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Ruan ML, Ni WX, Chu JCH, Lam TL, Law KC, Zhang Y, Yang G, He Y, Zhang C, Fung YME, Liu T, Huang T, Lok CN, Chan SLF, Che CM. Iridium(III) carbene complexes as potent girdin inhibitors against metastatic cancers. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2316615121. [PMID: 38861602 PMCID: PMC11194514 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2316615121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Many cancer-driving protein targets remain undruggable due to a lack of binding molecular scaffolds. In this regard, octahedral metal complexes with unique and versatile three-dimensional structures have rarely been explored as inhibitors of undruggable protein targets. Here, we describe antitumor iridium(III) pyridinium-N-heterocyclic carbene complex 1a, which profoundly reduces the viability of lung and breast cancer cells as well as cancer patient-derived organoids at low micromolar concentrations. Compound 1a effectively inhibits the growth of non-small-cell lung cancer and triple-negative breast cancer xenograft tumors, impedes the metastatic spread of breast cancer cells, and can be modified into an antibody-drug conjugate payload to achieve precise tumor delivery in mice. Identified by thermal proteome profiling, an important molecular target of 1a in cellulo is Girdin, a multifunctional adaptor protein that is overexpressed in cancer cells and unequivocally serves as a signaling hub for multiple pivotal oncogenic pathways. However, specific small-molecule inhibitors of Girdin have not yet been developed. Notably, 1a exhibits high binding affinity to Girdin with a Kd of 1.3 μM and targets the Girdin-linked EGFR/AKT/mTOR/STAT3 cancer-driving pathway, inhibiting cancer cell proliferation and metastatic activity. Our study reveals a potent Girdin-targeting anticancer compound and demonstrates that octahedral metal complexes constitute an untapped library of small-molecule inhibitors that can fit into the ligand-binding pockets of key oncoproteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Ling Ruan
- Laboratory for Synthetic Chemistry and Chemical Biology Limited, Hong Kong Science Park, Shatin, Hong Kong, China
- State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry and Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan430079, China
| | - Wen-Xiu Ni
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou515041, Guangdong, China
- Chemistry and Chemical Engineering of Guangdong Laboratory, Shantou515041, Guangdong, China
| | - Jacky C. H. Chu
- Laboratory for Synthetic Chemistry and Chemical Biology Limited, Hong Kong Science Park, Shatin, Hong Kong, China
- State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry and Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
| | - Tsz-Lung Lam
- State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry and Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
| | - Kwok-Chung Law
- Laboratory for Synthetic Chemistry and Chemical Biology Limited, Hong Kong Science Park, Shatin, Hong Kong, China
- State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry and Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yiwei Zhang
- Laboratory for Synthetic Chemistry and Chemical Biology Limited, Hong Kong Science Park, Shatin, Hong Kong, China
- State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry and Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
| | - Guanya Yang
- AI And Life Sciences Institute (Hong Kong) Limited, Hong Kong Science Park, Shatin, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ying He
- AI And Life Sciences Institute (Hong Kong) Limited, Hong Kong Science Park, Shatin, Hong Kong, China
| | - Chunlei Zhang
- Laboratory for Synthetic Chemistry and Chemical Biology Limited, Hong Kong Science Park, Shatin, Hong Kong, China
- State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry and Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yi Man Eva Fung
- State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry and Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
| | - Tao Liu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou515041, Guangdong, China
- Chemistry and Chemical Engineering of Guangdong Laboratory, Shantou515041, Guangdong, China
| | - Tao Huang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou515041, Guangdong, China
- Chemistry and Chemical Engineering of Guangdong Laboratory, Shantou515041, Guangdong, China
| | - Chun-Nam Lok
- Laboratory for Synthetic Chemistry and Chemical Biology Limited, Hong Kong Science Park, Shatin, Hong Kong, China
- State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry and Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
| | - Sharon Lai-Fung Chan
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Biology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong, China
| | - Chi-Ming Che
- Laboratory for Synthetic Chemistry and Chemical Biology Limited, Hong Kong Science Park, Shatin, Hong Kong, China
- State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry and Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
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Garcia-Marcos M. Heterotrimeric G protein signaling without GPCRs: The Gα-binding-and-activating (GBA) motif. J Biol Chem 2024; 300:105756. [PMID: 38364891 PMCID: PMC10943482 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2024.105756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Heterotrimeric G proteins (Gαβγ) are molecular switches that relay signals from 7-transmembrane receptors located at the cell surface to the cytoplasm. The function of these receptors is so intimately linked to heterotrimeric G proteins that they are named G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), showcasing the interdependent nature of this archetypical receptor-transducer axis of transmembrane signaling in eukaryotes. It is generally assumed that activation of heterotrimeric G protein signaling occurs exclusively by the action of GPCRs, but this idea has been challenged by the discovery of alternative mechanisms by which G proteins can propagate signals in the cell. This review will focus on a general principle of G protein signaling that operates without the direct involvement of GPCRs. The mechanism of G protein signaling reviewed here is mediated by a class of G protein regulators defined by containing an evolutionarily conserved sequence named the Gα-binding-and-activating (GBA) motif. Using the best characterized proteins with a GBA motif as examples, Gα-interacting vesicle-associated protein (GIV)/Girdin and dishevelled-associating protein with a high frequency of leucine residues (DAPLE), this review will cover (i) the mechanisms by which extracellular cues not relayed by GPCRs promote the coupling of GBA motif-containing regulators with G proteins, (ii) the structural and molecular basis for how GBA motifs interact with Gα subunits to facilitate signaling, (iii) the relevance of this mechanism in different cellular and pathological processes, including cancer and birth defects, and (iv) strategies to manipulate GBA-G protein coupling for experimental therapeutics purposes, including the development of rationally engineered proteins and chemical probes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikel Garcia-Marcos
- Department of Biochemistry & Cell Biology, Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Department of Biology, College of Arts & Sciences, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
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3
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Silverman JB, Vega PN, Tyska MJ, Lau KS. Intestinal Tuft Cells: Morphology, Function, and Implications for Human Health. Annu Rev Physiol 2024; 86:479-504. [PMID: 37863104 PMCID: PMC11193883 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-physiol-042022-030310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2023]
Abstract
Tuft cells are a rare and morphologically distinct chemosensory cell type found throughout many organs, including the gastrointestinal tract. These cells were identified by their unique morphologies distinguished by large apical protrusions. Ultrastructural data have begun to describe the molecular underpinnings of their cytoskeletal features, and tuft cell-enriched cytoskeletal proteins have been identified, although the connection of tuft cell morphology to tuft cell functionality has not yet been established. Furthermore, tuft cells display variations in function and identity between and within tissues, leading to the delineation of distinct tuft cell populations. As a chemosensory cell type, they display receptors that are responsive to ligands specific for their environment. While many studies have demonstrated the tuft cell response to protists and helminths in the intestine, recent research has highlighted other roles of tuft cells as well as implicated tuft cells in other disease processes including inflammation, cancer, and viral infections. Here, we review the literature on the cytoskeletal structure of tuft cells. Additionally, we focus on new research discussing tuft cell lineage, ligand-receptor interactions, tuft cell tropism, and the role of tuft cells in intestinal disease. Finally, we discuss the implication of tuft cell-targeted therapies in human health and how the morphology of tuft cells may contribute to their functionality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer B Silverman
- Epithelial Biology Center and Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA; ,
| | - Paige N Vega
- Epithelial Biology Center and Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA; ,
| | - Matthew J Tyska
- Epithelial Biology Center and Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA; ,
| | - Ken S Lau
- Epithelial Biology Center and Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA; ,
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4
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Olivier JF, Langlais D, Jeyakumar T, Polyak MJ, Galarneau L, Cayrol R, Jiang H, Molloy KR, Xu G, Suzuki H, LaCava J, Gros P, Fodil N. CCDC88B interacts with RASAL3 and ARHGEF2 and regulates dendritic cell function in neuroinflammation and colitis. Commun Biol 2024; 7:77. [PMID: 38200184 PMCID: PMC10781698 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-05751-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
CCDC88B is a risk factor for several chronic inflammatory diseases in humans and its inactivation causes a migratory defect in DCs in mice. CCDC88B belongs to a family of cytoskeleton-associated scaffold proteins that feature protein:protein interaction domains. Here, we identified the Rho/Rac Guanine Nucleotide Exchange Factor 2 (ARHGEF2) and the RAS Protein Activator Like 3 (RASAL3) as CCDC88B physical and functional interactors. Mice defective in Arhgef2 or Rasal3 show dampened neuroinflammation, and display altered cellular response and susceptibility to colitis; ARHGEF2 maps to a human Chromosome 1 locus associated with susceptibility to IBD. Arhgef2 and Rasal3 mutant DCs show altered migration and motility in vitro, causing either reduced (Arhgef2) or enhanced (Rasal3) migratory properties. The CCDC88B/RASAL3/ARHGEF2 complex appears to regulate DCs migration by modulating activation of RHOA, with ARHGEF2 and RASAL3 acting in opposite regulatory fashions, providing a molecular mechanism for the involvement of these proteins in DCs immune functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Frederic Olivier
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- McGill Research Center on Complex Traits, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - David Langlais
- McGill Research Center on Complex Traits, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Human Genetics, Victor Phillip Dahdaleh Institute of Genomic Medicine, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Thiviya Jeyakumar
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- McGill Research Center on Complex Traits, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Maria J Polyak
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- McGill Research Center on Complex Traits, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Luc Galarneau
- Department of Medicine, Sherbrooke University, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Romain Cayrol
- Department of Pathology, University of Montreal Hospital Center (CHUM), Montreal, QC, Canada
- University of Montreal Hospital Center Research Center (CR-CHUM), Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Cellular Biology, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Hua Jiang
- Laboratory of Cellular and Structural Biology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Kelly R Molloy
- Laboratory of Mass Spectrometry and Gaseous Ion Chemistry, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Guoyue Xu
- Department of Human Genetics, Victor Phillip Dahdaleh Institute of Genomic Medicine, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Harumi Suzuki
- Department of Immunology and Pathology, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - John LaCava
- Laboratory of Cellular and Structural Biology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
- European Research Institute for the Biology of Ageing, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Philippe Gros
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.
- McGill Research Center on Complex Traits, Montreal, QC, Canada.
| | - Nassima Fodil
- McGill Research Center on Complex Traits, Montreal, QC, Canada
- CERMO-FC, Pavillon des Sciences Biologiques, Montreal, QC, Canada
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Rajanala K, Wedegaertner PB. Gβγ signaling regulates microtubule-dependent control of Golgi integrity. Cell Signal 2023; 106:110630. [PMID: 36805843 PMCID: PMC10079639 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2023.110630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
Gβγ subunits regulate several non-canonical functions at distinct intracellular organelles. Previous studies have shown that Gβγ signaling at the Golgi is necessary to mediate vesicular protein transport function and to regulate mitotic Golgi fragmentation. Disruption of Golgi structure also occurs in response to microtubule depolymerizing agents, such as nocodazole. In this study, we use siRNA against Gβ1/2 or specific Gγ subunits to deplete their expression, and show that their knockdown causes a significant reduction in nocodazole-induced Golgi fragmentation. We establish that knockdown of Gβγ or inhibition of Gβγ with gallein resulted in decreased activation of protein kinase D (PKD) in response to nocodazole treatment. We demonstrate that restricting the amount of free Gβγ available for signaling by either inhibiting Gαi activation using pertussis toxin or by knockdown of the non-GPCR GEF, Girdin/GIV protein, results in a substantial decrease in nocodazole-induced Golgi fragmentation and PKD phosphorylation. Our results also indicate that depletion of Gβγ or inhibition with gallein or pertussis toxin significantly reduces the microtubule disruption-dependent Golgi fragmentation phenotype observed in cells transfected with mutant SOD1, a major causative protein in familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). These results provide compelling evidence that Gβγ signaling is critical for the regulation of Golgi integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalpana Rajanala
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Philadelphia, PA 19107, United States of America
| | - Philip B Wedegaertner
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Philadelphia, PA 19107, United States of America.
