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Jadalannagari S, Ewart L. Beyond the hype and toward application: liver complex in vitro models in preclinical drug safety. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2024; 20:607-619. [PMID: 38465923 DOI: 10.1080/17425255.2024.2328794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Drug induced Liver-Injury (DILI) is a leading cause of drug attrition and complex in vitro models (CIVMs), including three dimensional (3D) spheroids, 3D bio printed tissues and flow-based systems, could improve preclinical prediction. Although CIVMs have demonstrated good sensitivity and specificity in DILI detection their adoption remains limited. AREAS COVERED This article describes DILI, the challenges with its prediction and the current strategies and models that are being used. It reviews data from industry-FDA collaborations and strategic partnerships and finishes with an outlook of CIVMs in preclinical toxicity testing. Literature searches were performed using PubMed and Google Scholar while product information was collected from manufacturer websites. EXPERT OPINION Liver CIVMs are promising models for predicting DILI although, a decade after their introduction, routine use by the pharmaceutical industry is limited. To accelerate their adoption, several industry-regulator-developer partnerships or consortia have been established to guide the development and qualification. Beyond this, liver CIVMs should continue evolving to capture greater immunological mimicry while partnering with computational approaches to deliver systems that change the paradigm of predicting DILI.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lorna Ewart
- Department of Bioinnovations, Emulate Inc, Boston, MA, USA
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2
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Hoogstraten CA, Schirris TJJ, Russel FGM. Unlocking mitochondrial drug targets: The importance of mitochondrial transport proteins. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2024; 240:e14150. [PMID: 38666512 DOI: 10.1111/apha.14150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Revised: 03/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
A disturbed mitochondrial function contributes to the pathology of many common diseases. These organelles are therefore important therapeutic targets. On the contrary, many adverse effects of drugs can be explained by a mitochondrial off-target effect, in particular, due to an interaction with carrier proteins in the inner membrane. Yet this class of transport proteins remains underappreciated and understudied. The aim of this review is to provide a deeper understanding of the role of mitochondrial carriers in health and disease and their significance as drug targets. We present literature-based evidence that mitochondrial carrier proteins are associated with prevalent diseases and emphasize their potential as drug (off-)target sites by summarizing known mitochondrial drug-transporter interactions. Studying these carriers will enhance our knowledge of mitochondrial drug on- and off-targets and provide opportunities to further improve the efficacy and safety of drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte A Hoogstraten
- Department of Pharmacy, Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- Radboud Center for Mitochondrial Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Tom J J Schirris
- Department of Pharmacy, Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- Radboud Center for Mitochondrial Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Frans G M Russel
- Department of Pharmacy, Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- Radboud Center for Mitochondrial Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
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3
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Aslamkhan AG, Michna L, Podtelezhnikov A, Vlasakova K, Suemizu H, Ohnishi Y, Liu L, Lane P, Xu Q, Kuhls MC, Wang Z, Pacchione S, Erdos Z, Tracy RW, Koeplinger K, Muniappa N, Valentine J, Galijatovic-Idrizbegovic A, Glaab WE, Sistare FD, Lebron J. A mechanistic biomarker investigation of fialuridine hepatotoxicity using the chimeric TK-NOG Hu-liver mouse model and in vitro micropatterned hepatocyte cocultures. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2024; 13:tfad120. [PMID: 38223529 PMCID: PMC10784659 DOI: 10.1093/toxres/tfad120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Fialuridine (FIAU) is a nucleoside-based drug that caused liver failure and deaths in a human clinical trial that were not predicted by nonclinical safety studies. A recent report concluded that a TK-NOG humanized liver (hu-liver) mouse model detected human-specific FIAU liver toxicity, and broader use of that model could improve drug safety testing. We further evaluated this model at similar dose levels to assess FIAU sensitivity and potential mechanistic biomarkers. Although we were unable to reproduce the marked acute liver toxicity with two separate studies (including one with a "sensitized" donor), we identified molecular biomarkers reflecting the early stages of FIAU mitochondrial toxicity, which were not seen with its stereoisomer (FIRU). Dose dependent FIAU-induced changes in hu-liver mice included more pronounced reductions in mitochondrial to nuclear DNA (mtDNA/nucDNA) ratios in human hepatocytes compared to mouse hepatocytes and kidneys of the same animals. FIAU treatment also triggered a p53 transcriptional response and opposing changes in transcripts of nuclear- and mitochondrial-encoded mitochondrial proteins. The time dependent accumulation of FIAU into mtDNA is consistent with the ≥9-week latency of liver toxicity observed for FIAU in the clinic. Similar changes were observed in an in vitro micro-patterned hepatocyte coculture system. In addition, FIAU-dependent mtDNA/nucDNA ratio and transcriptional alterations, especially reductions in mitochondrially encoded transcripts, were seen in livers of non-engrafted TK-NOG and CD-1 mice dosed for a shorter period. Conclusion: These mechanistic biomarker findings can be leveraged in an in vitro model and in a more routine preclinical model (CD-1 mice) to identify nucleosides with such a FIAU-like mitochondrial toxicity mechanistic liability potential. Further optimization of the TK-NOG hu-liver mouse model is necessary before broader adoption for drug safety testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy G Aslamkhan
