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Li C, Moro S, Shostak K, O'Reilly FJ, Donzeau M, Graziadei A, McEwen AG, Desplancq D, Poussin-Courmontagne P, Bachelart T, Fiskin M, Berrodier N, Pichard S, Brillet K, Orfanoudakis G, Poterszman A, Torbeev V, Rappsilber J, Davey NE, Chariot A, Zanier K. Molecular mechanism of IKK catalytic dimer docking to NF-κB substrates. Nat Commun 2024; 15:7692. [PMID: 39227404 PMCID: PMC11371828 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-52076-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/27/2024] [Indexed: 09/05/2024] Open
Abstract
The inhibitor of κB (IκB) kinase (IKK) is a central regulator of NF-κB signaling. All IKK complexes contain hetero- or homodimers of the catalytic IKKβ and/or IKKα subunits. Here, we identify a YDDΦxΦ motif, which is conserved in substrates of canonical (IκBα, IκBβ) and alternative (p100) NF-κB pathways, and which mediates docking to catalytic IKK dimers. We demonstrate a quantitative correlation between docking affinity and IKK activity related to IκBα phosphorylation/degradation. Furthermore, we show that phosphorylation of the motif's conserved tyrosine, an event previously reported to promote IκBα accumulation and inhibition of NF-κB gene expression, suppresses the docking interaction. Results from integrated structural analyzes indicate that the motif binds to a groove at the IKK dimer interface. Consistently, suppression of IKK dimerization also abolishes IκBα substrate binding. Finally, we show that an optimized bivalent motif peptide inhibits NF-κB signaling. This work unveils a function for IKKα/β dimerization in substrate motif recognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changqing Li
- Biotechnology and Cell Signaling (CNRS/Université de Strasbourg, UMR7242), Ecole Superieure de Biotechnologie de Strasbourg, Boulevard Sébastien Brant, 67400, Illkirch, France
| | - Stefano Moro
- Biotechnology and Cell Signaling (CNRS/Université de Strasbourg, UMR7242), Ecole Superieure de Biotechnologie de Strasbourg, Boulevard Sébastien Brant, 67400, Illkirch, France
| | - Kateryna Shostak
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology, GIGA Cancer, University of Liege, CHU, Sart-Tilman, 4000, Liege, Belgium
| | - Francis J O'Reilly
- Institute of Biotechnology, Technische Universität Berlin, Gustav-Meyer-Allee 25, Berlin, Germany
| | - Mariel Donzeau
- Biotechnology and Cell Signaling (CNRS/Université de Strasbourg, UMR7242), Ecole Superieure de Biotechnologie de Strasbourg, Boulevard Sébastien Brant, 67400, Illkirch, France
| | - Andrea Graziadei
- Institute of Biotechnology, Technische Universität Berlin, Gustav-Meyer-Allee 25, Berlin, Germany
| | - Alastair G McEwen
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC) / INSERM UMR-S 1258 / CNRS UMR7104/ Université de Strasbourg, 1 rue Laurent Fries, 67400, Illkirch, France
| | - Dominique Desplancq
- Biotechnology and Cell Signaling (CNRS/Université de Strasbourg, UMR7242), Ecole Superieure de Biotechnologie de Strasbourg, Boulevard Sébastien Brant, 67400, Illkirch, France
| | - Pierre Poussin-Courmontagne
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC) / INSERM UMR-S 1258 / CNRS UMR7104/ Université de Strasbourg, 1 rue Laurent Fries, 67400, Illkirch, France
| | - Thomas Bachelart
- Biotechnology and Cell Signaling (CNRS/Université de Strasbourg, UMR7242), Ecole Superieure de Biotechnologie de Strasbourg, Boulevard Sébastien Brant, 67400, Illkirch, France
| | - Mert Fiskin
- Biotechnology and Cell Signaling (CNRS/Université de Strasbourg, UMR7242), Ecole Superieure de Biotechnologie de Strasbourg, Boulevard Sébastien Brant, 67400, Illkirch, France
| | - Nicolas Berrodier
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC) / INSERM UMR-S 1258 / CNRS UMR7104/ Université de Strasbourg, 1 rue Laurent Fries, 67400, Illkirch, France
| | - Simon Pichard
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC) / INSERM UMR-S 1258 / CNRS UMR7104/ Université de Strasbourg, 1 rue Laurent Fries, 67400, Illkirch, France
| | - Karl Brillet
- Institut Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IBMC), CNRS UPR9002, 2 allée Konrad Roentgen, 67000, Strasbourg, France
| | - Georges Orfanoudakis
- Biotechnology and Cell Signaling (CNRS/Université de Strasbourg, UMR7242), Ecole Superieure de Biotechnologie de Strasbourg, Boulevard Sébastien Brant, 67400, Illkirch, France
| | - Arnaud Poterszman
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC) / INSERM UMR-S 1258 / CNRS UMR7104/ Université de Strasbourg, 1 rue Laurent Fries, 67400, Illkirch, France
| | - Vladimir Torbeev
- Biotechnology and Cell Signaling (CNRS/Université de Strasbourg, UMR7242), Ecole Superieure de Biotechnologie de Strasbourg, Boulevard Sébastien Brant, 67400, Illkirch, France
| | - Juri Rappsilber
- Institute of Biotechnology, Technische Universität Berlin, Gustav-Meyer-Allee 25, Berlin, Germany
| | - Norman E Davey
- Division of Cancer Biology, The Institute of Cancer Research, 237 Fulham Road, London, SW3 6JB, UK
| | - Alain Chariot
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology, GIGA Cancer, University of Liege, CHU, Sart-Tilman, 4000, Liege, Belgium
- WELBIO department, WEL Research Institute, avenue Pasteur, 6, 1300, Wavre, Belgium
| | - Katia Zanier
- Biotechnology and Cell Signaling (CNRS/Université de Strasbourg, UMR7242), Ecole Superieure de Biotechnologie de Strasbourg, Boulevard Sébastien Brant, 67400, Illkirch, France.
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2
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Fan S, Popli S, Chakravarty S, Chakravarti R, Chattopadhyay S. Non-transcriptional IRF7 interacts with NF-κB to inhibit viral inflammation. J Biol Chem 2024; 300:107200. [PMID: 38508315 PMCID: PMC11040127 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2024.107200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 03/10/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Interferon (IFN) regulatory factors (IRF) are key transcription factors in cellular antiviral responses. IRF7, a virus-inducible IRF, expressed primarily in myeloid cells, is required for transcriptional induction of interferon α and antiviral genes. IRF7 is activated by virus-induced phosphorylation in the cytoplasm, leading to its translocation to the nucleus for transcriptional activity. Here, we revealed a nontranscriptional activity of IRF7 contributing to its antiviral functions. IRF7 interacted with the pro-inflammatory transcription factor NF-κB-p65 and inhibited the induction of inflammatory target genes. Using knockdown, knockout, and overexpression strategies, we demonstrated that IRF7 inhibited NF-κB-dependent inflammatory target genes, induced by virus infection or toll-like receptor stimulation. A mutant IRF7, defective in transcriptional activity, interacted with NF-κB-p65 and suppressed NF-κB-induced gene expression. A single-action IRF7 mutant, active in anti-inflammatory function, but defective in transcriptional activity, efficiently suppressed Sendai virus and murine hepatitis virus replication. We, therefore, uncovered an anti-inflammatory function for IRF7, independent of transcriptional activity, contributing to the antiviral response of IRF7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shumin Fan
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Science, Toledo, Ohio, USA
| | - Sonam Popli
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Science, Toledo, Ohio, USA
| | - Sukanya Chakravarty
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Science, Toledo, Ohio, USA; Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Ritu Chakravarti
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Science, Toledo, Ohio, USA
| | - Saurabh Chattopadhyay
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Science, Toledo, Ohio, USA; Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, Kentucky, USA.
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3
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Guabiraba R, Rodrigues DR, Manna PT, Chollot M, Saint-Martin V, Trapp S, Oliveira M, Bryant CE, Ferguson BJ. Mechanisms of type I interferon production by chicken TLR21. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2024; 151:105093. [PMID: 37951324 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2023.105093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/13/2023]
Abstract
The innate immune response relies on the ability of host cells to rapidly detect and respond to microbial nucleic acids. Toll-like receptors (TLRs), a class of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), play a fundamental role in distinguishing self from non-self at the molecular level. In this study, we focused on TLR21, an avian TLR that recognizes DNA motifs commonly found in bacterial genomic DNA, specifically unmethylated CpG motifs. TLR21 is believed to act as a functional homologue to mammalian TLR9. By analysing TLR21 signalling in chickens, we sought to elucidate avian TLR21 activation outputs in parallel to that of other nucleic acid species. Our analyses revealed that chicken TLR21 (chTLR21) triggers the activation of NF-κB and induces a potent type-I interferon response in chicken macrophages, similar to the signalling cascades observed in mammalian TLR9 activation. Notably, the transcription of interferon beta (IFNB) by chTLR21 was found to be dependent on both NF-κB and IRF7 signalling, but independent of the TBK1 kinase, a distinctive feature of mammalian TLR9 signalling. These findings highlight the conservation of critical signalling components and downstream responses between avian TLR21 and mammalian TLR9, despite their divergent evolutionary origins. These insights into the evolutionarily conserved mechanisms of nucleic acid sensing contribute to the broader understanding of host-pathogen interactions across species.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Paul T Manna
- Department of Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | | | | | - Sascha Trapp
- ISP, INRAE, Université de Tours, 37380, Nouzilly, France
| | - Marisa Oliveira
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Clare E Bryant
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
| | - Brian J Ferguson
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
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4
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Yang X, Liu Z. Role of TBK1 Inhibition in Targeted Therapy of Cancer. Mini Rev Med Chem 2024; 24:1031-1045. [PMID: 38314681 DOI: 10.2174/0113895575271977231115062803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Revised: 09/16/2023] [Accepted: 09/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/06/2024]
Abstract
TANK-binding kinase 1 (TBK1) is a serine/threonine protein that plays a crucial role in various biological processes like immunity, autophagy, cell survival, and proliferation. The level and kinase activity of the TBK1 protein is regulated through post-translational modifications (PTMs). TBK1 mainly mediates the activation of IRF3/7 and NF-κB signaling pathways while also participating in the regulation of cellular activities such as autophagy, mitochondrial metabolism, and cell proliferation. TBK1 regulates immune, metabolic, inflammatory, and tumor occurrence and development within the body through these cellular activities. TBK1 kinase has emerged as a promising therapeutic target for tumor immunity. However, its molecular mechanism of action remains largely unknown. The identification of selective TBK1 small molecule inhibitors can serve as valuable tools for investigating the biological function of TBK1 protein and also as potential drug candidates for tumor immunotherapy. The current research progress indicates that some TBK1 inhibitors (compounds 15,16 and 21) exhibit certain antitumor effects in vitro culture systems. Here, we summarize the mechanism of action of TBK1 in tumors in recent years and the progress of small molecule inhibitors of TBK1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueqing Yang
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai University, Yantai, China
| | - Zongliang Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai University, Yantai, China
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5
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Liu Y, He Y, Cao J, Lu H, Zou R, Zuo Z, Li R, Zhang Y, Sun J. Correlative analysis of transcriptome and proteome in Penaeus vannamei reveals key signaling pathways are involved in IFN-like antiviral regulation mediated by interferon regulatory factor (PvIRF). Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 253:127138. [PMID: 37776923 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.127138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2023] [Revised: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/02/2023]
Abstract
Interferon regulatory factors (IRFs) are crucial transcription factors that regulate interferon (IFN) induction in response to pathogen invasion. The regulatory mechanism of IRF has been well studied in vertebrates, but little has been known in arthropods. Therefore, in order to obtain new insights into the potential molecular mechanism of Peneaus vannamei IRF (PvIRF) in response to viral infection, comprehensive comparative analysis of the transcriptome and proteome profiles in shrimp infected with WSSV after knocking down PvIRF was conducted by using RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) and isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantification (iTRAQ). The sequence characterization, molecular functional evolution and 3D spatial structure of PvIRF were analyzed by using bioinformatics methods. PvIRF share the higher homology with different species in N-terminal end (containing DNA binding domain (DBD) including DNA sequence recognition sites and metal binding site) than that in C-terminal end. Within 4 IRF subfamilies of vertebrates, PvIRF had closer relationship with IRF1 subfamily. The DBD of PvIRF and C. gigas IRF1a were composed of α-helices and β-folds which was similar with the DBD structure of M. musculus IRF2. Interestingly, different from the five Tryptophan repeats highly homologous in the DBD of vertebrate IRF, the first and fifth tryptophans of PvIRF mutate to Phenylalanine and Leucine respectively, while the mutations were conserved among shrimp IRFs. RNAi knockdown of PvIRF gene by double-strand RNA could obviously promote the in vivo propagation of WSSV in shrimp and increase the mortality of WSSV-infected shrimp. It suggested that PvIRF was involved in inhibiting the replication of WSSV in shrimp. A total of 8787 transcripts and 2846 proteins were identified with significantly differential abundances in WSSV-infected shrimp after PvIRF knockdown, among which several immune-related members were identified and categorized into 10 groups according to their possible functions. Furthermore, the variation of expression profile from members of key signaling pathways involving JAK/STAT and Toll signaling pathway implied that they might participate IRF-mediated IFN-like regulation in shrimp. Correlative analyses indicated that 722 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) shared the same expression profiles with their corresponding transcripts, including recognition-related proteins (CTLs and ITGs), chitin-binding proteins (peritrophin), and effectors (ALFs and SWD), while 401 DEPs with the opposite expression profiles across the two levels emphasized the critical role of post-transcriptional and post-translational modification. The results provide candidate signaling pathway including pivotal genes and proteins involved in the regulatory mechanism of interferon mediated by IRF on shrimp antiviral response. This is the first report in crustacean to explore the IFN-like antiviral regulation pathway mediated by IRF on the basis of transcriptome and proteomics correlative analysis, and will provide new ideas for further research on innate immune and defense mechanisms of crustacean.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yichen Liu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Animal and Plant Resistance, College of Life Science, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin 300387, China
| | - Yuxin He
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Animal and Plant Resistance, College of Life Science, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin 300387, China
| | - Jinlai Cao
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Animal and Plant Resistance, College of Life Science, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin 300387, China
| | - Hangjia Lu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Animal and Plant Resistance, College of Life Science, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin 300387, China
| | - Ruifeng Zou
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Animal and Plant Resistance, College of Life Science, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin 300387, China
| | - Zhihan Zuo
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Animal and Plant Resistance, College of Life Science, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin 300387, China
| | - Ran Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Animal and Plant Resistance, College of Life Science, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin 300387, China
| | - Yichen Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Animal and Plant Resistance, College of Life Science, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin 300387, China
| | - Jinsheng Sun
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Animal and Plant Resistance, College of Life Science, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin 300387, China.