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6
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Cao F, Yang D, Tang F, Lu C, He X, Chen S, Yang Z, Gong S, Sun L, Enomoto A, Takahashi M, Weng L. Girdin Promotes Tumorigenesis and Chemoresistance in Lung Adenocarcinoma by Interacting with PKM2. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14225688. [PMID: 36428781 PMCID: PMC9688487 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14225688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2022] [Revised: 10/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Girdin, an Akt substrate, has been reported to promote tumorigenesis in various tumors. However, the role of Girdin in a spontaneous tumor model has not yet been explored. Here, we studied the role of Girdin in lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) using the autochthonous mouse model and found that Girdin led to LUAD progression and chemoresistance by enhancing the Warburg effect. Mechanistically, Girdin interacted with pyruvate kinase M2 (PKM2), which played a vital role in aerobic glycolysis. Furthermore, Girdin impaired Platelet Derived Growth Factor Receptor Beta (PDGFRβ) degradation, which in turn, promoted PKM2 tyrosine residue 105 (Y105) phosphorylation and inhibited PKM2 activity, subsequently promoting aerobic glycolysis in cancer cells. Taken together, our study demonstrates that Girdin is a crucial regulator of tumor growth and may be a potential therapeutic target for overcoming the resistance of LUAD cells to chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuyang Cao
- Department of Oncology, Xiangya Cancer Center, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Radiation Oncology Hunan Province, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
| | - Desong Yang
- Hunan Clinical Medical Research Center of Accurate Diagnosis and Treatment for Esophageal Carcinoma, Hunan Cancer Hospital and The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China
- Thoracic Surgery Department 2, Hunan Cancer Hospital and The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China
| | - Feiyu Tang
- Department of Oncology, Xiangya Cancer Center, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Radiation Oncology Hunan Province, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
| | - Can Lu
- Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
| | - Xiang He
- Department of Oncology, Xiangya Cancer Center, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Radiation Oncology Hunan Province, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
| | - Songming Chen
- Department of Oncology, Xiangya Cancer Center, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Radiation Oncology Hunan Province, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
| | - Zhanghuan Yang
- Department of Oncology, Xiangya Cancer Center, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Radiation Oncology Hunan Province, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
| | - Siyuan Gong
- Department of Oncology, Xiangya Cancer Center, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Radiation Oncology Hunan Province, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
| | - Lunquan Sun
- Department of Oncology, Xiangya Cancer Center, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Radiation Oncology Hunan Province, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
- Hunan International Science and Technology Collaboration Base of Precision Medicine for Cancer, Changsha 410008, China
- Institute of Gerontological Cancer Research, National Clinical Research Center for Gerontology, Changsha 410008, China
- Center for Molecular Imaging of Central South University, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
| | - Atsushi Enomoto
- Department of Pathology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Masahide Takahashi
- International Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Fujita Health University, Toyoake 470-1192, Japan
- Correspondence: (M.T.); (L.W.)
| | - Liang Weng
- Department of Oncology, Xiangya Cancer Center, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Radiation Oncology Hunan Province, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
- Hunan International Science and Technology Collaboration Base of Precision Medicine for Cancer, Changsha 410008, China
- Institute of Gerontological Cancer Research, National Clinical Research Center for Gerontology, Changsha 410008, China
- Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases in Hunan Province, Changsha 410008, China
- Xiangya Lung Cancer Center, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
- Correspondence: (M.T.); (L.W.)
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Zou Z, Sun Y, Wang L, Ma S, Sun C, Zhou Y, Yang G. GIV is a promising novel poor prognostic factor in liver hepatocellular carcinoma. Medicine (Baltimore) 2022; 101:e29645. [PMID: 35960100 PMCID: PMC9371552 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000029645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Numerous studies have implicated Gα-interacting, vesicle-associated protein (GIV) in the development and metastasis of various cancers. However, its role remains unclear in liver hepatocellular carcinoma (LIHC). We aimed to demonstrate the relationship between GIV and LIHC based on The Cancer Genome Atlas database. We use the Gene Expression Profiling Interactive Analysis and UALCAN to explore the expression of GIV and the survive analysis of GIV in patients with LIHC, genetic alteration analysis, immune infiltration analysis, functional enrichment, protein-protein interaction network analyses, and transcription factor targets of GIV-correlated genes and GIV-interacting genes were performed this study. GIV expression was significantly elevated in LIHC tissues. Remarkable correlation was established between GIV expression and LIHC pathological stage. Low expression of GIV in tumor tissues had a better prognosis than GIV-high expression. GIV alteration frequency was 1.44% in patients with LIHC. GIV-unaltered patients had better survival than GIV-altered ones. Moreover, GIV expression level in LIHC significantly correlated with the infiltration level of immune cells and cancer-associated fibroblasts. The functions of differentially expressed GIVs are associated with the cell cycle pathway. Our data imply that E2F4, E2F1, MYC, and MYCN are key transcription factors for GIV-correlated genes and GIV-interacted genes. GIV may be an adverse prognostic factor for patients with LIHC; it also can be a potential therapeutic target against LIHC. Further studies are required to validate our findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenzhen Zou
- Department of Laboratory, Dushuhu Public Hospital Affiliated to Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yibin Sun
- Department of Gastroenterology, Suzhou Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou Municipal Hospital, Gusu School, Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Lin Wang
- Department of Laboratory, Dushuhu Public Hospital Affiliated to Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Sai Ma
- Department of Central Laboratory, Suzhou Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou Municipal Hospital, Gusu School, Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Chunrong Sun
- Department of General Surgery, Suzhou Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou Municipal Hospital, Gusu School, Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yu Zhou
- Department of General Surgery, Suzhou Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou Municipal Hospital, Gusu School, Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
- Department of General Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Souzhou Jiangsu, China
- * Correspondence: Yu Zhou, Department of General Surgery, Suzhou Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou Municipal Hospital, Gusu School, Nanjing Medical University, 242 Guangji Rd., Suzhou, Jiangsu Province 215000, China (e-mail: )
| | - Guorong Yang
- Department of General Surgery, Suzhou Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou Municipal Hospital, Gusu School, Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
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8
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Zhang Y, Liu C, Zhou L. Prognosis of gastric adenocarcinoma associated with girdin, Akt, and cortactin. Ann Saudi Med 2022; 42:181-190. [PMID: 35770962 PMCID: PMC9167460 DOI: 10.5144/0256-4947.2022.181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/09/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The actin-binding protein girdin regulates tumor cell migration and invasion by maintaining actin structure. PI3K/Akt signaling is an important actin-remodeling pathway. The protein cortactin acts directly on microfilaments and promotes tumor invasion and metastasis by rearranging the cytoskeleton. However, there are few reports on the co-expression of girdin, Akt, and cortactin in gastric adenocarcinoma (GAC). OBJECTIVES Evaluate girdin, Akt, and cortactin expression in GAC tissues and assess their relationship to the prognosis of GAC patients. DESIGN Survival analysis SETTING: Medical college in China PATIENTS AND METHODS: We compared survival in 110 paraffin-preserved GAC with corresponding normal gastric mucosa tissues in relationship to girdin, Akt, and cortactin expression levels. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE Expression levels of the proteins. SAMPLE SIZE 110 RESULTS: The expression of girdin, Akt, and cortactin were all upregulated in GAC tissues compared with corresponding normal tissues (66.4% vs 36.3%, 57.3% vs 28.2% and 69.1% vs 22.7%, respectively; P<.05) and expression was mutually positive (all P<.05). Overall survival in the girdin, Akt, and cortactin high expression groups was reduced. Multivariate analysis showed that girdin, Akt, cortactin, lymph node metastasis (LNM) and TNM stages were independent factors affecting GAC patients prognosis (P<.05). CONCLUSIONS Girdin and cortactin may promote GAC invasion and metastasis via the PI3-K/Akt signaling pathway. Girdin, Akt, and cortactin co-expression might serve as a novel molecular target for GAC therapy and improve the prognosis of patients with this disease. LIMITATIONS A small sample size and lack of related research on molecular mechanisms. CONFLICT OF INTEREST None.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Zhang
- From the Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
| | - Cheyan Liu
- From the Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
| | - Lei Zhou
- From the Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
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9
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Chandan NR, Abraham S, SenGupta S, Parent CA, Smrcka AV. A network of Gα i signaling partners is revealed by proximity labeling proteomics analysis and includes PDZ-RhoGEF. Sci Signal 2022; 15:eabi9869. [PMID: 35041463 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.abi9869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) that couple to the Gαi family of G proteins are key regulators of cell and tissue physiology. Our previous work has revealed new roles for Gαi in regulating the migration of neutrophils and fibrosarcoma cells downstream of activated chemoattractant receptors. Here, we used an intact cell proximity-based labeling coupled to tandem mass tag (TMT)-based quantitative proteomics analysis to identify proteins that selectively interacted with the GTP-bound form of Gαi1. Multiple targets were identified and validated with a BioID2-tagged, constitutively active Gαi1 mutant, suggesting a network of interactions for activated GαI proteins in intact cells. We showed that active Gαi1, but not Gαi2, stimulated one candidate protein, PDZ-RhoGEF (PRG), despite more than 85% sequence identity between the G proteins. We also demonstrated in primary human neutrophils that active Gαi likely regulated the polarization of phosphorylated myosin light chain, a process critical for migration, through the activation of PRG. The identification and characterization of new targets directly or indirectly regulated by Gαi will aid in the investigation of the functional roles of Gαi-coupled GPCRs in multiple biological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naincy R Chandan
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Saji Abraham
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Shuvasree SenGupta
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Carole A Parent
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.,Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.,Rogel Cancer Center Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.,Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Alan V Smrcka
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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10
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Riera-Tur I, Schäfer T, Hornburg D, Mishra A, da Silva Padilha M, Fernández-Mosquera L, Feigenbutz D, Auer P, Mann M, Baumeister W, Klein R, Meissner F, Raimundo N, Fernández-Busnadiego R, Dudanova I. Amyloid-like aggregating proteins cause lysosomal defects in neurons via gain-of-function toxicity. Life Sci Alliance 2021; 5:5/3/e202101185. [PMID: 34933920 PMCID: PMC8711852 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202101185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Revised: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Using cryo-ET, cell biology, and proteomics, this study shows that aggregating proteins impair the autophagy-lysosomal pathway in neurons by sequestering a subunit of the AP-3 adaptor complex. The autophagy-lysosomal pathway is impaired in many neurodegenerative diseases characterized by protein aggregation, but the link between aggregation and lysosomal dysfunction remains poorly understood. Here, we combine cryo-electron tomography, proteomics, and cell biology studies to investigate the effects of protein aggregates in primary neurons. We use artificial amyloid-like β-sheet proteins (β proteins) to focus on the gain-of-function aspect of aggregation. These proteins form fibrillar aggregates and cause neurotoxicity. We show that late stages of autophagy are impaired by the aggregates, resulting in lysosomal alterations reminiscent of lysosomal storage disorders. Mechanistically, β proteins interact with and sequester AP-3 μ1, a subunit of the AP-3 adaptor complex involved in protein trafficking to lysosomal organelles. This leads to destabilization of the AP-3 complex, missorting of AP-3 cargo, and lysosomal defects. Restoring AP-3μ1 expression ameliorates neurotoxicity caused by β proteins. Altogether, our results highlight the link between protein aggregation, lysosomal impairments, and neurotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Riera-Tur
- Department of Molecules-Signaling-Development, Max Planck Institute of Neurobiology, Martinsried, Germany.,Molecular Neurodegeneration Group, Max Planck Institute of Neurobiology, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Tillman Schäfer
- Department of Molecular Structural Biology, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Daniel Hornburg
- Department of Proteomics and Signal Transduction, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany.,Experimental Systems Immunology Group, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Archana Mishra
- Department of Molecules-Signaling-Development, Max Planck Institute of Neurobiology, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Miguel da Silva Padilha
- Department of Molecules-Signaling-Development, Max Planck Institute of Neurobiology, Martinsried, Germany.,Molecular Neurodegeneration Group, Max Planck Institute of Neurobiology, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Lorena Fernández-Mosquera
- The William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Dennis Feigenbutz
- Department of Molecules-Signaling-Development, Max Planck Institute of Neurobiology, Martinsried, Germany.,Molecular Neurodegeneration Group, Max Planck Institute of Neurobiology, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Patrick Auer
- Department of Molecules-Signaling-Development, Max Planck Institute of Neurobiology, Martinsried, Germany.,Molecular Neurodegeneration Group, Max Planck Institute of Neurobiology, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Matthias Mann
- Department of Proteomics and Signal Transduction, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Baumeister
- Department of Molecular Structural Biology, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Rüdiger Klein
- Department of Molecules-Signaling-Development, Max Planck Institute of Neurobiology, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Felix Meissner
- Experimental Systems Immunology Group, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany.,Department of Systems Immunology and Proteomics, Institute of Innate Immunity, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Nuno Raimundo
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Rubén Fernández-Busnadiego
- Department of Molecular Structural Biology, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany .,Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany.,Cluster of Excellence "Multiscale Bioimaging: from Molecular Machines to Networks of Excitable Cells" (MBExC), University of Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Irina Dudanova
- Department of Molecules-Signaling-Development, Max Planck Institute of Neurobiology, Martinsried, Germany .,Molecular Neurodegeneration Group, Max Planck Institute of Neurobiology, Martinsried, Germany
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11