- Nonclinical Drug Safety, Merck & Co., Inc., 770 Sumneytown Pike, West Point, PA 19486, United States
| | - Laura Michna
- Nonclinical Drug Safety, Merck & Co., Inc., 770 Sumneytown Pike, West Point, PA 19486, United States
| | - Alexei Podtelezhnikov
- Nonclinical Drug Safety, Merck & Co., Inc., 770 Sumneytown Pike, West Point, PA 19486, United States
| | - Katerina Vlasakova
- Nonclinical Drug Safety, Merck & Co., Inc., 770 Sumneytown Pike, West Point, PA 19486, United States
| | - Hiroshi Suemizu
- Laboratory Animal Research, Central Institute for Experimental Animals, 210-0821 Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki 3-25-12 Tonomachi, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Ohnishi
- Laboratory Animal Research, Central Institute for Experimental Animals, 210-0821 Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki 3-25-12 Tonomachi, Japan
| | - Liping Liu
- Nonclinical Drug Safety, Merck & Co., Inc., 770 Sumneytown Pike, West Point, PA 19486, United States
| | - Pamela Lane
- Nonclinical Drug Safety, Merck & Co., Inc., 770 Sumneytown Pike, West Point, PA 19486, United States
| | - Qiuwei Xu
- Nonclinical Drug Safety, Merck & Co., Inc., 770 Sumneytown Pike, West Point, PA 19486, United States
| | - Matthew C Kuhls
- Nonclinical Drug Safety, Merck & Co., Inc., 770 Sumneytown Pike, West Point, PA 19486, United States
| | - Zhibin Wang
- Nonclinical Drug Safety, Merck & Co., Inc., 770 Sumneytown Pike, West Point, PA 19486, United States
| | - Stephen Pacchione
- Nonclinical Drug Safety, Merck & Co., Inc., 770 Sumneytown Pike, West Point, PA 19486, United States
| | - Zoltan Erdos
- Nonclinical Drug Safety, Merck & Co., Inc., 770 Sumneytown Pike, West Point, PA 19486, United States
| | - Rodger William Tracy
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, Metabolism and Bioanalytics, Merck & Co., Inc., 770 Sumneytown Pike, West Point, PA, United States
| | - Kenneth Koeplinger
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, Metabolism and Bioanalytics, Merck & Co., Inc., 770 Sumneytown Pike, West Point, PA, United States
| | - Nagaraja Muniappa
- Nonclinical Drug Safety, Merck & Co., Inc., 770 Sumneytown Pike, West Point, PA 19486, United States
| | - John Valentine
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, Metabolism and Bioanalytics, Merck & Co., Inc., 770 Sumneytown Pike, West Point, PA, United States
| | | | - Warren E Glaab
- Nonclinical Drug Safety, Merck & Co., Inc., 770 Sumneytown Pike, West Point, PA 19486, United States
| | - Frank D Sistare
- Nonclinical Drug Safety, Merck & Co., Inc., 770 Sumneytown Pike, West Point, PA 19486, United States
| | - Jose Lebron
- Nonclinical Drug Safety, Merck & Co., Inc., 770 Sumneytown Pike, West Point, PA 19486, United States
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Russomanno G, Sison-Young R, Livoti LA, Coghlan H, Jenkins RE, Kunnen SJ, Fisher CP, Reddyhoff D, Gardner I, Rehman AH, Fenwick SW, Jones AR, Vermeil De Conchard G, Simonin G, Bertheux H, Weaver RJ, Johnson RL, Liguori MJ, Clausznitzer D, Stevens JL, Goldring CE, Copple IM. A systems approach reveals species differences in hepatic stress response capacity. Toxicol Sci 2023; 196:112-125. [PMID: 37647630 PMCID: PMC10614045 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfad085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023] Open
Abstract
To minimize the occurrence of unexpected toxicities in early phase preclinical studies of new drugs, it is vital to understand fundamental similarities and differences between preclinical species and humans. Species differences in sensitivity to acetaminophen (APAP) liver injury have been related to differences in the fraction of the drug that is bioactivated to the reactive metabolite N-acetyl-p-benzoquinoneimine (NAPQI). We have used physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling to identify oral doses of APAP (300 and 1000 mg/kg in mice and rats, respectively) yielding similar hepatic burdens of NAPQI to enable the comparison of temporal liver tissue responses under conditions of equivalent chemical insult. Despite pharmacokinetic and biochemical verification of the equivalent NAPQI insult, serum biomarker and tissue histopathology analyses revealed that mice still exhibited a greater degree of liver injury than rats. Transcriptomic and proteomic analyses highlighted the stronger activation of stress response pathways (including the Nrf2 oxidative stress response and autophagy) in the livers of rats, indicative of a more robust transcriptional adaptation to the equivalent insult. Components of these pathways were also found to be expressed at a higher basal level in the livers of rats compared with both mice and humans. Our findings exemplify a systems approach to understanding differential species sensitivity to hepatotoxicity. Multiomics analysis indicated that rats possess a greater basal and adaptive capacity for hepatic stress responses than mice and humans, with important implications for species selection and human translation in the safety testing of new drug candidates associated with reactive metabolite formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giusy Russomanno
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Institute of Systems, Molecular & Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 3GE, UK
| | - Rowena Sison-Young
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Institute of Systems, Molecular & Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 3GE, UK
| | - Lucia A Livoti
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Institute of Systems, Molecular & Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 3GE, UK
| | - Hannah Coghlan
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Institute of Systems, Molecular & Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 3GE, UK
| | - Rosalind E Jenkins
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Institute of Systems, Molecular & Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 3GE, UK
- CDSS Bioanalytical Facility, Institute of Systems, Molecular & Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 3GE, UK
| | - Steven J Kunnen
- Division of Drug Discovery and Safety, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research (LACDR), Leiden University, Leiden, 2311 EZ, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Iain Gardner
- Simcyp Division, Certara UK, Sheffield, S1 2BJ, UK
| | - Adeeb H Rehman