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Wang R, Liu X, Han Q, Wang X. Characterisation, evolution and expression analysis of the interferon regulatory factor (IRF) family from olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) in response to Edwardsiella tarda infection and temperature stress. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2023; 142:109115. [PMID: 37758096 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2023.109115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 09/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/02/2023]
Abstract
Interferon regulatory factor (IRF) family involves in the transcriptional regulation of type I Interferons (IFNs) and IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs) and plays a critical role in cytokine signaling and immune response. However, systematic identification of the IRF gene family in teleost has been rarely reported. In this study, twelve IRF members, named PoIRF1, PoIRF2, PoIRF3, PoIRF4a, PoIRF4b, PoIRF5, PoIRF6, PoIRF7, PoIRF8, PoIRF9, PoIRF10 and PoIRF11, were identified from genome-wide data of olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus). Phylogenetic analysis indicated that PoIRFs could be classified into four clades, including IRF1 subfamily (PoIRF1, PoIRF11), IRF3 subfamily (PoIRF3, PoIRF7), IRF4 subfamily (PoIRF4a, PoIRF8, PoIRF9, PoIRF10) and IRF5 subfamily (PoIRF5, PoIRF6). They were evolutionarily related to their counterparts in other fish. Gene structure and motif analysis showed that PoIRFs protein sequences were highly conserved. Under normal physiological conditions, all PoIRFs were generally expressed in multiple developmental stages and healthy tissues. After E. tarda attack and temperature stress, twelve PoIRFs showed significant and different changes in mRNA levels. The expression of PoIRF1, PoIRF3, PoIRF4a, PoIRF5, PoIRF7, PoIRF8, PoIRF9, PoIRF10 and PoIRF11 could be markedly induced by E. tarda, indicating that they played a key role in the process of antibacterial immunity. Besides, temperature stress could significantly stimulate the expression of PoIRF3, PoIRF5, PoIRF6 and PoIRF7, indicating that they could transmit signals rapidly when the temperature changes. In conclusion, this study reported the molecular properties and expression analysis of PoIRFs, and explored their role in immune response, which laid a favorable foundation for further studies on the evolution and functional characteristics of the IRF family in teleost fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruoxin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Aquacultural Biotechnology (Ningbo University), Ministry of Education, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Xiumei Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Yantai University, Yantai, China.
| | - Qingxi Han
- Key Laboratory of Aquacultural Biotechnology (Ningbo University), Ministry of Education, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Xubo Wang
- Key Laboratory of Aquacultural Biotechnology (Ningbo University), Ministry of Education, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China; National Engineering Research Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology and Engineering, Ningbo University, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Zhejiang Marine High-efficiency and Healthy Aquaculture, Ningbo University, China; Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Zhejiang Province, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China; Key Laboratory of Green Mariculture (Co-construction by Ministry and Province), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural, Ningbo University, China.
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7
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Han C, Huang W, Peng S, Zhou J, Zhan H, Li W, Gong J, Li Q. Characterization and expression analysis of the interferon regulatory factor (IRF) gene family in zig-zag eel (Mastacembelus armatus) against Aeromonas veronii infection. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2023; 140:104622. [PMID: 36543267 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2022.104622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Interferon regulatory factors (IRFs) play an important role in innate and adaptive immune system. However, in teleosts, the data on IRFs is still scarce. Here, for the first time, we identified 11 members of IRFs from the zig-zag eel Mastacembelus armatus (MarIRF1-10). The deduced protein sequences are highly conserved among different fish species especially in DBD and IAD domain. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that MarIRFs preferentially grouped with fish species in Synbranchiformes or Perciformes. Expression analysis showed that MarIRFs were expressed in all nine tissues including spleen, gill, muscle and intestine. After infected by Aeromonas veronii, expression of MarIRF2, MaIRF4b and MaIRF5 were significantly upregulated in spleen, MarIRF1, MarIRF2 were significantly upregulated in kidney, but in liver, nearly all MarIRFs were downregulated. Taken together, this study first reported molecular characterization and expression patterns of 11 IRFs in the zig-zag eel. All these results will contribute a lot to better understanding the antibacterial mechanism of IRFs in teleosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chong Han
- School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Wenwei Huang
- School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Suhan Peng
- School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Jiangwei Zhou
- School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Huawei Zhan
- School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Wenjun Li
- School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Jian Gong
- Key Laboratory For Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
| | - Qiang Li
- School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, PR China.
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8
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Runde AP, Mack R, S J PB, Zhang J. The role of TBK1 in cancer pathogenesis and anticancer immunity. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2022; 41:135. [PMID: 35395857 PMCID: PMC8994244 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-022-02352-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The TANK-binding kinase 1 (TBK1) is a serine/threonine kinase belonging to the non-canonical inhibitor of nuclear factor-κB (IκB) kinase (IKK) family. TBK1 can be activated by pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), inflammatory cytokines, and oncogenic kinases, including activated K-RAS/N-RAS mutants. TBK1 primarily mediates IRF3/7 activation and NF-κB signaling to regulate inflammatory cytokine production and the activation of innate immunity. TBK1 is also involved in the regulation of several other cellular activities, including autophagy, mitochondrial metabolism, and cellular proliferation. Although TBK1 mutations have not been reported in human cancers, aberrant TBK1 activation has been implicated in the oncogenesis of several types of cancer, including leukemia and solid tumors with KRAS-activating mutations. As such, TBK1 has been proposed to be a feasible target for pharmacological treatment of these types of cancer. Studies suggest that TBK1 inhibition suppresses cancer development not only by directly suppressing the proliferation and survival of cancer cells but also by activating antitumor T-cell immunity. Several small molecule inhibitors of TBK1 have been identified and interrogated. However, to this point, only momelotinib (MMB)/CYT387 has been evaluated as a cancer therapy in clinical trials, while amlexanox (AMX) has been evaluated clinically for treatment of type II diabetes, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, and obesity. In this review, we summarize advances in research into TBK1 signaling pathways and regulation, as well as recent studies on TBK1 in cancer pathogenesis. We also discuss the potential molecular mechanisms of targeting TBK1 for cancer treatment. We hope that our effort can help to stimulate the development of novel strategies for targeting TBK1 signaling in future approaches to cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Austin P Runde
- Department of Cancer Biology, Oncology Institute, Cardinal Bernardin Cancer Center, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, IL, 60153, USA
| | - Ryan Mack
- Department of Cancer Biology, Oncology Institute, Cardinal Bernardin Cancer Center, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, IL, 60153, USA
| | - Peter Breslin S J
- Department of Cancer Biology, Oncology Institute, Cardinal Bernardin Cancer Center, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, IL, 60153, USA.,Departments of Molecular/Cellular Physiology and Biology, Loyola University Medical Center and Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60660, USA
| | - Jiwang Zhang
- Department of Cancer Biology, Oncology Institute, Cardinal Bernardin Cancer Center, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, IL, 60153, USA. .,Departments of Pathology and Radiation Oncology, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, IL, 60153, USA.
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Al Hamrashdi M, Brady G. Regulation of IRF3 activation in Human Antiviral Signalling Pathways. Biochem Pharmacol 2022; 200:115026. [PMID: 35367198 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2022.115026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The interferon regulatory factor (IRF) family of transcription factors play a vital role in the human innate antiviral immune responses with production of interferons (IFNs) as a hallmark outcome of activation. In recent years, IRF3 has been considered a principal early regulator of type I IFNs (TI-IFNs) directly downstream of intracellular virus sensing. Despite decades of research on IRF-activating pathways, many questions remain on the regulation of IRF3 activation. The kinases IκB kinase epsilon (IKKε) and TANK-binding kinase-1 (TBK1) and the scaffold proteins TRAF family member-associated NF-kappa-B activator (TANK), NF-kappa-B-activating kinase-associated protein 1 (NAP1) and TANK-binding kinase 1-binding protein 1 (TBKBP1)/similar to NAP1 TBK1 adaptor (SINTBAD) are believed to be core components of an IRF3-activation complex yet their contextual involvement and complex composition are still unclear. This review will give an overview of antiviral signaling pathways leading to the activation of IRF3 and discuss recent developments in our understanding of its proximal regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariya Al Hamrashdi
- Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Trinity College Dublin, St. James' Hospital Campus, Dublin, Ireland.
| | - Gareth Brady
- Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Trinity College Dublin, St. James' Hospital Campus, Dublin, Ireland.
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10
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Li S, Zhu Z, Yang F, Cao W, Yang J, Ma C, Zhao Z, Tian H, Liu X, Ma J, Xiao S, Zheng H. Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus Membrane Protein Interacted with IRF7 to Inhibit Type I IFN Production during Viral Infection. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 206:2909-2923. [PMID: 34127522 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2001186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) is a highly pathogenic porcine enteropathogenic coronavirus causing severe enteritis and lethal watery diarrhea in piglets. PEDV infection suppresses the synthesis of type I IFN, and multiple viral proteins of PEDV have been shown to target the adaptors of innate immune pathways to inhibit type I IFN production. In this study, we identified PEDV membrane (M) protein as a new antagonist of type I IFN production in both human embryonic kidney HEK293T cells and porcine kidney PK-15 cells and determined the antagonistic mechanism used by M protein to target IFN regulatory factor 7 (IRF7), an important regulator of type I IFN production. IRF7 is phosphorylated and activated by TBK1 and IKKε in response to viral infection. We found that PEDV M protein interacted with the inhibitory domain of IRF7 and significantly suppressed TBK1/IKKε-induced IRF7 phosphorylation and dimerization of IRF7, leading to the decreased expression of type I IFN, although it did not affect the interaction between TBK1/IKKε and IRF7. As expected, overexpression of M protein significantly increased PEDV replication in porcine cells. The M proteins of both epidemic PEDV strains and vaccine strain showed similar antagonistic effect on type I IFN production, and the 1-55 region of M protein was essential for disruption of IRF7 function by interacting with IRF7. Taken together, our data identified a new, to our knowledge, IFN antagonist of PEDV, as well as a novel, to our knowledge, antagonistic mechanism evolved by PEDV to inhibit type I IFN production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shasha Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot and Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China; and
| | - Zixiang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot and Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China; and
| | - Fan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot and Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China; and
| | - Weijun Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot and Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China; and
| | - Jinping Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot and Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China; and
| | - Caina Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot and Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China; and
| | - Zhenxiang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot and Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China; and
| | - Hong Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot and Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China; and
| | - Xiangtao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot and Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China; and
| | - Junwu Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot and Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China; and
| | - Shaobo Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Haixue Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot and Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China; and
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11
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IKKε isoform switching governs the immune response against EV71 infection. Commun Biol 2021; 4:663. [PMID: 34079066 PMCID: PMC8172566 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-02187-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The reciprocal interactions between pathogens and hosts are complicated and profound. A comprehensive understanding of these interactions is essential for developing effective therapies against infectious diseases. Interferon responses induced upon virus infection are critical for establishing host antiviral innate immunity. Here, we provide a molecular mechanism wherein isoform switching of the host IKKε gene, an interferon-associated molecule, leads to alterations in IFN production during EV71 infection. We found that IKKε isoform 2 (IKKε v2) is upregulated while IKKε v1 is downregulated in EV71 infection. IKKε v2 interacts with IRF7 and promotes IRF7 activation through phosphorylation and translocation of IRF7 in the presence of ubiquitin, by which the expression of IFNβ and ISGs is elicited and virus propagation is attenuated. We also identified that IKKε v2 is activated via K63-linked ubiquitination. Our results suggest that host cells induce IKKε isoform switching and result in IFN production against EV71 infection. This finding highlights a gene regulatory mechanism in pathogen-host interactions and provides a potential strategy for establishing host first-line defense against pathogens.
