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Rosenbaum D, Saftig P. New insights into the function and pathophysiology of the ectodomain sheddase A Disintegrin And Metalloproteinase 10 (ADAM10). FEBS J 2024; 291:2733-2766. [PMID: 37218105 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The 'A Disintegrin And Metalloproteinase 10' (ADAM10) has gained considerable attention due to its discovery as an 'α-secretase' involved in the nonamyloidogenic processing of the amyloid precursor protein, thereby possibly preventing the excessive generation of the amyloid beta peptide, which is associated with the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. ADAM10 was found to exert many additional functions, cleaving about 100 different membrane proteins. ADAM10 is involved in many pathophysiological conditions, ranging from cancer and autoimmune disorders to neurodegeneration and inflammation. ADAM10 cleaves its substrates close to the plasma membrane, a process referred to as ectodomain shedding. This is a central step in the modulation of the functions of cell adhesion proteins and cell surface receptors. ADAM10 activity is controlled by transcriptional and post-translational events. The interaction of ADAM10 with tetraspanins and the way they functionally and structurally depend on each other is another topic of interest. In this review, we will summarize findings on how ADAM10 is regulated and what is known about the biology of the protease. We will focus on novel aspects of the molecular biology and pathophysiology of ADAM10 that were previously poorly covered, such as the role of ADAM10 on extracellular vesicles, its contribution to virus entry, and its involvement in cardiac disease, cancer, inflammation, and immune regulation. ADAM10 has emerged as a regulator controlling cell surface proteins during development and in adult life. Its involvement in disease states suggests that ADAM10 may be exploited as a therapeutic target to treat conditions associated with a dysfunctional proteolytic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Rosenbaum
- Institut für Biochemie, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Germany
| | - Paul Saftig
- Institut für Biochemie, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Germany
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Mays CE, Trinh THT, Telling G, Kang HE, Ryou C. Endoproteolysis of cellular prion protein by plasmin hinders propagation of prions. Front Mol Neurosci 2022; 15:990136. [PMID: 36117913 PMCID: PMC9478470 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.990136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Many questions surround the underlying mechanism for the differential metabolic processing observed for the prion protein (PrP) in healthy and prion-infected mammals. Foremost, the physiological α-cleavage of PrP interrupts a region critical for both toxicity and conversion of cellular PrP (PrP C ) into its misfolded pathogenic isoform (PrP Sc ) by generating a glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored C1 fragment. During prion diseases, alternative β-cleavage of PrP becomes prominent, producing a GPI-anchored C2 fragment with this particular region intact. It remains unexplored whether physical up-regulation of α-cleavage can inhibit disease progression. Furthermore, several pieces of evidence indicate that a disintegrin and metalloproteinase (ADAM) 10 and ADAM17 play a much smaller role in the α-cleavage of PrP C than originally believed, thus presenting the need to identify the primary protease(s) responsible. For this purpose, we characterized the ability of plasmin to perform PrP α-cleavage. Then, we conducted functional assays using protein misfolding cyclic amplification (PMCA) and prion-infected cell lines to clarify the role of plasmin-mediated α-cleavage during prion propagation. Here, we demonstrated an inhibitory role of plasmin for PrP Sc formation through PrP α-cleavage that increased C1 fragments resulting in reduced prion conversion compared with non-treated PMCA and cell cultures. The reduction of prion infectious titer in the bioassay of plasmin-treated PMCA material also supported the inhibitory role of plasmin on PrP Sc replication. Our results suggest that plasmin-mediated endoproteolytic cleavage of PrP may be an important event to prevent prion propagation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles E. Mays
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Trang H. T. Trinh
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Hanyang University, Ansan, South Korea,Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan, South Korea
| | - Glenn Telling
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, United States,Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, United States,Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Hae-Eun Kang
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, United States,Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States,Reference Laboratory for Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD), Foreign Animal Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon, South Korea,Hae-Eun Kang,
| | - Chongsuk Ryou
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, United States,Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Hanyang University, Ansan, South Korea,Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan, South Korea,Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, United States,*Correspondence: Chongsuk Ryou,
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Zhang JJ, Cao CX, Wan LL, Zhang W, Liu ZJ, Wang JL, Guo Q, Tang H. Forkhead Box q1 promotes invasion and metastasis in colorectal cancer by activating the epidermal growth factor receptor pathway. World J Gastroenterol 2022; 28:1781-1797. [PMID: 35633908 PMCID: PMC9099194 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v28.i17.1781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Revised: 12/31/2021] [Accepted: 03/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Colorectal cancer (CRC) is an extremely malignant tumor with a high mortality rate. Little is known about the mechanism by which forkhead Box q1 (FOXQ1) causes CRC invasion and metastasis through the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) pathway.
AIM To illuminate the mechanism by which FOXQ1 promotes the invasion and metastasis of CRC by activating the heparin binding epidermal growth factor (HB-EGF)/EGFR pathway.
METHODS We investigated the differential expression and prognosis of FOXQ1 and HB-EGF in CRC using the Gene Expression Profiling Interactive Analysis (GEPIA) website (http://gepia.cancer-pku.cn/index.html). Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and Western blotting were used to detect the expression of FOXQ1 and HB-EGF in cell lines and tissues, and we constructed a stable low-expressing FOXQ1 cell line and verified it with the above method. The expression changes of membrane-bound HB-EGF (proHB-EGF) and soluble HB-EGF (sHB-EGF) in the low-expressing FOXQ1 cell line were detected by flow cytometry and ELISA. Western blotting was used to detect changes in the expression levels of HB-EGF and EGFR pathway-related downstream genes when exogenous recombinant human HB-EGF was added to FOXQ1 knockdown cells. Proliferation experiments, transwell migration experiments, and scratch experiments were carried out to determine the mechanism by which FOXQ1 activates the EGFR signaling pathway through HB-EGF, and then to evaluate the clinical relevance of FOXQ1 and HB-EGF.
RESULTS GEPIA showed that the expression of FOXQ1 in CRC tissues was relatively high and was related to a lower overall survival rate. PCR array results showed that FOXQ1 is related to the HB-EGF and EGFR pathways. Knockdown of FOXQ1 suppressed the expression of HB-EGF, and led to a decrease in EGFR and its downstream genes AKT, RAF, KRAS expression levels. After knockdown of FOXQ1 in CRC cell lines, cell proliferation, migration and invasion were attenuated. Adding HB-EGF restored the migration and invasion ability of CRC, but not the cell proliferation ability. Kaplan–Meier survival analysis results showed that the combination of FOXQ1 and HB-EGF may serve to predict CRC survival.
CONCLUSION Based on these collective data, we propose that FOXQ1 promotes the invasion and metastasis of CRC via the HB-EGF/EGFR pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Jin Zhang
- Yunnan Digestive Endoscopy Clinical Medical Center, Department of Gastroenterology, the First People’s Hospital of Yunnan Province, the Affiliated Hospital of Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650032, Yunnan Province, China
- Department of Medical Faculty, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650504, Yunnan Province, China
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Chang-Xiong Cao
- Yunnan Digestive Endoscopy Clinical Medical Center, Department of Gastroenterology, the First People’s Hospital of Yunnan Province, the Affiliated Hospital of Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650032, Yunnan Province, China
- Department of Medical Faculty, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650504, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Li-Lan Wan
- Yunnan Digestive Endoscopy Clinical Medical Center, Department of Gastroenterology, the First People’s Hospital of Yunnan Province, the Affiliated Hospital of Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650032, Yunnan Province, China
- Department of Medical Faculty, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650504, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Wen Zhang
- Yunnan Digestive Endoscopy Clinical Medical Center, Department of Gastroenterology, the First People’s Hospital of Yunnan Province, the Affiliated Hospital of Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650032, Yunnan Province, China
- Department of Medical Faculty, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650504, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Zhong-Jiang Liu
- Yunnan Digestive Endoscopy Clinical Medical Center, Department of Gastroenterology, the First People’s Hospital of Yunnan Province, the Affiliated Hospital of Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650032, Yunnan Province, China
- Department of Medical Faculty, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650504, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Jin-Li Wang
- Yunnan Digestive Endoscopy Clinical Medical Center, Department of Gastroenterology, the First People’s Hospital of Yunnan Province, the Affiliated Hospital of Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650032, Yunnan Province, China
- Department of Medical Faculty, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650504, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Qiang Guo
- Yunnan Digestive Endoscopy Clinical Medical Center, Department of Gastroenterology, the First People’s Hospital of Yunnan Province, the Affiliated Hospital of Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650032, Yunnan Province, China
- Department of Medical Faculty, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650504, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Hui Tang
- Yunnan Digestive Endoscopy Clinical Medical Center, Department of Gastroenterology, the First People’s Hospital of Yunnan Province, the Affiliated Hospital of Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650032, Yunnan Province, China
- Department of Medical Faculty, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650504, Yunnan Province, China
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Dexter E, Kong Q. Neuroprotective effect and potential of cellular prion protein and its cleavage products for treatment of neurodegenerative disorders part II: strategies for therapeutics development. Expert Rev Neurother 2021; 21:983-991. [PMID: 34470554 DOI: 10.1080/14737175.2021.1965882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: The cellular prion protein (PrPC), some of its derivatives (especially PrP N-terminal N1 peptide and shed PrP), and PrPC-containing exosomes have strong neuroprotective activities, which have been reviewed in the companion article (Part I) and are briefly summarized here.Areas covered: We propose that elevating the extracellular levels of a protective PrP form using gene therapy and other approaches is a very promising novel avenue for prophylactic and therapeutic treatments against prion disease, Alzheimer's disease, and several other neurodegenerative diseases. We will dissect the pros and cons of various potential PrP-based treatment options and propose a few strategies that are more likely to succeed. The cited references were obtained from extensive PubMed searches of recent literature, including peer-reviewed original articles and review articles.Expert opinion: Concurrent knockdown of celllular PrP expression and elevation of the extracellular levels of a neuroprotective PrP N-terminal peptide via optimized gene therapy vectors is a highly promising broad-spectrum prophylactic and therapeutic strategy against several neurodegenerative diseases, including prion diseases, Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Dexter
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Qingzhong Kong
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA.,Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
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Dexter E, Kong Q. Neuroprotective effect and potential of cellular prion protein and its cleavage products for treatment of neurodegenerative disorders part I. a literature review. Expert Rev Neurother 2021; 21:969-982. [PMID: 34470561 DOI: 10.1080/14737175.2021.1965881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The cellular prion protein (PrPC) is well known for its pathogenic roles in prion diseases, several other neurodegenerative diseases (such as Alzheimer's disease), and multiple types of cancer, but the beneficial aspects of PrPC and its cleavage products received much less attention. AREAS COVERED Here the authors will systematically review the literatures on the negative as well as protective aspects of PrPC and its derivatives (especially PrP N-terminal N1 peptide and shed PrP). The authors will dissect the current findings on N1 and shed PrP, including evidence for their neuroprotective effects, the categories of PrPC cleavage, and numerous cleavage enzymes involved. The authors will also discuss the protective effects and therapeutic potentials of PrPC-rich exosomes. The cited articles were obtained from extensive PubMed searches of recent literature, including peer-reviewed original articles and review articles. EXPERT OPINION PrP and its N-terminal fragments have strong neuroprotective activities that should be explored for therapeutics and prophylactics development against prion disease, Alzheimer's disease and a few other neurodegenerative diseases. The strategies to develop PrP-based therapeutics and prophylactics for these neurodegenerative diseases will be discussed in a companion article (Part II).