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Institute of Systems, Molecular & Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 3GE, UK
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Aintree University Hospital, Liverpool University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, L9 7AL, UK
| | - Stephen W Fenwick
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Aintree University Hospital, Liverpool University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, L9 7AL, UK
| | - Andrew R Jones
- Department of Biochemistry & Systems Biology, Institute of Systems, Molecular & Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7ZB, UK
| | | | - Gilles Simonin
- Translational Medicine, Non Clinical Safety, Biologie Servier, Gidy, 45520, France
| | - Helene Bertheux
- Translational Medicine, Non Clinical Safety, Biologie Servier, Gidy, 45520, France
| | - Richard J Weaver
- Institut de R&D Servier Paris-Saclay, Gif sur Yvette, 91190, France
| | | | | | | | - James L Stevens
- Division of Drug Discovery and Safety, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research (LACDR), Leiden University, Leiden, 2311 EZ, The Netherlands
| | - Christopher E Goldring
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Institute of Systems, Molecular & Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 3GE, UK
| | - Ian M Copple
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Institute of Systems, Molecular & Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 3GE, UK
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5
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Hau RK, Wright SH, Cherrington NJ. Addressing the Clinical Importance of Equilibrative Nucleoside Transporters in Drug Discovery and Development. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2023; 114:780-794. [PMID: 37404197 PMCID: PMC11347013 DOI: 10.1002/cpt.2984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/06/2023]
Abstract
The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA), European Medicines Agency (EMA), and Pharmaceuticals and Medical Devices Agency (PMDA) guidances on small-molecule drug-drug interactions (DDIs), with input from the International Transporter Consortium (ITC), recommend the evaluation of nine drug transporters. Although other clinically relevant drug uptake and efflux transporters have been discussed in ITC white papers, they have been excluded from further recommendation by the ITC and are not included in current regulatory guidances. These include the ubiquitously expressed equilibrative nucleoside transporters (ENT) 1 and ENT2, which have been recognized by the ITC for their potential role in clinically relevant nucleoside analog drug interactions for patients with cancer. Although there is comparatively limited clinical evidence supporting their role in DDI risk or other adverse drug reactions (ADRs) compared with the nine highlighted transporters, several in vitro and in vivo studies have identified ENT interactions with non-nucleoside/non-nucleotide drugs, in addition to nucleoside/nucleotide analogs. Some noteworthy examples of compounds that interact with ENTs include cannabidiol and selected protein kinase inhibitors, as well as the nucleoside analogs remdesivir, EIDD-1931, gemcitabine, and fialuridine. Consequently, DDIs involving the ENTs may be responsible for therapeutic inefficacy or off-target toxicity. Evidence suggests that ENT1 and ENT2 should be considered as transporters potentially involved in clinically relevant DDIs and ADRs, thereby warranting further investigation and regulatory consideration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raymond K Hau
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Stephen H Wright
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Nathan J Cherrington
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
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6
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Giacomini KM, Yee SW, Koleske ML, Zou L, Matsson P, Chen EC, Kroetz DL, Miller MA, Gozalpour E, Chu X. New and Emerging Research on Solute Carrier and ATP Binding Cassette Transporters in Drug Discovery and Development: Outlook From the International Transporter Consortium. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2022; 112:540-561. [PMID: 35488474 PMCID: PMC9398938 DOI: 10.1002/cpt.2627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Enabled by a plethora of new technologies, research in membrane transporters has exploded in the past decade. The goal of this state-of-the-art article is to describe recent advances in research on membrane transporters that are particularly relevant to drug discovery and development. This review covers advances in basic, translational, and clinical research that has led to an increased understanding of membrane transporters at all levels. At the basic level, we describe the available crystal structures of membrane transporters in both the solute carrier (SLC) and ATP binding cassette superfamilies, which has been enabled by the development of cryogenic electron microscopy methods. Next, we describe new research on lysosomal and mitochondrial transporters as well as recently deorphaned transporters in the SLC superfamily. The translational section includes a summary of proteomic research, which has led to a quantitative understanding of transporter levels in various cell types and tissues and new methods to modulate transporter function, such as allosteric modulators and targeted protein degraders of transporters. The section ends with a review of the effect of the gut microbiome on modulation of transporter function followed by a presentation of 3D cell cultures, which may enable in vivo predictions of transporter function. In the clinical section, we describe new genomic and pharmacogenomic research, highlighting important polymorphisms in transporters that are clinically relevant to many drugs. Finally, we describe new clinical tools, which are becoming increasingly available to enable precision medicine, with the application of tissue-derived small extracellular vesicles and real-world biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen M. Giacomini
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic SciencesUniversity of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoCaliforniaUSA
| | - Sook W. Yee
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic SciencesUniversity of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoCaliforniaUSA