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Okada T, Nishida S, Zhang L, Ibrahim Mohamed NN, Wang T, Ijuin T, Kajimoto T, Nakamura SI. Constitutive activation of S1P receptors at the trans-Golgi network is required for surface transport carrier formation. iScience 2021; 24:103351. [PMID: 34805799 PMCID: PMC8590068 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.103351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The importance of the G-protein βγ subunits in the regulation of cargo transport from the trans-Golgi network (TGN) to the plasma membrane (PM) is well accepted; however, the molecular mechanism underlying the G-protein activation at the TGN remains unclear. We show here that sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) receptors at the PM were trafficked to the TGN in response to a surface transport cargo, temperature-sensitive vesicular stomatitis virus glycoprotein tagged with green fluorescent protein accumulation in the Golgi. The receptor internalization occurred in an S1P-independent manner but required phosphorylation by G-protein receptor kinase 2 and β-arrestin association before internalization. Continuously activated S1P receptors in a manner dependent on S1P at the TGN kept transmitting G-protein signals including the βγ subunits supply necessary for transport carrier formation at the TGN destined for the PM. S1P receptors traffic from the PM to Golgi in a surface cargo-dependent manner S1PR trafficking follows GRK2-dependent phosphorylation and β-arrestin binding S1PRs at the Golgi are continuously activated by S1P while sending G-protein signals S1PR/Gβγ signals at the Golgi are indispensable for surface transport carrier formation
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Affiliation(s)
- Taro Okada
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe 650-0017, Japan
| | - Susumu Nishida
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe 650-0017, Japan
| | - Lifang Zhang
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe 650-0017, Japan
| | - Nesma Nabil Ibrahim Mohamed
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe 650-0017, Japan.,Department of Agricultural Biochemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Tianyou Wang
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe 650-0017, Japan
| | - Takeshi Ijuin
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe 650-0017, Japan
| | - Taketoshi Kajimoto
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe 650-0017, Japan
| | - Shun-Ichi Nakamura
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe 650-0017, Japan
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12
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Reynoso S, Castillo V, Katkar GD, Lopez-Sanchez I, Taheri S, Espinoza C, Rohena C, Sahoo D, Gagneux P, Ghosh P. GIV/Girdin, a non-receptor modulator for Gαi/s, regulates spatiotemporal signaling during sperm capacitation and is required for male fertility. eLife 2021; 10:69160. [PMID: 34409938 PMCID: PMC8376251 DOI: 10.7554/elife.69160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
For a sperm to successfully fertilize an egg, it must first undergo capacitation in the female reproductive tract and later undergo acrosomal reaction (AR) upon encountering an egg surrounded by its vestment. How premature AR is avoided despite rapid surges in signaling cascades during capacitation remains unknown. Using a combination of conditional knockout (cKO) mice and cell-penetrating peptides, we show that GIV (CCDC88A), a guanine nucleotide-exchange modulator (GEM) for trimeric GTPases, is highly expressed in spermatocytes and is required for male fertility. GIV is rapidly phosphoregulated on key tyrosine and serine residues in human and murine spermatozoa. These phosphomodifications enable GIV-GEM to orchestrate two distinct compartmentalized signaling programs in the sperm tail and head; in the tail, GIV enhances PI3K→Akt signals, sperm motility and survival, whereas in the head it inhibits cAMP surge and premature AR. Furthermore, GIV transcripts are downregulated in the testis and semen of infertile men. These findings exemplify the spatiotemporally segregated signaling programs that support sperm capacitation and shed light on a hitherto unforeseen cause of infertility in men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sequoyah Reynoso
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, United States
| | - Vanessa Castillo
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, United States
| | - Gajanan Dattatray Katkar
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, United States
| | - Inmaculada Lopez-Sanchez
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, United States
| | - Sahar Taheri
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Jacob's School of Engineering, University of California San Diego, San Diego, United States
| | - Celia Espinoza
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, United States
| | - Cristina Rohena
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, United States
| | - Debashis Sahoo
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Jacob's School of Engineering, University of California San Diego, San Diego, United States.,Moore's Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, San Diego, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, United States
| | - Pascal Gagneux
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, United States
| | - Pradipta Ghosh
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, United States.,Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, United States.,Moore's Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, San Diego, United States.,Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Washington DC, United States
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13
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Ear J, Abd El-Hafeez AA, Roy S, Ngo T, Rajapakse N, Choi J, Khandelwal S, Ghassemian M, McCaffrey L, Kufareva I, Sahoo D, Ghosh P. A long isoform of GIV/Girdin contains a PDZ-binding module that regulates localization and G-protein binding. J Biol Chem 2021; 296:100493. [PMID: 33675748 PMCID: PMC8042451 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.100493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
PDZ domains are one of the most abundant protein domains in eukaryotes and are frequently found on junction-localized scaffold proteins. Various signaling molecules bind to PDZ proteins via PDZ-binding motifs (PBM) and fine-tune cellular signaling. However, how such interaction affects protein function is difficult to predict and must be solved empirically. Here we describe a long isoform of the guanine nucleotide exchange factor GIV/Girdin (CCDC88A) that we named GIV-L, which is conserved throughout evolution, from invertebrates to vertebrates, and contains a PBM. Unlike GIV, which lacks PBM and is cytosolic, GIV-L localizes onto cell junctions and has a PDZ interactome (as shown through annotating Human Cell Map and BioID-proximity labeling studies), which impacts GIV-L's ability to bind and activate trimeric G-protein, Gαi, through its guanine-nucleotide exchange modulator (GEM) module. This GEM module is found exclusively in vertebrates. We propose that the two functional modules in GIV may have evolved sequentially: the ability to bind PDZ proteins via the PBM evolved earlier in invertebrates, whereas G-protein binding and activation may have evolved later only among vertebrates. Phenotypic studies in Caco-2 cells revealed that GIV and GIV-L may have antagonistic effects on cell growth, proliferation (cell cycle), and survival. Immunohistochemical analysis in human colon tissues showed that GIV expression increases with a concomitant decrease in GIV-L during cancer initiation. Taken together, these findings reveal how regulation in GIV/CCDC88A transcript helps to achieve protein modularity, which allows the protein to play opposing roles either as a tumor suppressor (GIV-L) or as an oncogene (GIV).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Ear
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA; Biological Sciences Department, California State Polytechnic University, Pomona, California, USA.
| | - Amer Ali Abd El-Hafeez
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA; Pharmacology and Experimental Oncology Unit, Cancer Biology Department, National Cancer Institute, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Suchismita Roy
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Tony Ngo
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Navin Rajapakse
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Julie Choi
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Soni Khandelwal
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Majid Ghassemian
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Luke McCaffrey
- Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Canada; Gerald Bronfman Department of Oncology, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Irina Kufareva
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Debashis Sahoo
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Pradipta Ghosh
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA; Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA; Rebecca and John Moore Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA; Veterans Affairs Medical Center, La Jolla, California, USA.
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14
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Receptor tyrosine kinases activate heterotrimeric G proteins via phosphorylation within the interdomain cleft of Gαi. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:28763-28774. [PMID: 33139573 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2004699117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The molecular mechanisms by which receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) and heterotrimeric G proteins, two major signaling hubs in eukaryotes, independently relay signals across the plasma membrane have been extensively characterized. How these hubs cross-talk has been a long-standing question, but answers remain elusive. Using linear ion-trap mass spectrometry in combination with biochemical, cellular, and computational approaches, we unravel a mechanism of activation of heterotrimeric G proteins by RTKs and chart the key steps that mediate such activation. Upon growth factor stimulation, the guanine-nucleotide exchange modulator dissociates Gαi•βγ trimers, scaffolds monomeric Gαi with RTKs, and facilitates the phosphorylation on two tyrosines located within the interdomain cleft of Gαi. Phosphorylation triggers the activation of Gαi and inhibits second messengers (cAMP). Tumor-associated mutants reveal how constitutive activation of this pathway impacts cell's decision to "go" vs. "grow." These insights define a tyrosine-based G protein signaling paradigm and reveal its importance in eukaryotes.
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15
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Ear J, Ali Abd El-hafeez A, Roy S, Ngo T, Rajapakse N, Choi J, Khandelwal S, Ghassemian M, Mccaffrey L, Kufareva I, Sahoo D, Ghosh P. Evolution of Modularity, Interactome and Functions of GIV/Girdin (CCDC88A) from Invertebrates to Vertebrates.. [DOI: 10.1101/2020.09.28.317172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
AbstractPDZ domains are one of the most abundant protein domains in eukaryotes and frequently found on junction-localized scaffold proteins. Various signaling molecules bind to PDZ proteins via PDZ-binding motifs (PBM) and finetune cellular signaling. Here we describe the presence of a PBM on GIV/Girdin (CCDC88A) that is conserved throughout evolution, from invertebrates to vertebrates, and is generated as a long isoform-variant in humans, which we named GIV-L. Unlike GIV, which lacks PBM and is cytosolic, GIV-L localizes to the cell junctions, and has a unique PDZ-interactome, which impacts GIV-L’s ability to bind and activate trimeric G-protein, Gi through its guanine-nucleotide exchange modulator (GEM) module; the GEM module is found exclusively in vertebrates. Thus, the two functional modules in GIV evolved sequentially: the ability to bind PDZ proteins via the PBM evolved earlier in invertebrates, whereas G-protein binding and activation may have evolved later only among vertebrates. Phenotypic studies in Caco-2 cells revealed that GIV and GIV-L may have antagonistic effects on cell growth, proliferation (cell cycle), and survival. Immunohistochemical analyses in human colon tissues showed that GIV expression increases with a concomitant decrease in GIV-L during cancer initiation. Taken together, these findings reveal how GIV/CCDC88A in humans displays evolutionary flexibility in modularity, which allows the resultant isoforms to play opposing roles either as a tumor suppressor (GIV-L) or as an oncogene (GIV).
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16
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Chen C, Enomoto A, Weng L, Taki T, Shiraki Y, Mii S, Ichihara R, Kanda M, Koike M, Kodera Y, Takahashi M. Complex roles of the actin-binding protein Girdin/GIV in DNA damage-induced apoptosis of cancer cells. Cancer Sci 2020; 111:4303-4317. [PMID: 32875699 PMCID: PMC7648047 DOI: 10.1111/cas.14637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Revised: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The actin‐binding protein Girdin is a hub protein that interacts with multiple proteins to regulate motility and Akt and trimeric G protein signaling in cancer cells. Girdin expression correlates with poor outcomes in multiple human cancers. However, those findings are not universal, as they depend on study conditions. Those data suggest that multiple aspects of Girdin function and its role in tumor cell responses to anticancer therapeutics must be reconsidered. In the present study, we found that Girdin is involved in DNA damage‐induced cancer cell apoptosis. An esophageal cancer cell line that exhibited high Girdin expression showed a marked sensitivity to UV‐mediated DNA damage compared to a line with low Girdin expression. When transcriptional activation of endogenous Girdin was mediated by an engineered CRISPR/Cas9 activation system, sensitivity to DNA damage increased in both stationary and migrating HeLa cancer cells. High Girdin expression was associated with dysregulated cell cycle progression and prolonged G1 and M phases. These features were accompanied by p53 activation, which conceivably increases cancer cell vulnerability to UV exposure. These data highlight the importance of understanding complex Girdin functions that influence cancer cell sensitivity to therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Chen
- Department of Pathology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Atsushi Enomoto
- Department of Pathology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Liang Weng
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Key Laboratory of Molecular Radiation Oncology Hunan Province, Changsha, China
| | - Tetsuro Taki
- Department of Pathology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yukihiro Shiraki
- Department of Pathology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Shinji Mii
- Department of Pathology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Ichihara
- Department of Pathology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Mitsuro Kanda
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery (Surgery II), Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Masahiko Koike
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery (Surgery II), Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Kodera
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery (Surgery II), Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Masahide Takahashi
- Department of Pathology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan.,International Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Japan
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17
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Bastin G, Dissanayake K, Langburt D, Tam ALC, Lee SH, Lachhar K, Heximer SP. RGS4 controls Gαi3-mediated regulation of Bcl-2 phosphorylation on TGN38-containing intracellular membranes. J Cell Sci 2020; 133:jcs241034. [PMID: 32501280 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.241034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 08/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Intracellular pools of the heterotrimeric G-protein α-subunit Gαi3 (encoded by GNAI3) have been shown to promote growth factor signaling, while at the same time inhibiting the activation of JNK and autophagic signaling following nutrient starvation. The precise molecular mechanisms linking Gαi3 to both stress and growth factor signaling remain poorly understood. Importantly, JNK-mediated phosphorylation of Bcl-2 was previously found to activate autophagic signaling following nutrient deprivation. Our data shows that activated Gαi3 decreases Bcl-2 phosphorylation, whereas inhibitors of Gαi3, such as RGS4 and AGS3 (also known as GPSM1), markedly increase the levels of phosphorylated Bcl-2. Manipulation of the palmitoylation status and intracellular localization of RGS4 suggests that Gαi3 modulates phosphorylated Bcl-2 levels and autophagic signaling from discreet TGN38 (also known as TGOLN2)-labeled vesicle pools. Consistent with an important role for these molecules in normal tissue responses to nutrient deprivation, increased Gαi signaling within nutrient-starved adrenal glands from RGS4-knockout mice resulted in a dramatic abrogation of autophagic flux, compared to wild-type tissues. Together, these data suggest that the activity of Gαi3 and RGS4 from discreet TGN38-labeled vesicle pools are critical regulators of autophagic signaling that act via their ability to modulate phosphorylation of Bcl-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Bastin
- Ted Rogers Centre for Heart Research, Translational Biology and Engineering Program, 661 University Ave. 14th Floor, Toronto, ON, M5G 1M1, Canada
