Peptide abundance levels in saliva are rather forgiving towards variations in sample handling and donor nutritional status. Differences in freezing methods may affect peptide abundance, so consistency in freezing samples is preferred. Our results are valuable for standardizing sample collection and handling methods for peptidomic-based biomarker studies in saliva.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ebbing P. de Jong
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota; 321 Church St. SE, 6-155 Jackson Hall; Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Susan K. van Riper
- Biomedical Informatics and Computational Biology, University of Minnesota; 321 Church St. SE, 6-155 Jackson Hall; Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Joseph S. Koopmeiners
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Minnesota; 321 Church St. SE, 6-155 Jackson Hall; Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - John V. Carlis
- Biomedical Informatics and Computational Biology, University of Minnesota; 321 Church St. SE, 6-155 Jackson Hall; Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Timothy J. Griffin
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota; 321 Church St. SE, 6-155 Jackson Hall; Minneapolis, MN 55455
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Thomadaki K, Helmerhorst E, Tian N, Sun X, Siqueira W, Walt D, Oppenheim F. Whole-saliva proteolysis and its impact on salivary diagnostics. J Dent Res 2011; 90:1325-30. [PMID: 21917601 PMCID: PMC3188460 DOI: 10.1177/0022034511420721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2011] [Revised: 06/10/2011] [Accepted: 06/14/2011] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
There is growing interest in the use of human whole saliva for diagnostics and disease monitoring as an alternative to blood samples. In contrast to blood, whole saliva is a non-sterile body fluid. Proper hand-ling and storage are required to preserve the integrity of potential biomarkers. We investigated salivary autoproteolytic degradation using a variety of approaches. We determined inhibition of protease activities by monitoring the endogenous proteome. In addition, the stability of highly protease-susceptible proteins-histatin 5, statherin, and PRP1-was assessed. Experimental variables included (a) protease inhibitors, (b) salivary pH, (c) incubation temperatures, and (d) sample heating. A cocktail containing AEBSF, aprotinin, pancreatic trypsin inhibitor, leupeptin, antipain, and EDTA could not prevent histatin 5, statherin, or PRP1 degradation in whole saliva. Among the other treatments evaluated, short-term storage of freshly collected samples on ice was effective without interfering with the chemistry of the proteome. In conclusion, whole saliva contains a unique mixture of enzymes as evidenced from their resilience to protease inhibition. Analytical evidence on protein stability is needed to ensure the validity of salivary biomarker study outcomes. Analysis of the data presented will provide help and guidance for the use of saliva samples for diagnostic purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. Thomadaki
- Boston University Henry M. Goldman School of Dental Medicine, Dept. of Periodontology and Oral Biology, 700 Albany Street, CABR W201, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - E.J. Helmerhorst
- Boston University Henry M. Goldman School of Dental Medicine, Dept. of Periodontology and Oral Biology, 700 Albany Street, CABR W201, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - N. Tian
- Boston University Henry M. Goldman School of Dental Medicine, Dept. of Periodontology and Oral Biology, 700 Albany Street, CABR W201, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - X. Sun
- Boston University Henry M. Goldman School of Dental Medicine, Dept. of Periodontology and Oral Biology, 700 Albany Street, CABR W201, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - W.L. Siqueira
- Schulich Dentistry and Department of Biochemistry, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, Dental Sciences Building - DSB0071, London, ON, N6A 5C1, Canada
| | - D.R. Walt
- Tufts University Department of Chemistry, Pearson Chemistry Laboratory, 62 Talbot Avenue, Medford, MA 02155, USA
| | - F.G. Oppenheim
- Boston University Henry M. Goldman School of Dental Medicine, Dept. of Periodontology and Oral Biology, 700 Albany Street, CABR W201, Boston, MA 02118, USA
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Andrade D, Assis DM, Santos JA, Alves FM, Hirata IY, Araujo MS, Blaber SI, Blaber M, Juliano MA, Juliano L. Substrate specificity of kallikrein-related peptidase 13 activated by salts or glycosaminoglycans and a search for natural substrate candidates. Biochimie 2011; 93:1701-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2011.05.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2011] [Accepted: 05/31/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Castagnola M, Cabras T, Vitali A, Sanna MT, Messana I. Biotechnological implications of the salivary proteome. Trends Biotechnol 2011; 29:409-18. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2011.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2011] [Revised: 03/31/2011] [Accepted: 04/08/2011] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Cathelicidins—Therapeutic antimicrobial and antitumor host defense peptides for oral diseases. JAPANESE DENTAL SCIENCE REVIEW 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jdsr.2010.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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Castagnola M, Inzitari R, Fanali C, Iavarone F, Vitali A, Desiderio C, Vento G, Tirone C, Romagnoli C, Cabras T, Manconi B, Sanna MT, Boi R, Pisano E, Olianas A, Pellegrini M, Nemolato S, Heizmann CW, Faa G, Messana I. The surprising composition of the salivary proteome of preterm human newborn. Mol Cell Proteomics 2010; 10:M110.003467. [PMID: 20943598 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m110.003467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Saliva is a body fluid of a unique composition devoted to protect the mouth cavity and the digestive tract. Our high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)-electrospray ionization-MS analysis of the acidic soluble fraction of saliva from preterm human newborn surprisingly revealed more than 40 protein masses often undetected in adult saliva. We were able to identify the following proteins: stefin A and stefin B, S100A7 (two isoforms), S100A8, S100A9 (four isoforms), S100A11, S100A12, small proline-rich protein 3 (two isoforms), lysozyme C, thymosins β(4) and β(10), antileukoproteinase, histone H1c, and α and γ globins. The average mass value reported in international data banks was often incongruent with our experimental results mostly because of post-translational modifications of the proteins, e.g. acetylation of the N-terminal residue. A quantitative label-free MS analysis showed protein levels altered in relation to the postconceptional age and suggested coordinate and hierarchical functions for these proteins during development. In summary, this study shows for the first time that analysis of these proteins in saliva of preterm newborns might represent a noninvasive way to obtain precious information of the molecular mechanisms of development of human fetal oral structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimo Castagnola
- Istituto di Biochimica e di Biochimica Clinica, Università Cattolica, Rome, Italy.