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Dexter
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, USA
| | - Qingzhong Kong
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, USA.,Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, USA
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Vatanabe IP, Pedroso RV, Manzine PR, Chagas MHN, de Morais Fabrício D, Grigoli MM, Naves MA, Pott-Jr H, Cominetti MR. ADAM10: Biomarker of mild cognitive impairment but not of cognitive frailty. Exp Gerontol 2021; 149:111303. [PMID: 33675901 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2021.111303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Revised: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) associated with physical frailty gave rise to the new concept of cognitive frailty. Previous studies have suggested that MCI may represent a condition that precedes Alzheimer's disease (AD), in view of its higher conversion rate to dementia, when compared with the conversion rate of cognitively healthy older adults. Therefore, and considering that MCI represents a reversible condition, the identification of biomarkers for this condition is imperative to early diagnosis. Accordingly, this study aimed to assess whether the platelet and plasma levels of ADAM10 could be related with the concomitant conditions of MCI and physical frailty, in order to support a new blood-based biomarker for the construct of cognitive frailty. Sixty-one adults aged 60 years or older participated in this study. The results showed that ADAM10 levels are reduced in platelets (p < 0.05) and increased in plasma (p < 0.05) of older adults with MCI compared to healthy controls, regardless of the physical frailty condition. The analysis of the ROC curve of ADAM10 in platelets showed sensitivity and specificity of 72.7 and 73.9%, respectively, to correct differentiate between participants with preserved cognition from those with MCI. For plasma samples, ADAM10 presented 62.5 and 90.0%, sensitivity and specificity respectively, to differentiate the aforementioned conditions. Together with other clinical criteria blood ADAM10 could be a relevant, low-invasive, low-cost and fast processing biomarker tool to help in the early and accurate diagnosis of MCI, however this marker was not able to identify cognitive frailty.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izabela Pereira Vatanabe
- Department of Gerontology, Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCar), Rod. Washignton Luis, Km 235, Monjolinho, São Carlos, SP 13565-905, Brazil
| | - Renata Valle Pedroso
- Department of Gerontology, Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCar), Rod. Washignton Luis, Km 235, Monjolinho, São Carlos, SP 13565-905, Brazil
| | - Patricia Regina Manzine
- Department of Gerontology, Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCar), Rod. Washignton Luis, Km 235, Monjolinho, São Carlos, SP 13565-905, Brazil
| | - Marcos Hortes Nisihara Chagas
- Department of Gerontology, Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCar), Rod. Washignton Luis, Km 235, Monjolinho, São Carlos, SP 13565-905, Brazil
| | - Daiene de Morais Fabrício
- Department of Psychology, Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCar), Rod. Washignton Luis, Km 235, Monjolinho, São Carlos, SP 13565-905, Brazil
| | - Marina Mantellatto Grigoli
- Department of Gerontology, Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCar), Rod. Washignton Luis, Km 235, Monjolinho, São Carlos, SP 13565-905, Brazil
| | - Marina Araújo Naves
- Department of Gerontology, Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCar), Rod. Washignton Luis, Km 235, Monjolinho, São Carlos, SP 13565-905, Brazil
| | - Henrique Pott-Jr
- Deparment of Medicine, Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCar), Rod. Washignton Luis, Km 235, Monjolinho, São Carlos, SP 13565-905, Brazil
| | - Marcia Regina Cominetti
- Department of Gerontology, Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCar), Rod. Washignton Luis, Km 235, Monjolinho, São Carlos, SP 13565-905, Brazil.
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Owens LV, Benedetto A, Dawson N, Gaffney CJ, Parkin ET. Gene therapy-mediated enhancement of protective protein expression for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Brain Res 2021; 1753:147264. [PMID: 33422539 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2020.147264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 11/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the leading form of dementia but lacks curative treatments. Current understanding of AD aetiology attributes the development of the disease to the misfolding of two proteins; amyloid-β (Aβ) and hyperphosphorylated tau, with their pathological accumulation leading to concomitant oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, and neuronal death. These processes are regulated at multiple levels to maintain homeostasis and avert disease. However, many of the relevant regulatory proteins appear to be downregulated in the AD-afflicted brain. Enhancement/restoration of these 'protective' proteins, therefore, represents an attractive therapeutic avenue. Gene therapy is a desirable means of achieving this because it is not associated with the side-effects linked to systemic protein administration, and sustained protein expression virtually eliminates compliance issues. The current article represents a focused and succinct review of the better established 'protective' protein targets for gene therapy enhancement/restoration rather than being designed as an exhaustive review incorporating less validated protein subjects. In addition, we will discuss how the risks associated with uncontrolled or irreversible gene expression might be mitigated through combining neuronal-specific promoters, inducible expression systems and localised injections. Whilst many of the gene therapy targets reviewed herein are yet to enter clinical trials, preclinical testing has thus far demonstrated encouraging potential for the gene therapy-based treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren V Owens
- Division of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medicine, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YG, UK
| | - Alexandre Benedetto
- Division of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medicine, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YG, UK
| | - Neil Dawson
- Division of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medicine, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YG, UK
| | - Christopher J Gaffney
- Lancaster Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medicine, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YG, UK
| | - Edward T Parkin
- Division of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medicine, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YG, UK.
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Abstract
The ADAMs family belongs to the transmembrane protein superfamily of zinc-dependent metalloproteases, which consists of multiple domains. These domains have independent but complementary functions that enable them to participate in multiple biological processes. Among them, ADAM9 can not only participate in the degradation of extracellular matrix as a metalloprotease, but also mediate tumor cell adhesion through its deintegrin domain, which is closely related to tumor invasion and metastasis. It is widely expressed in a variety of tumor cells and can affect the proliferation, invasion and metastasis of related cancer cells. We provide our views on current progress, its increasing importance as a strategic treatment goal, and our vision for the future of ADAM9.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Haoyuan
- Department of Clinical Medicine, China Medical University , Liaoning, Shenyang, China
| | - L I Yanshu
- Department of Cell Biology, Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Ministry of Public Health, and Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education, China Medical University , Liaoning, Shenyang, China
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Substrate-Specific Activation of α-Secretase by 7-Deoxy-Trans-Dihydronarciclasine Increases Non-Amyloidogenic Processing of β-Amyloid Protein Precursor. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25030646. [PMID: 32028607 PMCID: PMC7037359 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25030646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Revised: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Accumulation of β-amyloid (Aβ) in the brain has been implicated in the pathology of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Aβ is produced from the Aβ precursor protein (APP) through the amyloidogenic pathway by β-, and γ-secretase. Alternatively, APP can be cleaved by α-, and γ-secretase, precluding the production of Aβ. Thus, stimulating α-secretase mediated APP processing is considered a therapeutic option not only for decreasing Aβ production but for increasing neuroprotective sAPPα. We have previously reported that 7-deoxy-trans-dihydronarciclasine (E144), the active component of Lycoris chejuensis, decreases Aβ production by attenuating APP level, and retarding APP maturation. It can also improve cognitive function in the AD model mouse. In this study, we further analyzed the activating effect of E144 on α-secretase. Treatment of E144 increased sAPPα, but decreased β-secretase products from HeLa cells stably transfected with APP. E144 directly activated ADAM10 and ADAM17 in a substrate-specific manner both in cell-based and in cell-free assays. The Lineweaver–Burk plot analysis revealed that E144 enhanced the affinities of A Disintegrin and Metalloproteinases (ADAMs) towards the substrate. Consistent with this result, immunoprecipitation analysis showed that interactions of APP with ADAM10 and ADAM17 were increased by E144. Our results indicate that E144 might be a novel agent for AD treatment as a substrate-specific activator of α-secretase.