- Heart and Stroke/Richard Lewar Centre of Excellence in Cardiovascular Research, Room 303, C. David Naylor Building, 6 Queen's Park Crescent West, Toronto, ON, M5S 3H2, Canada
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, ON, M5S1A8, Canada
| | - Kaveesh Dissanayake
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, ON, M5S1A8, Canada
| | - Dylan Langburt
- Ted Rogers Centre for Heart Research, Translational Biology and Engineering Program, 661 University Ave. 14th Floor, Toronto, ON, M5G 1M1, Canada
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, ON, M5S1A8, Canada
| | - Alex L C Tam
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, ON, M5S1A8, Canada
| | - Shin-Haw Lee
- Ted Rogers Centre for Heart Research, Translational Biology and Engineering Program, 661 University Ave. 14th Floor, Toronto, ON, M5G 1M1, Canada
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, ON, M5S1A8, Canada
| | - Karanjit Lachhar
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, ON, M5S1A8, Canada
| | - Scott P Heximer
- Ted Rogers Centre for Heart Research, Translational Biology and Engineering Program, 661 University Ave. 14th Floor, Toronto, ON, M5G 1M1, Canada
- Heart and Stroke/Richard Lewar Centre of Excellence in Cardiovascular Research, Room 303, C. David Naylor Building, 6 Queen's Park Crescent West, Toronto, ON, M5S 3H2, Canada
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, ON, M5S1A8, Canada
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18
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Humphries BA, Wang Z, Yang C. MicroRNA Regulation of the Small Rho GTPase Regulators-Complexities and Opportunities in Targeting Cancer Metastasis. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:E1092. [PMID: 32353968 PMCID: PMC7281527 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12051092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Revised: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The small Rho GTPases regulate important cellular processes that affect cancer metastasis, such as cell survival and proliferation, actin dynamics, adhesion, migration, invasion and transcriptional activation. The Rho GTPases function as molecular switches cycling between an active GTP-bound and inactive guanosine diphosphate (GDP)-bound conformation. It is known that Rho GTPase activities are mainly regulated by guanine nucleotide exchange factors (RhoGEFs), GTPase-activating proteins (RhoGAPs), GDP dissociation inhibitors (RhoGDIs) and guanine nucleotide exchange modifiers (GEMs). These Rho GTPase regulators are often dysregulated in cancer; however, the underlying mechanisms are not well understood. MicroRNAs (miRNAs), a large family of small non-coding RNAs that negatively regulate protein-coding gene expression, have been shown to play important roles in cancer metastasis. Recent studies showed that miRNAs are capable of directly targeting RhoGAPs, RhoGEFs, and RhoGDIs, and regulate the activities of Rho GTPases. This not only provides new evidence for the critical role of miRNA dysregulation in cancer metastasis, it also reveals novel mechanisms for Rho GTPase regulation. This review summarizes recent exciting findings showing that miRNAs play important roles in regulating Rho GTPase regulators (RhoGEFs, RhoGAPs, RhoGDIs), thus affecting Rho GTPase activities and cancer metastasis. The potential opportunities and challenges for targeting miRNAs and Rho GTPase regulators in treating cancer metastasis are also discussed. A comprehensive list of the currently validated miRNA-targeting of small Rho GTPase regulators is presented as a reference resource.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brock A. Humphries
- Center for Molecular Imaging, Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Zhishan Wang
- Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, 1095 V A Drive, Lexington, KY 40536, USA;
| | - Chengfeng Yang
- Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, 1095 V A Drive, Lexington, KY 40536, USA;
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19
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Getz M, Rangamani P, Ghosh P. Regulating cellular cyclic adenosine monophosphate: "Sources," "sinks," and now, "tunable valves". WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-SYSTEMS BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2020; 12:e1490. [PMID: 32323924 DOI: 10.1002/wsbm.1490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2019] [Revised: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
A number of hormones and growth factors stimulate target cells via the second messenger pathways, which in turn regulate cellular phenotypes. Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) is a ubiquitous second messenger that facilitates numerous signal transduction pathways; its production in cells is tightly balanced by ligand-stimulated receptors that activate adenylate cyclases (ACs), that is, "source" and by phosphodiesterases (PDEs) that hydrolyze it, that is, "sinks." Because it regulates various cellular functions, including cell growth and differentiation, gene transcription and protein expression, the cAMP signaling pathway has been exploited for the treatment of numerous human diseases. Reduction in cAMP is achieved by blocking "sources"; however, elevation in cAMP is achieved by either stimulating "source" or blocking "sinks." Here we discuss an alternative paradigm for the regulation of cellular cAMP via GIV/Girdin, the prototypical member of a family of modulators of trimeric GTPases, Guanine nucleotide Exchange Modulators (GEMs). Cells upregulate or downregulate cellular levels of GIV-GEM, which modulates cellular cAMP via spatiotemporal mechanisms distinct from the two most often targeted classes of cAMP modulators, "sources" and "sinks." A network-based compartmental model for the paradigm of GEM-facilitated cAMP signaling has recently revealed that GEMs such as GIV serve much like a "tunable valve" that cells may employ to finetune cellular levels of cAMP. Because dysregulated signaling via GIV and other GEMs has been implicated in multiple disease states, GEMs constitute a hitherto untapped class of targets that could be exploited for modulating aberrant cAMP signaling in disease states. This article is categorized under: Models of Systems Properties and Processes > Mechanistic Models Biological Mechanisms > Cell Signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Getz
- Chemical Engineering Graduate Program, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Padmini Rangamani
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Pradipta Ghosh
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
- Moores Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
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20
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Ghosh P, Swanson L, Sayed IM, Mittal Y, Lim BB, Ibeawuchi SR, Foretz M, Viollet B, Sahoo D, Das S. The stress polarity signaling (SPS) pathway serves as a marker and a target in the leaky gut barrier: implications in aging and cancer. Life Sci Alliance 2020; 3:e201900481. [PMID: 32041849 PMCID: PMC7012149 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.201900481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Revised: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The gut barrier separates trillions of microbes from the largest immune system in the body; when compromised, a "leaky" gut barrier fuels systemic inflammation, which hastens the progression of chronic diseases. Strategies to detect and repair the leaky gut barrier remain urgent and unmet needs. Recently, a stress-polarity signaling (SPS) pathway has been described in which the metabolic sensor, AMP-kinase acts via its effector, GIV (also known as Girdin) to augment epithelial polarity exclusively under energetic stress and suppresses tumor formation. Using murine and human colon-derived organoids, and enteroid-derived monolayers (EDMs) that are exposed to stressors, we reveal that the SPS-pathway is active in the intestinal epithelium and requires a catalytically active AMP-kinase. Its pharmacologic augmentation resists stress-induced collapse of the epithelium when challenged with microbes or microbial products. In addition, the SPS-pathway is suppressed in the aging gut, and its reactivation in enteroid-derived monolayers reverses aging-associated inflammation and loss of barrier function. It is also silenced during progression of colorectal cancers. These findings reveal the importance of the SPS-pathway in the gut and highlights its therapeutic potential for treating gut barrier dysfunction in aging, cancer, and dysbiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pradipta Ghosh
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Moores Cancer Center at UC San Diego Health, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Lee Swanson
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Ibrahim M Sayed
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Microbiology and Immunology Department, Assiut University, Asyut, Egypt
| | - Yash Mittal
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Blaze B Lim
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | | | - Marc Foretz
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (French Institute of Health and Medical Research) (INSERM) U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (National Center for Scientific Research) (CNRS) United for Medical Research (UMR) 8104, Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Benoit Viollet
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (French Institute of Health and Medical Research) (INSERM) U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (National Center for Scientific Research) (CNRS) United for Medical Research (UMR) 8104, Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Debashis Sahoo
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Jacob's School of Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Soumita Das
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
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21
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Limso C, Ngo JM, Nguyen P, Leal S, Husain A, Sahoo D, Ghosh P, Bhandari D. The Gα-interacting vesicle-associated protein interacts with and promotes cell surface localization of GRP78 during endoplasmic reticulum stress. FEBS Lett 2019; 594:1088-1100. [PMID: 31736058 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.13685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2019] [Revised: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Cell surface translocation of the chaperone glucose-regulated protein 78 kDa (GRP78) is a key event that promotes cancer cell survival during endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. Here, we identify Gα-interacting vesicle-associated protein (GIV) - an enhancer of prosurvival signaling during ER stress - as a binding partner of GRP78. We show that GIV and GRP78 interact in an ER stress-dependent manner through their respective carboxyl terminal domains and that GIV aids in the localization of GRP78 to the plasma membrane. Kaplan-Meier analysis of disease-free survival in cancer patients shows poor prognosis for patients with high expression of both GIV and GRP78, further suggesting a vital role for these two proteins in enhancing cancer cell viability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clariss Limso
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California State University Long Beach, CA, USA
| | - Jordan Matthew Ngo
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California State University Long Beach, CA, USA
| | - Peter Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California State University Long Beach, CA, USA
| | - Stephanie Leal
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California State University Long Beach, CA, USA
| | - Aida Husain
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California State University Long Beach, CA, USA
| | - Debashis Sahoo
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Pradipta Ghosh
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.,Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Deepali Bhandari
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California State University Long Beach, CA, USA
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22
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Wang X, Enomoto A, Weng L, Mizutani Y, Abudureyimu S, Esaki N, Tsuyuki Y, Chen C, Mii S, Asai N, Haga H, Ishida S, Yokota K, Akiyama M, Takahashi M. Girdin/GIV regulates collective cancer cell migration by controlling cell adhesion and cytoskeletal organization. Cancer Sci 2018; 109:3643-3656. [PMID: 30194792 PMCID: PMC6215880 DOI: 10.1111/cas.13795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2018] [Revised: 09/03/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathological observations show that cancer cells frequently invade the surrounding stroma in collective groups rather than through single cell migration. Here, we studied the role of the actin-binding protein Girdin, a specific regulator of collective migration of neuroblasts in the brain, in collective cancer cell migration. We found that Girdin was essential for the collective migration of the skin cancer cell line A431 on collagen gels as well as their fibroblast-led collective invasion in an organotypic culture model. We provide evidence that Girdin binds to β-catenin that plays important roles in the Wnt signaling pathway and in E-cadherin-mediated cell-cell adhesion. Girdin-depleted cells displayed scattering and impaired E-cadherin-specific cell-cell adhesion. Importantly, Girdin depletion led to impaired cytoskeletal association of the β-catenin complex, which was accompanied by changes in the supracellular actin cytoskeletal organization of cancer cell cohorts on collagen gels. Although the underlying mechanism is unclear, this observation is consistent with the established role of the actin cytoskeletal system and cell-cell adhesion in the collective behavior of cells. Finally, we showed the correlation of the expression of Girdin with that of the components of the E-cadherin complex and the differentiation of human skin cancer. Collectively, our results suggest that Girdin is an important modulator of the collective behavior of cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoze Wang
- Department of PathologyNagoya University Graduate School of MedicineNagoyaJapan
| | - Atsushi Enomoto
- Department of PathologyNagoya University Graduate School of MedicineNagoyaJapan
| | - Liang Weng
- Department of PathologyNagoya University Graduate School of MedicineNagoyaJapan
| | - Yasuyuki Mizutani
- Department of PathologyNagoya University Graduate School of MedicineNagoyaJapan
| | - Shaniya Abudureyimu
- Department of PathologyNagoya University Graduate School of MedicineNagoyaJapan
| | - Nobutoshi Esaki
- Department of PathologyNagoya University Graduate School of MedicineNagoyaJapan
| | - Yuta Tsuyuki
- Department of PathologyNagoya University Graduate School of MedicineNagoyaJapan
| | - Chen Chen
- Department of PathologyNagoya University Graduate School of MedicineNagoyaJapan
| | - Shinji Mii
- Department of PathologyNagoya University Graduate School of MedicineNagoyaJapan
| | - Naoya Asai
- Department of PathologyNagoya University Graduate School of MedicineNagoyaJapan
| | - Hisashi Haga
- Transdisciplinary Life Science CourseFaculty of Advanced Life ScienceHokkaido UniversitySapporoJapan
| | - Sumire Ishida
- Transdisciplinary Life Science CourseFaculty of Advanced Life ScienceHokkaido UniversitySapporoJapan
| | - Kenji Yokota
- Department of DermatologyNagoya University Graduate School of MedicineNagoyaJapan
| | - Masashi Akiyama
- Department of DermatologyNagoya University Graduate School of MedicineNagoyaJapan
| | - Masahide Takahashi
- Department of PathologyNagoya University Graduate School of MedicineNagoyaJapan
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23
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GIV/Girdin promotes cell survival during endoplasmic reticulum stress. Mol Cell Biochem 2018; 453:79-88. [PMID: 30145643 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-018-3433-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress is a form of cellular stress that is experienced by cells both under normal physiological conditions such as in professional secretory cells and disease states such as cancer, diabetes, and neurodegeneration. Upon facing ER stress, cells activate a conserved signaling pathway called the unfolded protein response (UPR) to restore normal function by halting general protein translation, upregulating expression of chaperones, and promoting ER-associated degradation. However, if the stress is overwhelming and cells are not able to recover within a reasonable time frame, the UPR ultimately commits cells to programmed cell death. How cells make this life-or-death decision remains an exciting yet poorly understood phenomenon. Here, we show that Gα-interacting vesicle-associated protein (GIV) aka Girdin plays an important role in promoting cell survival during ER stress. Cells lacking GIV are impaired in activating the pro-survival Akt pathway upon induction of ER stress. These cells also show enhanced levels of the pro-apoptotic transcription factor, CCAAT/enhancer binding protein homologous protein (CHOP) as compared to control cells. Due to decreased pro-survival signals and a concomitant increase in pro-apoptotic signals, GIV-depleted cells show a significant reduction in cell survival upon prolonged ER stress which can be rescued by re-expression of GIV or by directly activating Akt in these cells. Together, this study shows a novel, cytoprotective role for GIV in ER-stressed cells and furthers our understanding of the mechanisms that contribute to cell survival during ER stress.