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12
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Cai M, Huang W, Hu X, Chen A, Zhou X. MEKK3 activates IRF7 to trigger a potent type I interferon induction in response to TLR7/9 signaling. Mol Immunol 2021; 134:183-191. [PMID: 33812250 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2021.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Interferon regulatory factor 7 (IRF7) is a crucial regulator of type I interferons (IFNs) against pathogen infections and plays a significant role in the endosomal Toll-like receptor signaling (namely, TLR7 and TLR9) in plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs). In this study, we identify MEKK3, one of the MAP3K kinase, as a potent stimulator of IRF7 upon cellular activation of the TLR7/9 signaling pathways to induce various type I IFNs. The knockdown of MEKK3 in vivo substantially impairs type I IFN induction and increases susceptibility to HSV-1 infection in mice. Overexpression of MEKK3 significantly activates IRF7 to trigger strong induction of type I IFNs, while cells deficient in MEKK3 expression show abrogated innate immune responses to TLR7/TLR9 ligands stimulation. We confirmed that the IFNs' induction is due to a MEKK3 and IRF7 interaction; it leads to the phosphorylation of IRF7 at multiple sites. Moreover, endogenous MEKK3 can bind and phosphorylate IRF7 after TLR9 activation by its specific ligand CpG DNA. It is the first time to report the role of MEKK3 on type I IFN, which indicates crosstalk between MAP3K activation and type I IFNs' induction in the endosomal Toll-like receptor pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miaomiao Cai
- College of Life Sciences & Health, Wuhan University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, 430065, Hubei, China
| | - Wenwu Huang
- College of Life Sciences & Health, Wuhan University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, 430065, Hubei, China
| | - Xiaodong Hu
- College of Life Sciences & Health, Wuhan University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, 430065, Hubei, China
| | - Ao Chen
- College of Life Sciences & Health, Wuhan University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, 430065, Hubei, China
| | - Xiang Zhou
- College of Life Sciences & Health, Wuhan University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, 430065, Hubei, China.
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13
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Lannoy V, Côté-Biron A, Asselin C, Rivard N. Phosphatases in toll-like receptors signaling: the unfairly-forgotten. Cell Commun Signal 2021; 19:10. [PMID: 33494775 PMCID: PMC7829650 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-020-00693-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the past 2 decades, pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) have been shown to be on the front line of many illnesses such as autoimmune, inflammatory, and neurodegenerative diseases as well as allergies and cancer. Among PRRs, toll-like receptors (TLRs) are the most studied family. Dissecting TLRs signaling turned out to be advantageous to elaborate efficient treatments to cure autoimmune and chronic inflammatory disorders. However, a broad understanding of TLR effectors is required to propose a better range of cures. In addition to kinases and E3 ubiquitin ligases, phosphatases emerge as important regulators of TLRs signaling mediated by NF-κB, type I interferons (IFN I) and Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases signaling pathways. Here, we review recent knowledge on TLRs signaling modulation by different classes and subclasses of phosphatases. Thus, it becomes more and more evident that phosphatases could represent novel therapeutic targets to control pathogenic TLRs signaling. Video Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valérie Lannoy
- Department of Immunology and Cell Biology, Cancer Research Pavilion, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, 3201, rue Jean Mignault, Sherbrooke, QC, J1E4K8, Canada
| | - Anthony Côté-Biron
- Department of Immunology and Cell Biology, Cancer Research Pavilion, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, 3201, rue Jean Mignault, Sherbrooke, QC, J1E4K8, Canada
| | - Claude Asselin
- Department of Immunology and Cell Biology, Cancer Research Pavilion, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, 3201, rue Jean Mignault, Sherbrooke, QC, J1E4K8, Canada
| | - Nathalie Rivard
- Department of Immunology and Cell Biology, Cancer Research Pavilion, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, 3201, rue Jean Mignault, Sherbrooke, QC, J1E4K8, Canada.
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14
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Guan Y, Chen X, Luo T, Ao J, Ai C, Chen X. Molecular characterization of the interferon regulatory factor (IRF) family and functional analysis of IRF11 in the large yellow croaker (Larimichthys crocea). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 107:218-229. [PMID: 33011435 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2020.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Interferon regulatory factors (IRFs) are a family of transcription factors involved in regulating interferon (IFN) responses and immune cell development. A total of 11 IRFs have been identified in teleost fish. Here, a complete repertoire of 11 IRFs (LcIRFs) in the large yellow croaker (Larimichthys crocea) was characterized with the addition of five newly identified members, LcIRF2, LcIRF5, LcIRF6, LcIRF10, and LcIRF11. These five LcIRFs possess a DNA-binding domain (DBD) at the N-terminal that contains five to six conserved tryptophan residues and an IRF-association domain (IAD) or IAD2 at the C-terminal that is responsible for interaction with other IRFs or co-modulators. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the 11 LcIRFs were divided into four clades including the IRF1 subfamily, IRF3 subfamily, IRF4 subfamily, and IRF5 subfamily. These are evolutionarily related to their respective counterparts in other fish species. The 11 LcIRFs were constitutively expressed in all examined tissues, although at different expression levels. Upon polyinosinic: polycytidylic acid (poly (I:C)) stimulation, the expression of all 11 LcIRFs was significantly induced in the head kidney and reached the highest levels at 6 h post-stimulation (except LcIRF4). LcIRF1, LcIRF3, LcIRF7, LcIRF8, and LcIRF10 were more strongly induced by poly (I:C) than the other LcIRFs. Significant induction of all LcIRFs was observed in the spleen, with LcIRF2, LcIRF5, LcIRF6, LcIRF7, LcIRF9, and LcIRF11 reaching their highest levels at 48 h LcIRF3 and LcIRF11 showed a stronger response to poly (I:C) in the spleen than the other LcIRFs. In addition, LcIRF1, LcIRF3, LcIRF7, LcIRF9, LcIRF10, and LcIRF11 were significantly induced by Vibro alginolyticus in both the spleen and the head kidney, with LcIRF1 strongly induced. Thus, LcIRFs exhibited differential inducible expression patterns in response to different stimuli in different tissues, suggesting that LcIRFs have different functions in the regulation of immune responses. Furthermore, overexpression of LcIRF11 activated the promoters of LcIFNc, LcIFNd, and LcIFNh, and differentially induced the expression levels of LcIFNs and IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs). Overexpression of LcIRF11 in epithelioma papulosum cyprinid (EPC) cells inhibited the replication of viral genes after infection of spring viremia of carp virus (SVCV). These data suggested that LcIRF11 may function as a positive regulator in regulating the cellular antiviral response through induction of type I IFN expression. Taken together, the present study reported molecular characterization and expression analysis of 11 IRFs in the large yellow croaker, and investigated the role of LcIRF11 in the antiviral response, which laid a good foundation for further study on the evolution and functional characterization of fish IRFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanyun Guan
- College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, PR China; Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Fujian Province, Institute of Oceanology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, PR China
| | - Xiaojuan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Fujian Province, Institute of Oceanology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, PR China
| | - Tian Luo
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Fujian Province, Institute of Oceanology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, PR China
| | - Jingqun Ao
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biogenetic Resources, Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Xiamen, 361005, PR China
| | - Chunxiang Ai
- College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, PR China.
| | - Xinhua Chen
- College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, PR China; Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Fujian Province, Institute of Oceanology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, PR China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai, 519000, PR China.