| | - Megan L. Koleske
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic SciencesUniversity of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoCaliforniaUSA
| | - Ling Zou
- Pharmacokinetics and Drug MetabolismAmgen Inc.South San FranciscoCaliforniaUSA
| | - Pär Matsson
- Department of PharmacologySahlgrenska AcademyUniversity of GothenburgGothenburgSweden
| | - Eugene C. Chen
- Department of Drug Metabolism and PharmacokineticsGenentech, Inc.South San FranciscoCaliforniaUSA
| | - Deanna L. Kroetz
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic SciencesUniversity of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoCaliforniaUSA
| | - Miles A. Miller
- Center for Systems BiologyMassachusetts General HospitalBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Elnaz Gozalpour
- Drug Safety and MetabolismIMED Biotech UnitSafety and ADME Translational Sciences DepartmentAstraZeneca R&DCambridgeUK
| | - Xiaoyan Chu
- Department of ADME and Discovery ToxicologyMerck & Co. IncKenilworthNew JerseyUSA
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7
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Wang AQ, Hagen NR, Padilha EC, Yang M, Shah P, Chen CZ, Huang W, Terse P, Sanderson P, Zheng W, Xu X. Preclinical Pharmacokinetics and In Vitro Properties of GS-441524, a Potential Oral Drug Candidate for COVID-19 Treatment. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:918083. [PMID: 36052127 PMCID: PMC9424906 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.918083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Preclinical pharmacokinetics (PK) and In Vitro ADME properties of GS-441524, a potential oral agent for the treatment of Covid-19, were studied. GS-441524 was stable in vitro in liver microsomes, cytosols, and hepatocytes of mice, rats, monkeys, dogs, and humans. The plasma free fractions of GS-441524 were 62-78% across all studied species. The in vitro transporter study results showed that GS-441524 was a substrate of MDR1, BCRP, CNT3, ENT1, and ENT2; but not a substrate of CNT1, CNT2, and ENT4. GS-441524 had a low to moderate plasma clearance (CLp), ranging from 4.1 mL/min/kg in dogs to 26 mL/min/kg in mice; the steady state volume distribution (Vdss) ranged from 0.9 L/kg in dogs to 2.4 L/kg in mice after IV administration. Urinary excretion appeared to be the major elimination process for GS-441524. Following oral administration, the oral bioavailability was 8.3% in monkeys, 33% in rats, 39% in mice, and 85% in dogs. The PK and ADME properties of GS-441524 support its further development as an oral drug candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Q. Wang
- Division of Preclinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, United States
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Xin Xu
- Division of Preclinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, United States
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8
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Pastor-Anglada M, Mata-Ventosa A, Pérez-Torras S. Inborn Errors of Nucleoside Transporter (NT)-Encoding Genes ( SLC28 and SLC29). Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:8770. [PMID: 35955904 PMCID: PMC9369021 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23158770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The proper regulation of nucleotide pools is essential for all types of cellular functions and depends on de novo nucleotide biosynthesis, salvage, and degradation pathways. Despite the apparent essentiality of these processes, a significant number of rare diseases associated with mutations in genes encoding various enzymes of these pathways have been already identified, and others are likely yet to come. However, knowledge on genetic alterations impacting on nucleoside and nucleobase transporters is still limited. At this moment three gene-encoding nucleoside and nucleobase transporter proteins have been reported to be mutated in humans, SLC29A1, SLC29A3, and SLC28A1, impacting on the expression and function of ENT1, ENT3, and CNT1, respectively. ENT1 alterations determine Augustine-null blood type and cause ectopic calcification during aging. ENT3 deficiency translates into various clinical manifestations and syndromes, altogether listed in the OMIM catalog as histiocytosis-lymphoadenopathy plus syndrome (OMIM#602782). CNT1 deficiency causes uridine-cytidineuria (URCTU) (OMIM#618477), a unique type of pyrimidineuria with an as yet not well-known clinical impact. Increasing knowledge on the physiological, molecular and structural features of these transporter proteins is helping us to better understand the biological basis behind the biochemical and clinical manifestations caused by these deficiencies. Moreover, they also support the view that some metabolic compensation might occur in these disturbances, because they do not seem to significantly impact nucleotide homeostasis, but rather other biological events associated with particular subtypes of transporter proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marçal Pastor-Anglada
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biomedicina Molecular, Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona (IBUB), Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu (IR SJD), Esplugues de Llobregat, 08950 Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBER EHD), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Aida Mata-Ventosa
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biomedicina Molecular, Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona (IBUB), Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu (IR SJD), Esplugues de Llobregat, 08950 Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBER EHD), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Sandra Pérez-Torras
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biomedicina Molecular, Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona (IBUB), Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu (IR SJD), Esplugues de Llobregat, 08950 Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBER EHD), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
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9
