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Targeting cPLA2α inhibits gastric cancer and augments chemotherapy efficacy via suppressing Ras/MEK/ERK and Akt/β-catenin pathways. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2021; 88:689-697. [PMID: 34255137 DOI: 10.1007/s00280-021-04322-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cytosolic phospholipase A2alpha (cPLA2α), an enzyme that is responsible for the hydrolysis of membrane phospholipids, is a key mediator of tumor transformation, progression and metastasis. The role of cPLA2α in gastric cancer has not been revealed. METHODS cPLA2α expression was analyzed using RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry approaches in gastric cancer patient samples (n = 26) and multiple cell lines (n = 7). cPLA2α function was studied using plasmid overexpression and siRNA knockdown approaches in SNU-1, MKN-74 and MKN-45 cell lines. The downstream effectors of cPLA2α were determined using biochemical assays. RESULTS cPLA2α upregulation is a common feature in gastric cancer patients, particularly those with metastasis. cPLA2α overexpression is sufficient to promote gastric cancer cell growth and migration, and confer chemo-resistance. cPLA2α depletion is active against gastric cancer via inhibiting growth and migration, and inducing apoptosis in gastric cancer cells. Of note, cPLA2α depletion augments efficacy of chemotherapy. Mechanistic studies confirm that cPLA2α regulates gastric cancer biological activities via mainly regulating Ras/MEK/ERK and possibly Akt/β-catenin pathways. Pearson correlation coefficient analysis also suggests a moderate positive correlation between cPLA2α and RAS in gastric cancer. CONCLUSIONS Our work demonstrates cPLA2α inhibition as a therapeutic strategy to overcome chemo-resistance and highlights the association of cPLA2α and Ras in gastric cancer.
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Li P, Wang QS, Zhai Y, Xiong RP, Chen X, Liu P, Peng Y, Zhao Y, Ning YL, Yang N, Zhou YG. Ski mediates TGF-β1-induced fibrosarcoma cell proliferation and promotes tumor growth. J Cancer 2020; 11:5929-5940. [PMID: 32922535 PMCID: PMC7477421 DOI: 10.7150/jca.46074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: TGF-β1 promotes cell proliferation in only some tumors and exerts bidirectional regulatory effects on the proliferation of fibroblasts. This study intends to explore whether the mechanism is related to increased expression of Ski. Methods: Cell proliferation of the fibrosarcoma cell line L929 was assessed with an ELISA BrdU kit. The mRNA and protein expression levels of the corresponding factors were measured by RT-qPCR, immunohistochemistry or Western blotting in vitro and in vivo. Additionally, c-Ski was knocked down using RNAi. The expression of Ski in human dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans (DFSP) specimens was measured by immunohistochemistry. Results: TGF-β1 promoted the continued proliferation of L929 cells in a dose-dependent manner, with increased c-Ski expression levels. Conversely, inhibition of c-Ski significantly abrogated this unidirectional effect, significantly inhibited the decrease in p21 protein levels and did not affect the increase in p-Smad2/3 levels upon TGF-β1 treatment. Similarly, inhibition of c-Ski significantly abrogated the growth-promoting effect of TGF-β1 on xenograft tumors. Furthermore, we found that high expression of Ski in DFSP was correlated with a low degree of tumor differentiation. Conclusions: Our data reveal that high c-Ski expression is a cause of TGF-β1-promoted proliferation in fibrosarcoma tumor cells and show that inhibiting Ski expression might be effective for treating tumors with high Ski levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Li
- Department of Army Occupational Disease, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing 400042, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiu-Shi Wang
- Department of Army Occupational Disease, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing 400042, People's Republic of China.,Department of Pathology, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing 400042, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Zhai
- Department of Army Occupational Disease, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing 400042, People's Republic of China
| | - Ren-Ping Xiong
- Department of Army Occupational Disease, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing 400042, People's Republic of China
| | - Xing Chen
- Department of Army Occupational Disease, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing 400042, People's Republic of China
| | - Ping Liu
- Department of Army Occupational Disease, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing 400042, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Peng
- Department of Army Occupational Disease, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing 400042, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Zhao
- Department of Army Occupational Disease, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing 400042, People's Republic of China
| | - Ya-Lei Ning
- Department of Army Occupational Disease, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing 400042, People's Republic of China
| | - Nan Yang
- Department of Army Occupational Disease, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing 400042, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan-Guo Zhou
- Department of Army Occupational Disease, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing 400042, People's Republic of China
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3
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Latifi Z, Nejabati HR, Abroon S, Mihanfar A, Farzadi L, Hakimi P, Hajipour H, Nouri M, Fattahi A. Dual role of TGF-β in early pregnancy: clues from tumor progression. Biol Reprod 2020; 100:1417-1430. [PMID: 30772900 DOI: 10.1093/biolre/ioz024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Revised: 11/25/2018] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
TGF-β signaling in the endometrium is active during the implantation period and has a pivotal role in regulating endometrial receptivity and embryo implantation. During embryo implantation, both apoptosis and proliferation of endometrial cells happen at the same time and it seems TGF-β is the factor that controls both of these processes. As shown in cancer cells, in special conditions this cytokine can have a dual effect and switch the action from apoptosis to proliferation. Owing to the similarity between embryo implantation and cancer development and also unusual pattern of proliferation and remodeling in the uterus, in this review we suggest the existence of such a switching in endometrium during the early pregnancy. Moreover, we address some potential mechanisms that could regulate the switching. A better understanding of the molecular mechanisms regulating TGF-β action and signaling during the implantation period could pave the way for introducing novel therapeutic strategies in order to solve implantation-associated issues such as repeated implantation failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeinab Latifi
- Department of Biochemistry and Clinical Laboratories, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Hamid Reza Nejabati
- Department of Biochemistry and Clinical Laboratories, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Sina Abroon
- Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Aynaz Mihanfar
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Laya Farzadi
- Women's Reproductive Health Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Department of Reproductive Biology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Parvin Hakimi
- Women's Reproductive Health Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Hamed Hajipour
- Department of Reproductive Biology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Nouri
- Department of Reproductive Biology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Amir Fattahi
- Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Department of Reproductive Biology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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4
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Xu F, Zhao Y, Qin G, Huan Y, Li L, Gao W. Comprehensive analysis of competing endogenous RNA networks associated with cholangiocarcinoma. Exp Ther Med 2019; 18:4103-4112. [PMID: 31641385 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2019.8052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is the second most common type of primary malignancy of the liver. Certain long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have been demonstrated to have key roles in tumor pathogenesis by binding to microRNAs (miRNAs). However, the competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) network of CCA remains to be fully determined. In the present study, the RNA expression profiles for CCA were downloaded from The Cancer Genome Atlas and further analyzed. A total of 318 differentially expressed (DE) lncRNAs, 87 DE miRNAs and 3,851 DE mRNAs were identified from 36 CCA samples and 9 adjacent non-tumor samples (for lncRNAs and miRNAs, fold change ≥2.5 and P<0.01; for mRNAs, fold change ≥2 and P<0.01). Further bioinformatics analyses were performed and the ceRNA network for CCA was constructed, which included 16 lncRNAs, 55 miRNAs and 373 mRNAs. Survival analysis of all genes in the network revealed that high expression of the mRNAs fucosyltransferase 4 (P<0.005) and huntingtin-interacting protein 1 related (P<0.001) has a positive impact on the overall survival of patients with CAA. Furthermore, the lncRNAs H19 and PVT1, and the miRNAs Homo sapiens (hsa)-miR-16-5p and hsa-miR-424-5p, together with peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors, may also have important roles in the pathogenesis of CCA. The present study provided data to further the understanding of and research into the molecular mechanisms implicated in CCA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangting Xu
- Department of Anesthesia, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P.R. China
| | - Yuchong Zhao
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, P.R. China
| | - Gang Qin
- Department of Anesthesia, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P.R. China
| | - Ye Huan
- Department of Anesthesia, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P.R. China
| | - Longyan Li
- Department of Anesthesia, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P.R. China
| | - Wei Gao
- Department of Anesthesia, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P.R. China
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5
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Kim W, Son B, Lee S, Do H, Youn B. Targeting the enzymes involved in arachidonic acid metabolism to improve radiotherapy. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2018; 37:213-225. [DOI: 10.1007/s10555-018-9742-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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6
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Wei MY, Tang ZH, Quan ZW. Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma: Role of metabolism in pathogenesis, clinical diagnosis, and treatment. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2017; 25:2929-2937. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v25.i33.2929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent studies demonstrated that metabolism plays an important role in the pathogenesis, clinical diagnosis, and treatment of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC). The mechanisms of several metabolic enzymes associated with ICC, including pyruvate kinase M2 (PKM2), thymidine synthase (TS), thymidine phosphorylase (TP), dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase (DPD), isocitric acid dehydrogenase 1/2 (IDH1/2), and cyclo-oxygenase-2 (COX-2), have been gradually clarified and hopefully transformed into clinical application in the future. Besides, ICC patients always have concomitant abnormal lipid metabolism, which has attracted the attention of clinicians and researchers. Metabolites in serum and bile have potential diagnostic utility, which has yet to be verified by prospective clinical research. 18F-FDG PET/CT based on metabolism presents application value in many aspects of ICC, such as diagnosis, staging, evaluation of therapeutic effect, and monitoring prognosis. In this article, we review the recent progress in the understanding of the role of metabolism in ICC from both basic and clinical perspectives, with an aim to highlight the further research directions and accelerate the clinical transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao-Yan Wei
- Department of General Surgery, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Zhao-Hui Tang
- Department of General Surgery, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Zhi-Wei Quan
- Department of General Surgery, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
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7