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15
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Zhao P, Saltiel AR. Interaction of Adipocyte Metabolic and Immune Functions Through TBK1. Front Immunol 2020; 11:592949. [PMID: 33193441 PMCID: PMC7606291 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.592949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Adipocytes and adipose tissue play critical roles in the regulation of metabolic homeostasis. In obesity and obesity-associated metabolic diseases, immune cells infiltrate into adipose tissues. Interaction between adipocytes and immune cells re-shapes both metabolic and immune properties of adipose tissue and dramatically changes metabolic set points. Both the expression and activity of the non-canonical IKK family member TBK1 are induced in adipose tissues during diet-induced obesity. TBK1 plays important roles in the regulation of both metabolism and inflammation in adipose tissue and thus affects glucose and energy metabolism. Here we review the regulation and functions of TBK1 and the molecular mechanisms by which TBK1 regulates both metabolism and inflammation in adipose tissue. Finally, we discuss the potential of a TBK1/IKKε inhibitor as a new therapy for metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Zhao
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Alan R Saltiel
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States.,Department of Pharmacology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
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16
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Andrilenas KK, Ramlall V, Kurland J, Leung B, Harbaugh AG, Siggers T. DNA-binding landscape of IRF3, IRF5 and IRF7 dimers: implications for dimer-specific gene regulation. Nucleic Acids Res 2019; 46:2509-2520. [PMID: 29361124 PMCID: PMC5861432 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gky002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Transcription factors IRF3, IRF5 and IRF7 (IRF3/5/7) have overlapping, yet distinct, roles in the mammalian response to pathogens. To examine the role that DNA-binding specificity plays in delineating IRF3/5/7-specific gene regulation we used protein-binding microarrays (PBMs) to characterize the DNA binding of IRF3/5/7 homodimers. We identified both common and dimer-specific DNA binding sites, and show that DNA-binding differences can translate into dimer-specific gene regulation. Central to the antiviral response, IRF3/5/7 regulate type I interferon (IFN) genes. We show that IRF3 and IRF7 bind to many interferon-stimulated response element (ISRE)-type sites in the virus-response elements (VREs) of IFN promoters. However, strikingly, IRF5 does not bind the VREs, suggesting evolutionary selection against IRF5 homodimer binding. Mutational analysis reveals a critical specificity-determining residue that inhibits IRF5 binding to the ISRE-variants present in the IFN gene promoters. Integrating PBM and reporter gene data we find that both DNA-binding affinity and affinity-independent mechanisms determine the function of DNA-bound IRF dimers, suggesting that DNA-based allostery plays a role in IRF binding site function. Our results provide new insights into the role and limitations of DNA-binding affinity in delineating IRF3/5/7-specific gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jesse Kurland
- Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Brandon Leung
- Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | | | - Trevor Siggers
- Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
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17
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Shin CH, Choi DS. Essential Roles for the Non-Canonical IκB Kinases in Linking Inflammation to Cancer, Obesity, and Diabetes. Cells 2019; 8:cells8020178. [PMID: 30791439 PMCID: PMC6406369 DOI: 10.3390/cells8020178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Revised: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-canonical IκB kinases (IKKs) TBK1 and IKKε have essential roles as regulators of innate immunity and cancer. Recent work has also implicated these kinases in distinctively controlling glucose homeostasis and repressing adaptive thermogenic and mitochondrial biogenic response upon obesity-induced inflammation. Additionally, TBK1 and IKKε regulate pancreatic β-cell regeneration. In this review, we summarize current data on the functions and molecular mechanisms of TBK1 and IKKε in orchestrating inflammation to cancer, obesity, and diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chong Hyun Shin
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
| | - Doo-Sup Choi
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
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18
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Szappanos D, Tschismarov R, Perlot T, Westermayer S, Fischer K, Platanitis E, Kallinger F, Novatchkova M, Lassnig C, Müller M, Sexl V, Bennett KL, Foong-Sobis M, Penninger JM, Decker T. The RNA helicase DDX3X is an essential mediator of innate antimicrobial immunity. PLoS Pathog 2018; 14:e1007397. [PMID: 30475900 PMCID: PMC6283616 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Revised: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 10/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
DExD/H box RNA helicases, such as the RIG-I-like receptors (RLR), are important components of the innate immune system. Here we demonstrate a pivotal and sex-specific role for the heterosomal isoforms of the DEAD box RNA helicase DDX3 in the immune system. Mice lacking DDX3X during hematopoiesis showed an altered leukocyte composition in bone marrow and spleen and a striking inability to combat infection with Listeria monocytogenes. Alterations in innate immune responses resulted from decreased effector cell availability and function as well as a sex-dependent impairment of cytokine synthesis. Thus, our data provide further in vivo evidence for an essential contribution of a non-RLR DExD/H RNA helicase to innate immunity and suggest it may contribute to sex-related differences in resistance to microbes and resilience to inflammatory disease. The establishment of innate immunity to pathogens requires cells to sense microbial molecules and to initiate a de novo transcription-based antimicrobial response. With the identification of Rig I and Mda5, two RNA helicases were shown to serve as pivotal receptors of viral RNA. Subsequently, a considerable number of RNA helicases were proposed to function as sensors or signal transducers for both microbial RNA and DNA. X-chromosome-encoded RNA helicase DDX3X was discovered as an interactor of the S/T kinase TBK1 which regulates the production of type I Interferons (IFN-I). However, the importance of DDX3X for innate immunity in an organismic context remained elusive. Here we describe and analyze mice lacking DDX3X in hematopoietic cells. We show contributions of DDX3X to hematopoiesis and a striking loss in resistance against Listeria monocytogenes. Our data reveal that DDX3X is critically involved in enhancing the expression of numerous antimicrobial genes. Consistently, production of important cytokines such as IL12 or IFNγ is reduced. Furthermore, DDX3X-deficient macrophages show reduced ability to restrict L. monocytogenes growth. Owing to partial redundancy with its close Y-chromosomal homologue, DDX3Y, the observed effects differ between mouse sexes. Thus, DDX3X may contribute to sex differences in immunity to pathogens and inflammatory disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Szappanos
- Max F. Perutz Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunobiology and Genetics, University of Vienna, Vienna Biocenter, Vienna, Austria
| | - Roland Tschismarov
- Max F. Perutz Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunobiology and Genetics, University of Vienna, Vienna Biocenter, Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas Perlot
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences (IMBA), Vienna Biocenter, Vienna, Austria
| | - Sandra Westermayer
- Max F. Perutz Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunobiology and Genetics, University of Vienna, Vienna Biocenter, Vienna, Austria
| | - Katrin Fischer
- Max F. Perutz Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunobiology and Genetics, University of Vienna, Vienna Biocenter, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ekaterini Platanitis
- Max F. Perutz Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunobiology and Genetics, University of Vienna, Vienna Biocenter, Vienna, Austria
| | - Fabian Kallinger
- Max F. Perutz Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunobiology and Genetics, University of Vienna, Vienna Biocenter, Vienna, Austria
| | - Maria Novatchkova
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences (IMBA), Vienna Biocenter, Vienna, Austria
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Vienna, Austria
| | - Caroline Lassnig
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Mathias Müller
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Veronika Sexl
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Keiryn L. Bennett
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Michelle Foong-Sobis
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences (IMBA), Vienna Biocenter, Vienna, Austria
| | - Josef M. Penninger
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences (IMBA), Vienna Biocenter, Vienna, Austria
- * E-mail: (JMP); (TD)
| | - Thomas Decker
- Max F. Perutz Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunobiology and Genetics, University of Vienna, Vienna Biocenter, Vienna, Austria
- * E-mail: (JMP); (TD)
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19
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Xu J, Jia YF, Tapadar S, Weaver JD, Raji IO, Pithadia DJ, Javeed N, García AJ, Choi DS, Matveyenko AV, Oyelere AK, Shin CH. Inhibition of TBK1/IKKε Promotes Regeneration of Pancreatic β-cells. Sci Rep 2018; 8:15587. [PMID: 30349097 PMCID: PMC6197228 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-33875-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
β-cell proliferation induction is a promising therapeutic strategy to restore β-cell mass. By screening small molecules in a transgenic zebrafish model of type 1 diabetes, we identified inhibitors of non-canonical IκB kinases (IKKs), TANK-binding kinase 1 (TBK1) and IκB kinase ε (IKKε), as enhancers of β-cell regeneration. The most potent β-cell regeneration enhancer was a cinnamic acid derivative (E)-3-(3-phenylbenzo[c]isoxazol-5-yl)acrylic acid (PIAA), which, acting through the cAMP-dependent protein kinase A (PKA), stimulated β-cell-specific proliferation by increasing cyclic AMP (cAMP) levels and mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) activity. A combination of PIAA and cilostamide, an inhibitor of β-cell-enriched cAMP hydrolyzing enzyme phosphodiesterase (PDE) 3, enhanced β-cell proliferation, whereas overexpression of PDE3 blunted the mitogenic effect of PIAA in zebrafish. PIAA augmented proliferation of INS-1β-cells and β-cells in mammalian islets including human islets with elevation in cAMP levels and insulin secretion. PIAA improved glycemic control in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic mice with increases in β-cell proliferation, β-cell area, and insulin content in the pancreas. Collectively, these data reveal an evolutionarily conserved and critical role of TBK1/IKKε suppression in expanding functional β-cell mass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Xu
- School of Biological Sciences and the Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA.,Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
| | - Yun-Fang Jia
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Subhasish Tapadar
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Jessica D Weaver
- Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering and the Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Idris O Raji
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Deeti J Pithadia
- School of Biological Sciences and the Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Naureen Javeed
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Andrés J García
- Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering and the Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Doo-Sup Choi
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Aleksey V Matveyenko
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Adegboyega K Oyelere
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Chong Hyun Shin
- School of Biological Sciences and the Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA. .,Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA.
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20
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Ko YA, Chan YH, Liu CH, Liang JJ, Chuang TH, Hsueh YP, Lin YL, Lin KI. Blimp-1-Mediated Pathway Promotes Type I IFN Production in Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells by Targeting to Interleukin-1 Receptor-Associated Kinase M. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1828. [PMID: 30131810 PMCID: PMC6091234 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) are a specialized subset of DCs capable of rapidly producing copious amounts of type I IFN (IFN-I) in response to viral infections. The mechanism regulating rapid production of IFN-I after pDCs are exposed to viral nucleic acids remains elusive. Here, we show that the transcription factor Blimp-1 is promptly induced in pDCs after exposure to TLR7 and TLR9 ligands via a unique Ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate (Rac)-mediated pathway. Deletion of the Prdm1 gene encoding Blimp-1 impaired production of IFN-I, but not other cytokines, upon viral infection or treatment with CpG DNA in pDCs. Accordingly, mice lacking Blimp-1 in DCs failed to produce IFN-I after CpG stimulation and did not mount proper antiviral responses following flavivirus infection. The development of pDCs in bone marrow as well as the induction of several activation markers, such as CD86, CD69, and MHCII, by CpG stimulation was generally not affected by the absence of Blimp-1. Mechanistically, we found that Blimp-1 controls the activation of IKKα and IRF7 by directly suppressing interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase 3 (Irak3), a negative regulator of TLR signaling, in pDCs. Together, we identify a Blimp-1-dependent pathway that rapidly facilitates IFN-I production by relieving interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase M, encoded by Irak3, in pDCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-An Ko
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.,Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | | | - Chin-Hsiu Liu
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.,Program in Translational Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University and Academia Sinica, Division of Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, Taipei Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Jian-Jong Liang
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tsung-Hsien Chuang
- Immunology Research Center, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ping Hsueh
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ling Lin
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-I Lin
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
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21
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Xu X, Li M, Wu Z, Wang H, Wang L, Huang K, Liu X, Hou Q, Lin G, Hu C. Endoplasmic Reticulum Transmembrane Proteins ZDHHC1 and STING Both Act as Direct Adaptors for IRF3 Activation in Teleost. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 199:3623-3633. [PMID: 29046345 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1700750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2017] [Accepted: 09/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
IFN regulatory factor (IRF)3 is a central regulator for IFN-β expression in different types of pathogenic infections. Mammals have various pathogenic sensors that are involved in monitoring pathogen intrusions. These sensors can trigger IRF3-mediated antiviral responses through different pathways. Endoplasmic reticulum-associated proteins stimulator of IFN gene (STING) and zinc finger DHHC-type containing 1 (ZDHHC1) are critical mediators of IRF3 activation in response to viral DNA infections. In this study, grass carp STING and ZDHHC1 were found to have some similar molecular features and subcellular localization, and both were upregulated upon stimulation with polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid, B-DNA, or Z-DNA. Based on these results, we suggest that grass carp STING and ZDHHC1 might possess some properties similar to their mammalian counterparts. Overexpression of ZDHHC1 and STING in Ctenopharyngodon idella kidney cells upregulated IFN expression, whereas knockdown of IRF3 inhibited IFN activation. In addition, coimmunoprecipitation and GST pull-down assays demonstrated that STING and ZDHHC1 can interact separately with IRF3 and promote the dimerization and nuclear translocation of IRF3. Furthermore, we also found that small interfering RNA-mediated knockdown of STING could inhibit the expression of IFN and ZDHHC1 in fish cells. Similarly, knockdown of STING resulted in inhibition of the IFN promoter. In contrast, ZDHHC1 knockdown also inhibited IFN expression but had no apparent effect on STING, which indicates that STING is necessary for IFN activation through ZDHHC1. In conclusion, STING and ZDHHC1 in fish can respond to viral DNA or RNA molecules in cytoplasm, as well as activate IRF3 and, eventually, trigger IFN expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowen Xu
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Resources and Utilization of Jiangxi Province, College of Life Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Meifeng Li
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Resources and Utilization of Jiangxi Province, College of Life Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Zhen Wu
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Resources and Utilization of Jiangxi Province, College of Life Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Haizhou Wang
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Resources and Utilization of Jiangxi Province, College of Life Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Liqiang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Resources and Utilization of Jiangxi Province, College of Life Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Keyi Huang