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24
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Senarath K, Kankanamge D, Samaradivakara S, Ratnayake K, Tennakoon M, Karunarathne A. Regulation of G Protein βγ Signaling. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2018; 339:133-191. [PMID: 29776603 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2018.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Heterotrimeric guanine nucleotide-binding proteins (G proteins) deliver external signals to the cell interior, upon activation by the external signal stimulated G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs).While the activated GPCRs control several pathways independently, activated G proteins control the vast majority of cellular and physiological functions, ranging from vision to cardiovascular homeostasis. Activated GPCRs dissociate GαGDPβγ heterotrimer into GαGTP and free Gβγ. Earlier, GαGTP was recognized as the primary signal transducer of the pathway and Gβγ as a passive signaling modality that facilitates the activity of Gα. However, Gβγ later found to regulate more number of pathways than GαGTP does. Once liberated from the heterotrimer, free Gβγ interacts and activates a diverse range of signaling regulators including kinases, lipases, GTPases, and ion channels, and it does not require any posttranslation modifications. Gβγ family consists of 48 members, which show cell- and tissue-specific expressions, and recent reports show that cells employ the subtype diversity in Gβγ to achieve desired signaling outcomes. In addition to activated GPCRs, which induce free Gβγ generation and the rate of GTP hydrolysis in Gα, which sequester Gβγ in the heterotrimer, terminating Gβγ signaling, additional regulatory mechanisms exist to regulate Gβγ activity. In this chapter, we discuss structure and function, subtype diversity and its significance in signaling regulation, effector activation, regulatory mechanisms as well as the disease relevance of Gβγ in eukaryotes.
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25
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Specific inhibition of GPCR-independent G protein signaling by a rationally engineered protein. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:E10319-E10328. [PMID: 29133411 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1707992114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Activation of heterotrimeric G proteins by cytoplasmic nonreceptor proteins is an alternative to the classical mechanism via G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). A subset of nonreceptor G protein activators is characterized by a conserved sequence named the Gα-binding and activating (GBA) motif, which confers guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) activity in vitro and promotes G protein-dependent signaling in cells. GBA proteins have important roles in physiology and disease but remain greatly understudied. This is due, in part, to the lack of efficient tools that specifically disrupt GBA motif function in the context of the large multifunctional proteins in which they are embedded. This hindrance to the study of alternative mechanisms of G protein activation contrasts with the wealth of convenient chemical and genetic tools to manipulate GPCR-dependent activation. Here, we describe the rational design and implementation of a genetically encoded protein that specifically inhibits GBA motifs: GBA inhibitor (GBAi). GBAi was engineered by introducing modifications in Gαi that preclude coupling to every known major binding partner [GPCRs, Gβγ, effectors, guanine nucleotide dissociation inhibitors (GDIs), GTPase-activating proteins (GAPs), or the chaperone/GEF Ric-8A], while favoring high-affinity binding to all known GBA motifs. We demonstrate that GBAi does not interfere with canonical GPCR-G protein signaling but blocks GBA-dependent signaling in cancer cells. Furthermore, by implementing GBAi in vivo, we show that GBA-dependent signaling modulates phenotypes during Xenopus laevis embryonic development. In summary, GBAi is a selective, efficient, and convenient tool to dissect the biological processes controlled by a GPCR-independent mechanism of G protein activation mediated by cytoplasmic factors.
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26
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CCDC88B is required for pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease. Nat Commun 2017; 8:932. [PMID: 29030607 PMCID: PMC5640600 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-01381-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2016] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) involves interaction between host genetic factors and environmental triggers. CCDC88B maps within one IBD risk locus on human chromosome 11q13. Here we show that CCDC88B protein increases in the colon during intestinal injury, concomitant with an influx of CCDC88B+lymphoid and myeloid cells. Loss of Ccdc88b protects against DSS-induced colitis, with fewer pathological lesions and reduced intestinal inflammation in Ccdc88b-deficient mice. In a T cell transfer model of colitis, Ccdc88b mutant CD4+ T cells do not induce colitis in immunocompromised hosts. Expression of human CCDC88B RNA and protein is higher in IBD patient colons than in control colon tissue. In human CD14+ myeloid cells, CCDC88B is regulated by cis-acting variants. In a cohort of patients with Crohn's disease, CCDC88B expression correlates positively with disease risk. These findings suggest that CCDC88B has a critical function in colon inflammation and the pathogenesis of IBD.Hook-related protein family member CCDC88b is encoded by a locus that has been associated with inflammatory bowel disease. Here the authors show that Ccdc88b inactivation in T cells prevents colitis in a transfer model, and detect high colonic levels of CCDC88b in patients with Crohn disease or ulcerative colitis, identifying that expression correlates with disease risk.
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27
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Aznar N, Sun N, Dunkel Y, Ear J, Buschman MD, Ghosh P. A Daple-Akt feed-forward loop enhances noncanonical Wnt signals by compartmentalizing β-catenin. Mol Biol Cell 2017; 28:3709-3723. [PMID: 29021338 PMCID: PMC5706997 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e17-06-0405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2017] [Revised: 08/04/2017] [Accepted: 10/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Balance between canonical and noncanonical Wnt pathways controls the β-catenin transcriptional program; how the noncanonical pathway antagonizes the canonical pathway remains unclear. We show that Daple, an enhancer of noncanonical Wnt signals, accomplishes that goal by dictating the subcellular distribution of β-catenin in cells. Cellular proliferation is antagonistically regulated by canonical and noncanonical Wnt signals; their dysbalance triggers cancers. We previously showed that a multimodular signal transducer, Daple, enhances PI3-K→Akt signals within the noncanonical Wnt signaling pathway and antagonistically inhibits canonical Wnt responses. Here we demonstrate that the PI3-K→Akt pathway serves as a positive feedback loop that further enhances noncanonical Wnt signals by compartmentalizing β-catenin. By phosphorylating the phosphoinositide- (PI) binding domain of Daple, Akt abolishes Daple’s ability to bind PI3-P-enriched endosomes that engage dynein motor complex for long-distance trafficking of β-catenin/E-cadherin complexes to pericentriolar recycling endosomes (PCREs). Phosphorylation compartmentalizes Daple/β-catenin/E-cadherin complexes to cell–cell contact sites, enhances noncanonical Wnt signals, and thereby suppresses colony growth. Dephosphorylation compartmentalizes β-catenin on PCREs, a specialized compartment for prolonged unopposed canonical Wnt signaling, and enhances colony growth. Cancer-associated Daple mutants that are insensitive to Akt mimic a constitutively dephosphorylated state. This work not only identifies Daple as a platform for cross-talk between Akt and the noncanonical Wnt pathway but also reveals the impact of such cross-talk on tumor cell phenotypes that are critical for cancer initiation and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Aznar
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Nina Sun
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Ying Dunkel
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Jason Ear
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Matthew D Buschman
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Pradipta Ghosh
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093 .,Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093.,Moores Cancer Centre, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
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28
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Shioda N, Yabuki Y, Wang Y, Uchigashima M, Hikida T, Sasaoka T, Mori H, Watanabe M, Sasahara M, Fukunaga K. Endocytosis following dopamine D 2 receptor activation is critical for neuronal activity and dendritic spine formation via Rabex-5/PDGFRβ signaling in striatopallidal medium spiny neurons. Mol Psychiatry 2017; 22:1205-1222. [PMID: 27922607 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2016.200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2016] [Revised: 09/28/2016] [Accepted: 10/04/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Aberrant dopamine D2 receptor (D2R) activity is associated with neuropsychiatric disorders, making those receptors targets for antipsychotic drugs. Here, we report that novel signaling through the intracellularly localized D2R long isoform (D2LR) elicits extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) activation and dendritic spine formation through Rabex-5/platelet-derived growth factor receptor-β (PDGFRβ)-mediated endocytosis in mouse striatum. We found that D2LR directly binds to and activates Rabex-5, promoting early-endosome formation. Endosomes containing D2LR and PDGFRβ are then transported to the Golgi apparatus, where those complexes trigger Gαi3-mediated ERK signaling. Loss of intracellular D2LR-mediated ERK activation decreased neuronal activity and dendritic spine density in striatopallidal medium spiny neurons (MSNs). In addition, dendritic spine density in striatopallidal MSNs significantly increased following treatment of striatal slices from wild-type mice with quinpirole, a D2R agonist, but those changes were lacking in D2LR knockout mice. Moreover, intracellular D2LR signaling mediated effects of a typical antipsychotic drug, haloperidol, in inducing catalepsy behavior. Taken together, intracellular D2LR signaling through Rabex-5/PDGFRβ is critical for ERK activation, dendritic spine formation and neuronal activity in striatopallidal MSNs of mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Shioda
- Department of Biofunctional Analysis Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Y Yabuki
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Y Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Beckman Institute, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - M Uchigashima
- Department of Anatomy, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - T Hikida
- Department of Research and Drug Discovery, Medical Innovation Center, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - T Sasaoka
- Department of Comparative and Experimental Medicine, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - H Mori
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - M Watanabe
- Department of Anatomy, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - M Sasahara
- Department of Pathology, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences for Research, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - K Fukunaga
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
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29
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Wang H, Zhang J, Zhang M, Wei L, Chen H, Li Z. A systematic study of Girdin on cell proliferation, migration and angiogenesis in different breast cancer subtypes. Mol Med Rep 2017; 16:3351-3356. [DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.6971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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30
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de Opakua AI, Parag-Sharma K, DiGiacomo V, Merino N, Leyme A, Marivin A, Villate M, Nguyen LT, de la Cruz-Morcillo MA, Blanco-Canosa JB, Ramachandran S, Baillie GS, Cerione RA, Blanco FJ, Garcia-Marcos M. Molecular mechanism of Gαi activation by non-GPCR proteins with a Gα-Binding and Activating motif. Nat Commun 2017; 8:15163. [PMID: 28516903 PMCID: PMC5454376 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms15163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2016] [Accepted: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Heterotrimeric G proteins are quintessential signalling switches activated by nucleotide exchange on Gα. Although activation is predominantly carried out by G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), non-receptor guanine-nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs) have emerged as critical signalling molecules and therapeutic targets. Here we characterize the molecular mechanism of G-protein activation by a family of non-receptor GEFs containing a Gα-binding and -activating (GBA) motif. We combine NMR spectroscopy, computational modelling and biochemistry to map changes in Gα caused by binding of GBA proteins with residue-level resolution. We find that the GBA motif binds to the SwitchII/α3 cleft of Gα and induces changes in the G-1/P-loop and G-2 boxes (involved in phosphate binding), but not in the G-4/G-5 boxes (guanine binding). Our findings reveal that G-protein-binding and activation mechanisms are fundamentally different between GBA proteins and GPCRs, and that GEF-mediated perturbation of nucleotide phosphate binding is sufficient for Gα activation. Nonreceptor guanine-nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs) are emerging as important regulators of heterotrimeric G proteins. Here, the authors present structural and mechanistic insights into how a class of nonreceptor GEFs containing the Ga-Binding and Activating motif interact and modulate G proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kshitij Parag-Sharma
- Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, USA
| | - Vincent DiGiacomo
- Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, USA
| | | | - Anthony Leyme
- Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, USA
| | - Arthur Marivin
- Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, USA
| | | | - Lien T Nguyen
- Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, USA
| | | | - Juan B Blanco-Canosa
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, IRB Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sekar Ramachandran
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
| | - George S Baillie
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, Department of Molecular Pharmacology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Richard A Cerione
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA.,Department of Molecular Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
| | - Francisco J Blanco
- CIC bioGUNE, 48160 Derio, Spain.,IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, 48160 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Mikel Garcia-Marcos
- Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, USA
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Kuga D, Ushida K, Mii S, Enomoto A, Asai N, Nagino M, Takahashi M, Asai M. Tyrosine Phosphorylation of an Actin-Binding Protein Girdin Specifically Marks Tuft Cells in Human and Mouse Gut. J Histochem Cytochem 2017; 65:347-366. [PMID: 28375676 DOI: 10.1369/0022155417702586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Tuft cells (TCs) are minor components of gastrointestinal epithelia, characterized by apical tufts and spool-shaped somas. The lack of reliable TC-markers has hindered the elucidation of its role. We developed site-specific and phosphorylation-status-specific antibodies against Girdin at tyrosine-1798 (pY1798) and found pY1798 immunostaining of mouse jejunum clearly depicted epithelial cells closely resembling TCs. This study aimed to validate pY1798 as a TC-marker. Double-fluorescence staining of intestines was performed with pY1798 and known TC-markers, for example, hematopoietic-prostaglandin-D-synthase (HPGDS), or doublecortin-like kinase 1 (DCLK1). Odds ratios (ORs) were calculated from cell counts to determine whether two markers were attracting (OR<1) or repelling (OR>1). In consequence, pY1798 signals strongly attracted those of known TC-markers. ORs for HPGDS in mouse stomach, small intestine, and colon were 0 for all, and 0.08 for DCLK1 in human small intestine. pY1798-positive cells in jejunum were distinct from other minor epithelial cells, including goblet, Paneth, and neuroendocrine cells. Thus, pY1798 was validated as a TC-marker. Interestingly, apoptosis inducers significantly increased relative TC frequencies despite the absence of proliferation at baseline. In conclusion, pY1798 is a novel TC-marker. Selective tyrosine phosphorylation and possible resistance to apoptosis inducers implied the activation of certain kinase(s) in TCs, which may become a clue to elucidate the enigmatic roles of TCs. .