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Zhu C, Cao C, Wang X, Yuan J, Jin L, Li S. UCN enhances TGF-beta-mediated mitoinhibition of VSMCs via counteracting TGF-beta-induced cPLA2 expression and activation. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2016; 80:98-108. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2016.09.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2016] [Revised: 09/28/2016] [Accepted: 09/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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8
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Mizuguchi Y, Specht S, Isse K, Sasatomi E, Lunz JG, Takizawa T, Demetris AJ. Breast tumor kinase/protein tyrosine kinase 6 (Brk/PTK6) activity in normal and neoplastic biliary epithelia. J Hepatol 2015; 63:399-407. [PMID: 25770659 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2015.02.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2014] [Revised: 01/23/2015] [Accepted: 02/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Breast tumor kinase (BRK) augments proliferation and promotes cell survival in breast cancers via interactions with SH2 and SH3 ligand-containing proteins, such as receptor tyrosine kinases (RTK; e.g. EGFR, ErbB2/neu). Since RTK contribute to cholangiocarcinoma (CC) evolution we probed BRK protein expression and function in normal and CC livers. METHODS Immunohistochemical staining of normal livers and CC (n=93) in a tissue microarray and three CC and an immortalized human cholangiocyte cell lines (real-time PCR, Western blotting, siRNA) were used to study the functional relationships between BRK, EGFR, ErbB2, SAM68, and SPRR2a. RESULTS BRK protein was expressed in normal human intrahepatic bile ducts; all CC cell lines and a majority of CC showed strong BRK protein expression. Multiplex immunostaining/tissue cytometry and immunoprecipitation studies showed: 1) BRK co-localized with EGFR and ErbB2/neu; 2) BRK(high)/EGFR(high)-co-expressing CC cells had significantly higher Ki67 labeling and; 3) stronger BRK protein expression was seen in perihilar and distal CC than intrahepatic CC and directly correlated with CC differentiation. In cell lines, BRK expression augmented proliferation in response to exogenous EGF, whereas BRK siRNA significantly reduced growth. The SH3 ligand-containing, SPRR2A activated pTyr342 BRK, which in turn, phosphorylated SAM68, causing nuclear localization and increased cell proliferation similar to observations in breast cancers. CONCLUSION BRK expression in a majority of CC can interact with RTK, augmenting growth and interfering with proliferation inhibitors (SAM68). Therapeutically targeting BRK function (in addition to RTK) should be of benefit for CC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiaki Mizuguchi
- Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, PA 15260, USA; The Department of Pathology, Division of Liver and Transplantation Pathology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, PA 15260, USA
| | - Susan Specht
- Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, PA 15260, USA; The Department of Pathology, Division of Liver and Transplantation Pathology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, PA 15260, USA
| | - Kumiko Isse
- Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, PA 15260, USA; The Department of Pathology, Division of Liver and Transplantation Pathology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, PA 15260, USA
| | - Eizaburo Sasatomi
- Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, PA 15260, USA; The Department of Pathology, Division of Liver and Transplantation Pathology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, PA 15260, USA
| | - John G Lunz
- Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, PA 15260, USA; The Department of Pathology, Division of Liver and Transplantation Pathology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, PA 15260, USA
| | - Toshihiro Takizawa
- Department of Molecular Anatomy and Medicine, Nippon Medical School, 1-1-5 Sendagi, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo 113-8602, Japan
| | - Anthony J Demetris
- Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, PA 15260, USA; The Department of Pathology, Division of Liver and Transplantation Pathology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, PA 15260, USA.
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9
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Das L, Vinayak M. Long term effect of curcumin in restoration of tumour suppressor p53 and phase-II antioxidant enzymes via activation of Nrf2 signalling and modulation of inflammation in prevention of cancer. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0124000. [PMID: 25860911 PMCID: PMC4393109 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0124000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2014] [Accepted: 02/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Inhibition of carcinogenesis may be a consequence of attenuation of oxidative stress via activation of antioxidant defence system, restoration and stabilization of tumour suppressor proteins along with modulation of inflammatory mediators. Previously we have delineated significant role of curcumin during its long term effect in regulation of glycolytic pathway and angiogenesis, which in turn results in prevention of cancer via modulation of stress activated genes. Present study was designed to investigate long term effect of curcumin in regulation of Nrf2 mediated phase-II antioxidant enzymes, tumour suppressor p53 and inflammation under oxidative tumour microenvironment in liver of T-cell lymphoma bearing mice. Inhibition of Nrf2 signalling observed during lymphoma progression, resulted in down regulation of phase II antioxidant enzymes, p53 as well as activation of inflammatory signals. Curcumin potentiated significant increase in Nrf2 activation. It restored activity of phase-II antioxidant enzymes like GST, GR, NQO1, and tumour suppressor p53 level. In addition, curcumin modulated inflammation via upregulation of TGF-β and reciprocal regulation of iNOS and COX2. The study suggests that during long term effect, curcumin leads to prevention of cancer by inducing phase-II antioxidant enzymes via activation of Nrf2 signalling, restoration of tumour suppressor p53 and modulation of inflammatory mediators like iNOS and COX2 in liver of lymphoma bearing mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laxmidhar Das
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Zoology (Centre of Advanced Study), Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi-221005, India
| | - Manjula Vinayak
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Zoology (Centre of Advanced Study), Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi-221005, India
- * E-mail:
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10
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Yao L, Han C, Song K, Zhang J, Lim K, Wu T. Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Upregulate 15-PGDH Expression in Cholangiocarcinoma Cells by Inhibiting miR-26a/b Expression. Cancer Res 2015; 75:1388-98. [PMID: 25691459 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-14-2561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2014] [Accepted: 01/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) is a proinflammatory lipid mediator that promotes cancer growth. The 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (15-PGDH) catalyzes oxidation of the 15(S)-hydroxyl group of PGE2, leading to its inactivation. Therefore, 15-PGDH induction may offer a strategy to treat cancers that are driven by PGE2, such as human cholangiocarcinoma. Here, we report that omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (ω-3 PUFA) upregulate 15-PGDH expression by inhibiting miR-26a and miR-26b, thereby contributing to ω-3 PUFA-induced inhibition of human cholangiocarcinoma cell growth. Treatment of human cholangiocarcinoma cells (CCLP1 and TFK-1) with ω-3 PUFA (DHA) or transfection of these cells with the Fat-1 gene (encoding Caenorhabditis elegans desaturase, which converts ω-6 PUFA to ω-3 PUFA) significantly increased 15-PGDH enzymes levels, but with little effect on the activity of the 15-PGDH gene promoter. Mechanistic investigations revealed that this increase in 15-PGDH levels in cells was mediated by a reduction in the expression of miR-26a and miR-26b, which target 15-PGDH mRNA and inhibit 15-PGDH translation. These findings were extended by the demonstration that overexpressing miR-26a or miR-26b decreased 15-PGDH protein levels, reversed ω-3 PUFA-induced accumulation of 15-PGDH protein, and prevented ω-3 PUFA-induced inhibition of cholangiocarcinoma cell growth. We further observed that ω-3 PUFA suppressed miR-26a and miR-26b by inhibiting c-myc, a transcription factor that regulates miR-26a/b. Accordingly, c-myc overexpression enhanced expression of miR-26a/b and ablated the ability of ω-3 PUFA to inhibit cell growth. Taken together, our results reveal a novel mechanism for ω-3 PUFA-induced expression of 15-PGDH in human cholangiocarcinoma and provide a preclinical rationale for the evaluation of ω-3 PUFA in treatment of this malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Yao
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Chang Han
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Kyoungsub Song
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Jinqiang Zhang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Kyu Lim
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Cancer Research Institute and Infection Signaling, Network Research Center, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Tong Wu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana.
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11
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Anwar F, Mushtaq G, Kazmi I, Afzal M, Khan R, Al-Abbasi FA, Ahmad A, Kumar V. Anticancer effect of rosiglitazone in rats treated with N-nitrosodiethylamine via inhibition of DNA synthesis: an implication for hepatocellular carcinoma. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra07291c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Rosiglitazone, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPARγ) ligand, is a clinically tested drug used in the treatment of diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Firoz Anwar
- Department of Biochemistry
- Faculty of Science
- King Abdulaziz University
- Jeddah
- Saudi Arabia
| | - Gohar Mushtaq
- Department of Biochemistry
- Faculty of Science
- King Abdulaziz University
- Jeddah
- Saudi Arabia
| | - Imran Kazmi
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research
- Glocal University
- Saharanpur
- India
| | - Muhammad Afzal
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research
- Glocal University
- Saharanpur
- India
| | | | - Fahad A. Al-Abbasi
- Department of Biochemistry
- Faculty of Science
- King Abdulaziz University
- Jeddah
- Saudi Arabia
| | - Aftab Ahmad
- Dept. of Pharmacology
- Jeddah Community College
- King Abdulaziz University
- Jeddah
- Saudi Arabia
| | - Vikas Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Faculty
- of Health Sciences
- Sam Higginbottom Institute of Agriculture
- Technology & Sciences (SHIATS)-Deemed University
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12
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TGFβ can stimulate the p(38)/β-catenin/PPARγ signaling pathway to promote the EMT, invasion and migration of non-small cell lung cancer (H460 cells). Clin Exp Metastasis 2014; 31:881-95. [PMID: 25168821 DOI: 10.1007/s10585-014-9677-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2014] [Accepted: 08/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Signaling pathway(s) responsible for transforming growth factor β (TGFβ)-induced epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT), invasion and migration of H460 cells (non-small cell lung cancer/NSCLC) was identified in the study. The results showed that TGFβ-induced p(38)/β-catenin/PPARγ signaling pathway played a critical role in the promotion of EMT, invasion and migration of H460 cells. All these pathological outcomes attributed to PPARγ-increased expression of p-EGFR, p-c-MET and Vimentin and the decrease of E-cadherin. Transforming growth factor β and p(38)-induced β-catenin not only stimulated the expression of PPARγ but also physically interacted with it. Blocking the ligand binding domain of PPARγ (with GW9662) could significantly interfere the binding between PPARγ and β-catenin, and interrupt the nuclear infiltration of both factors. These findings suggested that β-catenin was an upstream regulator and a ligand of PPARγ, and the binding between these two molecules was critical for their nuclear infiltration. Transforming growth factor β-induced tumor invasion and migration was also seen in U373 cells (brain glioma, with high inducible PPARγ) in a PPARγ-dependent manner, but not in CH27 cells (squamous NSCLC, with low PPARγ). PPARγ shRNA, GW9662, JW67 and 2,4-diaminoquinazoline were all revealed to have important values in the control of the intrinsic and TGFβ-induced EMT, tumor invasion and migration of H460 cells. The results further suggested that PPARγ and β-catenin may be the potential markers for the early diagnosis and/or treatment of metastatic tumors.