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Resources and Utilization of Jiangxi Province, College of Life Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Xiancheng Liu
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Resources and Utilization of Jiangxi Province, College of Life Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Qunhao Hou
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Resources and Utilization of Jiangxi Province, College of Life Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Gang Lin
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Resources and Utilization of Jiangxi Province, College of Life Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Chengyu Hu
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Resources and Utilization of Jiangxi Province, College of Life Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
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22
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Gao X, Pham TH, Feuerbacher LA, Chen K, Hays MP, Singh G, Rueter C, Hurtado-Guerrero R, Hardwidge PR. Citrobacter rodentium NleB Protein Inhibits Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF) Receptor-associated Factor 3 (TRAF3) Ubiquitination to Reduce Host Type I Interferon Production. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:18232-8. [PMID: 27387501 PMCID: PMC5000071 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.738278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2016] [Revised: 06/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Interferon signaling plays important roles in both intestinal homeostasis and in the host response to pathogen infection. The extent to which bacterial pathogens inhibit this host pathway is an understudied area of investigation. We characterized Citrobacter rodentium strains bearing deletions in individual type III secretion system effector genes to determine whether this pathogen inhibits the host type I IFN response and which effector is responsible. The NleB effector limited host IFN-β production by inhibiting Lys(63)-linked ubiquitination of TNF receptor-associated factor 3 (TRAF3). Inhibition was dependent on the glycosyltransferase activity of NleB. GAPDH, a target of NleB during infection, bound to TRAF3 and was required for maximal TRAF3 ubiquitination. NleB glycosyltransferase activity inhibited GAPDH-TRAF3 binding, resulting in reduced TRAF3 ubiquitination. Collectively, our data reveal important interplay between GAPDH and TRAF3 and suggest a mechanism by which the NleB effector inhibits type I IFN signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofei Gao
- From the Whitehead Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142
| | - Thanh H Pham
- Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106
| | - Leigh Ann Feuerbacher
- the College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506
| | - Kangming Chen
- the College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506
| | - Michael P Hays
- the College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506
| | - Gyanendra Singh
- the National Institute of Occupational Health, Meghani Nagar, Ahmedabad 380016, Gujarat, India
| | - Christian Rueter
- the Institute of Infectiology, University of Münster, D-48149 Münster, Germany, and
| | - Ramon Hurtado-Guerrero
- the Fundacion ARAID, Edificio CEEI ARAGÓN and Institute of Biocomputation and Physics of Complex Systems (BIFI), University of Zaragoza, BIFI-IQFR (CSIC) Joint Unit, Mariano Esquillor s/n, Campus Rio Ebro, Edificio I+D, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Philip R Hardwidge
- the College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506,
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23
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Li C, Li H, Chen Y, Chen Y, Wang S, Weng SP, Xu X, He J. Activation of Vago by interferon regulatory factor (IRF) suggests an interferon system-like antiviral mechanism in shrimp. Sci Rep 2015; 5:15078. [PMID: 26459861 PMCID: PMC4602278 DOI: 10.1038/srep15078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2015] [Accepted: 09/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a debate on whether invertebrates possess an antiviral immunity similar to the interferon (IFN) system of vertebrates. The Vago gene from arthropods encodes a viral-activated secreted peptide that restricts virus infection through activating the JAK-STAT pathway and is considered to be a cytokine functionally similar to IFN. In this study, the first crustacean IFN regulatory factor (IRF)-like gene was identified in Pacific white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei. The L. vannamei IRF showed similar protein nature to mammalian IRFs and could be activated during virus infection. As a transcriptional regulatory factor, L. vannamei IRF could activate the IFN-stimulated response element (ISRE)-containing promoter to regulate the expression of mammalian type I IFNs and initiate an antiviral state in mammalian cells. More importantly, IRF could bind the 5′-untranslated region of L. vannamei Vago4 gene and activate its transcription, suggesting that shrimp Vago may be induced in a similar manner to that of IFNs and supporting the opinion that Vago might function as an IFN-like molecule in invertebrates. These suggested that shrimp might possess an IRF-Vago-JAK/STAT regulatory axis, which is similar to the IRF-IFN-JAK/STAT axis of vertebrates, indicating that invertebrates might possess an IFN system-like antiviral mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaozheng Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Safety/State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, P.R. China.,Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals and Guangdong Provice Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, P.R. China.,South China Sea Resource Exploitation and Protection Collaborative Innovation Center (SCS-REPIC), Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Haoyang Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Safety/State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, P.R. China.,Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals and Guangdong Provice Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, P.R. China.,South China Sea Resource Exploitation and Protection Collaborative Innovation Center (SCS-REPIC), Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Yixiao Chen
- MOE Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Safety/State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, P.R. China.,Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals and Guangdong Provice Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, P.R. China.,South China Sea Resource Exploitation and Protection Collaborative Innovation Center (SCS-REPIC), Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Yonggui Chen
- MOE Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Safety/State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, P.R. China.,School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, P.R. China.,South China Sea Resource Exploitation and Protection Collaborative Innovation Center (SCS-REPIC), Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Sheng Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Safety/State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, P.R. China.,Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals and Guangdong Provice Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, P.R. China.,South China Sea Resource Exploitation and Protection Collaborative Innovation Center (SCS-REPIC), Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Shao-Ping Weng
- MOE Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Safety/State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, P.R. China.,Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals and Guangdong Provice Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, P.R. China.,South China Sea Resource Exploitation and Protection Collaborative Innovation Center (SCS-REPIC), Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Xiaopeng Xu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Safety/State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, P.R. China.,Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals and Guangdong Provice Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, P.R. China.,South China Sea Resource Exploitation and Protection Collaborative Innovation Center (SCS-REPIC), Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Jianguo He
- MOE Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Safety/State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, P.R. China.,Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals and Guangdong Provice Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, P.R. China.,School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, P.R. China.,South China Sea Resource Exploitation and Protection Collaborative Innovation Center (SCS-REPIC), Guangzhou, P.R. China
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24
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Zhang J, Li YX, Hu YH. Molecular characterization and expression analysis of eleven interferon regulatory factors in half-smooth tongue sole, Cynoglossus semilaevis. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 44:272-282. [PMID: 25731919 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2015.02.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2014] [Revised: 02/17/2015] [Accepted: 02/19/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Interferon regulatory factors (IRFs) act as transcription mediators in virus-, bacteria-, and interferon (IFN)-induced signaling pathways and play diverse functions in antimicrobial defense, immune modulation, hematopoietic differentiation, and cell apoptosis. In this study, we described for the first time eleven IRFs (IRF1, IRF1L, IRF2X1, IRF3, IRF4a, IRF4b, IRF5, IRF6, IRF7, IRF8, and IRF9) from half-smooth tongue sole (Cynoglossus semilaevis) and examined their tissue distributions and expression patterns under different conditions. The deduced protein sequences of these IRFs (except IRF1) share high identities (71.8-86.6%) with other corresponding IRFs in other teleosts, whereas the sequence identity of IRF1 with the corresponding IRF1 in other teleosts is only 58.1%. A conserved N-terminal DNA binding domain (DBD), which is characterized by a winged type helix-loop-helix motif with four to six tryptophan repeats, is present in all IRFs. Another conserved IRF associated domain (IAD), which mediates the interactions in the C-terminal part of the protein, is present in all IRFs except IRF1 and IRF2X1, which instead contain the IAD2 domain. Several special domains also were found, including a serine-rich domain (SRD) in IRF3, IRF4a, IRF4b, and IRF7; a proline-rich domain (PRD) in IRF9; nuclear localization signals (NLSs) in IRF5, IRF8, and IRF9; and a virus activated domain (VAD) in IRF5. Quantitative real time RT-PCR (qRT-PCR) analysis showed that expression of all IRFs occurred in multiple tissues. IRF1, IRF2X1, IRF4a, IRF5, IRF7, and IRF8 exhibited relatively high levels of expression in immune organs, whereas the other five IRFs displayed high levels of expression in non-immune organs. Infection with extracellular and intracellular bacterial pathogens and virus upregulated the expression of IRFs in a manner that depended on tissue type, pathogen, and infection stage. Specifically, IRF1 and IRF2X1 were highly induced by bacterial and viral pathogens; IRF1L and IRF6 responded mainly to extracellular and intracellular bacterial pathogens; IRF3, IRF5, IRF7, IRF8, and IRF9 were markedly induced by intracellular bacterial pathogen and virus; IRF4a and IRF4b were mainly induced by virus and intracellular bacterial pathogen respectively. These results indicate that the IRFs of C. semilaevis can be categorized into several groups which exhibit different expression patterns in response to the infection of different microbial pathogens. These results provide new insights into the roles of teleost IRFs in antimicrobial immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Yong-Xin Li
- Taishan Vocational College of Nursing, 8 Ying Sheng East Road, Tai'an, 271000, China
| | - Yong-Hua Hu
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China.
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25
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Ciancanelli MJ, Huang SXL, Luthra P, Garner H, Itan Y, Volpi S, Lafaille FG, Trouillet C, Schmolke M, Albrecht RA, Israelsson E, Lim HK, Casadio M, Hermesh T, Lorenzo L, Leung LW, Pedergnana V, Boisson B, Okada S, Picard C, Ringuier B, Troussier F, Chaussabel D, Abel L, Pellier I, Notarangelo LD, García-Sastre A, Basler CF, Geissmann F, Zhang SY, Snoeck HW, Casanova JL. Infectious disease. Life-threatening influenza and impaired interferon amplification in human IRF7 deficiency. Science 2015; 348:448-53. [PMID: 25814066 DOI: 10.1126/science.aaa1578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 340] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2014] [Accepted: 03/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Severe influenza disease strikes otherwise healthy children and remains unexplained. We report compound heterozygous null mutations in IRF7, which encodes the transcription factor interferon regulatory factor 7, in an otherwise healthy child who suffered life-threatening influenza during primary infection. In response to influenza virus, the patient's leukocytes and plasmacytoid dendritic cells produced very little type I and III interferons (IFNs). Moreover, the patient's dermal fibroblasts and induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived pulmonary epithelial cells produced reduced amounts of type I IFN and displayed increased influenza virus replication. These findings suggest that IRF7-dependent amplification of type I and III IFNs is required for protection against primary infection by influenza virus in humans. They also show that severe influenza may result from single-gene inborn errors of immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Ciancanelli
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sarah X L Huang
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA. Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Priya Luthra
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Hannah Garner
- Centre for Molecular and Cellular Biology of Inflammation (CMCBI), King's College London, London SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Yuval Itan
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Stefano Volpi
- Division of Immunology and Manton Center for Orphan Disease Research, Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA. Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genoa, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Fabien G Lafaille
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Céline Trouillet
- Centre for Molecular and Cellular Biology of Inflammation (CMCBI), King's College London, London SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Mirco Schmolke
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Randy A Albrecht
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA. Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Elisabeth Israelsson
- Department of Systems Immunology, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Hye Kyung Lim
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Melina Casadio
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Tamar Hermesh
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Lazaro Lorenzo
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM UMR1163, Paris, France. University Paris Descartes, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
| | - Lawrence W Leung
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Vincent Pedergnana
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM UMR1163, Paris, France. University Paris Descartes, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
| | - Bertrand Boisson
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Satoshi Okada
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA. Department of Pediatrics, Hiroshima University Graduate School of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Capucine Picard
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA. Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM UMR1163, Paris, France. University Paris Descartes, Imagine Institute, Paris, France. Study Centre for Primary Immunodeficiencies, AP-HP, Necker Hospital, Paris, France
| | | | | | - Damien Chaussabel
- Department of Systems Immunology, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA, USA. Department of Systems Biology, Sidra Medical and Research Center, Doha, Qatar
| | - Laurent Abel
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA. Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM UMR1163, Paris, France. University Paris Descartes, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
| | - Isabelle Pellier
- Pediatric Immunology, Hematology and Oncology Unit, University Hospital Centre of Angers, Angers, France. INSERM U892, CNRS U6299, Angers, France
| | - Luigi D Notarangelo
- Division of Immunology and Manton Center for Orphan Disease Research, Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Adolfo García-Sastre
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA. Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA. Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Christopher F Basler
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Frédéric Geissmann
- Centre for Molecular and Cellular Biology of Inflammation (CMCBI), King's College London, London SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Shen-Ying Zhang
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA. Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM UMR1163, Paris, France. University Paris Descartes, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
| | - Hans-Willem Snoeck
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA. Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jean-Laurent Casanova
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA. Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM UMR1163, Paris, France. University Paris Descartes, Imagine Institute, Paris, France. Pediatric Immuno-Hematology Unit, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, AP-HP, Paris, France. Howard Hughes Medical Institute, New York, NY, USA.