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Holec SA, Block AJ, Bartz JC. The role of prion strain diversity in the development of successful therapeutic treatments. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2020; 175:77-119. [PMID: 32958242 PMCID: PMC8939712 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2020.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Prions are a self-propagating misfolded conformation of a cellular protein. Prions are found in several eukaryotic organisms with mammalian prion diseases encompassing a wide range of disorders. The first recognized prion disease, the transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs), affect several species including humans. Alzheimer's disease, synucleinopathies, and tauopathies share a similar mechanism of self-propagation of the prion form of the disease-specific protein reminiscent of the infection process of TSEs. Strain diversity in prion disease is characterized by differences in the phenotype of disease that is hypothesized to be encoded by strain-specific conformations of the prion form of the disease-specific protein. Prion therapeutics that target the prion form of the disease-specific protein can lead to the emergence of drug-resistant strains of prions, consistent with the hypothesis that prion strains exist as a dynamic mixture of a dominant strain in combination with minor substrains. To overcome this obstacle, therapies that reduce or eliminate the template of conversion are efficacious, may reverse neuropathology, and do not result in the emergence of drug resistance. Recent advancements in preclinical diagnosis of prion infection may allow for a combinational approach that treats the prion form and the precursor protein to effectively treat prion diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara A.M. Holec
- Institute for Applied Life Sciences and Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, United States,Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Creighton University, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Alyssa J. Block
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Creighton University, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Jason C. Bartz
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Creighton University, Omaha, NE, United States,Corresponding author:
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Sun R, He T, Pan Y, Katusic ZS. Effects of senescence and angiotensin II on expression and processing of amyloid precursor protein in human cerebral microvascular endothelial cells. Aging (Albany NY) 2019; 10:100-114. [PMID: 29348391 PMCID: PMC5811245 DOI: 10.18632/aging.101362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 01/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The present study was designed to determine the effects of senescence and angiotensin II (Ang II) on expression and processing of amyloid precursor protein (APP) in human brain microvascular endothelial cells (BMECs). Senescence caused a decrease in APP expression thereby resulting in reduced secretion of soluble APPα (sAPPα). In contrast, β-site APP cleaving enzyme (BACE1) expression and production of amyloid β (Aβ)40 were increased in senescent endothelium. Importantly, in senescent human BMECs, treatment with BACE1 inhibitor IV inhibited Aβ generation and increased sAPPα production by enhancing a disintegrin and metalloprotease (ADAM)10 expression. Furthermore, Ang II impaired expression of ADAM10 and significantly reduced generation of sAPPα in senescent human BMECs. This inhibitory effect of Ang II was prevented by treatment with BACE1 inhibitor IV. Our results suggest that impairment of α-processing and shift to amyloidogenic pathway of APP contribute to endothelial dysfunction induced by senescence. Loss of sAPPα in senescent cells treated with Ang II exacerbates detrimental effects of senescence on APP processing. Notably, inhibition of BACE1 has beneficial effects on senescence induced endothelial dysfunction. Reported findings may help to explain contributions of senescent cerebral microvascular endothelium to development of cerebral amyloid angiopathy and Alzheimer’s disease (AD) pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruohan Sun
- Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, 150001, China.,Department of Anesthesiology and Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Tongrong He
- Department of Anesthesiology and Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Yujun Pan
- Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, 150001, China
| | - Zvonimir S Katusic
- Department of Anesthesiology and Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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Camodeca C, Cuffaro D, Nuti E, Rossello A. ADAM Metalloproteinases as Potential Drug Targets. Curr Med Chem 2019; 26:2661-2689. [PMID: 29589526 DOI: 10.2174/0929867325666180326164104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Revised: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The ADAMs, together with ADAMTSs and snake venom metalloproteases (SVMPs), are members of the Adamalysin family. Differences in structural organization, functions and localization are known and their domains, catalytic or non-catalytic, show key roles in the substrate recognition and protease activity. Some ADAMs, as membrane-bound enzymes, show sheddase activity. Sheddases are key to modulation of functional proteins such as the tumor necrosis factor, growth factors, cytokines and their receptors, adhesion proteins, signaling molecules and stress molecules involved in immunity. These activities take part in the regulation of several physiological and pathological processes including inflammation, tumor growth, metastatic progression and infectious diseases. On these bases, some ADAMs are currently investigated as drug targets to develop new alternative therapies in many fields of medicine. This review will be focused on these aspects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caterina Camodeca
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, Pisa, Italy
| | - Doretta Cuffaro
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, Pisa, Italy
| | - Elisa Nuti
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, Pisa, Italy
| | - Armando Rossello
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, Pisa, Italy
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13
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Hsia HE, Tüshaus J, Brummer T, Zheng Y, Scilabra SD, Lichtenthaler SF. Functions of 'A disintegrin and metalloproteases (ADAMs)' in the mammalian nervous system. Cell Mol Life Sci 2019; 76:3055-3081. [PMID: 31236626 PMCID: PMC11105368 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-019-03173-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Revised: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
'A disintegrin and metalloproteases' (ADAMs) are a family of transmembrane proteins with diverse functions in multicellular organisms. About half of the ADAMs are active metalloproteases and cleave numerous cell surface proteins, including growth factors, receptors, cytokines and cell adhesion proteins. The other ADAMs have no catalytic activity and function as adhesion proteins or receptors. Some ADAMs are ubiquitously expressed, others are expressed tissue specifically. This review highlights functions of ADAMs in the mammalian nervous system, including their links to diseases. The non-proteolytic ADAM11, ADAM22 and ADAM23 have key functions in neural development, myelination and synaptic transmission and are linked to epilepsy. Among the proteolytic ADAMs, ADAM10 is the best characterized one due to its substrates Notch and amyloid precursor protein, where cleavage is required for nervous system development or linked to Alzheimer's disease (AD), respectively. Recent work demonstrates that ADAM10 has additional substrates and functions in the nervous system and its substrate selectivity may be regulated by tetraspanins. New roles for other proteolytic ADAMs in the nervous system are also emerging. For example, ADAM8 and ADAM17 are involved in neuroinflammation. ADAM17 additionally regulates neurite outgrowth and myelination and its activity is controlled by iRhoms. ADAM19 and ADAM21 function in regenerative processes upon neuronal injury. Several ADAMs, including ADAM9, ADAM10, ADAM15 and ADAM30, are potential drug targets for AD. Taken together, this review summarizes recent progress concerning substrates and functions of ADAMs in the nervous system and their use as drug targets for neurological and psychiatric diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hung-En Hsia
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Feodor-Lynen Strasse 17, 81377, Munich, Germany
- Neuroproteomics, School of Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, and Institute for Advanced Science, Technische Universität München, 81675, Munich, Germany
| | - Johanna Tüshaus
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Feodor-Lynen Strasse 17, 81377, Munich, Germany
- Neuroproteomics, School of Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, and Institute for Advanced Science, Technische Universität München, 81675, Munich, Germany
| | - Tobias Brummer
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Feodor-Lynen Strasse 17, 81377, Munich, Germany
- Neuroproteomics, School of Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, and Institute for Advanced Science, Technische Universität München, 81675, Munich, Germany
| | - Yuanpeng Zheng
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Feodor-Lynen Strasse 17, 81377, Munich, Germany
- Neuroproteomics, School of Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, and Institute for Advanced Science, Technische Universität München, 81675, Munich, Germany
| | - Simone D Scilabra
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Feodor-Lynen Strasse 17, 81377, Munich, Germany
- Neuroproteomics, School of Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, and Institute for Advanced Science, Technische Universität München, 81675, Munich, Germany
- Fondazione Ri.MED, Department of Research, IRCCS-ISMETT, via Tricomi 5, 90127, Palermo, Italy
| | - Stefan F Lichtenthaler
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Feodor-Lynen Strasse 17, 81377, Munich, Germany.
- Neuroproteomics, School of Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, and Institute for Advanced Science, Technische Universität München, 81675, Munich, Germany.
- Munich Center for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany.
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14
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Schaduangrat N, Prachayasittikul V, Choomwattana S, Wongchitrat P, Phopin K, Suwanjang W, Malik AA, Vincent B, Nantasenamat C. Multidisciplinary approaches for targeting the secretase protein family as a therapeutic route for Alzheimer's disease. Med Res Rev 2019; 39:1730-1778. [PMID: 30628099 DOI: 10.1002/med.21563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2018] [Revised: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 12/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The continual increase of the aging population worldwide renders Alzheimer's disease (AD) a global prime concern. Several attempts have been focused on understanding the intricate complexity of the disease's development along with the on- andgoing search for novel therapeutic strategies. Incapability of existing AD drugs to effectively modulate the pathogenesis or to delay the progression of the disease leads to a shift in the paradigm of AD drug discovery. Efforts aimed at identifying AD drugs have mostly focused on the development of disease-modifying agents in which effects are believed to be long lasting. Of particular note, the secretase enzymes, a group of proteases responsible for the metabolism of the β-amyloid precursor protein (βAPP) and β-amyloid (Aβ) peptides production, have been underlined for their promising therapeutic potential. This review article attempts to comprehensively cover aspects related to the identification and use of drugs targeting the secretase enzymes. Particularly, the roles of secretases in the pathogenesis of AD and their therapeutic modulation are provided herein. Moreover, an overview of the drug development process and the contribution of computational (in silico) approaches for facilitating successful drug discovery are also highlighted along with examples of relevant computational works. Promising chemical scaffolds, inhibitors, and modulators against each class of secretases are also summarized herein. Additionally, multitarget secretase modulators are also taken into consideration in light of the current growing interest in the polypharmacology of complex diseases. Finally, challenging issues and future outlook relevant to the discovery of drugs targeting secretases are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nalini Schaduangrat
- Faculty of Medical Technology, Center of Data Mining and Biomedical Informatics, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Veda Prachayasittikul
- Faculty of Medical Technology, Center of Data Mining and Biomedical Informatics, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Saowapak Choomwattana
- Faculty of Medical Technology, Center of Data Mining and Biomedical Informatics, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Prapimpun Wongchitrat
- Faculty of Medical Technology, Center for Research and Innovation, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Kamonrat Phopin
- Faculty of Medical Technology, Center for Research and Innovation, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Wilasinee Suwanjang
- Faculty of Medical Technology, Center for Research and Innovation, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Aijaz Ahmad Malik
- Faculty of Medical Technology, Center of Data Mining and Biomedical Informatics, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Bruno Vincent
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Paris, France
| | - Chanin Nantasenamat
- Faculty of Medical Technology, Center of Data Mining and Biomedical Informatics, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
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15
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Alpha-Secretase ADAM10 Regulation: Insights into Alzheimer's Disease Treatment. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2018; 11:ph11010012. [PMID: 29382156 PMCID: PMC5874708 DOI: 10.3390/ph11010012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2017] [Revised: 01/23/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
ADAM (a disintegrin and metalloproteinase) is a family of widely expressed, transmembrane and secreted proteins of approximately 750 amino acids in length with functions in cell adhesion and proteolytic processing of the ectodomains of diverse cell-surface receptors and signaling molecules. ADAM10 is the main α-secretase that cleaves APP (amyloid precursor protein) in the non-amyloidogenic pathway inhibiting the formation of β-amyloid peptide, whose accumulation and aggregation leads to neuronal degeneration in Alzheimer’s disease (AD). ADAM10 is a membrane-anchored metalloprotease that sheds, besides APP, the ectodomain of a large variety of cell-surface proteins including cytokines, adhesion molecules and notch. APP cleavage by ADAM10 results in the production of an APP-derived fragment, sAPPα, which is neuroprotective. As increased ADAM10 activity protects the brain from β-amyloid deposition in AD, this strategy has been proved to be effective in treating neurodegenerative diseases, including AD. Here, we describe the physiological mechanisms regulating ADAM10 expression at different levels, aiming to propose strategies for AD treatment. We report in this review on the physiological regulation of ADAM10 at the transcriptional level, by epigenetic factors, miRNAs and/or translational and post-translational levels. In addition, we describe the conditions that can change ADAM10 expression in vitro and in vivo, and discuss how this knowledge may help in AD treatment. Regulation of ADAM10 is achieved by multiple mechanisms that include transcriptional, translational and post-translational strategies, which we will summarize in this review.