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13
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Dicitore A, Caraglia M, Gaudenzi G, Manfredi G, Amato B, Mari D, Persani L, Arra C, Vitale G. Type I interferon-mediated pathway interacts with peroxisome proliferator activated receptor-γ (PPAR-γ): at the cross-road of pancreatic cancer cell proliferation. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2013; 1845:42-52. [PMID: 24295567 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2013.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2013] [Revised: 11/14/2013] [Accepted: 11/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic adenocarcinoma remains an unresolved therapeutic challenge because of its intrinsically refractoriness to both chemo- and radiotherapy due to the complexity of signaling and the activation of survival pathways in cancer cells. Recent studies have demonstrated that the combination of some drugs, targeting most of aberrant pathways crucial for the survival of pancreatic cancer cells may be a valid antitumor strategy for this cancer. Type I interferons (IFNs) may have a role in the pathogenesis and progression of pancreatic adenocarcinoma, but the limit of their clinical use is due to the activation of tumor resistance mechanisms, including JAK-2/STAT-3 pathway. Moreover, aberrant constitutive activation of STAT-3 proteins has been frequently detected in pancreatic adenocarcinoma. The selective targeting of these cell survival cascades could be a promising strategy in order to enhance the antitumor effects of type I IFNs. The activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPAR-γ), on the other hand, has a suppressive activity on STAT-3. In fact, PPAR-γ agonists negatively modulate STAT-3 through direct and/or indirect mechanisms in several normal and cancer models. This review provides an overview on the current knowledge about the molecular mechanisms and antitumor activity of these two promising classes of drugs for pancreatic cancer therapy. Finally, the synergistic antiproliferative activity of combined IFN-β and troglitazone treatment on pancreatic cancer cell lines, evaluated in vitro, and the consequent potential clinical applications will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Dicitore
- Laboratory of Endocrine and Metabolic Research, Istituto Auxologico Italiano IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Michele Caraglia
- Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and General Pathology, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Germano Gaudenzi
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Gloria Manfredi
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Bruno Amato
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University "Federico II" of Naples, Italy
| | - Daniela Mari
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy; Geriatric Unit IRCCS Ca' Grande Foundation Maggiore Policlinico Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Luca Persani
- Laboratory of Endocrine and Metabolic Research, Istituto Auxologico Italiano IRCCS, Milan, Italy; Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Claudio Arra
- Animal Facility, National Cancer Institute of Naples Fondazione "G. Pascale", Naples, Italy
| | - Giovanni Vitale
- Laboratory of Endocrine and Metabolic Research, Istituto Auxologico Italiano IRCCS, Milan, Italy; Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.
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14
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Chang HJ, Lee JH, Hwang KJ, Kim MR, Yoo JH. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ agonist suppresses human telomerase reverse transcriptase expression and aromatase activity in eutopic endometrial stromal cells from endometriosis. Clin Exp Reprod Med 2013; 40:67-75. [PMID: 23875162 PMCID: PMC3714431 DOI: 10.5653/cerm.2013.40.2.67] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2013] [Revised: 05/27/2013] [Accepted: 06/03/2013] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective To investigate the effect of peroxisome proliferator activated receptor γ (PPARγ) agonist on the cell proliferation properties and expression of human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) and aromatase in cultured endometrial stromal cell (ESC) from patients with endometriosis. Methods Human endometrial tissues were obtained from women with endometriosis and healthy women (controls) using endometrial biopsy. Isolated ESCs were cultured and the cell proliferation was measured by 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5 diphenyl tetrazolium bromide assay and expression of hTERT, aromatase, and cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 by western blotting according to the addition of rosiglitazone (PPARγ agonist). Results We demonstrate that the cultured ESCs of endometriosis showed hTERT protein overexpression and increased cellular proliferation, which was inhibited by rosiglitazone, in a dose-dependent manner. At the same time, PPARγ agonist also inhibited aromatase and COX-2 expression, resulting in decreased prostaglandin E2 production in the ESCs of endometriosis. Conclusion This study suggests that PPARγ agonist plays an inhibitory role in the proliferative properties of eutopic endometrium with endometriosis by down-regulation of hTERT and COX-2 expression; this could be a new treatment target for endometriosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye Jin Chang
- Health Promotion Center, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Korea
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15
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Ma J, Chen M, Xia SK, Shu W, Guo Y, Wang YH, Xu Y, Bai XM, Zhang L, Zhang H, Zhang M, Wang YP, Leng J. Prostaglandin E2 promotes liver cancer cell growth by the upregulation of FUSE-binding protein 1 expression. Int J Oncol 2013; 42:1093-104. [PMID: 23338277 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2013.1782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2012] [Accepted: 11/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver cancer is a common human cancer with a high mortality rate and currently there is no effective chemoprevention or systematic treatment. Recent evidence suggests that prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) plays an important role in the occurrence and development of liver cancer. However, the mechanisms through which PGE(2) promotes liver cancer cell growth are not yet fully understood. It has been reported that the increased expression of FUSE-binding protein 1 (FBP1) significantly induces the proliferation of liver cancer cells. In this study, we report that PGE(2) promotes liver cancer cell growth by the upregulation of FBP1 protein expression. Treatment with PGE2 and the E prostanoid 3 (EP3) receptor agonist, sulprostone, resulted in the time-dependent increase in FBP1 protein expression; sulprostone increased the viability of the liver cancer cells. The protein kinase A (PKA) inhibitor, H89, and the adenylate cyclase (AC) inhibitor, SQ22536, inhibited the cell viability accelerated by sulprostone. By contrast, the Gi subunit inhibitor, pertussis toxin (PTX), exhibited no significant effect. Treatment with PGE(2) and sulprostone caused a decrease in JTV1 protein expression, blocked the binding of JTV1 with FBP1, which served as a mechanism for FBP1 degradation, leading to the decreased ubiquitination of FBP1 and the increase in FBP1 protein expression. Furthermore, H89 and SQ22536 prevented the above effects of JTV1 and FBP1 induced by PGE(2) and sulprostone. These findings indicate that the EP3 receptor activated by PGE(2) may couple to Gs protein and activate cyclic AMP (cAMP)-PKA, downregulating the levels of JTV1 protein, consequently inhibiting the ubiquitination of FBP1 and increasing FBP1 protein expression, thus promoting liver cancer cell growth. These observations provide new insights into the mechanisms through which PGE(2) promotes cancer cell growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Ma
- Cancer Center, Department of Pathology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, P.R. China
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16
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Li W, Chen L, Li X, Jia X, Feng C, Zhang L, He W, Lv J, He Y, Li W, Qu X, Zhou Y, Shi Y. Cancer-related marketing centrality motifs acting as pivot units in the human signaling network and mediating cross-talk between biological pathways. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2013; 9:3026-35. [DOI: 10.1039/c3mb70289h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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17
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Sozmen M, Kabak YB, Gulbahar MY, Gacar A, Karayigit MO, Guvenc T, Yarim M. Immunohistochemical characterization of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors in canine normal testis and testicular tumours. J Comp Pathol 2012; 149:10-8. [PMID: 23219070 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2012.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2012] [Revised: 09/05/2012] [Accepted: 09/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are ligand-activated transcription factors belonging to the nuclear hormone receptor superfamily. Recent studies have demonstrated that PPARs regulate lipid metabolism and are expressed in various cancers. The aim of the present study was to investigate the expression of PPAR-α, -β and -γ in normal canine testicular tissue and canine testicular tumours (CTTs). Expression of PPAR-α, -β and -γ was greater (P <0.05) than in normal testicular tissue. PPARs were therefore induced in CTTs and they may play a role in the biology of these tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Sozmen
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ondokuz Mayis University, TR-55139 Samsun, Turkey.