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26
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Lee KJ, Ye JS, Choe H, Nam YR, Kim N, Lee U, Joo CH. Serine cluster phosphorylation liberates the C-terminal helix of IFN regulatory factor 7 to bind histone acetyltransferase p300. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 193:4137-48. [PMID: 25225665 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1401290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
IFN regulatory factor 7 (IRF7) is a major regulator of type I (αβ) IFN secretion. A growing body of evidence shows that IRF7 is involved in a wide variety of pathologic conditions in addition to infections; however, the detailed mechanism of IRF7 transactivation remains elusive. Our current knowledge of IRF7 transactivation is based on studies of IRF3, another major regulator of IFN-β secretion. IRF3 and IRF7 are closely related homologs with high sequence similarity in their C-terminal regions, and both proteins are activated by phosphorylation of a specific serine cluster (SC). Nevertheless, the functional domains of the two proteins are arranged in an inverted manner. We generated a model structure of the IRF7 C-terminal region using homology modeling and used it to guide subsequent functional domain studies. The model structure led to the identification of a tripod-helix structure containing the SC. Based on the model and experimental data, we hypothesized that phosphorylation-mediated IRF7 transactivation is controlled by a tripod-helix structure. Inducible IκB kinase binds a tripod-helix structure. Serial phosphorylation of the SC by the kinase liberates C-terminal helix from an inhibitory hydrophobic pocket. A histone acetyltransferase P300 binds the liberated helix. The difference in the P300 binding sites explains why the domain arrangement of IRF7 is inverted relative to that of IRF3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoung Jin Lee
- Department of Microbiology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 138-736, Korea
| | - Jung Sook Ye
- Department of Microbiology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 138-736, Korea
| | - Han Choe
- Bio-Medical Institute of Technology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 138-736, Korea; Department of Physiology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 138-736, Korea; and
| | - Young Ran Nam
- Department of Microbiology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 138-736, Korea
| | - Nari Kim
- Department of Microbiology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 138-736, Korea
| | - Uk Lee
- Department of Microbiology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 138-736, Korea
| | - Chul Hyun Joo
- Department of Microbiology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 138-736, Korea; Cell Dysfunction Research Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 138-736, Korea
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27
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Lin JR, Liu Z, Hu J. Computational identification of post-translational modification-based nuclear import regulations by characterizing nuclear localization signal-import receptor interaction. Proteins 2014; 82:2783-96. [DOI: 10.1002/prot.24642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2014] [Revised: 06/18/2014] [Accepted: 06/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jhih-Rong Lin
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering; University of South Carolina; Columbia South Carolina 29208
| | - Zhonghao Liu
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering; University of South Carolina; Columbia South Carolina 29208
| | - Jianjun Hu
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering; University of South Carolina; Columbia South Carolina 29208
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Huang B, Huang WS, Nie P. Cloning and expression analyses of interferon regulatory factor (IRF) 3 and 7 genes in European eel, Anguilla anguilla with the identification of genes involved in IFN production. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 37:239-247. [PMID: 24565894 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2014.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2013] [Revised: 02/08/2014] [Accepted: 02/12/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Interferon regulatory factor (IRF) 3 and IRF7 have been identified as regulators of type I interferon (IFN) gene expression in mammals. In the present study, the two genes were cloned and characterized in the European eel, Anguilla anguilla. The full-length cDNA sequence of IRF3 and IRF7 in the European eel, named as AaIRF3 and AaIRF7 consists of 2879 and 2419 bp respectively. Multiple alignments showed that the two IRFs have a highly conserved DNA binding domain (DBD) in the N terminus, with the characteristic motif containing five tryptophan residues, which is a feature present in their mammalian homologues. But, IRF7 has only four of the five residues in other species of fish. The expression of AaIRF3 and AaIRF7 both displayed an obvious dose-dependent manner following polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid (PolyI:C) challenge. In vivo expression analysis showed that the mRNA level of AaIRF3 and AaIRF7 was significantly up-regulated in response to PolyI:C stimulation in all examined tissues/organs except in muscle, with a lower level of increase observed in response to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) challenge and Edwardsiella tarda infection, indicating that AaIRF3 and AaIRF7 may be more likely involved in antiviral immune response. In addition, some pattern recognition receptors genes related with the production of type I IFNs and those genes in response to type I IFNs were identified in the European eel genome database, indicating a relatively conserved system in the production of type I IFN and its signalling in the European eel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bei Huang
- College of Fisheries, Jimei University, 43 Yindou Road, Xiamen, Fujian Province 361021, China
| | - Wen Shu Huang
- College of Fisheries, Jimei University, 43 Yindou Road, Xiamen, Fujian Province 361021, China
| | - P Nie
- College of Fisheries, Jimei University, 43 Yindou Road, Xiamen, Fujian Province 361021, China.
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Nandakumar R, Finsterbusch K, Lipps C, Neumann B, Grashoff M, Nair S, Hochnadel I, Lienenklaus S, Wappler I, Steinmann E, Hauser H, Pietschmann T, Kröger A. Hepatitis C virus replication in mouse cells is restricted by IFN-dependent and -independent mechanisms. Gastroenterology 2013; 145:1414-23.e1. [PMID: 23973921 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2013.08.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2013] [Revised: 08/10/2013] [Accepted: 08/14/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Current treatment strategies for hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection include pegylated interferon (IFN)-alfa and ribavirin. Approximately 50% of patients control HCV infection after treatment, but the broad range of patients' outcomes and responses to treatment, among all genotypes, indicates a role for host factors. Although the IFN system is important in limiting HCV replication, the virus has evolved mechanisms to circumvent the IFN response. However, direct, IFN-independent antiviral processes also might help control HCV replication. We examined the role of IFN-independent responses against HCV replication. METHODS We analyzed replication of the subgenomic JFH1 replicon in embryonic fibroblasts and primary hepatocytes from mice with disruptions in genes encoding factors in the IFN-dependent and alternative antiviral pathways (signal transducers and activators of transcription 1 [STAT1], protein kinase R, interferon regulatory factors (IRF) IRF-1, IRF-3, IRF-5, IRF-7, mitochondrial antiviral signaling molecule [MAVS], and IFN receptor [IFNAR]). We also assessed the effects of expression of these factors by mouse primary hepatocytes on HCV replication. RESULTS In addition to IRF-3- and IFN-mediated antiviral responses, IFN-independent, but IRF-1- and IRF-5-dependent mechanisms, restrict HCV replication in mouse embryonic fibroblasts. In primary hepatocytes these IFN-independent require MAVS and IRF-1. CONCLUSIONS HCV replication is limited by interferon-mediated pathways as well pathways that are independent of type I IFNs. IRF1 and IRF5 control IFN-independent signaling events that lead to antiviral responses. We observed antiviral roles of IRF1 and IRF5 that were IFN-independent and cell-type specific. These mechanisms are important in controlling viruses that interfere with the IFN signaling because cells retain the ability to induce functional but local antiviral states through expression of interferon-stimulated genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramya Nandakumar
- Research Group Innate Immunity and Infection, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
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Aoki T, Hikima JI, Hwang SD, Jung TS. Innate immunity of finfish: primordial conservation and function of viral RNA sensors in teleosts. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 35:1689-1702. [PMID: 23462146 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2013.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2012] [Revised: 01/25/2013] [Accepted: 02/08/2013] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
During the past decade, huge progress has been made in research into teleost PAMPs (pathogen-associated molecule patterns) recognition receptors (PRRs). Numerous fish PRR genes have been identified, and the primordial functions of PRRs involved in the innate immune response to viral infection (especially those responsible for sensing viral RNA) have been increasingly clarified in teleosts. Particular progress has been made in our understanding of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and retinoic acid inducible gene I (RIG-I)-like receptors (RLRs). However, there are important evolutionary differences between teleosts and mammals; for instance, seven TLR repertoires (TLR5S, -14, -19, -20, -21, -22 and -23) are present in teleosts but not in mammals, indicating that some TLRs likely possess different functions. Thus, comparison of PRRs in teleosts and mammals may help us understand the immune responses triggered by host-pathogen interactions in teleosts. In this article, the evolutionary conservations and divergences in the PRR mechanisms of teleosts and mammals are examined, with a focus on their molecular features and the recognition of viral RNA by fish TLRs and RLRs. In addition, the mechanism of type I interferon gene expression in teleosts, which is enhanced after the recognition of viral RNA by fish TLRs and RLRs, is also introduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Aoki
- Consolidated Research Institute for Advanced Science and Medical Care, Waseda University, 513, Wasedatsurumaki-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-0041, Japan; Aquatic Biotechnology Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, 900, Gajwa-dong, Jinju, Gyeongnam 660-710, South Korea.
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31
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Perrotti E, Marsili G, Sgarbanti M, Remoli AL, Fragale A, Acchioni C, Orsatti R, Battistini A. IRF-7: an antiviral factor and beyond. Future Virol 2013. [DOI: 10.2217/fvl.13.88] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
This review will summarize main characteristics and functions of IRF-7. IRF-7 and the highly homologous IRF-3 are two members of the IRF family of transcription factors that have emerged as crucial regulators of type I interferon (IFN) in response to pathogenic infections downstream pathogen recognition receptors. IRF-7 is also part of a positive-feedback regulatory loop essential for sustained IFN responses. Thus, tight regulation of its expression and activity is necessary to balance IFN-mediated beneficial effects and unwanted pathological consequences of IFN overproduction. Its role as an antiviral factor independent of IFN expression, and its involvement in other cellular functions beyond antiviral functions, including regulation of oncogenesis and metabolism, underscore its important role in the regulation of cellular homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edvige Perrotti
- Department of Infectious, Parasitic & Immune-mediated Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena, 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Giulia Marsili
- Department of Infectious, Parasitic & Immune-mediated Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena, 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Sgarbanti
- Department of Infectious, Parasitic & Immune-mediated Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena, 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Anna Lisa Remoli
- Department of Infectious, Parasitic & Immune-mediated Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena, 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandra Fragale
- Department of Infectious, Parasitic & Immune-mediated Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena, 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Chiara Acchioni
- Department of Infectious, Parasitic & Immune-mediated Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena, 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Roberto Orsatti
- Department of Infectious, Parasitic & Immune-mediated Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena, 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Angela Battistini
- Department of Infectious, Parasitic & Immune-mediated Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena, 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
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The pivotal role of TBK1 in inflammatory responses mediated by macrophages. Mediators Inflamm 2012; 2012:979105. [PMID: 23304064 PMCID: PMC3523167 DOI: 10.1155/2012/979105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2012] [Revised: 11/03/2012] [Accepted: 11/07/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation is a complex biological response of tissues to harmful stimuli such as pathogens, cell damage, or irritants. Inflammation is considered to be a major cause of most chronic diseases, especially in more than 100 types of inflammatory diseases which include Alzheimer's disease, rheumatoid arthritis, asthma, atherosclerosis, Crohn's disease, colitis, dermatitis, hepatitis, and Parkinson's disease. Recently, an increasing number of studies have focused on inflammatory diseases. TBK1 is a serine/threonine-protein kinase which regulates antiviral defense, host-virus interaction, and immunity. It is ubiquitously expressed in mouse stomach, colon, thymus, and liver. Interestingly, high levels of active TBK1 have also been found to be associated with inflammatory diseases, indicating that TBK1 is closely related to inflammatory responses. Even though relatively few studies have addressed the functional roles of TBK1 relating to inflammation, this paper discusses some recent findings that support the critical role of TBK1 in inflammatory diseases and underlie the necessity of trials to develop useful remedies or therapeutics that target TBK1 for the treatment of inflammatory diseases.
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Contribution of a TANK-binding kinase 1-interferon (IFN) regulatory factor 7 pathway to IFN-γ-induced gene expression. Mol Cell Biol 2012; 32:1032-43. [PMID: 22252317 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.06021-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Signal transducers and activators of transcription (STATs) and interferon regulatory factors (IRFs) share common target genes. Here we show that the Irf7 gene is regulated by transcription factors STAT1 and IRF9 in response to the type II interferon (IFN) IFN-γ. IRF7 cooperated with STAT1 and IRF1 to stimulate the expression of a subset of IFN-γ-induced STAT1 target genes. IRF7-mediated control of the Gbp2 gene required the presence and basal activity of the S/T kinase TANK-binding kinase 1 (TBK1), whereas the binding of IRF7 to the Gbp2 promoter did not. Analysis of RNA polymerase II (Pol II) recruitment to the Gbp2 promoter revealed a role for IRF7 at later stages of the IFN-γ response. In support of the role of IRF7 in establishing an effective antibacterial response, IFN-γ-pretreated Irf7(-/-) macrophages showed an increased bacterial burden after infection with Listeria monocytogenes. Our data thus describe a biologically relevant basal activity of TBK1 and identify IRF7 as a novel player in the IFN-γ response.