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16
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Mygind KJ, Schwarz J, Sahgal P, Ivaska J, Kveiborg M. Loss of ADAM9 expression impairs β1 integrin endocytosis, focal adhesion formation and cancer cell migration. J Cell Sci 2018; 131:jcs.205393. [PMID: 29142101 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.205393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2017] [Accepted: 11/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The transmembrane protease ADAM9 is frequently upregulated in human cancers, and it promotes tumour progression in mice. In vitro, ADAM9 regulates cancer cell adhesion and migration by interacting with integrins. However, how ADAM9 modulates integrin functions is not known. We here show that ADAM9 knockdown increases β1 integrin levels through mechanisms that are independent of its protease activity. In ADAM9-silenced cells, adhesion to collagen and fibronectin is reduced, suggesting an altered function of the accumulated integrins. Mechanistically, ADAM9 co-immunoprecipitates with β1 integrin, and both internalization and subsequent degradation of β1 integrin are significantly decreased in ADAM9-silenced cells, with no effect on β1 integrin recycling. Accordingly, the formation of focal adhesions and actin stress fibres in ADAM9-silenced cells is altered, possibly explaining the reduction in cell adhesion and migration in these cells. Taken together, our data provide mechanistic insight into the ADAM9-integrin interaction, demonstrating that ADAM9 regulates β1 integrin endocytosis. Moreover, our findings indicate that the reduced migration of ADAM9-silenced cells is, at least in part, caused by the accumulation and altered activity of β1 integrin at the cell surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kasper J Mygind
- Biotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC), University of Copenhagen, Ole Maaløes Vej 5, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Jeanette Schwarz
- Biotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC), University of Copenhagen, Ole Maaløes Vej 5, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Pranshu Sahgal
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku, Turku 20520, Finland
| | - Johanna Ivaska
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku, Turku 20520, Finland.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Turku, Turku 20520, Finland
| | - Marie Kveiborg
- Biotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC), University of Copenhagen, Ole Maaløes Vej 5, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
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17
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Rose C, Dorard E, Audrain M, Gorisse-Hussonnois L, Cartier N, Braudeau J, Allinquant B. Transient increase in sAPPα secretion in response to Aβ1–42 oligomers: an attempt of neuronal self-defense? Neurobiol Aging 2018; 61:23-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2017.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Revised: 09/08/2017] [Accepted: 09/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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18
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Marcello E, Borroni B, Pelucchi S, Gardoni F, Di Luca M. ADAM10 as a therapeutic target for brain diseases: from developmental disorders to Alzheimer's disease. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2017; 21:1017-1026. [PMID: 28960088 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2017.1386176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In the central nervous system a disintegrin and metalloproteinase 10 (ADAM10) controls several functions such as neurodevelopment, synaptic plasticity and dendritic spine morphology thanks to its activity towards a high number of substrates, including the synaptic cell adhesion molecules as the Amyloid Precursor Protein, N-cadherin, Notch and Ephrins. In particular, ADAM10 plays a key role in the modulation of the molecular mechanisms responsible for dendritic spine formation, maturation and stabilization and in the regulation of the molecular organization of the glutamatergic synapse. Consequently, an alteration of ADAM10 activity is strictly correlated to the onset of different types of synaptopathies, ranging from neurodevelopmental disorders, i.e. autism spectrum disorders, to neurodegenerative diseases, i.e. Alzheimer's Disease. Areas covered: We describe the most recent discoveries in understanding of the role of ADAM10 activity at the glutamatergic excitatory synapse and its involvement in the onset of neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative disorders. Expert opinion: A progress in the understanding of the molecular mechanisms driving ADAM10 activity at synapses and its alterations in brain disorders is the first step before designing a specific drug able to modulate ADAM10 activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Marcello
- a Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences , Università degli Studi di Milano , Milan , Italy
| | - Barbara Borroni
- b Neurology Unit, Centre for Neurodegenerative Disorders, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences , University of Brescia , Brescia , Italy
| | - Silvia Pelucchi
- a Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences , Università degli Studi di Milano , Milan , Italy.,c Department of Neurosciences, Psychology, Drug Research, and Child Health , University of Florence , Florence , Italy
| | - Fabrizio Gardoni
- a Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences , Università degli Studi di Milano , Milan , Italy
| | - Monica Di Luca
- a Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences , Università degli Studi di Milano , Milan , Italy
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19
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Megra BW, Eugenin EA, Berman JW. The Role of Shed PrP c in the Neuropathogenesis of HIV Infection. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 199:224-232. [PMID: 28533442 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1601041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Accepted: 04/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
HIV-1 enters the CNS soon after peripheral infection and causes chronic neuroinflammation and neuronal damage that leads to cognitive impairment in 40-70% of HIV-infected people. The nonpathogenic cellular isoform of the human prion protein (PrPc) is an adhesion molecule constitutively expressed in the CNS. Previously, our laboratory showed that shed PrPc (sPrPc) is increased in the cerebrospinal fluid of HIV-infected people with cognitive deficits as compared with infected people with no impairment. In this article, we demonstrate that CCL2 and TNF-α, inflammatory mediators that are elevated in the CNS of HIV-infected people, increase shedding of PrPc from human astrocytes by increasing the active form of the metalloprotease ADAM10. We show that the consequence of this shedding can be the production of inflammatory mediators, because treatment of astrocytes with rPrPc increased secretion of CCL2, CXCL-12, and IL-8. Supernatants from rPrPc-treated astrocytes containing factors produced in response to this treatment, but not rPrPc by itself, cause increased chemotaxis of both uninfected and HIV-infected human monocytes, suggesting a role for sPrPc in monocyte recruitment into the brain. Furthermore, we examined whether PrPc participates in glutamate uptake and found that rPrPc decreased uptake of this metabolite in astrocytes, which could lead to neurotoxicity and neuronal loss. Collectively, our data characterize mediators involved in PrPc shedding and the effect of this sPrPc on monocyte chemotaxis and glutamate uptake from astrocytes. We propose that shedding of PrPc could be a potential target for therapeutics to limit the cognitive impairment characteristic of neuroAIDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bezawit W Megra
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461
| | - Eliseo A Eugenin
- Public Health Research Institute, Newark, NJ 07103.,Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ 07103
| | - Joan W Berman
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461; .,Department of Microbiology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461; and.,Department of Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461
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20
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Endres K, Deller T. Regulation of Alpha-Secretase ADAM10 In vitro and In vivo: Genetic, Epigenetic, and Protein-Based Mechanisms. Front Mol Neurosci 2017; 10:56. [PMID: 28367112 PMCID: PMC5355436 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2017.00056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
ADAM10 (A Disintegrin and Metalloproteinase 10) has been identified as the major physiological alpha-secretase in neurons, responsible for cleaving APP in a non-amyloidogenic manner. This cleavage results in the production of a neuroprotective APP-derived fragment, APPs-alpha, and an attenuated production of neurotoxic A-beta peptides. An increase in ADAM10 activity shifts the balance of APP processing toward APPs-alpha and protects the brain from amyloid deposition and disease. Thus, increasing ADAM10 activity has been proposed an attractive target for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases and it appears to be timely to investigate the physiological mechanisms regulating ADAM10 expression. Therefore, in this article, we will (1) review reports on the physiological regulation of ADAM10 at the transcriptional level, by epigenetic factors, miRNAs and/or protein interactions, (2) describe conditions, which change ADAM10 expression in vitro and in vivo, (3) report how neuronal ADAM10 expression may be regulated in humans, and (4) discuss how this knowledge on the physiological and pathophysiological regulation of ADAM10 may help to preserve or restore brain function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Endres
- Clinic of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz Mainz, Germany
| | - Thomas Deller
- Institute of Clinical Neuroanatomy, Neuroscience Center, Goethe-University Frankfurt/Main, Germany
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21
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Abstract
Like numerous proteins of various structural and functional classes, the glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored cellular prion protein (PrPC) has been recognized to undergo endoproteolytic processing for decades, a phenomenon observed in various cultured cell lines, as well as human and several animal tissue extracts. Despite this, the physiological significance of PrPC proteolytic cleavage has not yet been entirely elucidated. Experimental evidence suggests independent normal biological functions of the full-length and truncated PrPC species, as well as probable links of endoproteolysis to prion disease transmission susceptibility, pathogenesis, and toxicity. The accurate characterization of constitutive PrPC processing, through the method outlined in this chapter, is therefore an important tool in order to investigate the biological relevance of the alternative cleavage events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Lewis
- Department of Medicine, Royal Melbourne Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia.