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An Engineered Protein-Based Building Block (Albumin Methacryloyl) for Fabrication of a 3D In Vitro Cryogel Model. Gels 2022; 8:gels8070404. [PMID: 35877489 PMCID: PMC9324498 DOI: 10.3390/gels8070404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) is a leading cause of attrition in drug development or withdrawal; current animal experiments and traditional 2D cell culture systems fail to precisely predict the liver toxicity of drug candidates. Hence, there is an urgent need for an alternative in vitro model that can mimic the liver microenvironments and accurately detect human-specific drug hepatotoxicity. Here, for the first time we propose the fabrication of an albumin methacryloyl cryogel platform inspired by the liver’s microarchitecture via emulating the mechanical properties and extracellular matrix (ECM) cues of liver. Engineered crosslinkable albumin methacryloyl is used as a protein-based building block for fabrication of albumin cryogel in vitro models that can have potential applications in 3D cell culture and drug screening. In this work, protein modification, cryogelation, and liver ECM coating were employed to engineer highly porous three-dimensional cryogels with high interconnectivity, liver-like stiffness, and liver ECM as artificial liver constructs. The resulting albumin-based cryogel in vitro model provided improved cell–cell and cell–material interactions and consequently displayed excellent liver functional gene expression, being conducive to detection of fialuridine (FIAU) hepatotoxicity.
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10
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Huttunen KM, Terasaki T, Urtti A, Montaser AB, Uchida Y. Pharmacoproteomics of Brain Barrier Transporters and Substrate Design for the Brain Targeted Drug Delivery. Pharm Res 2022; 39:1363-1392. [PMID: 35257288 PMCID: PMC9246989 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-022-03193-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
One of the major reasons why central nervous system (CNS)-drug development has been challenging in the past, is the barriers that prevent substances entering from the blood circulation into the brain. These barriers include the blood-brain barrier (BBB), blood-spinal cord barrier (BSCB), blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier (BCSFB), and blood-arachnoid barrier (BAB), and they differ from each other in their transporter protein expression and function as well as among the species. The quantitative expression profiles of the transporters in the CNS-barriers have been recently revealed, and in this review, it is described how they affect the pharmacokinetics of compounds and how these expression differences can be taken into account in the prediction of brain drug disposition in humans, an approach called pharmacoproteomics. In recent years, also structural biology and computational resources have progressed remarkably, enabling a detailed understanding of the dynamic processes of transporters. Molecular dynamics simulations (MDS) are currently used commonly to reveal the conformational changes of the transporters and to find the interactions between the substrates and the protein during the binding, translocation in the transporter cavity, and release of the substrate on the other side of the membrane. The computational advancements have also aided in the rational design of transporter-utilizing compounds, including prodrugs that can be actively transported without losing potency towards the pharmacological target. In this review, the state-of-art of these approaches will be also discussed to give insights into the transporter-mediated drug delivery to the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristiina M Huttunen
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211, Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Tetsuya Terasaki
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211, Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Arto Urtti
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Ahmed B Montaser
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Yasuo Uchida
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, 6-3 Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8578, Japan
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11
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Emerging roles of dysregulated adenosine homeostasis in brain disorders with a specific focus on neurodegenerative diseases. J Biomed Sci 2021; 28:70. [PMID: 34635103 PMCID: PMC8507231 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-021-00766-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In modern societies, with an increase in the older population, age-related neurodegenerative diseases have progressively become greater socioeconomic burdens. To date, despite the tremendous effort devoted to understanding neurodegenerative diseases in recent decades, treatment to delay disease progression is largely ineffective and is in urgent demand. The development of new strategies targeting these pathological features is a timely topic. It is important to note that most degenerative diseases are associated with the accumulation of specific misfolded proteins, which is facilitated by several common features of neurodegenerative diseases (including poor energy homeostasis and mitochondrial dysfunction). Adenosine is a purine nucleoside and neuromodulator in the brain. It is also an essential component of energy production pathways, cellular metabolism, and gene regulation in brain cells. The levels of intracellular and extracellular adenosine are thus tightly controlled by a handful of proteins (including adenosine metabolic enzymes and transporters) to maintain proper adenosine homeostasis. Notably, disruption of adenosine homeostasis in the brain under various pathophysiological conditions has been documented. In the past two decades, adenosine receptors (particularly A1 and A2A adenosine receptors) have been actively investigated as important drug targets in major degenerative diseases. Unfortunately, except for an A2A antagonist (istradefylline) administered as an adjuvant treatment with levodopa for Parkinson's disease, no effective drug based on adenosine receptors has been developed for neurodegenerative diseases. In this review, we summarize the emerging findings on proteins involved in the control of adenosine homeostasis in the brain and discuss the challenges and future prospects for the development of new therapeutic treatments for neurodegenerative diseases and their associated disorders based on the understanding of adenosine homeostasis.