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Brzostek-Racine S, Gordon C, Van Scoy S, Reich NC. The DNA damage response induces IFN. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 187:5336-45. [PMID: 22013119 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1100040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
This study reveals a new complexity in the cellular response to DNA damage: activation of IFN signaling. The DNA damage response involves the rapid recruitment of repair enzymes and the activation of signal transducers that regulate cell-cycle checkpoints and cell survival. To understand the link between DNA damage and the innate cellular defense that occurs in response to many viral infections, we evaluated the effects of agents such as etoposide that promote dsDNA breaks. Treatment of human cells with etoposide led to the induction of IFN-stimulated genes and the IFN-α and IFN-λ genes. NF-κB, known to be activated in response to DNA damage, was shown to be a key regulator of this IFN gene induction. Expression of an NF-κB subunit, p65/RelA, was sufficient for induction of the human IFN-λ1 gene. In addition, NF-κB was required for the induction of IFN regulatory factor-1 and -7 that are able to stimulate expression of the IFN-α and IFN-λ genes. Cells that lack the NF-κB essential modulator lack the ability to induce the IFN genes following DNA damage. Breaks in DNA are generated during normal physiological processes of replication, transcription, and recombination, as well as by external genotoxic agents or infectious agents. The significant finding of IFN production as a stress response to DNA damage provides a new perspective on the role of IFN signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Brzostek-Racine
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-5200, USA
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35
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Sun F, Zhang YB, Liu TK, Gan L, Yu FF, Liu Y, Gui JF. Characterization of fish IRF3 as an IFN-inducible protein reveals evolving regulation of IFN response in vertebrates. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 185:7573-82. [PMID: 21084665 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1002401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
In mammals, IFN regulatory factor (IRF) 3 is a critical player in modulating transcription of type I IFN and IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs). In this study, we describe the roles of crucian carp (Carassius auratus L.) IRF3 in activating fish IFN and ISGs. Fish IRF3 exhibits a large sequence divergence from mammalian orthologs. Whereas mammalian IRF3 is constitutively expressed, fish IRF3 protein is significantly upregulated by IFN, poly-IC, and other stimuli known as IFN inducers in mammals. The IFN-inducible property of fish IRF3 is consistent with the comparative analysis of 5' flanking regulatory region of vertebrate IRF3 genes, which reveals the presence of typical IFN-stimulated response elements in fish and amphibians, but an absence in tetrapods. Furthermore, either IFN or poly-IC induces phosphorylation and cytoplasmic-to-nuclear translocation of IRF3, which seems essential for its function in that phosphomimic active IRF3 exhibits stronger transactivation than wild type IRF3. Finally, overexpression of fish IRF3 activates production of IFN that in turn triggers ISG transcription through Stat1 pathway, whereas transfection of dominant negative mutant IRF3-DN abrogates poly-IC induction of ISGs, probably owing to blockade of IFN production. Therefore, regulation of IFN response by vertebrate IRF3 is another ancient trait. These data provide evidence of the evolving function of vertebrate IRF3 on regulating IFN response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
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Abstract
The IκB Kinase (IKK)-related kinases TBK1 and IKKɛ have essential roles as regulators of innate immunity by modulating interferon and NF-κB signaling. Recent work has also implicated these non-canonical IKKs in malignant transformation. IKKɛ is amplified in ∼30% of breast cancers and transforms cells through the activation of NF-κB. TBK1 participates in RalB-mediated inflammatory responses and cell survival, and is essential for the survival of non-small cell lung cancers driven by oncogenic KRAS. The delineation of target substrates and downstream activities for TBK1 and IKKɛ has begun to define their role(s) in promoting tumorigenesis. In this review, we will highlight the mechanisms by which IKKɛ and TBK1 orchestrate pathways involved in inflammation and cancer.
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37
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Zhang T, Wang Y, Zhang L, Liu B, Xie J, Wood C, Wang J. Lysine residues of interferon regulatory factor 7 affect the replication and transcription activator-mediated lytic replication of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus/human herpesvirus 8. J Gen Virol 2010; 92:181-7. [PMID: 20844090 PMCID: PMC3052531 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.021816-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) infection goes through latent and lytic phases, which are controlled by the viral replication and transcription activator (RTA). Upon KSHV infection, the host responds by suppressing RTA-activated lytic gene expression through interferon regulatory factor 7 (IRF-7), a key regulator of host innate immune response. Lysine residues are potential sites for post-translational modification of IRF-7, and were suggested to be critical for its activity. In this study, we analysed the 15 lysine residues for their effects on IRF-7 function by site-directed mutagenesis. We found that some mutations affect the ability of IRF-7 to activate interferon (IFN)-α1 and IFN-β promoters, to suppress RTA-mediated lytic gene expression and to repress KSHV reactivation and lytic replication. However, other mutations affect only a subset of these four functions. These findings demonstrate that the lysine residues of IRF-7 play important roles in mediating IFN synthesis and modulating viral lytic replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianzheng Zhang
- TEDA School of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, 23 Hongda Street, TEDA, Tianjin 300457, PR China
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Chen W, Royer WE. Structural insights into interferon regulatory factor activation. Cell Signal 2010; 22:883-7. [PMID: 20043992 PMCID: PMC2846214 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2009.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2009] [Accepted: 12/18/2009] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The interferon regulatory factors (IRFs) play important roles in development of the immune system and host defense. Recent crystallographic and biochemical studies have provided insights into the mechanism of activation of IRFs by phosphorylation. The activation of a latent closed conformation of IRF in the cytoplasm is triggered by phosphorylation of Ser/Thr residues in a C-terminal region. Phosphorylation stimulates the C-terminal autoinhibitory domain to attain a highly extended conformation triggering dimerization through extensive contacts to a second subunit. Dimers are then transported into the nucleus and assemble with the coactivator CBP/p300 to activate transcription of type I interferons and other target genes. The advances made in understanding the release of inhibition after IRF dimerization have generated a detailed structural model of how IRFs signaling pathways are activated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weijun Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 364 Plantation Street, Worcester, MA 01605, USA.
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39
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Génin P, Vaccaro A, Civas A. The role of differential expression of human interferon-A genes in antiviral immunity. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2009; 20:283-95. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2009.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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40
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Kuri T, Zhang X, Habjan M, Martínez-Sobrido L, García-Sastre A, Yuan Z, Weber F. Interferon priming enables cells to partially overturn the SARS coronavirus-induced block in innate immune activation. J Gen Virol 2009; 90:2686-2694. [PMID: 19625461 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.013599-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
SARS coronavirus (SARS-CoV) is known to efficiently suppress the induction of antiviral type I interferons (IFN-alpha/beta) in non-lymphatic cells through inhibition of the transcription factor IRF-3. Plasmacytoid dendritic cells, in contrast, respond to infection with production of high levels of IFNs. Here, we show that pretreatment of non-lymphatic cells with small amounts of IFN-alpha (IFN priming) partially overturns the block in IFN induction imposed by SARS-CoV. IFN priming combined with SARS-CoV infection substantially induced genes for IFN induction, IFN signalling, antiviral effector proteins, ubiquitination and ISGylation, antigen presentation and other cytokines and chemokines, whereas each individual treatment had no major effect. Curiously, however, despite this typical IFN response, neither IRF-3 nor IRF-7 was transported to the nucleus as a sign of activation. Taken together, our results suggest that (i) IFN, as it is produced by plasmacytoid dendritic cells, could enable tissue cells to launch a host response to SARS-CoV, (ii) IRF-3 and IRF-7 may be active at subdetectable levels, and (iii) SARS-CoV does not activate IRF-7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Kuri
- Abteilung Virologie, Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie und Hygiene, Universität Freiburg, D-79008 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Xiaonan Zhang
- Research Unit, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, and Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Matthias Habjan
- Abteilung Virologie, Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie und Hygiene, Universität Freiburg, D-79008 Freiburg, Germany
| | | | - Adolfo García-Sastre
- Department of Microbiology, Department of Medicine (Division of Infectious Diseases) and Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Zhenghong Yuan
- Research Unit, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, and Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Friedemann Weber
- Abteilung Virologie, Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie und Hygiene, Universität Freiburg, D-79008 Freiburg, Germany
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Jiang J, Zhang YB, Li S, Yu FF, Sun F, Gui JF. Expression regulation and functional characterization of a novel interferon inducible gene Gig2 and its promoter. Mol Immunol 2009; 46:3131-40. [PMID: 19573926 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2009.05.183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2009] [Revised: 05/23/2009] [Accepted: 05/28/2009] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Grass carp hemorrhagic virus (GCHV)-induced gene 2 (Gig2) is a novel gene previously identified from UV-inactivated GCHV-treated Carassius auratus blastulae embryonic (CAB) cells, suggesting that it should play a pivotal role in the interferon (IFN) antiviral response. In this study, a polyclonal anti-Gig2 antiserum was generated and used to study the inductive expression pattern by Western blot analysis, showing no basal expression in normal CAB cells but a significant up-regulation upon UV-inactivated GCHV, polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid (Poly I:C) and recombinant IFN (rIFN). However, constitutive expression of Gig2 is observed in all tested tissues from grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus), and Poly I:C injection increases the relative amount of Gig2 protein in skin, spleen, trunk kidney, gill, hindgut and thymus. Moreover, the genomic sequence covering the whole Gig2 ORF and the upstream promoter region were amplified by genomic walking. Significantly, the Gig2 promoter contains three IFN-stimulated response elements (ISREs), nine GAAA/TTTC motifs and five gamma-IFN activating sites (GAS), which are the characteristics of genes responsive to both type I IFN and type II IFN. Subsequently, the complete Gig2 promoter sequence was cloned into pGL3-Basic vector, and its activity was measured by luciferase assays in the transfected CAB cells. The Gig2 promoter-driven construct is highly induced in CAB cells after treatment with Poly I:C or rIFN, and the functional capability is dependent on IFN regulatory factor 7 (IRF7), because its activity can be stimulated by IRF7. Collectively, the data provide strong evidence that Gig2 is indeed a novel IFN inducible gene and its expression is likely dependent on IRF7 upon Poly I:C or IFN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, 7# Donghu South Road, Wuhan 430072, China
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Clément JF, Meloche S, Servant MJ. The IKK-related kinases: from innate immunity to oncogenesis. Cell Res 2009; 18:889-99. [PMID: 19160540 DOI: 10.1038/cr.2008.273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the past four years, the field of the innate immune response has been highly influenced by the discovery of the IkappaB kinase (IKK)-related kinases, TANK Binding Kinase 1 (TBK1) and IKKi, which regulate the activity of interferon regulatory factor (IRF)-3/IRF-7 and NF-kappaB transcription factors. More recently, additional essential components of the signaling pathways that activate these IKK homologues have been discovered. These include the RNA helicases RIGi and MDA5, and the downstream mitochondrial effector known as CARDIF/MAVS/VISA/IPS-1. In addition to their essential functions in controlling the innate immune response, recent studies have highlighted a role of these kinases in cell proliferation and oncogenesis. The canonical IKKs are well recognized to be a bridge linking chronic inflammation to cancer. New findings now suggest that the IKK-related kinases TBK1 and IKKi also participate in signaling pathways that impact on cell transformation and tumor progression. This review will therefore summarize and discuss the role of TBK1 and IKKi in cellular transformation and oncogenesis by focusing on their regulation and substrate specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-François Clément
- Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Montréal, C.P. 6128, succursale Centre-Ville, Montréal, Québec, Canada H3C 3J7
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43
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Holland JW, Bird S, Williamson B, Woudstra C, Mustafa A, Wang T, Zou J, Blaney SC, Collet B, Secombes CJ. Molecular characterization of IRF3 and IRF7 in rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss: functional analysis and transcriptional modulation. Mol Immunol 2008; 46:269-85. [PMID: 18805586 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2008.08.265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2008] [Revised: 08/04/2008] [Accepted: 08/05/2008] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Interferon regulatory factors (IRF) 3 and 7 in mammals are known to be crucial in regulating the type I interferon (IFN) response to viral infection as part of transcriptional complexes binding to IRF-binding elements (IRF-Es) and interferon stimulatory response elements (ISREs) within IFN and interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs). Here we report the sequencing and characterization of full-length cDNA homologues of rainbow trout (rt)IRF7 and, for the first time in fish, IRF3. RtIRF3 consists of 2127 bp with a 159 bp 5'-UTR-containing two upstream AUGs and a 573 bp 3'-UTR. RtIRF7 was found to be 2055 bp, with a 102 bp 5'-UTR and a 705 bp 3'-UTR. The open reading frames (ORFs) translate into 464 amino acid and 415 amino acid proteins, respectively, each possessing a putative DNA-binding domain (DBD) containing a tryptophan cluster, which is characteristic of all IRF family members. The presence of putative IRF association domain (IAD)s, serine-rich C terminal domains (poorly conserved in trout IRF3), and phylogenetic analysis places the two genes in the IRF3 subfamily. Both genes were found to be upregulated by poly I:C, type I recombinant rainbow trout (r) IFN (second isoform, type I rIFN), type II rIFN (rIFNgamma), LPS, and rIL-1beta in the trout macrophage cell line, RTS-11. Poly I:C and type I rIFN also induced IRF3 and IRF7 expression in a trout fibroblast cell line (RTG-2). Transient transfection of RTG-2 cells with each IRF fused to GFP revealed a predominant cytoplasmic distribution found most intensely around the nucleus and, to a lesser extent, within cell nuclei. Transient transfection of rtIRF3 in the Mx-1-luciferase reporter cell line, RTG-P1, revealed a modest increase in luciferase activity relative to the vehicle control, which was lost in cells over-expressing a DBD-truncated form of rtIRF3. Both full-length and DBD-truncated forms of rtIRF7 increased reporter activity relative to the control, although to a non-significant extent. Electromobility shift assays (EMSAs) did not reveal a specific interaction between each IRF and the ISRE element found in the Mx-1 promoter, although the Mx-1 ISRE bound specifically to endogenous transcriptional complexes. These data support the premise that rtIRF3 and rtIRF7 are important molecules in the regulation of antiviral responses in fish, with the impact of rIFNgamma on rtIRF3/7 expression implying a role for these IRFs in immune processes other than type I IFN-driven antiviral responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- J W Holland
- Scottish Fish Immunology Research Centre, Aberdeen University, Aberdeen AB24 2TZ, Scotland, United Kingdom
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Kubota T, Matsuoka M, Chang TH, Tailor P, Sasaki T, Tashiro M, Kato A, Ozato K. Virus infection triggers SUMOylation of IRF3 and IRF7, leading to the negative regulation of type I interferon gene expression. J Biol Chem 2008; 283:25660-25670. [PMID: 18635538 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m804479200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Viral infection activates Toll-like receptor and RIG-I (retinoic acid-inducible gene I) signaling pathways, leading to phosphorylation of IRF3 (interferon regulatory factor 3) and IRF7 and stimulation of type I interferon (IFN) transcription, a process important for innate immunity. We show that upon vesicular stomatitis virus infection, IRF3 and IRF7 are modified not only by phosphorylation but by the small ubiquitin-related modifiers SUMO1, SUMO2, and SUMO3. SUMOylation of IRF3 and IRF7 was dependent on the activation of Toll-like receptor and RIG-I pathways but not on the IFN-stimulated pathway. However, SUMOylation of IRF3 and IRF7 was not dependent on their phosphorylation, and vice versa. We identified Lys(152) of IRF3 and Lys(406) of IRF7 to be their sole small ubiquitin-related modifier (SUMO) conjugation site. IRF3 and IRF7 mutants defective in SUMOylation led to higher levels of IFN mRNA induction after viral infection, relative to the wild type IRFs, indicating a negative role for SUMOylation in IFN transcription. Together, SUMO modification is an integral part of IRF3 and IRF7 activity that contributes to postactivation attenuation of IFN production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toru Kubota
- Department of Virology III, 208-0011, Japan.