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22
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ONODERA T. Dual role of cellular prion protein in normal host and Alzheimer's disease. PROCEEDINGS OF THE JAPAN ACADEMY. SERIES B, PHYSICAL AND BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES 2017; 93:155-173. [PMID: 28413194 PMCID: PMC5489426 DOI: 10.2183/pjab.93.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2016] [Accepted: 01/26/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Using PrPC-knockout cell lines, it has been shown that the inhibition of apoptosis through STI1 is mediated by PrPC-dependent SOD activation. Antioxidant PrPC may contribute to suppression of inflammasome activation. PrPC is functionally involved in copper metabolism, signal transduction, neuroprotection, and cell maturation. Recently several reports have shown that PrPC participates in trans-membrane signaling processes associated with hematopoietic stem cell replication and neuronal differentiation. In another role, PrPC also tends to function as a neurotoxic protein. Aβ oligomer, which is associated with neurodegeneration in Alzheimer's disease (AD), has also been reported to act as a ligand of PrPC. However, the physiological role of PrPC as an Aβ42-binding protein is not clear. Actually, PrPC is critical in Aβ42-mediated autophagy in neurons. PrPC shows a beneficial role in lipid rafts to promote autophagy. Further search for PrPC-interaction molecules using Prnp-/- mice and various types of Prnp-/- cell lines under various conditions may elucidate other important PrPC important functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi ONODERA
- Research Center for Food Safety, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, the University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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23
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Proteomic analysis of silenced cathepsin B expression suggests non-proteolytic cathepsin B functionality. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2016; 1863:2700-2709. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2016.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2016] [Revised: 07/01/2016] [Accepted: 08/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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24
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Glatzel M, Linsenmeier L, Dohler F, Krasemann S, Puig B, Altmeppen HC. Shedding light on prion disease. Prion 2016; 9:244-56. [PMID: 26186508 DOI: 10.1080/19336896.2015.1065371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteolytic processing regulates key processes in health and disease. The cellular prion protein (PrP(C)) is subject to at least 3 cleavage events, α-cleavage, β-cleavage and shedding. In contrast to α- and β-cleavage where there is an ongoing controversy on the identity of relevant proteases, the metalloprotease ADAM10 represents the only relevant PrP sheddase. Here we focus on the roles that ADAM10-mediated shedding of PrP(C) and its pathogenic isoform (PrP(Sc)) might play in regulating their physiological and pathogenic functions, respectively. As revealed by our recent study using conditional ADAM10 knockout mice (Altmeppen et al., 2015), shedding of PrP seems to be involved in key processes of prion diseases. These aspects and several open questions arising from them are discussed. Increased knowledge on this topic can shed new light on prion diseases and other neurodegenerative conditions as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Glatzel
- a Institute of Neuropathology; University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf ; Hamburg , Germany
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25
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Vincent B. Regulation of the α-secretase ADAM10 at transcriptional, translational and post-translational levels. Brain Res Bull 2016; 126:154-169. [PMID: 27060611 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2016.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2016] [Revised: 03/25/2016] [Accepted: 03/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
A tremendous gain of interest in the biology of ADAM10 emerged during the past 15 years when it has first been shown that this protease was able to target the α-site of the β-amyloid precursor protein (βAPP) and later confirmed as the main physiological α-secretase activity. However, beside its well-established implication in the so-called non-amyloidogenic processing of βAPP and its probable protective role against Alzheimer's disease (AD), this metalloprotease also cleaves many other substrates, thereby being implicated in various physiological as well as pathological processes such as cancer and inflammation. Thus, in view of possible effective therapeutic interventions, a full comprehension of how ADAM10 is up and down regulated is required. This review discusses our current knowledge concerning the implication of this enzyme in AD as well as its more recently established roles in other brain disorders and provides a detailed up-date on its various transcriptional, translational and post-translational modulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Vincent
- Mahidol University, Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 2 rue Michel Ange, 75016 Paris, France.
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26
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Katorcha E, Klimova N, Makarava N, Savtchenko R, Pan X, Annunziata I, Takahashi K, Miyagi T, Pshezhetsky AV, d’Azzo A, Baskakov IV. Loss of Cellular Sialidases Does Not Affect the Sialylation Status of the Prion Protein but Increases the Amounts of Its Proteolytic Fragment C1. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0143218. [PMID: 26569607 PMCID: PMC4646690 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0143218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2015] [Accepted: 11/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The central molecular event underlying prion diseases involves conformational change of the cellular form of the prion protein (PrPC), which is a sialoglycoprotein, into the disease-associated, transmissible form denoted PrPSc. Recent studies revealed a correlation between the sialylation status of PrPSc and incubation time to disease and introduced a new hypothesis that progression of prion diseases could be controlled or reversed by altering the sialylation level of PrPC. Of the four known mammalian sialidases, the enzymes that cleave off sialic acid residues, only NEU1, NEU3 and NEU4 are expressed in the brain. To test whether cellular sialidases control the steady-state sialylation level of PrPC and to identify the putative sialidase responsible for desialylating PrPC, we analyzed brain-derived PrPC from knockout mice deficient in Neu1, Neu3, Neu4, or from Neu3/Neu4 double knockouts. Surprisingly, no differences in the sialylation of PrPC or its proteolytic product C1 were noticed in any of the knockout mice tested as compared to the age-matched controls. However, significantly higher amounts of the C1 fragment relative to full-length PrPC were detected in the brains of Neu1 knockout mice as compared to WT mice or to the other knockout mice. Additional experiments revealed that in neuroblastoma cell line the sialylation pattern of C1 could be changed by an inhibitor of sialylatransferases. In summary, this study suggests that targeting cellular sialidases is apparently not the correct strategy for altering the sialylation levels of PrPC, whereas modulating the activity of sialylatransferases might offer a more promising approach. Our findings also suggest that catabolism of PrPC involves its α-cleavage followed by desialylation of the resulting C1 fragments by NEU1 and consequent fast degradation of the desialylated products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizaveta Katorcha
- Center for Biomedical Engineering and Technology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Nina Klimova
- Center for Biomedical Engineering and Technology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Natallia Makarava
- Center for Biomedical Engineering and Technology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Regina Savtchenko
- Center for Biomedical Engineering and Technology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Xuefang Pan
- Division of Medical Genetics, Sainte-Justine University Hospital Research Center, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Ida Annunziata
- Department of Genetics, St Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Kohta Takahashi
- Institute of Molecular Biomembrane and Glycobiology, Tohoku Pharmaceutical University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Taeko Miyagi
- Institute of Molecular Biomembrane and Glycobiology, Tohoku Pharmaceutical University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Alexey V. Pshezhetsky
- Division of Medical Genetics, Sainte-Justine University Hospital Research Center, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Alessandra d’Azzo
- Department of Genetics, St Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Ilia V. Baskakov
- Center for Biomedical Engineering and Technology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
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The alpha secretase ADAM10: A metalloprotease with multiple functions in the brain. Prog Neurobiol 2015; 135:1-20. [PMID: 26522965 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2015.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2015] [Revised: 09/23/2015] [Accepted: 10/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Proteins belonging to the 'A Disintegrin And Metalloproteinase' (ADAM) family are membrane-anchored proteases that are able to cleave the extracellular domains of several membrane-bound proteins in a process known as 'ectodomain shedding'. In the central nervous system, ADAM10 has attracted the most attention, since it was described as the amyloid precursor protein α-secretase over ten years ago. Despite the excitement over the potential of ADAM10 as a novel drug target in Alzheimer disease, the physiological functions of ADAM10 in the brain are not yet well understood. This is largely because of the embryonic lethality of ADAM10-deficient mice, which results from the loss of cleavage and signaling of the Notch receptor, another ADAM10 substrate. However, the recent generation of conditional ADAM10-deficient mice and the identification of further ADAM10 substrates in the brain has revealed surprisingly numerous and fundamental functions of ADAM10 in the development of the embryonic brain and also in the homeostasis of adult neuronal networks. Mechanistically, ADAM10 controls these functions by utilizing unique postsynaptic substrates in the central nervous system, in particular synaptic cell adhesion molecules, such as neuroligin-1, N-cadherin, NCAM, Ephrin A2 and A5. Consequently, a dysregulation of ADAM10 activity is linked to psychiatric and neurological diseases, such as epilepsy, fragile X syndrome and Huntington disease. This review highlights the recent progress in understanding the substrates and function as well as the regulation and cell biology of ADAM10 in the central nervous system and discusses the value of ADAM10 as a drug target in brain diseases.
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Iraci N, Stincardini C, Barreca ML, Biasini E. Decoding the function of the N-terminal tail of the cellular prion protein to inspire novel therapeutic avenues for neurodegenerative diseases. Virus Res 2015; 207:62-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2014.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2014] [Revised: 09/18/2014] [Accepted: 10/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Santa Maria PL, Kim S, Varsak YK, Yang YP. Heparin binding-epidermal growth factor-like growth factor for the regeneration of chronic tympanic membrane perforations in mice. Tissue Eng Part A 2015; 21:1483-94. [PMID: 25567607 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2014.0474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
We aim to explore the role of epidermal growth factor (EGF) ligand shedding in tympanic membrane wound healing and to investigate the translation of its modulation in tissue engineering of chronic tympanic membrane perforations. Chronic suppurative otitis media (CSOM) is an infected chronic tympanic membrane perforation. Up to 200 million suffer from its associated hearing loss and it is the most common cause of pediatric hearing loss in developing countries. There is a need for nonsurgical treatment due to a worldwide lack of resources. In this study, we show that EGF ligand shedding is essential for tympanic membrane healing as it's inhibition, with KB-R7785, leads to chronic perforation in 87.9% (n=58) compared with 0% (n=20) of controls. We then show that heparin binding-EGF-like growth factor (5 μg/mL), which acts to shed EGF ligands, can regenerate chronic perforations in mouse models with 92% (22 of 24) compared with 38% (10 of 26), also with eustachian tube occlusion with 94% (18 of 19) compared with 9% (2 of 23) and with CSOM 100% (16 of 16) compared with 41% (7 of 17). We also show the nonototoxicity of this treatment and its hydrogel delivery vehicle. This provides preliminary data for a clinical trial where it could be delivered by nonspecialist trained healthcare workers and fulfill the clinical need for a nonsurgical treatment for chronic tympanic membrane perforation and CSOM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Luke Santa Maria
- 1 Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Stanford University , Stanford, California
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Kojima A, Konishi M, Akizawa T. Prion fragment peptides are digested with membrane type matrix metalloproteinases and acquire enzyme resistance through Cu²⁺-binding. Biomolecules 2014; 4:510-26. [PMID: 24970228 PMCID: PMC4101495 DOI: 10.3390/biom4020510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2014] [Revised: 04/02/2014] [Accepted: 04/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Prions are the cause of neurodegenerative disease in humans and other mammals. The structural conversion of the prion protein (PrP) from a normal cellular protein (PrPC) to a protease-resistant isoform (PrPSc) is thought to relate to Cu2+ binding to histidine residues. In this study, we focused on the membrane-type matrix metalloproteinases (MT-MMPs) such as MT1-MMP and MT3-MMP, which are expressed in the brain as PrPC-degrading proteases. We synthesized 21 prion fragment peptides. Each purified peptide was individually incubated with recombinant MT1-MMP or MT3-MMP in the presence or absence of Cu2+ and the cleavage sites determined by LC-ESI-MS analysis. Recombinant MMP-7 and human serum (HS) were also tested as control. hPrP61-90, from the octapeptide-repeat region, was cleaved by HS but not by the MMPs tested here. On the other hand, hPrP92-168 from the central region was cleaved by MT1-MMP and MT3-MMP at various sites. These cleavages were inhibited by treatment with Cu2+. The C-terminal peptides had higher resistance than the central region. The data obtained from this study suggest that MT-MMPs expressed in the brain might possess PrPC-degrading activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aya Kojima
- Analytical Chemistry, Pharmaceutical Science, Setsunan University, 45-1 Nagaotoge-cho, Hirakata, Osaka 573-0101, Japan.
| | - Motomi Konishi
- Analytical Chemistry, Pharmaceutical Science, Setsunan University, 45-1 Nagaotoge-cho, Hirakata, Osaka 573-0101, Japan.
| | - Toshifumi Akizawa
- Analytical Chemistry, Pharmaceutical Science, Setsunan University, 45-1 Nagaotoge-cho, Hirakata, Osaka 573-0101, Japan.