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18
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Kawashima T, Yamazaki R, Matsuzawa Y, Yamaura E, Takabatake M, Otake S, Ikawa Y, Nakamura H, Fujino H, Murayama T. Contrary effects of sphingosine-1-phosphate on expression of α-smooth muscle actin in transforming growth factor β1-stimulated lung fibroblasts. Eur J Pharmacol 2012; 696:120-9. [PMID: 23041148 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2012.09.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2012] [Revised: 09/13/2012] [Accepted: 09/22/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Transforming growth factor-β1 (TGFβ1) plays a pivotal role in fibrosis in various organs including the lung. Following pulmonary injury, TGFβ1 stimulates conversion of fibroblasts to myofibroblasts that are mainly characterized by up-regulation of α-smooth muscle actin (αSMA) expression, and the resulting excess production of extracellular matrix proteins causes fibrosis with loss of alveolar function. The present study was undertaken to define the role of the sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) pathway in TGFβ1-induced expression of αSMA in human fetal lung fibroblasts, HFL1 cells. Analysis of mRNA revealed the existence of S1P(1), S1P(2), and S1P(3) receptor mRNAs. Treatment with TGFβ1 increased sphingosine kinase (SphK) activity and S1P(3) receptor mRNA at 24h after stimulation, and pharmacological data showed the involvement of sphingomyelinase, SphK, and S1P(3) receptor in the TGFβ1-induced up-regulation of αSMA with and without serum. Treatment with pertussis toxin and S1P(1) receptor antagonist W146 enhanced αSMA expression by TGFβ1/serum, and S1P decreased and increased αSMA levels with and without serum, respectively. TGFβ1 increased cyclooxygenase-2 expression in a manner dependent on serum and the sphingomyelinase/SphK pathway, and the response was decreased by pertussis toxin. Prostaglandin E(2), formed by TGFβ1/serum stimulation, decreased the TGFβ1-induced expression of αSMA via EP prostanoid receptor. These data suggest that S1P formed by TGFβ1 stimulation has diverse effects on the expression of αSMA, inhibition via the S1P(1) receptor-mediated and serum-dependent expression of cyclooxygenase-2 and the resulting formation of prostaglandin E(2), and stimulation via the S1P(3) receptor in a serum-independent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuo Kawashima
- Department of Internal Medicine, Toho University School of Medicine, Sakura Hospital, Sakura City, Chiba 285-8741, Japan
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Mizuguchi Y, Specht S, Lunz JG, Isse K, Corbitt N, Takizawa T, Demetris AJ. SPRR2A enhances p53 deacetylation through HDAC1 and down regulates p21 promoter activity. BMC Mol Biol 2012; 13:20. [PMID: 22731250 PMCID: PMC3495018 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2199-13-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2011] [Accepted: 06/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Small proline rich protein (SPRR) 2A is one of 14 SPRR genes that encodes for a skin cross-linking protein, which confers structural integrity to the cornified keratinocyte cell envelope. New evidence, however, shows that SPRR2A is also a critical stress and wound repair modulator: it enables a variety of barrier epithelia to transiently acquire mesenchymal characteristics (EMT) and simultaneously quench reactive oxygen species during wound repair responses. p53 is also widely recognized as the node in cellular stress responses that inhibits EMT and triggers cell-cycle arrest, apoptosis, and cellular senescence. Since some p53-directed processes would seem to impede wound repair of barrier epithelia, we hypothesized that SPRR2A up regulation might counteract these effects and enable/promote wound repair under stressful environmental conditions. Results Using a well characterized cholangiocarcinoma cell line we show that levels of SPRR2A expression, similar to that seen during stressful biliary wound repair responses, disrupts acetylation and subsequent p53 transcriptional activity. p53 deacetylation is accomplished via two distinct, but possibly related, mechanisms: 1) a reduction of p300 acetylation, thereby interfering with p300-p53 binding and subsequent p300 acetylation of K382 in p53; and 2) an increase in histone deacetylase 1 (HDAC1) mRNA and protein expression. The p300 CH3 domain is essential for both the autoacetylation of p300 and transference of the acetyl group to p53 and HDAC1 is a component of several non-p300 complexes that enhance p53 deacetylation, ubiquitination, and proteosomal degradation. HDAC1 can also bind the p300-CH3 domain, regulating p300 acetylation and interfering with p300 mediated p53 acetylation. The importance of this pathway is illustrated by showing complete restoration of p53 acetylation and partial restoration of p300 acetylation by treating SPRR2A expressing cells with HDAC1 siRNA. Conclusion Up-regulation of SPRR2A, similar to that seen during barrier epithelia wound repair responses reduces p53 acetylation by interfering with p300-p53 interactions and by increasing HDAC1 expression. SPRR2A, therefore, functions as a suppressor of p53-dependent transcriptional activity, which otherwise might impede cellular processes needed for epithelial wound repair responses such as EMT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiaki Mizuguchi
- Thomas E, Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
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20
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E-cadherin as a predictive marker of brain metastasis in non-small-cell lung cancer, and its regulation by pioglitazone in a preclinical model. J Neurooncol 2012; 109:219-27. [PMID: 22576972 DOI: 10.1007/s11060-012-0890-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2011] [Accepted: 04/23/2012] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
It remains unclear whether patients with non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) develop brain metastasis during or after standard therapy. We attempted to identify biological markers that predict brain metastasis, and investigated how to modulate expression of such markers. A case-control study of patients who were newly diagnosed with NSCLC and who had developed brain metastasis during follow-up was conducted between 2004 and 2009. These patients were compared with a control group of patients who had NSCLC but no evidence of brain metastasis. Immunohistochemical analysis of expression of Ki-67, p53, Bcl-2, Bax, vascular endothelial growth factor, epidermal growth factor receptor, caspase-3, and E-cadherin was conducted. The methylation status of the genes for O(6)-methylguanine-DNA-methyltransferase, tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase (TIMP)-2, TIMP-3, and death-associated protein-kinase was also determined, by use of a methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction. A significantly increased risk of developing brain metastasis was associated with the presence of primary tumors with low E-cadherin expression in patients with NSCLC. We also investigated the effects of pioglitazone, a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ-activating drug, in tumor-bearing mouse models. We found that E-cadherin expression was proportional to pioglitazone exposure time. Interestingly, pioglitazone pretreatment before cancer cell inoculation prevented loss of E-cadherin expression and reduced expression of MMP9 and fibronectin, compared with the control group. E-cadherin expression could be a predictor of brain metastasis in patients with NSCLC. Preventive treatment with pioglitazone may be useful for modulating E-cadherin expression.
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21
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Mizuguchi Y, Specht S, Lunz JG, Isse K, Corbitt N, Takizawa T, Demetris AJ. Cooperation of p300 and PCAF in the control of microRNA 200c/141 transcription and epithelial characteristics. PLoS One 2012; 7:e32449. [PMID: 22384255 PMCID: PMC3284570 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0032449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2010] [Accepted: 01/30/2012] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) not only occurs during embryonic development and in response to injury, but is an important element in cancer progression. EMT and its reverse process, mesenchymal to epithelial transition (MET) is controlled by a network of transcriptional regulators and can be influenced by posttranscriptional and posttranslational modifications. EMT/MET involves many effectors that can activate and repress these transitions, often yielding a spectrum of cell phenotypes. Recent studies have shown that the miR-200 family and the transcriptional suppressor ZEB1 are important contributors to EMT. Our previous data showed that forced expression of SPRR2a was a powerful inducer of EMT and supports the findings by others that SPRR gene members are highly upregulated during epithelial remodeling in a variety of organs. Here, using SPRR2a cells, we characterize the role of acetyltransferases on the microRNA-200c/141 promoter and their effect on the epithelial/mesenchymal status of the cells. We show that the deacetylase inhibitor TSA as well as P300 and PCAF can cause a shift towards epithelial characteristics in HUCCT-1-SPRR2a cells. We demonstrate that both P300 and PCAF act as cofactors for ZEB1, forming a P300/PCAF/ZEB1 complex on the miR200c/141 promoter. This binding results in lysine acetylation of ZEB1 and a release of ZEB1 suppression on miR-200c/141 transcription. Furthermore, disruption of P300 and PCAF interactions dramatically down regulates miR-200c/141 promoter activity, indicating a PCAF/P300 cooperative function in regulating the transcriptional suppressor/activator role of ZEB1. These data demonstrate a novel mechanism of miRNA regulation in mediating cell phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiaki Mizuguchi
- Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Susan Specht
- Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - John G. Lunz
- Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Kumiko Isse
- Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Natasha Corbitt
- Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Toshihiro Takizawa
- Department of Molecular Anatomy and Medicine, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Anthony J. Demetris
- Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Nakase T, Ueno M, Uchiyama K, Matsuura N, Yamaue H. Expression of Cyclooxygenase-2 and Transforming Growth Factor-Beta 1 in Patients with the Early Recurrence of Hepatocellular Carcinoma Following Hepatectomy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.4236/ss.2012.36064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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23
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Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ cross-regulation of signaling events implicated in liver fibrogenesis. Cell Signal 2011; 24:596-605. [PMID: 22108088 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2011.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2011] [Accepted: 11/02/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPARγ) is a nuclear receptor with transcriptional activity controlling multiple physical and pathological processes. Recently, PPARγ has been implicated in the pathogenesis of liver fibrosis. Its depleted expression has strong associations with the activation and transdifferentiation of hepatic stellate cells, the central event in liver fibrogenesis. Studies over the past decade demonstrate that PPARγ cross-regulates a number of signaling pathways mediated by growth factors and adipokines, and cellular events including apoptosis and senescence. These signaling and cellular events and their molecular interactions with PPARγ system are profoundly involved in liver fibrogenesis. We critically summarize these mechanistic insights into the PPARγ regulation in liver fibrogenesis based on the updated findings in this area. We conclude with a discussion of the impacts of these discoveries on the interpretation of liver fibrogenesis and their potential therapeutic implications. PPARγ activation could be a promising strategy for antifibrotic therapy.
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24
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Lin LC, Hsu SL, Wu CL, Liu WC, Hsueh CM. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) plays a critical role in the development of TGFβ resistance of H460 cell. Cell Signal 2011; 23:1640-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2011.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2011] [Revised: 05/23/2011] [Accepted: 05/23/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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25
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Do PPARgamma Ligands Suppress the Growth of Cholangiocarcinoma or the Cholangiohepatitis Induced by the Tumor? PPAR Res 2011; 2008:587401. [PMID: 18615198 PMCID: PMC2443545 DOI: 10.1155/2008/587401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2008] [Accepted: 06/09/2008] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholangiocarcinoma is a predominantly fatal cancer, which can be difficult to treat. It has been reported that the administration of pioglitazone temporarily improved not only diabetic control, but also bile duct carcinoma-induced cholangiohepatitis. Pioglitazone is considered to have both direct and indirect mechanisms of action on the tumor-related hepatitis. Several molecules induced by thiazolidinedione, including Smad pathway-related molecules, adipokines, and other lipid metabolism-related proteins, may directly or indirectly suppress tumor development and/or tumor-induced cholangiohepatitis. Although the most frequent and critical side effect of thiazolidinedione is drug-induced hepatitis, it can probably be avoided by careful monitoring of serum hepatic enzyme levels. Thiazolidinedione should be considered for management of tumor-induced hepatitis in the presence of diabetes unless severe side effects occur.