| | - Mayumi Matsuoka
- Department of Bacterial Pathogenesis and Infection Control, National Institute of Infectious Diseases Tokyo, 208-0011, Japan and the
| | - Tsung-Hsien Chang
- Laboratory of Molecular Growth Regulation, Genomics of Differentiation Program, NICHD, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-2753
| | - Prafullakumar Tailor
- Laboratory of Molecular Growth Regulation, Genomics of Differentiation Program, NICHD, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-2753
| | - Tsuguo Sasaki
- Department of Bacterial Pathogenesis and Infection Control, National Institute of Infectious Diseases Tokyo, 208-0011, Japan and the
| | | | | | - Keiko Ozato
- Laboratory of Molecular Growth Regulation, Genomics of Differentiation Program, NICHD, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-2753
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Yan J, Olsen JV, Park KS, Li W, Bildl W, Schulte U, Aldrich RW, Fakler B, Trimmer JS. Profiling the phospho-status of the BKCa channel alpha subunit in rat brain reveals unexpected patterns and complexity. Mol Cell Proteomics 2008; 7:2188-98. [PMID: 18573811 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m800063-mcp200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular diversity of ion channel structure and function underlies variability in electrical signaling in nerve, muscle, and non-excitable cells. Protein phosphorylation and alternative splicing of pre-mRNA are two important mechanisms to generate structural and functional diversity of ion channels. However, systematic mass spectrometric analyses of in vivo phosphorylation and splice variants of ion channels in native tissues are largely lacking. Mammalian large-conductance calcium-activated potassium (BK(Ca)) channels are tetramers of alpha subunits (BKalpha) either alone or together with beta subunits, exhibit exceptionally large single channel conductance, and are dually activated by membrane depolarization and intracellular Ca(2+). The cytoplasmic C terminus of BKalpha is subjected to extensive pre-mRNA splicing and, as predicted by several algorithms, offers numerous phospho-acceptor amino acids. Here we use nanoflow liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry on BK(Ca) channels affinity-purified from rat brain to analyze in vivo BKalpha phosphorylation and splicing. We found 7 splice variations and identified as many as 30 Ser/Thr in vivo phosphorylation sites; most of which were not predicted by commonly used algorithms. Of the identified phosphosites 23 are located in the C terminus, four were found on splice insertions. Electrophysiological analyses of phospho- and dephosphomimetic mutants transiently expressed in HEK-293 cells suggest that phosphorylation of BKalpha differentially modulates the voltage- and Ca(2+)-dependence of channel activation. These results demonstrate that the pore-forming subunit of BK(Ca) channels is extensively phosphorylated in the mammalian brain providing a molecular basis for the regulation of firing pattern and excitability through dynamic modification of BKalpha structure and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiusheng Yan
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology and Behavior, College of Biological Sciences, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA
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46
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Abstract
The IRF [IFN (interferon) regulatory factor] family of transcription factors control many cellular processes, including induction of key antiviral cytokines, type I IFNs, following viral infection. Recent studies have revealed several endogenous and viral proteins involved in ubiquitin-mediated regulation of IRF activity and thus having an impact on type I IFN signalling. Through the ubiquitin pathway, these proteins can manipulate the antiviral response either by initiating proteasomal degradation of the IRFs or, in contrast, by promoting activation of the IRFs.
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47
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Randall RE, Goodbourn S. Interferons and viruses: an interplay between induction, signalling, antiviral responses and virus countermeasures. J Gen Virol 2008; 89:1-47. [PMID: 18089727 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.83391-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1203] [Impact Index Per Article: 75.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The interferon (IFN) system is an extremely powerful antiviral response that is capable of controlling most, if not all, virus infections in the absence of adaptive immunity. However, viruses can still replicate and cause disease in vivo, because they have some strategy for at least partially circumventing the IFN response. We reviewed this topic in 2000 [Goodbourn, S., Didcock, L. & Randall, R. E. (2000). J Gen Virol 81, 2341-2364] but, since then, a great deal has been discovered about the molecular mechanisms of the IFN response and how different viruses circumvent it. This information is of fundamental interest, but may also have practical application in the design and manufacture of attenuated virus vaccines and the development of novel antiviral drugs. In the first part of this review, we describe how viruses activate the IFN system, how IFNs induce transcription of their target genes and the mechanism of action of IFN-induced proteins with antiviral action. In the second part, we describe how viruses circumvent the IFN response. Here, we reflect upon possible consequences for both the virus and host of the different strategies that viruses have evolved and discuss whether certain viruses have exploited the IFN response to modulate their life cycle (e.g. to establish and maintain persistent/latent infections), whether perturbation of the IFN response by persistent infections can lead to chronic disease, and the importance of the IFN system as a species barrier to virus infections. Lastly, we briefly describe applied aspects that arise from an increase in our knowledge in this area, including vaccine design and manufacture, the development of novel antiviral drugs and the use of IFN-sensitive oncolytic viruses in the treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard E Randall
- School of Biology, University of St Andrews, The North Haugh, St Andrews KY16 9ST, UK
| | - Stephen Goodbourn
- Division of Basic Medical Sciences, St George's, University of London, London SW17 0RE, UK
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Venancio TM, DeMarco R, Almeida GT, Oliveira KC, Setubal JC, Verjovski-Almeida S. Analysis of Schistosoma mansoni genes shared with Deuterostomia and with possible roles in host interactions. BMC Genomics 2007; 8:407. [PMID: 17996068 PMCID: PMC2194728 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-8-407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2007] [Accepted: 11/08/2007] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Schistosoma mansoni is a blood helminth parasite that causes schistosomiasis, a disease that affects 200 million people in the world. Many orthologs of known mammalian genes have been discovered in this parasite and evidence is accumulating that some of these genes encode proteins linked to signaling pathways in the parasite that appear to be involved with growth or development, suggesting a complex co-evolutionary process. RESULTS In this work we found 427 genes conserved in the Deuterostomia group that have orthologs in S. mansoni and no members in any nematodes and insects so far sequenced. Among these genes we have identified Insulin Induced Gene (INSIG), Interferon Regulatory Factor (IRF) and vasohibin orthologs, known to be involved in mammals in mevalonate metabolism, immune response and angiogenesis control, respectively. We have chosen these three genes for a more detailed characterization, which included extension of their cloned messages to obtain full-length sequences. Interestingly, SmINSIG showed a 10-fold higher expression in adult females as opposed to males, in accordance with its possible role in regulating egg production. SmIRF has a DNA binding domain, a tryptophan-rich N-terminal region and several predicted phosphorylation sites, usually important for IRF activity. Fourteen different alternatively spliced forms of the S. mansoni vasohibin (SmVASL) gene were detected that encode seven different protein isoforms including one with a complete C-terminal end, and other isoforms with shorter C-terminal portions. Using S. mansoni homologs, we have employed a parsimonious rationale to compute the total gene losses/gains in nematodes, arthropods and deuterostomes under either the Coelomata or the Ecdysozoa evolutionary hypotheses; our results show a lower losses/gains number under the latter hypothesis. CONCLUSION The genes discussed which are conserved between S. mansoni and deuterostomes, probably have an ancient origin and were lost in Ecdysozoa, being still present in Lophotrochozoa. Given their known functions in Deuterostomia, it is possible that some of them have been co-opted to perform functions related (directly or indirectly) to host adaptation or interaction with host signaling processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thiago M Venancio
- Laboratory of Bioinformatics; Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, 05508-900 São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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Hiscott J. Convergence of the NF-κB and IRF pathways in the regulation of the innate antiviral response. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2007; 18:483-90. [PMID: 17706453 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2007.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 200] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The type I interferon (IFN) alpha and beta promoters have been a leading paradigm of virus-activated transcriptional regulation for more than two decades, and have contributed substantially to our understanding of virus-inducible gene regulation, the coordinated activities of NF-kappaB and IRF transcription factors, the temporal and spatial recruitment of co-activators to the enhanceosome, and signaling pathways that trigger the innate antiviral response. In 2003, the ISICR Milstein Award was presented to John Hiscott of McGill University and Tom Maniatis of Harvard University for their ongoing research describing the mechanisms of regulation of type 1 interferon genes and specifically for the identification of key signaling kinases involved in phosphorylation of the transcription factors IRF-3 and IRF-7. The specific roles played by IRFs and the IKK-related kinases TBK1 and IKKvarepsilon are now recognized within the broader framework of TLR and RIG-I signaling pathways. This review summarizes the unique features of the IKK-related kinases and offers a summary of recent advances in the regulation of the early host response to virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Hiscott
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research - Jewish General Hospital, Departments of Microbiology & Immunology, Medicine and Oncology, McGill University, Montreal, Canada H3T 1E2.
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50
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Joo CH, Shin YC, Gack M, Wu L, Levy D, Jung JU. Inhibition of interferon regulatory factor 7 (IRF7)-mediated interferon signal transduction by the Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus viral IRF homolog vIRF3. J Virol 2007; 81:8282-92. [PMID: 17522209 PMCID: PMC1951281 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00235-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2007] [Accepted: 05/05/2007] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Upon viral infection, the major defense mounted by the host immune system is activation of the interferon (IFN)-mediated antiviral pathway that is mediated by IFN regulatory factors (IRFs). In order to complete their life cycle, viruses must modulate the host IFN-mediated immune response. Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV), a human tumor-inducing herpesvirus, has developed a unique mechanism for antagonizing cellular IFN-mediated antiviral activity by incorporating viral homologs of the cellular IRFs, called vIRFs. Here, we report a novel immune evasion mechanism of KSHV vIRF3 to block cellular IRF7-mediated innate immunity in response to viral infection. KSHV vIRF3 specifically interacts with either the DNA binding domain or the central IRF association domain of IRF7, and this interaction leads to the inhibition of IRF7 DNA binding activity and, therefore, suppression of alpha interferon (IFN-alpha) production and IFN-mediated immunity. Remarkably, the central 40 amino acids of vIRF3, containing the double alpha helix motifs, are sufficient not only for binding to IRF7, but also for inhibiting IRF7 DNA binding activity. Consequently, the expression of the double alpha helix motif-containing peptide effectively suppresses IRF7-mediated IFN-alpha production. This demonstrates a remarkably efficient means of viral avoidance of host antiviral activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chul Hyun Joo
- Tumor Virology Division, New England Primate Research Center, Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Harvard Medical School, 1 Pine Hill Drive, Southborough, MA 01772, USA
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