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31
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Chen C, Lv Y, Zhang BY, Zhang J, Shi Q, Wang J, Tian C, Gao C, Xiao K, Ren K, Zhou W, Dong XP. Apparent Reduction of ADAM10 in Scrapie-Infected Cultured Cells and in the Brains of Scrapie-Infected Rodents. Mol Neurobiol 2014; 50:875-87. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-014-8708-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2013] [Accepted: 04/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Taylor S, Markesbery M, Harding P. Heparin-binding epidermal growth factor-like growth factor (HB-EGF) and proteolytic processing by a disintegrin and metalloproteinases (ADAM): A regulator of several pathways. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2014; 28:22-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2014.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2014] [Revised: 02/25/2014] [Accepted: 03/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Davidson L, Knight R. Neuropathogenesis of prion disease. FUTURE NEUROLOGY 2014. [DOI: 10.2217/fnl.13.74] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT: Although much is known about prion diseases (characterized by a post-translational misfolding of the prion protein [PrP]) and their neuropathology and molecular pathology, the fundamental cause of illness, the basic neuropathogenesis, remains uncertain. There are three broad considerations discussed in this review: the possible loss of normal PrP function, the possible direct toxicity of the abnormally folded PrP and a harmful interaction between the normal and abnormal protein. In considering these possibilities, there are difficulties, including the facts that the relevant normal functions of the PrP are somewhat uncertain and that there are a number of possible toxic species of abnormal protein. In addition to the possible interactions of normal and abnormal PrP in prion disease, PrP may play a role in the neuropathogenesis of other diseases (such as Alzheimer’s disease).
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise Davidson
- National Creutzfeldt–Jakob Disease Research & Surveillance Unit, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Richard Knight
- National Creutzfeldt–Jakob Disease Research & Surveillance Unit, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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Mays CE, Coomaraswamy J, Watts JC, Yang J, Ko KW, Strome B, Mercer RC, Wohlgemuth SL, Schmitt-Ulms G, Westaway D. Endoproteolytic processing of the mammalian prion glycoprotein family. FEBS J 2013; 281:862-76. [DOI: 10.1111/febs.12654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2013] [Revised: 10/25/2013] [Accepted: 11/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Charles E. Mays
- Centre for Prions and Protein Folding Diseases; University of Alberta; Edmonton Canada
| | | | - Joel C. Watts
- Department of Biochemistry and Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases; University of Toronto; ON Canada
| | - Jing Yang
- Centre for Prions and Protein Folding Diseases; University of Alberta; Edmonton Canada
| | - Kerry W.S. Ko
- Centre for Prions and Protein Folding Diseases; University of Alberta; Edmonton Canada
| | - Bob Strome
- Department of Biochemistry and Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases; University of Toronto; ON Canada
| | - Robert C.C. Mercer
- Centre for Prions and Protein Folding Diseases; University of Alberta; Edmonton Canada
| | - Serene L. Wohlgemuth
- Centre for Prions and Protein Folding Diseases; University of Alberta; Edmonton Canada
| | - Gerold Schmitt-Ulms
- Department of Biochemistry and Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases; University of Toronto; ON Canada
| | - David Westaway
- Centre for Prions and Protein Folding Diseases; University of Alberta; Edmonton Canada
- Division of Neurology; Department of Biochemistry; University of Alberta; Edmonton Canada
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Schmitz M, Lüllmann K, Zafar S, Ebert E, Wohlhage M, Oikonomou P, Schlomm M, Mitrova E, Beekes M, Zerr I. Association of prion protein genotype and scrapie prion protein type with cellular prion protein charge isoform profiles in cerebrospinal fluid of humans with sporadic or familial prion diseases. Neurobiol Aging 2013; 35:1177-88. [PMID: 24360565 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2013.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2013] [Revised: 10/31/2013] [Accepted: 11/10/2013] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The present study investigates whether posttranslational modifications of cellular prion protein (PrP(C)) in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of humans with prion diseases are associated with methionine (M) and/or valine (V) polymorphism at codon 129 of the prion protein gene (PRNP), scrapie prion protein (PrP(Sc)) type in sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (sCJD), or PRNP mutations in familial Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (fCJD/E200K), and fatal familial insomnia (FFI). We performed comparative 2-dimensional immunoblotting of PrP(C) charge isoforms in CSF samples from cohorts of diseased and control donors. Mean levels of total PrP(C) were significantly lower in the CSF from fCJD patients than from those with sCJD or FFI. Of the 12 most abundant PrP(C) isoforms in the examined CSF, one (IF12) was relatively decreased in (1) sCJD with VV (vs. MM or MV) at PRNP codon 129; (2) in sCJD with PrP(Sc) type 2 (vs. PrP(Sc) type 1); and (3) in FFI versus sCJD or fCJD. Furthermore, truncated PrP(C) species were detected in sCJD and control samples without discernible differences. Finally, serine 43 of PrP(C) in the CSF and brain tissue from CJD patients showed more pronounced phosphorylation than in control donors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Schmitz
- Department of Neurology, Clinical Dementia Center and DZNE Georg-August University, Göttingen, Germany.
| | - Katharina Lüllmann
- Department of Neurology, Clinical Dementia Center and DZNE Georg-August University, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Saima Zafar
- Department of Neurology, Clinical Dementia Center and DZNE Georg-August University, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Ebert
- Department of Neurology, Clinical Dementia Center and DZNE Georg-August University, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Marie Wohlhage
- Department of Neurology, Clinical Dementia Center and DZNE Georg-August University, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Panteleimon Oikonomou
- Department of Neurology, Clinical Dementia Center and DZNE Georg-August University, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Markus Schlomm
- Department of Neurology, Clinical Dementia Center and DZNE Georg-August University, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Eva Mitrova
- Slovak Medical University, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Michael Beekes
- Robert Koch-Institute, FG 14 - AG 5: Work Group Unconventional Pathogens and Their Inactivation, Division of Applied Infection Control and Nosocomial Hygiene, Berlin, Germany
| | - Inga Zerr
- Department of Neurology, Clinical Dementia Center and DZNE Georg-August University, Göttingen, Germany
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Xiao Q, Zhang F, Grassia G, Hu Y, Zhang Z, Xing Q, Yin X, Maddaluno M, Drung B, Schmidt B, Maffia P, Ialenti A, Mayr M, Xu Q, Ye S. Matrix metalloproteinase-8 promotes vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation and neointima formation. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2013; 34:90-8. [PMID: 24158518 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.113.301418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We investigated the role of matrix metalloproteinase-8 (MMP8) in neointima formation and in vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) migration and proliferation. APPROACH AND RESULTS After carotid artery wire injuring, MMP8(-/-)/apoE(-/-) mice had fewer proliferating cells in neointimal lesions and smaller lesion sizes. Ex vivo assays comparing VSMCs isolated from MMP8 knockout and wild-type mice showed that MMP8 knockout decreased proliferation and migration. Proteomics analysis revealed that a disintegrin and metalloproteinase domain-containing protein 10 (ADAM10) had lower concentrations in MMP8 knockout VSMC culture media than in MMP8 wild-type VSMC culture media. Western blot, flow cytometric, and immunocytochemical analyses showed that MMP8 knockout VSMCs contained more pro-ADAM10 but less mature ADAM10, more N-cadherin, and β-catenin in the plasma membrane but less β-catenin in the nucleus and less cyclin D1. Treatment of MMP8 wild-type VSMCs with an ADAM10 inhibitor, GI254023X, or siRNA knockdown of ADAM10 in MMP8 wild-type VSMCs inhibited proliferation and migration, increased N-cadherin and β-catenin in the plasma membrane, reduced β-catenin in the nucleus, and decreased cyclin D1 expression. Incubation of MMP8 knockout VSMCs with a recombinant ADAM10 rescued the proliferative and migratory ability of MMP8 knockout VSMCs and increased cyclin D1 expression. Furthermore, immunohistochemical analyses showed colocalization of ADAM10 with VSMCs and N-cadherin, and nuclear accumulation of β-catenin in the neointima in apoE(-/-)/MMP8(+/+) mice. CONCLUSIONS MMP8 enhances VSMC proliferation via an ADAM10, N-cadherin, and β-catenin-mediated pathway and plays an important role in neointima formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingzhong Xiao
- From William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom (Q. Xiao, F.Z., S.Y.); Department of Cardiology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China (F.Z.); Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy (G.G., M. Maddaluno, P.M., A.I.); Cardiovascular Division, King's College London BHF Centre, London, United Kingdom (Y.H., Z.Z., Q. Xing, X.Y., M. Mayr, Q. Xu); Clemens Schöpf Institute, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany (B.D., B.S.); Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom (P.M.)