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Reka AK, Kurapati H, Narala VR, Bommer G, Chen J, Standiford TJ, Keshamouni VG. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma activation inhibits tumor metastasis by antagonizing Smad3-mediated epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Mol Cancer Ther 2011; 9:3221-32. [PMID: 21159608 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-10-0570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) was shown to confer tumor cells with abilities essential for metastasis, including migratory phenotype, invasiveness, resistance to apoptosis, evading immune surveillance, and tumor stem cell traits. Therefore, inhibition of EMT can be an important therapeutic strategy to inhibit tumor metastasis. Here, we show that activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPAR-γ) inhibits transforming growth factor β (TGF-β)-induced EMT in lung cancer cells and prevents metastasis by antagonizing Smad3 function. Activation of PPAR-γ by synthetic ligands (troglitazone and rosiglitazone) or by a constitutively active form of PPAR-γ prevents TGF-β-induced loss of E-cadherin expression and inhibits the induction of mesenchymal markers (vimentin, N-cadherin, fibronectin) and matrix metalloproteases. Consistently, activation of PPAR-γ also inhibited EMT-induced migration and invasion of lung cancer cells. Furthermore, effects of PPAR-γ ligands were attenuated by siRNA-mediated knockdown of PPAR-γ, indicating that the ligand-induced responses are PPAR-γ dependent. Selective knockdown of Smad2 and Smad3 by siRNA showed that TGF-β-induced EMT is Smad3 dependent in lung cancer cells. Activation of PPAR-γ inhibits TGF-β-induced Smad transcriptional activity but had no effect on the phosphorylation or nuclear translocation of Smads. Consistently, PPAR-γ activation prevented TGF-β-induced transcriptional repression of E-cadherin promoter and inhibited transcriptional activation of N-cadherin promoter. Finally, treatment of mice with troglitazone or knockdown of Smad3 in tumor cells significantly inhibited TGF-β-induced experimental metastasis in SCID-Beige mice. Together, with the low toxicity profile of PPAR-γ ligands, our data show that these ligands may serve as potential therapeutic agents to inhibit metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajaya Kumar Reka
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical Center, 4062 BSRB, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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27
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Reka AK, Goswami MT, Krishnapuram R, Standiford TJ, Keshamouni VG. Molecular cross-regulation between PPAR-γ and other signaling pathways: implications for lung cancer therapy. Lung Cancer 2011; 72:154-9. [PMID: 21354647 DOI: 10.1016/j.lungcan.2011.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2010] [Accepted: 01/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPAR)-γ belongs to the nuclear hormone receptor superfamily of ligand-dependent transcription factors. It is a mediator of adipocyte differentiation, regulates lipid metabolism and macrophage function. The ligands of PPAR-γ have long been in the clinic for the treatment of type II diabetes and have a very low toxicity profile. Activation of PPAR-γ was shown to modulate various hallmarks of cancer through its pleiotropic affects on multiple different cell types in the tumor microenvironment. An overwhelming number of preclinical-studies demonstrate the efficacy of PPAR-γ ligands in the control of tumor progression through their affects on various cellular processes, including cell proliferation, apoptosis, angiogenesis, inflammation and metastasis. A variety of signaling pathways have been implicated as potential mechanisms of action. This review will focus on the molecular basis of these mechanisms; primarily PPAR-γ cross-regulation with other signaling pathways and its relevance to lung cancer therapy will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajaya Kumar Reka
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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28
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Rotman N, Wahli W. PPAR modulation of kinase-linked receptor signaling in physiology and disease. Physiology (Bethesda) 2010; 25:176-85. [PMID: 20551231 DOI: 10.1152/physiol.00018.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Kinase-linked receptors and nuclear receptors connect external cues to gene transcription. Among nuclear receptors, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are of special interest in relation to widespread human diseases. Mapping out connections between PPARs and kinase-linked receptor signaling is central to better understand physiological and pathophysiological processes and to better define therapeutic strategies. This is the aim of the present review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Rotman
- Center for Integrative Genomics, National Research Center Frontiers in Genetics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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29
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Abstract
Tight regulation of TGF-beta (transforming growth factor-beta) superfamily signalling is important for normal cellular functions and tissue homoeostasis. Since TGF-beta superfamily signalling pathways are activated by a short phosphorylation cascade, from receptor phosphorylation to subsequent phosphorylation and activation of downstream signal transducer R-Smads (receptor-activated Smads), reversible phosphorylation serves as a critical step to assure proper TGF-beta signalling. The present article will review the current progress on the understanding of dynamic phosphorylation in TGF-beta signalling and the essential role of protein phosphatases in this process.
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30
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Rossiello L, D'Andrea F, Grella R, Signoriello G, Abbondanza C, De Rosa C, Prudente M, Morlando M, Rossiello R. Differential expression of cyclooxygenases in hypertrophic scar and keloid tissues. Wound Repair Regen 2009; 17:750-7. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1524-475x.2009.00530.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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31
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Han C, Lim K, Xu L, Li G, Wu T. Regulation of Wnt/beta-catenin pathway by cPLA2alpha and PPARdelta. J Cell Biochem 2009; 105:534-45. [PMID: 18636547 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.21852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Cytosolic phospholipase A(2)alpha (cPLA(2)alpha) is a rate-limiting key enzyme that releases arachidonic acid (AA) from membrane phospholipid for the production of biologically active lipid mediators including prostaglandins, leukotrienes and platelet-activating factor. cPLA(2)alpha is translocated to nuclear envelope in response to intracellular calcium increase and the enzyme is also present inside the cell nucleus; however, the biological function of cPLA(2)alpha in the nucleus remains unknown. Here we show a novel role of cPLA(2)alpha for activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-delta (PPARdelta) and beta-catenin in the nuclei. Overexpression of cPLA(2)alpha in human cholangiocarcinoma cells induced the binding of PPARdelta to beta-catenin and increased their association with the TCF/LEF response element. These effects are inhibited by the cPLA(2)alpha siRNA and inhibitors as well as by siRNA knockdown of PPARdelta. Overexpression of PPARdelta or treatment with the selective PPARdelta ligand, GW501516, also increased beta-catenin binding to TCF/LEF response element and increased its reporter activity. Addition of AA and GW501516 to nuclear extracts induced a comparable degree of beta-catenin binding to TCF/LEF response element. Furthermore, cPLA(2)alpha protein is present in the PPARdelta and beta-catenin binding complex. Thus the close proximity between cPLA(2)alpha and PPARdelta provides a unique advantage for their efficient functional coupling in the nucleus, where AA produced by cPLA(2)alpha becomes immediately available for PPARdelta binding and subsequent beta-catenin activation. These results depict a novel interaction linking cPLA(2)alpha, PPARdelta and Wnt/beta-catenin signaling pathways and provide insight for further understanding the roles of these key molecules in human cells and diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Han
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA.
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LeBrun D, Baetz T, Foster C, Farmer P, Sidhu R, Guo H, Harrison K, Somogyi R, Greller LD, Feilotter H. Predicting outcome in follicular lymphoma by using interactive gene pairs. Clin Cancer Res 2008; 14:478-87. [PMID: 18223222 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-07-1720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Follicular lymphoma is a common lymphoma of adults. Although its course is often indolent, a substantial proportion of patients have a poor prognosis, often due to rapid progression or transformation to a more aggressive lymphoma. Currently available clinical prognostic scores, such as the follicular lymphoma international prognostic index, are not able to optimally predict transformation or poor outcome. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Gene expression profiling was done on primary lymphoma biopsy samples. RESULTS Using a statistically conservative approach, predictive interaction analysis, we have identified pairs of interacting genes that predict poor outcome, measured as death within 5 years of diagnosis. The best gene pair performs >1,000-fold better than any single gene or the follicular lymphoma international prognostic index in our data set. Many gene pairs achieve outcome prediction accuracies exceeding 85% in extensive cross-validation and noise sensitivity computational analyses. Many genes repeatedly appear in top-ranking pairs, suggesting that they reproducibly provide predictive capability. CONCLUSIONS The evidence reported here may provide the basis for an expression-based, multi-gene test for predicting poor follicular lymphoma outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- David LeBrun
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
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High-Glucose-Induced Prostaglandin E2and Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor δ Promote Mouse Embryonic Stem Cell Proliferation. Stem Cells 2008; 26:745-55. [DOI: 10.1634/stemcells.2007-0786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Shen W, Li Y, Zhu J, Schwendener R, Huard J. Interaction between macrophages, TGF-beta1, and the COX-2 pathway during the inflammatory phase of skeletal muscle healing after injury. J Cell Physiol 2007; 214:405-12. [PMID: 17657727 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.21212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation, an important phase of skeletal muscle healing, largely involves macrophages, TGF-beta1, and the COX-2 pathway. To improve our understanding of how these molecules interact during all phases of muscle healing, we examined their roles in muscle cells in vitro and in vivo. Initially, we found that depletion of macrophages in muscle tissue led to reduced muscle regeneration. Macrophages may influence healing by inducing the production of TGF-beta1 and PGE2 in different muscle cell types. We then found that the addition of TGF-beta1 induced PGE2 production in muscle cells, an effect probably mediated by COX-2 enzyme. It was also found that TGF-beta1 enhanced macrophage infiltration in wild-type mice after muscle injury. However, this effect was not observed in COX-2(-/-) mice, suggesting that the effect of TGF-beta1 on macrophage infiltration is mediated by the COX-2 pathway. Furthermore, we found that PGE2 can inhibit the expression of TGF-beta1. PGE2 and TGF-beta1 may be involved in a negative feedback loop balancing the level of fibrosis formation during skeletal muscle healing. In conclusion, our results suggest a complex regulatory mechanism of skeletal muscle healing. Macrophages, TGF-beta1, and the COX-2 pathway products may regulate one another's levels and have profound influence on the whole muscle healing process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Shen