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12
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Chi LH, Burrows AD, Anderson RL. Can preclinical drug development help to predict adverse events in clinical trials? Drug Discov Today 2021; 27:257-268. [PMID: 34469805 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2021.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The development of novel therapeutics is associated with high rates of attrition, with unexpected adverse events being a major cause of failure. Serious adverse events have led to organ failure, cancer development and deaths that were not expected outcomes in clinical trials. These life-threatening events were not identified during therapeutic development due to the lack of preclinical safety tests that faithfully represented human physiology. We highlight the successful application of several novel technologies, including high-throughput screening, organs-on-chips, microbiome-containing drug-testing platforms and humanised mouse models, for mechanistic studies and prediction of toxicity. We propose the incorporation of similar preclinical tests into future drug development to reduce the likelihood of hazardous therapeutics entering later-stage clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lap Hing Chi
- Translational Breast Cancer Program, Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia; School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
| | - Allan D Burrows
- Translational Breast Cancer Program, Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia; School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
| | - Robin L Anderson
- Translational Breast Cancer Program, Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia; School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
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13
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De Crignis E, Hossain T, Romal S, Carofiglio F, Moulos P, Khalid MM, Rao S, Bazrafshan A, Verstegen MM, Pourfarzad F, Koutsothanassis C, Gehart H, Kan TW, Palstra RJ, Boucher C, IJzermans JN, Huch M, Boj SF, Vries R, Clevers H, van der Laan LJ, Hatzis P, Mahmoudi T. Application of human liver organoids as a patient-derived primary model for HBV infection and related hepatocellular carcinoma. eLife 2021; 10:e60747. [PMID: 34328417 PMCID: PMC8384419 DOI: 10.7554/elife.60747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The molecular events that drive hepatitis B virus (HBV)-mediated transformation and tumorigenesis have remained largely unclear, due to the absence of a relevant primary model system. Here we propose the use of human liver organoids as a platform for modeling HBV infection and related tumorigenesis. We first describe a primary ex vivo HBV-infection model derived from healthy donor liver organoids after challenge with recombinant virus or HBV-infected patient serum. HBV-infected organoids produced covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA) and HBV early antigen (HBeAg), expressed intracellular HBV RNA and proteins, and produced infectious HBV. This ex vivo HBV-infected primary differentiated hepatocyte organoid platform was amenable to drug screening for both anti-HBV activity and drug-induced toxicity. We also studied HBV replication in transgenically modified organoids; liver organoids exogenously overexpressing the HBV receptor sodium taurocholate co-transporting polypeptide (NTCP) after lentiviral transduction were not more susceptible to HBV, suggesting the necessity for additional host factors for efficient infection. We also generated transgenic organoids harboring integrated HBV, representing a long-term culture system also suitable for viral production and the study of HBV transcription. Finally, we generated HBV-infected patient-derived liver organoids from non-tumor cirrhotic tissue of explants from liver transplant patients. Interestingly, transcriptomic analysis of patient-derived liver organoids indicated the presence of an aberrant early cancer gene signature, which clustered with the hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cohort on The Cancer Genome Atlas Liver Hepatocellular Carcinoma dataset and away from healthy liver tissue, and may provide invaluable novel biomarkers for the development of HCC and surveillance in HBV-infected patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa De Crignis
- Department of Biochemistry, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Tanvir Hossain
- Department of Biochemistry, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Shahla Romal
- Department of Biochemistry, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Fabrizia Carofiglio
- Department of Biochemistry, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Panagiotis Moulos
- Biomedical Sciences Research Center 'Alexander Fleming', Vari, Greece
| | - Mir Mubashir Khalid
- Department of Biochemistry, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Shringar Rao
- Department of Biochemistry, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Ameneh Bazrafshan
- Department of Biochemistry, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Monique Ma Verstegen
- Department of Surgery, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | | | | | - Helmuth Gehart
- Hubrecht Institute-KNAW, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Tsung Wai Kan
- Department of Biochemistry, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Robert-Jan Palstra
- Department of Biochemistry, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Charles Boucher
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Jan Nm IJzermans
- Department of Surgery, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Meritxell Huch
- Max Plank Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