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Kuga
- Department of Pathology (DK, KU, SM, AE, NA, MT, MA), Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan.,Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery (DK, MN), Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Kaori Ushida
- Department of Pathology (DK, KU, SM, AE, NA, MT, MA), Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Shinji Mii
- Department of Pathology (DK, KU, SM, AE, NA, MT, MA), Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Atsushi Enomoto
- Department of Pathology (DK, KU, SM, AE, NA, MT, MA), Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Naoya Asai
- Department of Pathology (DK, KU, SM, AE, NA, MT, MA), Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan.,Division of Molecular Pathology, Center for Neurological Disease and Cancer (NA, MT), Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Masato Nagino
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery (DK, MN), Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Masahide Takahashi
- Department of Pathology (DK, KU, SM, AE, NA, MT, MA), Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan.,Division of Molecular Pathology, Center for Neurological Disease and Cancer (NA, MT), Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Masato Asai
- Department of Pathology (DK, KU, SM, AE, NA, MT, MA), Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan.,Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes (MA), Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
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32
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Ghosh P, Rangamani P, Kufareva I. The GAPs, GEFs, GDIs and…now, GEMs: New kids on the heterotrimeric G protein signaling block. Cell Cycle 2017; 16:607-612. [PMID: 28287365 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2017.1282584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The canonical process of activation of heterotrimeric G proteins by G protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) is well studied. Recently, a rapidly emerging paradigm has revealed the existence of a new, non-canonical set of cytosolic G protein modulators, guanine exchange modulators (GEMs). Among G proteins regulators, GEMs are uniquely capable of initiating pleiotropic signals: these bifunctional modulators can activate cAMP inhibitory (Gi) proteins and inhibit cAMP-stimulatory (Gs) proteins through a single short evolutionarily conserved module. A prototypical member of the GEM family, GIV/Girdin, integrates signals downstream of a myriad of cell surface receptors, e.g., growth factor RTKs, integrins, cytokine, GPCRs, etc., and translates these signals into G protein activation or inhibition. By their pleiotropic action, GIV and other GEMs modulate several key pathways within downstream signaling network. Unlike canonical G protein signaling that is finite and is triggered directly and exclusively by GPCRs, the temporal and spatial features of non-canonical activation of G protein via GIV-family of cytosolic GEMs are unusually relaxed. GIV uses this relaxed circuitry to integrate, reinforce and compartmentalize signals downstream of both growth factors and G proteins in a way that enables it to orchestrate cellular phenotypes in a sustained manner. Mounting evidence suggests the importance of GIV and other GEMs as disease modulators and their potential to serve as therapeutic targets; however, a lot remains unknown within the layers of the proverbial onion that must be systematically peeled. This perspective summarizes the key concepts of the GEM-dependent G protein signaling paradigm and discusses the multidisciplinary approaches that are likely to revolutionize our understanding of this paradigm from the atomic level to systems biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pradipta Ghosh
- a Departments of Medicine and Cell and Molecular Medicine , University of California at San Diego , La Jolla , CA , USA
| | - Padmini Rangamani
- b Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering , Jacobs School of Engineering, University of California at San Diego , La Jolla , CA , USA
| | - Irina Kufareva
- c Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences , University of California at San Diego , La Jolla , CA , USA
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33
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Ghosh P, Aznar N, Swanson L, Lo IC, Lopez-Sanchez I, Ear J, Rohena C, Kalogriopoulos N, Joosen L, Dunkel Y, Sun N, Nguyen P, Bhandari D. Biochemical, Biophysical and Cellular Techniques to Study the Guanine Nucleotide Exchange Factor, GIV/Girdin. CURRENT PROTOCOLS IN CHEMICAL BIOLOGY 2016; 8:265-298. [PMID: 27925669 PMCID: PMC5154557 DOI: 10.1002/cpch.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Canonical signal transduction via heterotrimeric G proteins is spatiotemporally restricted, i.e., triggered exclusively at the plasma membrane, only by agonist activation of G protein-coupled receptors via a finite process that is terminated within a few hundred milliseconds. Recently, a rapidly emerging paradigm has revealed a noncanonical pathway for activation of heterotrimeric G proteins via the nonreceptor guanidine-nucleotide exchange factor, GIV/Girdin. Biochemical, biophysical, and functional studies evaluating this pathway have unraveled its unique properties and distinctive spatiotemporal features. As in the case of any new pathway/paradigm, these studies first required an in-depth optimization of tools/techniques and protocols, governed by rationale and fundamentals unique to the pathway, and more specifically to the large multimodular GIV protein. Here we provide the most up-to-date overview of protocols that have generated most of what we know today about noncanonical G protein activation by GIV and its relevance in health and disease. © 2016 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pradipta Ghosh
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0651
- Department of Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0651
| | - Nicolas Aznar
- Department of Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0651
| | - Lee Swanson
- Department of Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0651
| | - I-Chung Lo
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0651
| | | | - Jason Ear
- Department of Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0651
| | - Cristina Rohena
- Department of Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0651
| | | | - Linda Joosen
- Department of Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0651
| | - Ying Dunkel
- Department of Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0651
| | - Nina Sun
- Department of Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0651
| | - Peter Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California State University Long Beach, Long Beach, CA 90840-9507
| | - Deepali Bhandari
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California State University Long Beach, Long Beach, CA 90840-9507
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34
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Parag-Sharma K, Leyme A, DiGiacomo V, Marivin A, Broselid S, Garcia-Marcos M. Membrane Recruitment of the Non-receptor Protein GIV/Girdin (Gα-interacting, Vesicle-associated Protein/Girdin) Is Sufficient for Activating Heterotrimeric G Protein Signaling. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:27098-27111. [PMID: 27864364 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.764431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2016] [Revised: 11/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
GIV (aka Girdin) is a guanine nucleotide exchange factor that activates heterotrimeric G protein signaling downstream of RTKs and integrins, thereby serving as a platform for signaling cascade cross-talk. GIV is recruited to the cytoplasmic tail of receptors upon stimulation, but the mechanism of activation of its G protein regulatory function is not well understood. Here we used assays in humanized yeast models and G protein activity biosensors in mammalian cells to investigate the role of GIV subcellular compartmentalization in regulating its ability to promote G protein signaling. We found that in unstimulated cells GIV does not co-fractionate with its substrate G protein Gαi3 on cell membranes and that constitutive membrane anchoring of GIV in yeast cells or rapid membrane translocation in mammalian cells via chemically induced dimerization leads to robust G protein activation. We show that membrane recruitment of the GIV "Gα binding and activating" motif alone is sufficient for G protein activation and that it does not require phosphomodification. Furthermore, we engineered a synthetic protein to show that recruitment of the GIV "Gα binding and activating" motif to membranes via association with active RTKs, instead of via chemically induced dimerization, is also sufficient for G protein activation. These results reveal that recruitment of GIV to membranes in close proximity to its substrate G protein is a major mechanism responsible for the activation of its G protein regulatory function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kshitij Parag-Sharma
- From the Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02118
| | - Anthony Leyme
- From the Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02118
| | - Vincent DiGiacomo
- From the Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02118
| | - Arthur Marivin
- From the Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02118
| | - Stefan Broselid
- From the Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02118
| | - Mikel Garcia-Marcos
- From the Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02118
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35
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Aznar N, Patel A, Rohena CC, Dunkel Y, Joosen LP, Taupin V, Kufareva I, Farquhar MG, Ghosh P. AMP-activated protein kinase fortifies epithelial tight junctions during energetic stress via its effector GIV/Girdin. eLife 2016; 5. [PMID: 27813479 PMCID: PMC5119889 DOI: 10.7554/elife.20795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2016] [Accepted: 11/03/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Loss of epithelial polarity impacts organ development and function; it is also oncogenic. AMPK, a key sensor of metabolic stress stabilizes cell-cell junctions and maintains epithelial polarity; its activation by Metformin protects the epithelial barrier against stress and suppresses tumorigenesis. How AMPK protects the epithelium remains unknown. Here, we identify GIV/Girdin as a novel effector of AMPK, whose phosphorylation at a single site is both necessary and sufficient for strengthening mammalian epithelial tight junctions and preserving cell polarity and barrier function in the face of energetic stress. Expression of an oncogenic mutant of GIV (cataloged in TCGA) that cannot be phosphorylated by AMPK increased anchorage-independent growth of tumor cells and helped these cells to evade the tumor-suppressive action of Metformin. This work defines a fundamental homeostatic mechanism by which the AMPK-GIV axis reinforces cell junctions against stress-induced collapse and also provides mechanistic insight into the tumor-suppressive action of Metformin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Aznar
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, United States
| | - Arjun Patel
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, United States
| | - Cristina C Rohena
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, United States
| | - Ying Dunkel
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, United States
| | - Linda P Joosen
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, United States
| | - Vanessa Taupin
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, United States
| | - Irina Kufareva
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, United States
| | - Marilyn G Farquhar
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, United States
| | - Pradipta Ghosh
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, United States.,Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, United States.,Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, United States
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36
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Wu D, Yu D, Wang X, Yu B. F-actin rearrangement is regulated by mTORC2/Akt/Girdin in mouse fertilized eggs. Cell Prolif 2016; 49:740-750. [PMID: 27666957 PMCID: PMC6496183 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.12285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2016] [Accepted: 07/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
In mouse fertilized eggs, correct assembly and distribution of the actin cytoskeleton are intimately related to cleavage in early‐stage embryos. However, in mouse fertilized eggs, mechanisms and involved factors responsible for regulating the actin cytoskeleton are poorly defined. In this study, mTORC2, PKB/Akt and Girdin were found to modulate division of mouse fertilized eggs by regulating distribution of the actin cytoskeleton. RNA interference (RNAi)‐mediated depletion of mTORC2, Akt1 or Girdin disrupted F‐actin rearrangement and strongly inhibited egg development. PKB/Akt has been proven to be a downstream target of the mTORC2 signalling pathway. Girdin, a newly found actin cross‐linker, has been proven to be a downstream target of the Akt signalling pathway. Furthermore, phosphorylation of both Akt1 and girdin was affected by knockdown of mTORC2. Akt1 positively regulated development of the mouse fertilized eggs by girdin‐mediated F‐actin rearrangement. Thus it seems that girdin could be a downstream target of the Akt1‐mediated signalling pathway. Collectively, this study aimed to prove participation of mTORC2/Akt in F‐actin assembly in early‐stage cleavage of mouse fertilized eggs via the function of girdin. Objectives In mouse fertilized eggs, the proper assembly and distribution of actin cytoskeleton is intimately related with the cleavage of early‐stage embryo. However, in mammals, especially in mouse fertilized eggs, the mechanisms and involved factors responsible for regulating the actin cytoskeleton are poorly defined. The aim of this study was to determine the role of mTORC2,PKB/Akt and Girdin in early development of fertilized mouse eggs, via regulating the distribution of actin cytoskeleton. Materials and methods Changes of F‐actin after treatting with mTORC2 shRNA, Akt siRNA or Girdin siRNA were observed by Immunofluorescence staining and laser‐scanning confocal microscopy. Levels of phosphorylated Girdin at Se1417 were detected by Western immunoblotting. Percentages of cells undergoing division were determined by counting, using a dissecting microscope. Results RNA interference (RNAi)‐mediated depletion of mTORC2, Akt1 or Girdin disrupts F‐actin rearrangement, and remarkably inhibited the development of mouse‐fertilized eggs. PKB/Akt has been proved to be a downstream target of the mTORC2 signaling pathway. Girdin, the newly found actin‐cross linker, has been proved to be a downstream target of the Akt signaling pathway. Furthermore phosphorylation of both Akt1 and Girdin were affected by knockdown of mTORC2. Akt1 positively regulates the development of mouse‐fertilized eggs by Girdin mediated F‐actin rearrangement. Girdin could be a downstream target of the Akt1‐mediated signaling pathway. Conclusions Collectively, this study aimed to prove the participation of mTORC2/Akt in F‐actin assembling in early‐stage cleavage of mouse fertilized eggs via the function of Girdin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Didi Wu
- Department of Biochemical and Molecular Biology, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Dahai Yu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shengjing Hospital Affiliated to China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xiuxia Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shengjing Hospital Affiliated to China Medical University, Shenyang, China.
| | - Bingzhi Yu
- Department of Biochemical and Molecular Biology, China Medical University, Shenyang, China.
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37
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Nechipurenko IV, Olivier-Mason A, Kazatskaya A, Kennedy J, McLachlan IG, Heiman MG, Blacque OE, Sengupta P. A Conserved Role for Girdin in Basal Body Positioning and Ciliogenesis. Dev Cell 2016; 38:493-506. [PMID: 27623382 PMCID: PMC5023068 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2016.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2015] [Revised: 03/09/2016] [Accepted: 07/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Primary cilia are ubiquitous sensory organelles that mediate diverse signaling pathways. Cilia position on the cell surface is determined by the location of the basal body (BB) that templates the cilium. The mechanisms that regulate BB positioning in the context of ciliogenesis are largely unknown. Here we show that the conserved signaling and scaffolding protein Girdin localizes to the proximal regions of centrioles and regulates BB positioning and ciliogenesis in Caenorhabditis elegans sensory neurons and human RPE-1 cells. Girdin depletion alters localization of the intercentriolar linker and ciliary rootlet component rootletin, and rootletin knockdown in RPE-1 cells mimics Girdin-dependent phenotypes. C. elegans Girdin also regulates localization of the apical junction component AJM-1, suggesting that in nematodes Girdin may position BBs via rootletin- and AJM-1-dependent anchoring to the cytoskeleton and plasma membrane, respectively. Together, our results describe a conserved role for Girdin in BB positioning and ciliogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inna V Nechipurenko
- Department of Biology and National Center for Behavioral Genomics, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA 02454, USA.
| | - Anique Olivier-Mason
- Department of Biology and National Center for Behavioral Genomics, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA 02454, USA
| | - Anna Kazatskaya
- Department of Biology and National Center for Behavioral Genomics, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA 02454, USA
| | - Julie Kennedy
- School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Ian G McLachlan
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School and Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Maxwell G Heiman
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School and Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Oliver E Blacque
- School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Piali Sengupta
- Department of Biology and National Center for Behavioral Genomics, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA 02454, USA.