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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Chang HJ, Lee JH, Hwang KJ, Kim MR, Chang KH, Park DW, Min CK. Transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta1-induced human endometrial stromal cell decidualization through extracellular signal-regulated kinase and Smad activation in vitro: peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma acts as a negative regulator of TGF-beta1. Fertil Steril 2007; 90:1357-65. [PMID: 18082740 DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2007.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2006] [Revised: 09/05/2007] [Accepted: 09/05/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the effect of transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta1 on the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and Smad pathway and the role of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-gamma in cultured human endometrial stromal cells. DESIGN Experimental study. SETTING Infertility center of a tertiary university hospital. MATERIAL(S): Human endometrial tissues obtained by hysterectomy from patients with conditions other than endometrial diseases. INTERVENTION(S) Endometrial stromal cells were cultured under normal laboratory conditions. TGF-beta1, rosiglitazone (PPARgamma agonist), and PD98059 (ERK inhibitor) were added to endometrial stromal cell culture according to experimental purposes. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) Cell count, PRL expression, Smad and ERK phosphorylation, cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 expression, and prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) release. RESULT(S) TGF-beta1 inhibited cellular proliferation and induced the expressions of COX-2, PGE(2), and PRL of cultured human endometrial stromal cells. These effects may be mediated by Smad and ERK phosphorylation. Treatment with rosiglitazone, a PPARgamma agonist, reversed the TGF-beta1 effect by antagonizing the activation of ERK and Smad that was induced by TGF-beta1. CONCLUSION(S) PPARgamma plays a negative role by directly acting on Smad and ERK phosphorylation in human endometrial cell decidualization that is induced by TGF-beta1 in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye Jin Chang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
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Xu L, Han C, Lim K, Wu T. Activation of cytosolic phospholipase A2alpha through nitric oxide-induced S-nitrosylation. Involvement of inducible nitric-oxide synthase and cyclooxygenase-2. J Biol Chem 2007; 283:3077-3087. [PMID: 18029351 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m705709200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytosolic phospholipase A(2)alpha (cPLA(2)alpha) is the rate-limiting key enzyme that cleaves arachidonic acid (AA) from membrane phospholipids for the biosynthesis of eicosanoids, including prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)), a key lipid mediator involved in inflammation and carcinogenesis. Here we show that cPLA(2)alpha protein is S-nitrosylated, and its activity is enhanced by nitric oxide (NO). Forced expression of inducible nitric-oxide synthase (iNOS) in human epithelial cells induced cPLA(2)alpha S-nitrosylation, enhanced its catalytic activity, and increased AA release. The iNOS-induced cPLA(2)alpha activation is blocked by the specific iNOS inhibitor, 1400W. The addition of the NO donor, S-nitrosoglutathione, to isolated cell lysates or purified recombinant human cPLA(2)alpha protein induced S-nitrosylation of cPLA(2)alpha in vitro. Incubation of cultured cells with the iNOS substrate L-arginine and NO donor significantly increased cPLA(2)alpha activity and AA release. These findings demonstrate that iNOS-derived NO S-nitrosylates and activates cPLA(2)alpha in human cells. Site-directed mutagenesis revealed that Cys-152 of cPLA(2)alpha is critical for S-nitrosylation. Furthermore, COX-2 induction or expression markedly enhanced iNOS-induced cPLA(2)alpha S-nitrosylation and activation, leading to 9-, 23-, and 20-fold increase of AA release and 100-, 38-, and 88-fold of PGE(2) production in A549, SG231, and HEK293 cells, respectively, whereas COX-2 alone leads to less than 2-fold change. These results indicate that COX-2 has the ability to enhance iNOS-induced cPLA(2)alpha S-nitrosylation and that maximal PG synthesis is achieved by the synergistic interaction among iNOS, cPLA(2)alpha, and COX-2. Since COX-2 enhances the formation of cPLA(2)alpha-iNOS binding complex, it appears that COX-2-induced augmentation of cPLA(2)alpha S-nitrosylation is mediated at least in part through increased association between iNOS and cPLA(2)alpha. These findings disclose a novel link among cPLA(2)alpha, iNOS, and COX-2, which form a multiprotein complex leading to cPLA(2)alpha S-nitrosylation and activation. Therefore, therapy aimed at disrupting this interplay may represent a promising strategy to effectively inhibit PGE(2) production and prevent inflammation and carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihong Xu
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213
| | - Chang Han
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213
| | - Kyu Lim
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213
| | - Tong Wu
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213.
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Smeets PJH, Planavila A, van der Vusse GJ, van Bilsen M. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors and inflammation: take it to heart. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2007; 191:171-88. [PMID: 17935522 DOI: 10.1111/j.1748-1716.2007.01752.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are ligand-activated transcription factors acting as key regulators of lipid metabolism as well as modulators of inflammation. The role of PPARalpha and PPARgamma in cardiac ischaemia-reperfusion injury, infarct healing and hypertrophy is the subject of intense research. Due to the later development of PPARdelta-specific ligands, the role of this PPAR isoform in cardiac disease remains to be established. Although many studies point to salutatory effects of PPAR ligands in cardiac disease, the exact molecular mechanism is still largely unsolved. Both the metabolic (via transactivation) and the more recently discovered anti-inflammatory (via transrepression) effects of PPARs are likely to play a role. In this review the reported, and sometimes contradictory, effects of PPAR ligands on ischaemia-reperfusion, infarct healing and cardiac hypertrophy are critically evaluated. In particular the role of inflammation in these disease processes, the ability of PPARs to interfere with pro-inflammatory processes, and the mechanisms of transrepression are discussed. Currently, the significance of PPARs as therapeutic targets in cardiovascular disease is receiving widespread attention. Accordingly, detailed understanding of the mechanisms controlling the activity of these nuclear hormone receptors is essential.
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Affiliation(s)
- P J H Smeets
- Department of Physiology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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Abstract
The influence of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) overexpression on the development of tumours has been well documented. The underlying mechanism however has still not been completely elucidated. An escape of proliferating cells from the regulatory influence of TGF-β for example in the intestine has been discussed as well as a preponderance or prolongation of growth factor stimulation. The experiments presented here demonstrated that COX-2 transfection of a TGF-β-sensitive cell line abrogates the growth inhibitory effects of TGF-β. However, analysis of the TGF-β/Smad-signalling pathway clearly revealed that COX-2 overexpression did not interfere with that. Neither TGF-receptor expression nor Smad phosphorylation and signal transfer into the nucleus were influenced by COX-2 overexpression. In addition, a TGF-β reporter assay revealed no difference between controls and COX-2-transfected cells. Thus, the proliferation inhibiting effects must have been well compensated by growth-inducing stimuli. Indications for this came from experiments showing an induction of TGF-α expression and secretion with a higher and prolonged stimulation of the ERK 1/2 (p42/44) pathway in COX-2 transfectants. This effect could have been triggered by direct prostaglandin receptor stimulation or changes in intracellular lipid mediators. An increase in PPAR signalling as proven by a reporter assay is indication for the latter. Therefore, inhibiting both COX-2 as well as the PPAR and TGF/EGF pathway could be effective in the inhibition of adenoma or even carcinoma development in the intestine.
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Sturrock A, Huecksteadt TP, Norman K, Sanders K, Murphy TM, Chitano P, Wilson K, Hoidal JR, Kennedy TP. Nox4 mediates TGF-beta1-induced retinoblastoma protein phosphorylation, proliferation, and hypertrophy in human airway smooth muscle cells. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2007; 292:L1543-55. [PMID: 17369289 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00430.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-beta1) plays a pivotal role in increasing airway smooth muscle mass in severe asthma by inducing proliferation and hypertrophy of human airway smooth muscle. The mechanism(s) for these effects of TGF-beta1 have not been fully elucidated. In this study, we demonstrate that TGF-beta1 is a potent inducer of expression of the nonphagocyte NAD(P)H oxidase catalytic homolog Nox4, diphenylene iodonium-inhibitable reactive oxygen species production, proliferation, and hypertrophy in cultured human airway smooth muscle cells. By confocal microscopy, TGF-beta1-induced Nox4 was localized with the endoplasmic reticulum and the nucleus, implying a role for Nox4 in regulation of both the cell cycle and protein synthesis. Consistent with this hypothesis, TGF-beta1 increased retinoblastoma protein phosphorylation at both Ser807/811 and Ser780. Silencing Nox4 prevented TGF-beta1-mediated retinoblastoma protein phosphorylation, proliferation, and cell hypertrophy. TGF-beta1 also increased phosphorylation of eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E binding protein-1 at Thr37/46, and this was likewise blocked by silencing Nox4. This is the first report to suggest a functional role for Nox4 in cell cycle transition and to demonstrate that Nox4 influences the pathobiochemistry of asthma by generating reactive oxygen species that promote TGF-beta1-induced proliferation and hypertrophy of human airway smooth muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Sturrock
- Division of Respiratory, Critical Care and Occupational Pulmonary Medicine, University of Utah Health Sciences Center and Veterans Administration Medical Center, Salt Lake City, Utah 84132, USA
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von Rahden BHA, Brücher BLDM, Langner C, Siewert JR, Stein HJ, Sarbia M. Expression of cyclo-oxygenase 1 and 2, prostaglandin E synthase and transforming growth factor beta1, and their relationship with vascular endothelial growth factors A and C, in primary adenocarcinoma of the small intestine. Br J Surg 2006; 93:1424-32. [PMID: 17022010 DOI: 10.1002/bjs.5426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Primary adenocarcinomas of the small intestine are rare. The prostaglandin biosynthetic pathway plays a major role in carcinogenesis and is linked with angiogenesis in various tumours. Promotion of tumour growth by transforming growth factor (TGF) beta may be mediated through the prostaglandin pathway. METHODS Expression of cyclo-oxygenase (COX) 1 and 2, prostaglandin E synthase (PGES), TGF-beta1 and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) A and C genes was analysed in 54 primary adenocarcinomas of the small intestine and corresponding normal intestinal mucosa. All patients had undergone surgical resection without previous antineoplastic therapy. Target gene expression was analysed at the mRNA level by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction and correlated with clinicopathological parameters as well as survival. COX-2 protein expression was examined by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS Expression of COX-2 protein was detected immunohistochemically in 98 per cent of the carcinomas. COX-1, COX-2, VEGF-A, VEGF-C, PGES and TGF-beta1 mRNA expression varied markedly in different tumours, but all were overexpressed compared with levels in normal intestinal mucosa. There were significant associations between levels of COX-1, COX-2, TGF-beta1 and PGES mRNAs and those of VEGF-A and VEGF-C. CONCLUSION Correlations between levels of mRNA for COX-1, COX-2, TGF-beta1 and PGES and those for proangiogenic factors VEGF-A and VEGF-C suggest a role for these factors in the propagation of primary adenocarcinomas of the small intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- B H A von Rahden
- Department of Surgery, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.