| | - Sylvia F Boj
- Foundation Hubrecht Organoid Technology (HUB), Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Robert Vries
- Foundation Hubrecht Organoid Technology (HUB), Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Hans Clevers
- Hubrecht Institute-KNAW, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Luc Jw van der Laan
- Department of Surgery, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Pantelis Hatzis
- Biomedical Sciences Research Center 'Alexander Fleming', Vari, Greece
| | - Tokameh Mahmoudi
- Department of Biochemistry, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Urology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Pathology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
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14
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Mikdar M, González-Menéndez P, Cai X, Zhang Y, Serra M, Dembele AK, Boschat AC, Sanquer S, Chhuon C, Guerrera IC, Sitbon M, Hermine O, Colin Y, Le Van Kim C, Kinet S, Mohandas N, Xia Y, Peyrard T, Taylor N, Azouzi S. The equilibrative nucleoside transporter ENT1 is critical for nucleotide homeostasis and optimal erythropoiesis. Blood 2021; 137:3548-3562. [PMID: 33690842 PMCID: PMC8225918 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2020007281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 02/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The tight regulation of intracellular nucleotides is critical for the self-renewal and lineage specification of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs). Nucleosides are major metabolite precursors for nucleotide biosynthesis and their availability in HSCs is dependent on their transport through specific membrane transporters. However, the role of nucleoside transporters in the differentiation of HSCs to the erythroid lineage and in red cell biology remains to be fully defined. Here, we show that the absence of the equilibrative nucleoside transporter (ENT1) in human red blood cells with a rare Augustine-null blood type is associated with macrocytosis, anisopoikilocytosis, an abnormal nucleotide metabolome, and deregulated protein phosphorylation. A specific role for ENT1 in human erythropoiesis was demonstrated by a defective erythropoiesis of human CD34+ progenitors following short hairpin RNA-mediated knockdown of ENT1. Furthermore, genetic deletion of ENT1 in mice was associated with reduced erythroid progenitors in the bone marrow, anemia, and macrocytosis. Mechanistically, we found that ENT1-mediated adenosine transport is critical for cyclic adenosine monophosphate homeostasis and the regulation of erythroid transcription factors. Notably, genetic investigation of 2 ENT1null individuals demonstrated a compensation by a loss-of-function variant in the ABCC4 cyclic nucleotide exporter. Indeed, pharmacological inhibition of ABCC4 in Ent1-/- mice rescued erythropoiesis. Overall, our results highlight the importance of ENT1-mediated nucleotide metabolism in erythropoiesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud Mikdar
- Université de Paris, Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) S1134, Biologie Intégrée du Globule Rouge, INSERM, Paris, France
- Centre National de Référence pour les Groupes Sanguins (CNRGS), Institut National de la Transfusion Sanguine, Paris, France
- Laboratoire d'Excellence (GR-Ex), Paris, France
| | - Pedro González-Menéndez
- Laboratoire d'Excellence (GR-Ex), Paris, France
- Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier, Universite Montpellier, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Montpellier, France
| | - Xiaoli Cai
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas McGovern Medical School at Houston, Houston, TX
| | - Yujin Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas McGovern Medical School at Houston, Houston, TX
| | - Marion Serra
- Université de Paris, Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) S1134, Biologie Intégrée du Globule Rouge, INSERM, Paris, France
- Centre National de Référence pour les Groupes Sanguins (CNRGS), Institut National de la Transfusion Sanguine, Paris, France
- Laboratoire d'Excellence (GR-Ex), Paris, France
| | - Abdoul K Dembele
- Université de Paris, Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) S1134, Biologie Intégrée du Globule Rouge, INSERM, Paris, France
- Centre National de Référence pour les Groupes Sanguins (CNRGS), Institut National de la Transfusion Sanguine, Paris, France
- Laboratoire d'Excellence (GR-Ex), Paris, France
| | | | - Sylvia Sanquer
- INSERM UMR S1124, Université de Paris, Service de Biochimie Métabolomique et Protéomique, Hôpital Necker Enfants Malades, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Paris, France
| | - Cerina Chhuon
- Université de Paris, Proteomics Platform 3P5-Necker, Structure Fédérative de Recherche Necker, INSERM US24/CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Ida Chiara Guerrera
- Université de Paris, Proteomics Platform 3P5-Necker, Structure Fédérative de Recherche Necker, INSERM US24/CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Marc Sitbon
- Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier, Universite Montpellier, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Montpellier, France
| | - Olivier Hermine
- Laboratoire d'Excellence (GR-Ex), Paris, France
- Université de Paris, UMR 8147, CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Yves Colin
- Université de Paris, Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) S1134, Biologie Intégrée du Globule Rouge, INSERM, Paris, France
- Centre National de Référence pour les Groupes Sanguins (CNRGS), Institut National de la Transfusion Sanguine, Paris, France
- Laboratoire d'Excellence (GR-Ex), Paris, France
| | - Caroline Le Van Kim