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38
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GIV/Girdin activates Gαi and inhibits Gαs via the same motif. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:E5721-30. [PMID: 27621449 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1609502113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously showed that guanine nucleotide-binding (G) protein α subunit (Gα)-interacting vesicle-associated protein (GIV), a guanine-nucleotide exchange factor (GEF), transactivates Gα activity-inhibiting polypeptide 1 (Gαi) proteins in response to growth factors, such as EGF, using a short C-terminal motif. Subsequent work demonstrated that GIV also binds Gαs and that inactive Gαs promotes maturation of endosomes and shuts down mitogenic MAPK-ERK1/2 signals from endosomes. However, the mechanism and consequences of dual coupling of GIV to two G proteins, Gαi and Gαs, remained unknown. Here we report that GIV is a bifunctional modulator of G proteins; it serves as a guanine nucleotide dissociation inhibitor (GDI) for Gαs using the same motif that allows it to serve as a GEF for Gαi. Upon EGF stimulation, GIV modulates Gαi and Gαs sequentially: first, a key phosphomodification favors the assembly of GIV-Gαi complexes and activates GIV's GEF function; then a second phosphomodification terminates GIV's GEF function, triggers the assembly of GIV-Gαs complexes, and activates GIV's GDI function. By comparing WT and GIV mutants, we demonstrate that GIV inhibits Gαs activity in cells responding to EGF. Consequently, the cAMP→PKA→cAMP response element-binding protein signaling axis is inhibited, the transit time of EGF receptor through early endosomes are accelerated, mitogenic MAPK-ERK1/2 signals are rapidly terminated, and proliferation is suppressed. These insights define a paradigm in G-protein signaling in which a pleiotropically acting modulator uses the same motif both to activate and to inhibit G proteins. Our findings also illuminate how such modulation of two opposing Gα proteins integrates downstream signals and cellular responses.
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Syrovatkina V, Alegre KO, Dey R, Huang XY. Regulation, Signaling, and Physiological Functions of G-Proteins. J Mol Biol 2016; 428:3850-68. [PMID: 27515397 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2016.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 265] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2016] [Revised: 07/31/2016] [Accepted: 08/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Heterotrimeric guanine-nucleotide-binding regulatory proteins (G-proteins) mainly relay the information from G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) on the plasma membrane to the inside of cells to regulate various biochemical functions. Depending on the targeted cell types, tissues, and organs, these signals modulate diverse physiological functions. The basic schemes of heterotrimeric G-proteins have been outlined. In this review, we briefly summarize what is known about the regulation, signaling, and physiological functions of G-proteins. We then focus on a few less explored areas such as the regulation of G-proteins by non-GPCRs and the physiological functions of G-proteins that cannot be easily explained by the known G-protein signaling pathways. There are new signaling pathways and physiological functions for G-proteins to be discovered and further interrogated. With the advancements in structural and computational biological techniques, we are closer to having a better understanding of how G-proteins are regulated and of the specificity of G-protein interactions with their regulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktoriya Syrovatkina
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medical College, of Cornell University, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Kamela O Alegre
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medical College, of Cornell University, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Raja Dey
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medical College, of Cornell University, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Xin-Yun Huang
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medical College, of Cornell University, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA.
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40
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Dunkel Y, Diao K, Aznar N, Swanson L, Liu L, Zhu W, Mi XY, Ghosh P. Prognostic impact of total and tyrosine phosphorylated GIV/Girdin in breast cancers. FASEB J 2016; 30:3702-3713. [PMID: 27440794 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201600500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2016] [Accepted: 07/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Gα-interacting vesicle-associated protein (GIV, aka Girdin) is a guanine exchange factor (GEF) for the trimeric G protein Gαi and a bona fide metastasis-related gene that serves as a platform for amplification of tyrosine-based signals via G-protein intermediates. Here we present the first exploratory biomarker study conducted on a cohort of 187 patients with breast cancer to evaluate the prognostic role of total GIV (tGIV) and tyrosine phosphorylated GIV (pYGIV) across the various molecular subtypes. A Kaplan-Meier analysis of recurrence-free survival showed that the presence of tGIV, either cytoplasmic or nuclear, carried poor prognosis, but that nuclear tGIV had a greater prognostic impact (P = 0.007 in early and P = 0.0048 in late clinical stages). Activated pYGIV in the cytoplasm had the greatest prognostic impact in late clinical stages (P = 0.006). Furthermore, we found that the prognostic impacts of cytoplasmic pYGIV and nuclear tGIV were additive (hazard ratio 19.0548; P = 0.0002). Surprisingly, this additive effect of nuclear tGIV/cytoplasmic pYGIV was observed in human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-positive tumors (hazard ratio 16.918; P = 0.0005) but not in triple-negative breast cancers. In triple-negative breast cancers, tGIV and cytoplasmic pYGIV had no prognostic impact; however, membrane-association of pYGIV carried a poor prognosis (P = 0.026). Both tGIV and pYGIV showed no correlation with clinical stage, tumor size, pathologic type, lymph node involvement, and BRCA1/2 status. We conclude that immunocytochemical detection of pYGIV and tGIV can serve as an effective prognosticator. On the basis of the differential prognostic impact of tGIV/pYGIV within each molecular subtype, we propose a diagnostic algorithm. Further studies on larger cohorts are essential to rigorously assess the effectiveness and robustness of this algorithm in prognosticating outcome among patients with breast cancer.-Dunkel, Y., Diao, K., Aznar, N., Swanson, L., Liu, L., Zhu, W., Mi, X.-Y., Ghosh, P. Prognostic impact of total and tyrosine phosphorylated GIV/Girdin in breast cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Dunkel
- Department of Medicine.,Department of Cell and Molecular Medicine
| | - Kexin Diao
- Department of Pathology, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Nicolas Aznar
- Department of Medicine.,Department of Cell and Molecular Medicine
| | - Lee Swanson
- Department of Medicine.,Department of Cell and Molecular Medicine
| | - Lawrence Liu
- Department of Medicine.,Department of Cell and Molecular Medicine
| | - Wenhong Zhu
- Division of Biomedical Informatics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Xiao-Yi Mi
- Department of Pathology, China Medical University, Shenyang, China;
| | - Pradipta Ghosh
- Department of Medicine, .,Department of Cell and Molecular Medicine
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41
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Itoh N, Enomoto A, Nagai T, Takahashi M, Yamada K. Molecular mechanism linking BDNF/TrkB signaling with the NMDA receptor in memory: the role of Girdin in the CNS. Rev Neurosci 2016; 27:481-90. [DOI: 10.1515/revneuro-2015-0072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Accepted: 01/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
AbstractIt is well known that synaptic plasticity is the cellular mechanism underlying learning and memory. Activity-dependent synaptic changes in electrical properties and morphology, including synaptogenesis, lead to alterations of synaptic strength, which is associated with long-term potentiation (LTP). Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF)/tropomyosin-related kinase B (TrkB) signaling is involved in learning and memory formation by regulating synaptic plasticity. The phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3-K)/Akt pathway is one of the key signaling cascades downstream BDNF/TrkB and is believed to modulate N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor-mediated synaptic plasticity. However, the molecular mechanism underlying the connection between these two key players in synaptic plasticity remains largely unknown. Girders of actin filament (Girdin), an Akt substrate that directly binds to actin filaments, has been shown to play a role in neuronal migration and neuronal development. Recently, we identified Girdin as a key molecule involved in regulating long-term memory. It was demonstrated that phosphorylation of Girdin by Akt contributed to the maintenance of LTP by linking the BDNF/TrkB signaling pathway with NMDA receptor activity. These findings indicate that Girdin plays a pivotal role in a variety of processes in the CNS. Here, we review recent advances in our understanding about the roles of Girdin in the CNS and focus particularly on neuronal migration and memory.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Taku Nagai
- 1Department of Neuropsychopharmacology and Hospital Pharmacy, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 466-8560, Japan
| | - Masahide Takahashi
- 2Department of Pathology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai, Showa, Nagoya, Aichi 466-8550, Japan
| | - Kiyofumi Yamada
- 1Department of Neuropsychopharmacology and Hospital Pharmacy, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 466-8560, Japan
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Ghosh P, Tie J, Muranyi A, Singh S, Brunhoeber P, Leith K, Bowermaster R, Liao Z, Zhu Y, LaFleur B, Tran B, Desai J, Jones I, Croxford M, Jover R, Goel A, Waring P, Hu S, Teichgraber V, Rohr UP, Ridder R, Shanmugam K, Gibbs P. Girdin (GIV) Expression as a Prognostic Marker of Recurrence in Mismatch Repair-Proficient Stage II Colon Cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2016; 22:3488-98. [PMID: 27029492 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-15-2290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2015] [Accepted: 03/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Prognostic markers that identify patients with stage II colon cancers who are at the risk of recurrence are essential to personalize therapy. We evaluated the potential of GIV/Girdin as a predictor of recurrence risk in such patients. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Expression of full-length GIV was evaluated by IHC using a newly developed mAb together with a mismatch repair (MMR)-specific antibody panel in three stage II colon cancer patient cohorts, that is, a training (n = 192), test (n = 317), and validation (n = 181) cohort, with clinical follow-up data. Recurrence risk stratification models were established in the training cohort of T3, proficient MMR (pMMR) patients without chemotherapy and subsequently validated. RESULTS For T3 pMMR tumors, GIV expression and the presence of lymphovascular invasion (LVI) were the only factors predicting recurrence in both training (GIV: HR, 2.78, P = 0.013; LVI: HR, 2.54, P = 0.025) and combined test and validation (pooled) cohorts (GIV: HR, 1.85, P = 0.019; LVI: HR, 2.52, P = 0.0004). A risk model based on GIV expression and LVI status classified patients into high- or low-risk groups; 3-year recurrence-free survival was significantly lower in the high-risk versus low-risk group across all cohorts [Training: 52.3% vs. 84.8%; HR, 3.74, 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.50-9.32; Test: 85.9% vs. 97.9%, HR, 7.83, 95% CI, 1.03-59.54; validation: 59.4% vs. 84.4%, HR, 3.71, 95% CI, 1.24-11.12]. CONCLUSIONS GIV expression status predicts recurrence risk in patients with T3 pMMR stage II colon cancer. A risk model combining GIV expression and LVI status information further enhances prediction of recurrence. Further validation studies are warranted before GIV status can be routinely included in patient management algorithms. Clin Cancer Res; 22(14); 3488-98. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pradipta Ghosh
- Departments of Medicine and Cell and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, California
| | - Jeanne Tie
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute, Melbourne, Australia. The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Australia. Western Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Yifei Zhu
- Spring Bioscience, Pleasanton, California
| | | | - Ben Tran
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute, Melbourne, Australia. The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Australia. Western Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Jayesh Desai
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute, Melbourne, Australia. The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Ian Jones
- The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | | | - Rodrigo Jover
- Department of Gastroenterology, General Hospital University of Alicante, Alicante, Spain
| | - Ajay Goel
- Baylor Research Institute and Charles A. Sammons Cancer Center, Baylor University Medical Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Paul Waring
- Department of Pathology, University of Melbourne, Australia
| | - Song Hu
- F. Hoffmann-La Roche AG, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | | | - Peter Gibbs
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute, Melbourne, Australia. The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Australia. Western Hospital, Melbourne, Australia.