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Nakanishi M, Rosenberg DW. Roles of cPLA2alpha and arachidonic acid in cancer. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2006; 1761:1335-43. [PMID: 17052951 PMCID: PMC1761949 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2006.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2006] [Revised: 09/06/2006] [Accepted: 09/08/2006] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Phospholipase A(2)s (PLA(2)s) are key enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of membrane phospholipids to release bioactive lipids that play an important role in normal cellular homeostasis. Under certain circumstances, disrupted production of key lipid mediators may adversely impact physiological processes, leading to pathological conditions such as inflammation and cancer. In particular, cytosolic PLA(2)alpha (cPLA(2)alpha) has a high selectivity for liberating arachidonic acid (AA) that is subsequently metabolized by a panel of downstream enzymes for eicosanoid production. Although concentrations of free AA are maintained at low levels in resting cells, alterations in AA production, often resulting from dysregulation of cPLA(2)alpha activity, are observed in transformed cells. In this review, we summarize recent evidence that cPLA(2)alpha plays a role in the pathogenesis of many human cancers. Much of this evidence has been accumulated from functional studies using cPLA(2)alpha-deficient mice, as well as mechanistic studies in cell culture. We also discuss the potential contribution of cPLA(2)alpha and AA to apoptosis, and the regulatory mechanisms leading to aberrant expression of cPLA(2)alpha.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masako Nakanishi
- Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center, 263 Farmington Avenue, Farmington, CT 0603, USA
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Shimizu T, Yokomuro S, Mizuguchi Y, Kawahigashi Y, Arima Y, Taniai N, Mamada Y, Yoshida H, Akimaru K, Tajiri T. Effect of transforming growth factor-β1 on human intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma cell growth. World J Gastroenterol 2006; 12:6316-24. [PMID: 17072955 PMCID: PMC4088140 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v12.i39.6316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To elucidate the biological effects of transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) on intrahepatic cholan-giocarcinoma (ICC).
METHODS: We investigated the effects of TGF-β1 on human ICC cell lines (HuCCT1, MEC, and HuH-28) by monitoring the influence of TGF-β1 on tumor growth and interleukin-6 (IL-6) expression in ICC cells.
RESULTS: All three human ICC cell lines produced TGF-β1 and demonstrated accelerated growth in the presence of TGF-β1 with no apoptotic effect. Studies on HuCCT1 revealed a TGF-β1-induced stimulation of the expression of TGF-β1, as well as a decrease in TGF-β1 mRNA expression induced by neutralizing anti-TGF-β1 antibody. These results indicate that TGF-β1 stimulates the production and function of TGF-β1 in an autocrine fashion. Further, IL-6 secretion was observed in all three cell lines and exhibited an inhibitory response to neutralizing anti-TGF-β1 antibody. Experiments using HuCCT1 revealed a TGF-β1-induced acceleration of IL-6 protein expression and mRNA levels. These findings demonstrate a functional interaction between TGF-β1 and IL-6. All three cell lines proliferated in the presence of IL-6. In contrast, TGF-β1 induced no growth effect in HuCCT1 in the presence of small interfering RNA against a specific cell surface receptor of IL-6 and signal transducer and activator of transcription-3.
CONCLUSION: ICC cells produce TGF-β1 and confer a TGF-β1-induced growth effect in an autocrine fashion. TGF-β1 activates IL-6 production, and the functional interaction between TGF-β1 and IL-6 contributes to ICC cell growth by TGF-β1.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Apoptosis/drug effects
- Bile Duct Neoplasms/genetics
- Bile Duct Neoplasms/metabolism
- Bile Duct Neoplasms/pathology
- Bile Ducts, Intrahepatic/metabolism
- Bile Ducts, Intrahepatic/pathology
- Cell Line
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Proliferation
- Cholangiocarcinoma/genetics
- Cholangiocarcinoma/metabolism
- Cholangiocarcinoma/pathology
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Humans
- Interleukin-6/genetics
- Interleukin-6/metabolism
- Mink
- Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases
- RNA Interference/drug effects
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Receptor, Transforming Growth Factor-beta Type II
- Receptors, Interleukin-6/genetics
- Receptors, Interleukin-6/metabolism
- Receptors, Transforming Growth Factor beta/genetics
- Receptors, Transforming Growth Factor beta/metabolism
- Respiratory Mucosa/cytology
- Respiratory Mucosa/drug effects
- STAT3 Transcription Factor/genetics
- STAT3 Transcription Factor/metabolism
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
- Signal Transduction/physiology
- Transforming Growth Factor beta1/genetics
- Transforming Growth Factor beta1/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuya Shimizu
- Surgery for Organ Function and Biological Regulation, Graduate school of medicine, Nippon Medical School, 1-1-5 Sendagi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8603, Japan.
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Liu B, Yu J, Taylor L, Zhou X, Polgar P. Microarray and phosphokinase screenings leading to studies on ERK and JNK regulation of connective tissue growth factor expression by angiotensin II 1a and bradykinin B2 receptors in Rat1 fibroblasts. J Cell Biochem 2006; 97:1104-20. [PMID: 16294326 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.20709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Rat1 fibroblasts stably transfected with the rat angiotensin II (AngII) AT1a and bradykinin (BK) B2 receptor cDNAs gained the ability to bind Ang II and BK. Wild-type Rat1 cells bound neither ligand. Exposure to either effector led to characteristic Galphai and Galphaq signal cascades, the release of arachidonic acid (ARA), and the intracellular accumulation of inositol phosphates (IP). Microarray analyses in response to BK or AngII showed that both receptors markedly induce the CCN family genes, CTGF (CCN2) and Cyr61 (CCN1), as well as the vasculature-related genes, Cnn1 and Egr1. Real time PCR confirmed the increased expression of connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) mRNA. Combined sequence-based analysis of gene promoter regions with statistical prevalence analyses identified CREB, SRF, and ATF-1, downstream targets of ERK, and JNK, as prominent products of genes that are regulated by ligand binding to the BK or AngII receptors. The binding of AngII or BK markedly stimulated the phosphorylation and thus the activation of ERK2, JNK, and p38MAPK. A BKB2R and an AT1aR chimera which displayed only negligible G-protein-related signaling were constructed. Both mutant receptors continued to activate these kinases and stimulate CTGF expression. Inhibitors of ERK1/2 and JNK but not p38MAPK inhibited the BK- and AngII-stimulated expression of CTGF in cells expressing either the WT or mutant receptors, illustrating that ERK and JNK participate in the control of CTGF expression in a manner that appears to be independent of G-protein. Conversely, addition of BK or AngII to the cell line expressing WT AT1aR and BKB2R downregulated the expression of collagen alpha1(I) (COL1A1) mRNA. However, these effectors did not have this effect in cells expressing the mutant receptors. Thus, a robust G-protein related response is necessary for BK or AngII to affect COL1A1 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Liu
- Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, USA
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44
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DNA and Proteomic Expression of Cervi parvum cornu Herbal-acupuncture Solution (CPC-HAS) in HepG2 carcinomar cells. J Pharmacopuncture 2006. [DOI: 10.3831/kpi.2006.9.2.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
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45
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Han C, Demetris AJ, Stolz DB, Xu L, Lim K, Wu T. Modulation of Stat3 activation by the cytosolic phospholipase A2alpha and cyclooxygenase-2-controlled prostaglandin E2 signaling pathway. J Biol Chem 2006; 281:24831-46. [PMID: 16790433 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m602201200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A variety of human cancers show constitutive activation of signal transducer and activator of transcription-3 (Stat3) and overexpression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2). This study describes a novel cross-talk between the COX-2-controlled prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) and Stat3 signaling pathways that coordinately regulate human cancer cell growth. COX-2-derived PGE(2) induces interleukin-6 production through activation of EP(4) receptor and subsequent phosphorylation of gp130/Stat3 in human cholangiocarcinoma cells. In parallel, activation of COX-2/PGE(2) signaling also enhances Stat3 phosphorylation and reporter activity through EP(1) receptor-induced activation of c-Src and EGFR in these cells. Moreover, the observations that EP(1) receptor is detected in the nucleus as well as in the Stat3.DNA binding complex and that activation of EP(1) receptor in the nuclei enhances Stat3 activation depicts a previously undescribed G protein-coupled receptor in the nucleus for Stat3 activation and tumor cell growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Han
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA. changhan+@pitt.edu
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Han C, Michalopoulos GK, Wu T. Prostaglandin E2 receptor EP1 transactivates EGFR/MET receptor tyrosine kinases and enhances invasiveness in human hepatocellular carcinoma cells. J Cell Physiol 2006; 230:1401. [PMID: 16331686 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.20560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Recent evidence indicates that cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) are involved in hepatocarcinogenesis. This study was designed to evaluate the possible interaction between the COX-2 and EGFR signaling pathways in human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells. Immunohistochemical analysis using serial sections of human HCC tissues revealed positive correlation between COX-2 and EGFR in HCC cells (P < 0.01). Overexpression of COX-2 in cultured HCC cells (Hep3B) or treatment with PGE(2) or the selective EP(1) receptor agonist, ONO-DI-004, increased EGFR phosphorylation and tumor cell invasion. The PGE(2)-induced EGFR phosphorylation and cell invasiveness were blocked by the EP(1) receptor siRNA or antagonist ONO-8711 and by two EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors, AG1478 and PD153035. The EP(1)-induced EGFR transactivation and cell invasion involves c-Src, in light of the presence of native binding complex of EP(1)/Src/EGFR and the inhibition of PGE(2)-induced EGFR phosphorylation and cell invasion by the Src siRNA and the Src inhibitor, PP2. Further, overexpression of COX-2 or treatment with PGE(2) also induced phosphorylation of c-Met, another receptor tyrosine kinase critical for HCC cell invasion. Moreover, activation of EGFR by EGF increased COX-2 promoter activity and protein expression in Hep3B and Huh-7 cells, whereas blocking PGE(2) synthesis or EP(1) attenuated EGFR phosphorylation induced by EGF, suggesting that the COX-2/PGE(2)/EP(1) pathway also modulate the activation of EGFR by its cognate ligand. These findings disclose a cross-talk between the COX-2/PGE(2)/EP(1) and EGFR/c-Met signaling pathways that coordinately regulate human HCC cell invasion.