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Loo JA, Yan W, Ramachandran P, Wong DT. Comparative human salivary and plasma proteomes. J Dent Res 2010; 89:1016-23. [PMID: 20739693 DOI: 10.1177/0022034510380414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 248] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The protein compositions, or the proteomes, found in human salivary and plasma fluids are compared. From recent experimental work by many laboratories, a catalogue of 2290 proteins found in whole saliva has been compiled. This list of salivary proteins is compared with the 2698 proteins found in plasma. Approximately 27% of the whole-saliva proteins are found in plasma. However, despite this apparent low degree of overlap, the distribution found across Gene Ontological categories, such as molecular function, biological processes, and cellular components, shows significant similarities. Moreover, nearly 40% of the proteins that have been suggested to be candidate markers for diseases such as cancer, cardiovascular disease, and stroke can be found in whole saliva. These comparisons and correlations should encourage researchers to consider the use of saliva to discover new protein markers of disease and as a diagnostic non-proximal fluid to detect early signs of disease throughout the body.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Loo
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Cabras T, Pisano E, Mastinu A, Denotti G, Pusceddu PP, Inzitari R, Fanali C, Nemolato S, Castagnola M, Messana I. Alterations of the salivary secretory peptidome profile in children affected by type 1 diabetes. Mol Cell Proteomics 2010; 9:2099-108. [PMID: 20585025 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m110.001057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The acidic soluble fraction of whole saliva of type 1 diabetic children was analyzed by reversed phase (RP)(1)-HPLC-ESI-MS and compared with that of sex- and age-matched control subjects. Salivary acidic proline-rich phosphoproteins (aPRP), histatins, α-defensins, salivary cystatins, statherin, proline-rich peptide P-B (P-B), beta-thymosins, S100A8 and S100A9*(S100A9* corresponds to S100A9 vairant lacking the first four amino acids), as well some naturally occurring peptides derived from salivary acidic proline-rich phosphoproteins, histatins, statherin, and P-B peptide, were detected and quantified on the basis of the extracted ion current peak area. The level of phosphorylation of salivary acidic proline-rich phosphoproteins, histatin-1 (Hst-1), statherin and S100A9* and the percentage of truncated forms of salivary acidic proline-rich phosphoproteins was also determined in the two groups. The study revealed that statherin, proline-rich peptide P-B, P-C peptide, and histatins, were significantly less concentrated in saliva of diabetic subjects than in controls, while concentration of α-defensins 1, 2 and 4 and S100A9* was higher. The low concentration of P-C peptide was paralleled by high levels of some of its fragments. On the whole, the study highlighted the severe impairment of the repertoire of peptides involved in the safeguard of the oral cavity in children who have diabetes, as well as an higher concentration of the proinflammatory mediator S100A9* with respect to healthy children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiziana Cabras
- Dipartimento di Scienze Applicate ai Biosistemi, Università di Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
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Jang WS, Bajwa JS, Sun JN, Edgerton M. Salivary histatin 5 internalization by translocation, but not endocytosis, is required for fungicidal activity in Candida albicans. Mol Microbiol 2010; 77:354-70. [PMID: 20487276 PMCID: PMC2909388 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2958.2010.07210.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Salivary histatin 5 (Hst 5) is a cationic salivary protein with high fungicidal activity against Candida albicans. Binding to the cell wall followed by intracellular translocation is required for killing; however, specific binding components and critical toxic events are not understood. In this study, laminarin (β-1,3-glucan) but not sialic acid, mannan or pustulan mediated Hst 5 binding to C. albicans, and was disassociated by 100 mM NaCl. Time-lapse confocal microscopy revealed a dose-dependent rate of cytosolic uptake of Hst 5 that invariably preceded propidium iodide (PI) entry, demonstrating that translocation itself does not disrupt membrane integrity. Cell toxicity was manifest by vacuolar expansion followed by PI entrance; however, loss of endocytotic vacuolar trafficking of Hst 5 did not reduce killing. Extracellular NaCl (100 mM), but not sorbitol, prevented vacuolar expansion and PI entry in cells already containing cytosolic Hst 5, thus showing a critical role for ionic balance in Hst 5 toxicity. Hst 5 uptake, but not cell wall binding, was blocked by pretreatment with azide or carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone; however, 10% of de-energized cells had membrane disruption. Thus, Hst 5 is capable of heterogeneous intracellular entry routes, but only direct cytosolic translocation causes cell death as a result of ionic efflux.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woong Sik Jang
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA
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