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Nahorski MS, Asai M, Wakeling E, Parker A, Asai N, Canham N, Holder SE, Chen YC, Dyer J, Brady AF, Takahashi M, Woods CG. CCDC88A mutations cause PEHO-like syndrome in humans and mouse. Brain 2016; 139:1036-44. [PMID: 26917597 PMCID: PMC4806221 DOI: 10.1093/brain/aww014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2015] [Accepted: 12/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Progressive encephalopathy with oedema, hypsarrhythmia and optic atrophy (PEHO) syndrome is a rare Mendelian phenotype comprising severe retardation, early onset epileptic seizures, optic nerve/cerebellar atrophy, pedal oedema, and early death. Atypical cases are often known as PEHO-like, and there is an overlap with 'early infantile epileptic encephalopathy'. PEHO is considered to be recessive, but surprisingly since initial description in 1991, no causative recessive gene(s) have been described. Hence, we report a multiplex consanguineous family with the PEHO phenotype where affected individuals had a homozygous frame-shift deletion in CCDC88A (c.2313delT, p.Leu772*ter). Analysis of cDNA extracted from patient lymphocytes unexpectedly failed to show non-sense mediated decay, and we demonstrate that the mutation produces a truncated protein lacking the crucial C-terminal half of CCDC88A (girdin). To further investigate the possible role of CCDC88A in human neurodevelopment we re-examined the behaviour and neuroanatomy of Ccdc88a knockout pups. These mice had mesial-temporal lobe epilepsy, microcephaly and corpus callosum deficiency, and by postnatal Day 21, microcephaly; the mice died at an early age. As the mouse knockout phenotype mimics the human PEHO phenotype this suggests that loss of CCDC88A is a cause of the PEHO phenotype, and that CCDC88A is essential for multiple aspects of normal human neurodevelopment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael S Nahorski
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Masato Asai
- Department of Pathology, Centre for Neurological Disease and Cancer, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, 466N, Japan
| | - Emma Wakeling
- North West Thames Regional Genetics Service, Level 8V, London North West Healthcare NHS Trust, Watford Road, Harrow, HA1 3UJ, UK
| | - Alasdair Parker
- Department of Paediatric Neuroscience, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Hills Rd, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Naoya Asai
- Department of Pathology, Centre for Neurological Disease and Cancer, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, 466N, Japan
| | - Natalie Canham
- North West Thames Regional Genetics Service, Level 8V, London North West Healthcare NHS Trust, Watford Road, Harrow, HA1 3UJ, UK
| | - Susan E Holder
- North West Thames Regional Genetics Service, Level 8V, London North West Healthcare NHS Trust, Watford Road, Harrow, HA1 3UJ, UK
| | - Ya-Chun Chen
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Joshua Dyer
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Angela F Brady
- North West Thames Regional Genetics Service, Level 8V, London North West Healthcare NHS Trust, Watford Road, Harrow, HA1 3UJ, UK
| | - Masahide Takahashi
- Department of Pathology, Centre for Neurological Disease and Cancer, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, 466N, Japan
| | - C Geoffrey Woods
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0XY, UK
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Wang X, Enomoto A, Asai N, Kato T, Takahashi M. Collective invasion of cancer: Perspectives from pathology and development. Pathol Int 2016; 66:183-92. [PMID: 26897041 DOI: 10.1111/pin.12391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2015] [Revised: 01/05/2016] [Accepted: 01/15/2016] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Clinical pathologists have long been aware that in many types of human malignant tumors, the cells are often connected and form groups of various sizes or "nests". In this way, they achieve "collective invasion" into the surrounding stroma, rather than spreading out individually. Such collective behavior is also a common feature of migration during embryonic and postnatal developmental stages, suggesting there are advantages gained by collective cell migration in the organisms. Recent studies have revealed the mechanisms underlying the collective invasion of cancer cells. These mechanisms differ from those observed in the migration of single cells in culture, including reliance on the epithelial-mesenchymal transition program. Whereas intercellular adhesion appears to be coordinated, cancer cell groups can be heterogenous, including cells that are leaders and those that are followers. There is also interaction with the tumor microenvironment that is a prerequisite for collective invasion of cancer. In this review, we describe recently emerging mechanisms underlying the collective migration of cells, with a particular focus in our studies on the actin-binding protein Girdin/GIV and the transcriptional regulator tripartite motif containing 27. These studies provide new perspectives on the mechanistic analogy between cancer and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoze Wang
- Department of Pathology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Atsushi Enomoto
- Department of Pathology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Naoya Asai
- Department of Pathology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Takuya Kato
- Tumour Cell Biology Laboratory, The Francis-Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Masahide Takahashi
- Department of Pathology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
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Leyme A, Marivin A, Garcia-Marcos M. GIV/Girdin (Gα-interacting, Vesicle-associated Protein/Girdin) Creates a Positive Feedback Loop That Potentiates Outside-in Integrin Signaling in Cancer Cells. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:8269-82. [PMID: 26887938 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.691550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Activation of the tyrosine kinase focal adhesion kinase (FAK) upon cell stimulation by the extracellular matrix initiates integrin outside-in signaling. FAK is directly recruited to active integrins, which enhances its kinase activity and triggers downstream signaling like activation of PI3K. We recently described that Gα-interacting, vesicle-associated protein (GIV), a protein up-regulated in metastatic cancers, is also required for outside-in integrin signaling. More specifically, we found that GIV is a non-receptor guanine nucleotide exchange factor that activates trimeric G proteins in response to integrin stimulation to enhance PI3K signaling and tumor cell migration. In contrast, previous reports have established that GIV is involved in phosphotyrosine (Tyr(P))-based signaling in response to growth factor stimulation;i.e.GIV phosphorylation at Tyr-1764 and Tyr-1798 recruits and activates PI3K. Here we show that phosphorylation of GIV at Tyr-1764/Tyr-1798 is also required to enhance PI3K-Akt signaling and tumor cell migration in response to integrin stimulation, indicating that GIV functions in Tyr(P)-dependent integrin signaling. Unexpectedly, we found that activation of FAK, an upstream component of the integrin Tyr(P) signaling cascade, was diminished in GIV-depleted cells, suggesting that GIV is required to establish a positive feedback loop that enhances integrin-FAK signaling. Mechanistically, we demonstrate that this feedback activation of FAK depends on both guanine nucleotide exchange factor and Tyr(P) GIV signaling as well as on their convergence point, PI3K. Taken together, our results provide novel mechanistic insights into how GIV promotes proinvasive cancer cell behavior by working as a signal-amplifying platform at the crossroads of trimeric G protein and Tyr(P) signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Leyme
- From the Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02118
| | - Arthur Marivin
- From the Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02118
| | - Mikel Garcia-Marcos
- From the Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02118
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46
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Cao K, Li J, Zhao Y, Wang Q, Zeng Q, He S, Yu L, Zhou J, Cao P. miR-101 Inhibiting Cell Proliferation, Migration and Invasion in Hepatocellular Carcinoma through Downregulating Girdin. Mol Cells 2016; 39:96-102. [PMID: 26743900 PMCID: PMC4757808 DOI: 10.14348/molcells.2016.2161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2015] [Revised: 09/07/2015] [Accepted: 10/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
miR-101 is considered to play an important role in hepato-cellular carcinoma (HCC), but the underlying molecular mechanism remains to be elucidated. Here, we aimed to confirm whether Girdin is a target gene of miR-101 and determine the tumor suppressor of miR-101 through Girdin pathway. In our previous studies, we firstly found Girdin protein was overexpressed in HCC tissues, and it closely correlated to tumor size, T stage, TNM stage and Edmondson-Steiner stage of HCC patients. After specific small interfering RNA of Girdin was transfected into HepG2 and Huh7.5.1 cells, the proliferation and invasion ability of tumor cells were significantly inhibited. In this study, we further explored the detailed molecular mechanism of Girdin in HCC. Interestingly, we found that miR-101 significantly low-expressed in HCC tissues compared with that in matched normal tissues while Girdin had a relative higher expression, and miR-101 was inversely correlated with Girdin expression. In addition, after miR-101 transfection, the proliferation, migration and invasion abilities of HepG2 cells were weakened. Furthermore, we confirmed that Girdin is a direct target gene of miR-101. Finally we confirmed Talen-mediated Girdin knockout markedly suppressed cell proliferation, migration and invasion in HCC while down-regulation of miR-101 significantly restored the inhibitory effect. Our findings suggested that miR-101/Girdin axis could be a potential application of HCC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Cao
- Department of Oncology, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan,
China
| | - Jingjing Li
- Department of Pathology, Xiangya Basic Medical College, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan,
China
| | - Yong Zhao
- Department of Oncology, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan,
China
| | - Qi Wang
- Department of Oncology, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan,
China
| | - Qinghai Zeng
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan,
China
| | - Siqi He
- Department of Oncology, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan,
China
| | - Li Yu
- Department of Oncology, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan,
China
| | - Jianda Zhou
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan,
China
| | - Peiguo Cao
- Department of Oncology, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan,
China
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47
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Leyme A, Marivin A, Perez-Gutierrez L, Nguyen LT, Garcia-Marcos M. Integrins activate trimeric G proteins via the nonreceptor protein GIV/Girdin. J Cell Biol 2015; 210:1165-84. [PMID: 26391662 PMCID: PMC4586755 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201506041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2015] [Accepted: 08/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Signal transduction via integrins and G protein-coupled receptors is critical to control cell behavior. These two receptor classes have been traditionally believed to trigger distinct and independent signaling cascades in response to extracellular cues. Here, we report a novel mechanism of integrin signaling that requires activation of the trimeric G protein Gαi by the nonreceptor guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) GIV (also known as Girdin), a metastasis-associated protein. We demonstrate that GIV enhances integrin-dependent cell responses upon extracellular matrix stimulation and makes tumor cells more invasive. These responses include remodeling of the actin cytoskeleton and PI3K-dependent signaling, resulting in enhanced haptotaxis and invasion. We show that both GIV and its substrate Gαi3 are recruited to active integrin complexes and that tumor cells engineered to express GEF-deficient GIV fail to transduce integrin signals into proinvasive responses via a Gβγ-PI3K axis. Our discoveries delineate a novel mechanism by which integrin signaling is rewired during metastasis to result in increased tumor invasiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Leyme
- Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118
| | - Arthur Marivin
- Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118
| | | | - Lien T Nguyen
- Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118
| | - Mikel Garcia-Marcos
- Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118
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48
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Ma GS, Lopez-Sanchez I, Aznar N, Kalogriopoulos N, Pedram S, Midde K, Ciaraldi TP, Henry RR, Ghosh P. Activation of G proteins by GIV-GEF is a pivot point for insulin resistance and sensitivity. Mol Biol Cell 2015; 26:4209-23. [PMID: 26378251 PMCID: PMC4642855 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e15-08-0553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2015] [Accepted: 09/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
A long-held tenet in the field of diabetes is that the tipping point between insulin sensitivity and resistance resides at the level of insulin receptor/insulin receptor substrate–adaptor complexes. Here it is shown that activation of Gαi by GIV/Girdin is a decisive event within the metabolic insulin signaling cascade that reversibly orchestrates insulin sensitivity or resistance. Insulin resistance (IR) is a metabolic disorder characterized by impaired insulin signaling and cellular glucose uptake. The current paradigm for insulin signaling centers upon the insulin receptor (InsR) and its substrate IRS1; the latter is believed to be the sole conduit for postreceptor signaling. Here we challenge that paradigm and show that GIV/Girdin, a guanidine exchange factor (GEF) for the trimeric G protein Gαi, is another major hierarchical conduit for the metabolic insulin response. By virtue of its ability to directly bind InsR, IRS1, and phosphoinositide 3-kinase, GIV serves as a key hub in the immediate postreceptor level, which coordinately enhances the metabolic insulin response and glucose uptake in myotubes via its GEF function. Site-directed mutagenesis or phosphoinhibition of GIV-GEF by the fatty acid/protein kinase C-theta pathway triggers IR. Insulin sensitizers reverse phosphoinhibition of GIV and reinstate insulin sensitivity. We also provide evidence for such reversible regulation of GIV-GEF in skeletal muscles from patients with IR. Thus GIV is an essential upstream component that couples InsR to G-protein signaling to enhance the metabolic insulin response, and impairment of such coupling triggers IR. We also provide evidence that GIV-GEF serves as therapeutic target for exogenous manipulation of physiological insulin response and reversal of IR in skeletal muscles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary S Ma
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Inmaculada Lopez-Sanchez
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Nicolas Aznar
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Nicholas Kalogriopoulos
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Shabnam Pedram
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Krishna Midde
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Theodore P Ciaraldi
- Department of Veterans Affairs, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA 92161
| | - Robert R Henry
- Department of Veterans Affairs, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA 92161
| | - Pradipta Ghosh
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA 92093 Department of Veterans Affairs, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA 92161 Department of Cell and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA 92093
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Hu JT, Li Y, Yu B, Gao GJ, Zhou T, Li S. Girdin/GIV is upregulated by cyclic tension, propagates mechanical signal transduction, and is required for the cellular proliferation and migration of MG-63 cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2015; 464:493-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.06.165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2015] [Accepted: 06/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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50
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Aznar N, Midde KK, Dunkel Y, Lopez-Sanchez I, Pavlova Y, Marivin A, Barbazán J, Murray F, Nitsche U, Janssen KP, Willert K, Goel A, Abal M, Garcia-Marcos M, Ghosh P. Daple is a novel non-receptor GEF required for trimeric G protein activation in Wnt signaling. eLife 2015; 4:e07091. [PMID: 26126266 PMCID: PMC4484057 DOI: 10.7554/elife.07091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2015] [Accepted: 06/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Wnt signaling is essential for tissue homeostasis and its dysregulation causes cancer. Wnt ligands trigger signaling by activating Frizzled receptors (FZDRs), which belong to the G-protein coupled receptor superfamily. However, the mechanisms of G protein activation in Wnt signaling remain controversial. In this study, we demonstrate that FZDRs activate G proteins and trigger non-canonical Wnt signaling via the Dishevelled-binding protein, Daple. Daple contains a Gα-binding and activating (GBA) motif, which activates Gαi proteins and an adjacent domain that directly binds FZDRs, thereby linking Wnt stimulation to G protein activation. This triggers non-canonical Wnt responses, that is, suppresses the β-catenin/TCF/LEF pathway and tumorigenesis, but enhances PI3K-Akt and Rac1 signals and tumor cell invasiveness. In colorectal cancers, Daple is suppressed during adenoma-to-carcinoma transformation and expressed later in metastasized tumor cells. Thus, Daple activates Gαi and enhances non-canonical Wnt signaling by FZDRs, and its dysregulation can impact both tumor initiation and progression to metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Aznar
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, United States
| | - Krishna K Midde
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, United States
| | - Ying Dunkel
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, United States
| | | | - Yelena Pavlova
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, United States
| | - Arthur Marivin
- Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, United States
| | - Jorge Barbazán
- Translational Medical Oncology Laboratory, Health Research Institute of Santiago, Servizo Galego de Saúde, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Fiona Murray
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, United States
| | - Ulrich Nitsche
- Department of Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Klaus-Peter Janssen
- Department of Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Karl Willert
- Sanford Consortium for Regenerative Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States
| | - Ajay Goel
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine and Charles A Sammons Cancer Center and Baylor Research Institute, Baylor University Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States
| | - Miguel Abal
- Translational Medical Oncology Laboratory, Health Research Institute of Santiago, Servizo Galego de Saúde, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Mikel Garcia-Marcos
- Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, United States
| | - Pradipta Ghosh
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, United States
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