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MESH Headings
- Alprostadil/analogs & derivatives
- Alprostadil/pharmacology
- Bridged Bicyclo Compounds/pharmacology
- CSK Tyrosine-Protein Kinase
- Caproates/pharmacology
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/genetics
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/pathology
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Movement/drug effects
- Cell Movement/physiology
- Cyclooxygenase 2/analysis
- Cyclooxygenase 2/genetics
- Cyclooxygenase 2/metabolism
- Dinoprostone/pharmacology
- Enzyme Activation
- ErbB Receptors/antagonists & inhibitors
- ErbB Receptors/metabolism
- Gene Expression/genetics
- Humans
- Liver Neoplasms/genetics
- Liver Neoplasms/metabolism
- Liver Neoplasms/pathology
- Membrane Proteins/analysis
- Membrane Proteins/genetics
- Membrane Proteins/metabolism
- Neoplasm Invasiveness
- Phosphorylation/drug effects
- Protein Binding/drug effects
- Protein Kinase Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/metabolism
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins/metabolism
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-met/metabolism
- RNA Interference
- RNA, Small Interfering/genetics
- Receptors, Prostaglandin/genetics
- Receptors, Prostaglandin/metabolism
- Receptors, Prostaglandin E/genetics
- Receptors, Prostaglandin E/physiology
- Receptors, Prostaglandin E, EP1 Subtype
- Transfection
- src-Family Kinases
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Han
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
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Sawai H, Liu J, Reber HA, Hines OJ, Eibl G. Activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma decreases pancreatic cancer cell invasion through modulation of the plasminogen activator system. Mol Cancer Res 2006; 4:159-67. [PMID: 16547153 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-05-0257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Cancer cell invasion and metastasis require the concerted action of several proteases that degrade extracellular matrix proteins and basement membranes. Recent reports suggest the plasminogen activator system plays a critical role in pancreatic cancer biology. In the present study, we determined the contribution of the plasminogen activator system to pancreatic cancer cell invasion in vitro. Moreover, the effect of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-gamma ligands, which are currently in clinical use as antidiabetic drugs and interestingly seem to display antitumor activities, on pancreatic cancer cell invasion and the plasminogen activator system was assessed. Expression of components of the plasminogen activator system [i.e., urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA), plasminogen activator inhibitor-1, and uPA receptor] was detected in six human pancreatic cancer cell lines. Inhibition of urokinase activity by specific synthetic compounds reduced baseline pancreatic cancer cell invasion. The PPAR-gamma ligands 15-deoxy-Delta12,14-prostaglandin J2 and ciglitazone also attenuated pancreatic cancer cell invasion. This effect was abrogated by dominant-negative PPAR-gamma receptors and pharmacologic PPAR-gamma inhibitors. Moreover, activation of PPAR-gamma by ligands increased plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 and decreased uPA levels in pancreatic cancer cells, and this was accompanied by a reduction in total urokinase activity. The present study shows that the plasminogen activator system plays an integral role in pancreatic cancer cell invasion in vitro. Activation of the nuclear receptor PPAR-gamma by ligands reduced pancreatic cancer cell invasion, which was largely mediated by modulation of the plasminogen activator system. These findings further underscore the potential role of PPAR-gamma ligands as therapeutic agents in pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirozumi Sawai
- Hirshberg Laboratory for Pancreatic Cancer Research, Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, 675 Charles E. Young Drive South, MRL 2535, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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Singh B, Berry JA, Shoher A, Lucci A. COX-2 Induces IL-11 Production in Human Breast Cancer Cells. J Surg Res 2006; 131:267-75. [PMID: 16457848 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2005.11.582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2005] [Revised: 10/17/2005] [Accepted: 11/09/2005] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) is overexpressed in 40% of human invasive breast cancers. Interleukin-11 (IL-11), a potent mediator of osteoclastogenesis, is involved in breast cancer metastasis to bone. Since breast cancers that overexpress COX-2 are associated with a higher rate of metastasis to bone, we hypothesized that COX-2 expression in tumor cells would induce IL-11. MATERIALS AND METHODS We transfected MCF-7 (poorly metastatic) and MDA-231 (highly metastatic) human breast cancer cell lines with COX-2 expression vectors. COX-2 overexpression was confirmed by Western blot and PGE(2) immunoassay, and IL-11 production was measured by immunoassay. We also used a nude mouse model to study COX-2 and IL-11 production from breast cancer cells that metastasized to bone. The bone-seeking clones (BSC) were isolated and cultured from the long bone metastases. RESULTS COX-2 transfection caused an approximately 5- to 6-fold increase in IL-11 production in both MCF-7 and MDA-231 cells. MDA-435S-COX2-BSC (cells isolated from bone metastasis) produced elevated levels of IL-11 and PGE2 (an important mediator of COX-2) as compared to the parental MDA-435S-COX2 cells. Furthermore, a treatment with low 1- to 2-microm concentration NS-398 or Celecoxib significantly reduced the production of IL-11 in COX-2-transfected MDA-231 cells, thus confirming the involvement of COX-2 in IL-11 induction. CONCLUSION COX-2-mediated production of IL-11 in breast cancer cells may be vital to the development of osteolytic bone metastases in patients with breast cancer, and a COX-2 inhibitor may be useful in inhibiting this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balraj Singh
- Department of Surgical Oncology, University of Texas, M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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Uenoyama Y, Seno H, Fukuda A, Sekikawa A, Nanakin A, Sawabu T, Kawada M, Kanda N, Suzuki K, Yada N, Fukui H, Chiba T. Hypoxia induced by benign intestinal epithelial cells is associated with cyclooxygenase-2 expression in stromal cells through AP-1-dependent pathway. Oncogene 2006; 25:3277-85. [PMID: 16407821 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1209359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) plays important roles in tumor development. Especially in the early-stage colorectal tumors, COX-2 expression is often observed in the tumor stroma. However, the mechanism regulating such stromal expression of COX-2 remains unknown. In the present study, we simulated the indirect interaction between epithelial cells and stromal cells in the process of colorectal tumor development using an in vitro co-culture model in which NIH3T3 fibroblasts were co-cultured with 'sparsely' or 'densely' populated intestinal epithelial cells, Intestine-407 as a model of premalignant or benign intestinal epithelial cells, and DLD-1 and Caco-2 as models of malignant epithelial cells. COX-2 expression in NIH3T3 fibroblasts was upregulated when co-cultured with the 'dense' epithelial cells regardless of their character. Interestingly, there was pericellular hypoxia in the vicinity of NIH3T3 fibroblasts when co-cultured with 'dense' epithelial cells, and the recovery of the partial pressure of oxygen level resulted in the reduction of enhanced COX-2 expression only in NIH3T3 fibroblasts co-cultured with 'dense' Intestine-407 cells. Furthermore, COX-2 expression was also reduced by the inhibition of transcription factor AP-1. Thus, pericellular hypoxia of the stromal cells caused by densely populated epithelial cells may be one of the potent COX-2 enhancers before completion of malignant transformation during intestinal tumor development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Uenoyama
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
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Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the fifth most common cancer and the third leading cause of cancer related mortality worldwide. The incidence of HCC is rising worldwide, especially in the United States. The overall survival of patients with HCC is grim and currently no efficient secondary prevention or systemic treatments are available. Recent evidence suggests that COX-2 signaling is implicated in hepatocarcinogenesis and COX-2 inhibitors prevent HCC cell growth in vitro and in animal models. However, given the recently reported side effect associated with some of the COX-2 inhibitors, it is imperative to develop chemotherapeutic strategy that simultaneously targets COX-2 and other related key molecules in hepatocarcinogenesis or to utilize agents inhibiting COX-2 signaling in conjunction with other standard chemotherapy or radiation therapy. Such combinational therapeutic approaches are expected to provide synergistic anti-tumor effect with lesser side effect. In this regard, the recently delineated interplay between COX-2-derived PG signaling and other growth-regulatory pathways such as EGFR, Met, iNOS, VEGF and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids is expected to provide important therapeutic implications. This review summarizes the recent advances in understanding the mechanisms for COX-2-derived PG signaling in hepatocarcinogenesis and focuses on the newly unveiled interactions between PG cascade and other key signaling pathways that coordinately regulate HCC growth. Understanding these mechanisms and interplays will facilitate the development of more effective chemopreventive and therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Wu
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, MUH E-740, 200 Lothrop Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
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