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37
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Taguchi Y, Hohsfield LA, Hollister JR, Baron GS. Effects of FlAsH/tetracysteine (TC) Tag on PrP proteolysis and PrPres formation by TC-scanning. Chembiochem 2013; 14:1597-610, 1510. [PMID: 23943295 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201300255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Protein-protein interactions associated with proteolytic processing and aggregation are integral to normal and pathological aspects of prion protein (PrP) biology. Characterization of these interactions requires the identification of amino acid residues involved. The FlAsH/tetracysteine (FlAsH/TC) tag is a small fluorescent tag amenable to insertion at internal sites in proteins. In this study, we used serial FlAsH/TC insertions (TC-scanning) as a probe to characterize sites of protein-protein interaction between PrP and other molecules. To explore this application in the context of substrate-protease interactions, we analyzed the effect of FlAsH/TC insertions on proteolysis of cellular prion protein (PrPsen) in in vitro reactions and generation of the C1 metabolic fragment of PrPsen in live neuroblastoma cells. The influence of FlAsH/TC insertion was evaluated by TC-scanning across the cleavage sites of each protease. The results showed that FlAsH/TC inhibited protease cleavage only within limited ranges of the cleavage sites, which varied from about one to six residues in width, depending on the protease, providing an estimate of the PrP residues interacting with each protease. TC-scanning was also used to probe a different type of protein-protein interaction: the conformational conversion of FlAsH-PrPsen to the prion disease-associated isoform, PrPres. PrP constructs with FlAsH/TC insertions at residues 90-96 but not 97-101 were converted to FlAsH-PrPres, identifying a boundary separating loosely versus compactly folded regions of PrPres. Our observations demonstrate that TC-scanning with the FlAsH/TC tag can be a versatile method for probing protein-protein interactions and folding processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuzuru Taguchi
- Rocky Mountain Laboratories, NIAID, NIH, Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, 903 S. 4th St., Hamilton, MT 59840 (USA); Currently at the Department of Comparative Biology & Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 4Z6 (Canada).
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Ostapchenko VG, Beraldo FH, Guimarães ALS, Mishra S, Guzman M, Fan J, Martins VR, Prado VF, Prado MAM. Increased prion protein processing and expression of metabotropic glutamate receptor 1 in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. J Neurochem 2013; 127:415-25. [PMID: 23651058 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.12296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2012] [Revised: 04/29/2013] [Accepted: 05/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Prion protein (PrP(C) ), a glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored protein corrupted in prion diseases, has been shown recently to interact with group I metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs). Moreover, both PrP(C) and mGluRs were proposed to function as putative receptors for β-amyloid in Alzheimer's disease. PrP(C) can be processed in neurons via α or β-cleavage to produce PrP(C) fragments that are neuroprotective or toxic, respectively. We found PrP(C) α-cleavage to be 2-3 times higher in the cortex of APPswe/PS1dE9 mice, a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. A similar age-dependent increase was observed for PrP(C) β-cleavage. Moreover, we observed considerable age-dependent increase in cortical expression of mGluR1, but not mGluR5. Exposure of cortical neuronal cultures to β-amyloid oligomers upregulated mGluR1 and PrP(C) α-cleavage, while activation of group I mGluRs increased PrP(C) shedding from the membrane, likely due to increased levels of a disintegrin and metalloprotease10, a key disintegrin for PrP(C) shedding. Interestingly, a similar increase in a disintegrin and metalloprotease10 was detected in the cortex of 9-month-old APPswe/PS1dE9 animals. Our experiments reveal novel and complex processing of PrP(C) in connection with mGluR overexpression that seems to be triggered by β-amyloid peptides. Prion protein (PrP(C) ) and metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluR) are implicated in Alzheimer's disease (AD). We found age-dependent increase in PrP(C) processing, ADAM10 and mGluR1 levels in AD mouse model. These changes could be reproduced in cultured cortical neurons treated with Aβ peptide. Our findings suggest that increased levels of Aβ can trigger compensatory responses that may affect neuronal toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeriy G Ostapchenko
- Robarts Research Institute, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
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Altmeppen HC, Prox J, Puig B, Dohler F, Falker C, Krasemann S, Glatzel M. Roles of endoproteolytic α-cleavage and shedding of the prion protein in neurodegeneration. FEBS J 2013; 280:4338-47. [DOI: 10.1111/febs.12196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2012] [Revised: 01/25/2013] [Accepted: 02/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hermann C. Altmeppen
- Institute of Neuropathology; University Medical Center HH-Eppendorf; Hamburg Germany
| | - Johannes Prox
- Institute of Biochemistry; Christian Albrechts University; Kiel Germany
| | - Berta Puig
- Institute of Neuropathology; University Medical Center HH-Eppendorf; Hamburg Germany
| | - Frank Dohler
- Institute of Neuropathology; University Medical Center HH-Eppendorf; Hamburg Germany
| | - Clemens Falker
- Institute of Neuropathology; University Medical Center HH-Eppendorf; Hamburg Germany
| | - Susanne Krasemann
- Institute of Neuropathology; University Medical Center HH-Eppendorf; Hamburg Germany
| | - Markus Glatzel
- Institute of Neuropathology; University Medical Center HH-Eppendorf; Hamburg Germany
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40
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N-truncated Aβ peptides in complex fluids unraveled by new specific immunoassays. Neurobiol Aging 2013; 34:523-39. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2012.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2012] [Revised: 05/10/2012] [Accepted: 05/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Wik L, Klingeborn M, Willander H, Linne T. Separate mechanisms act concurrently to shed and release the prion protein from the cell. Prion 2012; 6:498-509. [PMID: 23093798 DOI: 10.4161/pri.22588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The cellular prion protein (PrP (C) ) is attached to the cell membrane via its glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchor and is constitutively shed into the extracellular space. Here, three different mechanisms are presented that concurrently shed PrP (C) from the cell. The fast α-cleavage released a N-terminal fragment (N1) into the medium and the extreme C-terminal cleavage shed soluble full-length (FL-S) PrP and C-terminally cleaved (C1-S) fragments outside the cell. Also, a slow exosomal release of full-length (FL) and C1-fragment (C1) was demonstrated. The three separate mechanisms acting simultaneously, but with different kinetics, have to be taken into consideration when elucidating functional roles of PrP (C) and also when processing of PrP (C) is considered as a target for intervention in prion diseases. Further, in this study it was shown that metalloprotease inhibitors affected the extreme C-terminal cleavage and shedding of PrP (C) . The metalloprotease inhibitors did not influence the α-cleavage or the exosomal release. Taken together, these results are important for understanding the different mechanisms acting in parallel in the shedding and cleavage of PrP (C) .
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Affiliation(s)
- Lotta Wik
- Division of Immunology, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
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Wang KKW, Zoltewicz JS, Chiu A, Zhang Z, Rubenstein R. Release of Full-Length PrP(C) from Cultured Neurons Following Neurotoxic Challenges. Front Neurol 2012; 3:147. [PMID: 23093947 PMCID: PMC3477638 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2012.00147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2012] [Accepted: 10/01/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The susceptibility of the normal cellular prion protein isoform, cellular prion protein (PrP(C)), to proteolytic digestion has been well documented. In addition, a link between PrP(C) and the cytosolic protease, calpain, has been reported although the specifics of the interaction remain unclear. We performed in vitro and in cell-based studies to examine this relationship. We observed that human recombinant PrP (HrPrP) was readily cleaved by calpain-1 and -2, and we have identified and defined the targeted cleavage sites. In contrast, HrPrP was resistant to caspase-3 digestion. Unexpectedly, when brain lysates from PrP(C)-expressing mice were treated with calpain, no appreciable loss of the intact PrP(C), nor the appearance of PrP(C) breakdown products (BDPs) were observed, even though alpha II-spectrin was converted to its signature calpain-induced BDPs. In addition, when rat cerebrocortical neuronal cultures (RtCNC) were subjected to the two neurotoxins at subacute levels, maitotoxin (MTX) and N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA), PrP(C)-BDPs were also not detectable. However, a novel finding from these cell-based studies is that apparently full-length, mature PrP(C) is released into culture media from RtCNC challenged with subacute doses of MTX and NMDA. Calpain inhibitor SNJ-1945 and caspase inhibitor IDN-6556 did not attenuate the release of PrP(C). Similarly, the lysosomal protease inhibitor, NH(4)Cl, and the proteasome inhibitor, lactacystin, did not significantly alter the integrity of PrP(C) or its release from the RtCNC. In conclusion, rat neuronal PrP(C) is not a significant target for proteolytic modifications during MTX and NMDA neurotoxic challenges. However, the robust neurotoxin-mediated release of full-length PrP(C) into the cell culture media suggests an unidentified neuroprotective mechanism for PrP(C).
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin K. W. Wang
- Departments of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Center of Neuroproteomics and Biomarker Research, McKnight Brain Institute, University of FloridaGainesville, FL, USA
- Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases and Central Nervous System Biomarkers, Departments of Neurology and Physiology/Pharmacology, State University of NewYork Downstate Medical CenterBrooklyn, NY, USA
| | | | - Allen Chiu
- Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases and Central Nervous System Biomarkers, Departments of Neurology and Physiology/Pharmacology, State University of NewYork Downstate Medical CenterBrooklyn, NY, USA
| | - Zhiqun Zhang
- Departments of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Center of Neuroproteomics and Biomarker Research, McKnight Brain Institute, University of FloridaGainesville, FL, USA
- Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases and Central Nervous System Biomarkers, Departments of Neurology and Physiology/Pharmacology, State University of NewYork Downstate Medical CenterBrooklyn, NY, USA
| | - Richard Rubenstein
- Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases and Central Nervous System Biomarkers, Departments of Neurology and Physiology/Pharmacology, State University of NewYork Downstate Medical CenterBrooklyn, NY, USA
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Abstract
The cellular prion protein (PrPC) is subjected to various processing under physiological and pathological conditions, of which the α-cleavage within the central hydrophobic domain not only disrupts a region critical for both PrP toxicity and PrPC to PrPSc conversion but also produces the N1 fragment that is neuroprotective and the C1 fragment that enhances the pro-apoptotic effect of staurosporine in one report and inhibits prion in another. The proteases responsible for the α-cleavage of PrPC are controversial. The effect of ADAM10, ADAM17, and ADAM9 on N1 secretion clearly indicates their involvement in the α-cleavage of PrPC, but there has been no report of direct PrPC α-cleavage activity with any of the three ADAMs in a purified protein form. We demonstrated that, in muscle cells, ADAM8 is the primary protease for the α-cleavage of PrPC, but another unidentified protease(s) must also play a minor role. We also found that PrPC regulates ADAM8 expression, suggesting that a close examination on the relationships between PrPC and its processing enzymes may reveal novel roles and underlying mechanisms for PrPC in non-prion diseases such as asthma and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Liang
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
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44
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Griffiths HH, Whitehouse IJ, Hooper NM. Regulation of amyloid-β production by the prion protein. Prion 2012; 6:217-22. [PMID: 22449984 DOI: 10.4161/pri.18988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer disease (AD) is characterized by the amyloidogenic processing of the amyloid precursor protein (APP), culminating in the accumulation of amyloid-β peptides in the brain. The enzymatic action of the β-secretase, BACE1 is the rate-limiting step in this amyloidogenic processing of APP. BACE1 cleavage of wild-type APP (APPWT) is inhibited by the cellular prion protein (PrP (C) ). Our recent study has revealed the molecular and cellular mechanisms behind this observation by showing that PrP (C) directly interacts with the pro-domain of BACE1 in the trans-Golgi network (TGN), decreasing the amount of BACE1 at the cell surface and in endosomes where it cleaves APPWT, while increasing BACE1 in the TGN where it preferentially cleaves APP with the Swedish mutation (APPSwe). PrP (C) deletion in transgenic mice expressing the Swedish and Indiana familial mutations (APPSwe,Ind) failed to affect amyloid-β accumulation, which is explained by the differential subcellular sites of action of BACE1 toward APPWT and APPSwe. This, together with our observation that PrP (C) is reduced in sporadic but not familial AD brain, suggests that PrP (C) plays a key protective role against sporadic AD. It also highlights the need for an APPWT transgenic mouse model to understand the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying sporadic AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heledd H Griffiths
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
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45
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Liang J, Wang W, Sorensen D, Medina S, Ilchenko S, Kiselar J, Surewicz WK, Booth SA, Kong Q. Cellular prion protein regulates its own α-cleavage through ADAM8 in skeletal muscle. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:16510-20. [PMID: 22447932 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.360891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The ubiquitously expressed cellular prion protein (PrP(C)) is subjected to the physiological α-cleavage at a region critical for both PrP toxicity and the conversion of PrP(C) to its pathogenic prion form (PrP(Sc)), generating the C1 and N1 fragments. The C1 fragment can activate caspase 3 while the N1 fragment is neuroprotective. Recent articles indicate that ADAM10, ADAM17, and ADAM9 may not play a prominent role in the α-cleavage of PrP(C) as previously thought, raising questions on the identity of the responsible protease(s). Here we show that, ADAM8 can directly cleave PrP to generate C1 in vitro and PrP C1/full-length ratio is greatly decreased in the skeletal muscles of ADAM8 knock-out mice; in addition, the PrP C1/full-length ratio is linearly correlated with ADAM8 protein level in myoblast cell line C2C12 and in skeletal muscle tissues of transgenic mice. These results indicate that ADAM8 is the primary protease responsible for the α-cleavage of PrP(C) in muscle cells. Moreover, we found that overexpression of PrP(C) led to up-regulation of ADAM8, suggesting that PrP(C) may regulate its own α-cleavage through modulating ADAM8 activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Liang
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA
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46
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Marolda R, Ciotti MT, Matrone C, Possenti R, Calissano P, Cavallaro S, Severini C. Substance P activates ADAM9 mRNA expression and induces α-secretase-mediated amyloid precursor protein cleavage. Neuropharmacology 2012; 62:1954-63. [PMID: 22244942 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2011.12.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2011] [Revised: 12/13/2011] [Accepted: 12/21/2011] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Altered levels of Substance P (SP), a neuropeptide endowed with neuroprotective and anti-apoptotic properties, were found in brain areas and spinal fluid of Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients. One of the hallmarks of AD is the abnormal extracellular deposition of neurotoxic beta amyloid (Aβ) peptides, derived from the proteolytic processing of amyloid precursor protein (APP). In the present study, we confirmed, the neurotrophic action of SP in cultured rat cerebellar granule cells (CGCs) and investigated its effects on APP metabolism. Incubation with low (5 mM) potassium induced apoptotic cell death of CGCs and amyloidogenic processing of APP, whereas treatment with SP (200 nM) reverted these effects via NK1 receptors. The non-amyloidogenic effect of SP consisted of reduction of Aβ(1-42), increase of sAPPα and enhanced α-secretase activity, without a significant change in steady-state levels of cellular APP. The intracellular mechanisms whereby SP alters APP metabolism were further investigated by measuring mRNA and/or steady-state protein levels of key enzymes involved with α-, β- and γ-secretase activity. Among them, Adam9, both at the mRNA and protein level, was the only enzyme to be significantly down-regulated following the induction of apoptosis (K5) and up-regulated after SP treatment. In addition to its neuroprotective properties, this study shows that SP is able to stimulate non-amyloidogenic APP processing, thereby reducing the possibility of generation of toxic Aβ peptides in brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Marolda
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, CNR, Via del Fosso di Fiorano, 65, 00143 Rome, Italy
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47
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Abstract
'Secretase' is a generic term coined more than 20 years ago to refer to a group of proteases responsible for the cleavage of a vast number of membrane proteins. These endoproteolytic events result in the extracellular or intracellular release of soluble metabolites associated with a broad range of intrinsic physiological functions. α-Secretase refers to the activity targeting the amyloid precursor protein (APP) and generating sAPPα, a soluble extracellular fragment potentially associated with neurotrophic and neuroprotective functions. Several proteases from the a disintegrin and metalloproteinase (ADAM) family, including ADAM10 and ADAM17, have been directly or indirectly associated with the constitutive and regulated α-secretase activities. Recent evidence in primary neuronal cultures indicates that ADAM10 may represent the genuine constitutive α-secretase. Mainly because α-secretase cleaves APP within the sequence of Aβ, the core component of the cerebral amyloid plaques in Alzheimer's disease, α-secretase activation is considered to be of therapeutic value. In this article, we will provide a historical perspective on the characterization of α-secretase and review the recent literature on the identification and biology of the current α-secretase candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valérie Vingtdeux
- Litwin-Zucker Research Center for the Study of Alzheimer's Disease, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York, USA
| | - Philippe Marambaud
- Litwin-Zucker Research Center for the Study of Alzheimer's Disease, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York, USA
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48
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Zhang H, Ma Q, Zhang YW, Xu H. Proteolytic processing of Alzheimer's β-amyloid precursor protein. J Neurochem 2011; 120 Suppl 1:9-21. [PMID: 22122372 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2011.07519.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 233] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
β-Amyloid precursor protein (APP) is a critical factor in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). APP undergoes post-translational proteolysis/processing to generate the hydrophobic β-amyloid (Aβ) peptides. Deposition of Aβ in the brain, forming oligomeric Aβ and plaques, is identified as one of the key pathological hallmarks of AD. The processing of APP to generate Aβ is executed by β- and γ-secretase and is highly regulated. Aβ toxicity can lead to synaptic dysfunction, neuronal cell death, impaired learning/memory and abnormal behaviors in AD models in vitro and in vivo. Aside from Aβ, proteolytic cleavages of APP can also give rise to the APP intracellular domain, reportedly involved in multiple types of cellular events such as gene transcription and apoptotic cell death. In addition to amyloidogenic processing, APP can also be cleaved by α-secretase to form a soluble or secreted APP ectodomain (sAPP-α) that has been shown to be mostly neuro-protective. In this review, we describe the mechanisms involved in APP metabolism and the likely functions of its various proteolytic products to give a better understanding of the patho/physiological functions of APP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Zhang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, College of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China.,Neurodegenerative Disease Research Program, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Qilin Ma
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Yun-Wu Zhang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, College of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Huaxi Xu
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, College of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China.,Neurodegenerative Disease Research Program, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
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49
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Westergard L, Turnbaugh JA, Harris DA. A naturally occurring C-terminal fragment of the prion protein (PrP) delays disease and acts as a dominant-negative inhibitor of PrPSc formation. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:44234-44242. [PMID: 22025612 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.286195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The cellular prion protein (PrPC) undergoes constitutive proteolytic cleavage between residues 111/112 to yield a soluble N-terminal fragment (N1) and a membrane-anchored C-terminal fragment (C1). The C1 fragment represents the major proteolytic fragment of PrPC in brain and several cell types. To explore the role of C1 in prion disease, we generated Tg(C1) transgenic mice expressing this fragment (PrP(Δ23-111)) in the presence and absence of endogenous PrP. In contrast to several other N-terminally deleted forms of PrP, the C1 fragment does not cause a spontaneous neurological disease in the absence of endogenous PrP. Tg(C1) mice inoculated with scrapie prions remain healthy and do not accumulate protease-resistant PrP, demonstrating that C1 is not a substrate for conversion to PrPSc (the disease-associated isoform). Interestingly, Tg(C1) mice co-expressing C1 along with wild-type PrP (either endogenous or encoded by a second transgene) become ill after scrapie inoculation, but with a dramatically delayed time course compared with mice lacking C1. In addition, accumulation of PrPSc was markedly slowed in these animals. Similar effects were produced by a shorter C-terminal fragment of PrP(Δ23-134). These results demonstrate that C1 acts as dominant-negative inhibitor of PrPSc formation and accumulation of neurotoxic forms of PrP. Thus, C1, a naturally occurring fragment of PrPC, might play a modulatory role during the course of prion diseases. In addition, enhancing production of C1, or exogenously administering this fragment, represents a potential therapeutic strategy for the treatment of prion diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Westergard
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110
| | - Jessie A Turnbaugh
- Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02118
| | - David A Harris
- Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02118.
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50
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Regulation of alpha-secretase ADAM10 expression and activity. Exp Brain Res 2011; 217:343-52. [DOI: 10.1007/s00221-011-2885-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2011] [Accepted: 09/19/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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