- Université de Paris, Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) S1134, Biologie Intégrée du Globule Rouge, INSERM, Paris, France
- Centre National de Référence pour les Groupes Sanguins (CNRGS), Institut National de la Transfusion Sanguine, Paris, France
- Laboratoire d'Excellence (GR-Ex), Paris, France
| | - Sandrina Kinet
- Laboratoire d'Excellence (GR-Ex), Paris, France
- Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier, Universite Montpellier, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Montpellier, France
| | | | - Yang Xia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas McGovern Medical School at Houston, Houston, TX
| | - Thierry Peyrard
- Université de Paris, Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) S1134, Biologie Intégrée du Globule Rouge, INSERM, Paris, France
- Centre National de Référence pour les Groupes Sanguins (CNRGS), Institut National de la Transfusion Sanguine, Paris, France
- Laboratoire d'Excellence (GR-Ex), Paris, France
| | - Naomi Taylor
- Laboratoire d'Excellence (GR-Ex), Paris, France
- Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier, Universite Montpellier, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Montpellier, France
- Pediatric Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Center for Cancer Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Slim Azouzi
- Université de Paris, Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) S1134, Biologie Intégrée du Globule Rouge, INSERM, Paris, France
- Centre National de Référence pour les Groupes Sanguins (CNRGS), Institut National de la Transfusion Sanguine, Paris, France
- Laboratoire d'Excellence (GR-Ex), Paris, France
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15
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Rao S, Hossain T, Mahmoudi T. 3D human liver organoids: An in vitro platform to investigate HBV infection, replication and liver tumorigenesis. Cancer Lett 2021; 506:35-44. [PMID: 33675983 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2021.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Revised: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) infection is a leading cause of chronic liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) with an estimated 400 million people infected worldwide. The precise molecular mechanisms underlying HBV replication and tumorigenesis have remained largely uncharacterized due to the lack of a primary cell model to study HBV, a virus that exhibits stringent host species and cell-type specificity. Organoid technology has recently emerged as a powerful tool to investigate human diseases in a primary 3D cell-culture system that maintains the organisation and functionality of the tissue of origin. In this review, we describe the utilisation of human liver organoid platforms to study HBV. We first present the different categories of liver organoids and their demonstrated ability to support the complete HBV replication cycle. We then discuss the potential applications of liver organoids in investigating HBV infection and replication, related tumorigenesis and novel HBV-directed therapies. Liver organoids can be genetically modified, patient-derived, expanded and biobanked, thereby serving as a clinically-relevant, human, primary cell-derived platform to investigate HBV. Finally, we provide insights into the future applications of this powerful technology in the context of HBV-infection and HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shringar Rao
- Department of Biochemistry, Erasmus University Medical Centre, PO Box 2040, 3000, CA, 9 Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Tanvir Hossain
- Department of Biochemistry, Erasmus University Medical Centre, PO Box 2040, 3000, CA, 9 Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Tokameh Mahmoudi
- Department of Biochemistry, Erasmus University Medical Centre, PO Box 2040, 3000, CA, 9 Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Pathology, Erasmus University Medical Centre, PO Box 2040, 3000, CA, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Urology, Erasmus University Medical Centre, PO Box 2040, 3000, CA, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
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16
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Nautiyal M, Qasem RJ, Fallon JK, Wolf KK, Liu J, Dixon D, Smith PC, Mosedale M. Characterization of primary mouse hepatocyte spheroids as a model system to support investigations of drug-induced liver injury. Toxicol In Vitro 2021; 70:105010. [PMID: 33022361 PMCID: PMC7736539 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2020.105010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Primary mouse hepatocytes isolated from genetically defined and/or diverse lines and disease models are a valuable resource for studying the impact of genetic and environmental factors on drug response and disease. However, standard monolayer cultures result in a rapid decline in mouse hepatocyte viability and functionality. Therefore, we evaluated 3D spheroid methodology for long-term culture of primary mouse hepatocytes, initially to support investigations of drug-induced liver injury (DILI). Primary hepatocytes isolated from male and female C57BL/6J mice were used to generate spheroids by spontaneous self-aggregation in ultra-low attachment plates. Spheroids with well-defined perimeters were observed within 5 days after seeding and retained morphology, ATP, and albumin levels for an additional 2 weeks in culture. Global microarray profiling and quantitative targeted proteomics assessing 10 important drug metabolizing enzymes and transporters demonstrated maintenance of mRNA and protein levels in spheroids over time. Activities for 5 major P450 enzymes were also stable and comparable to activities previously reported for human hepatocyte spheroids. Time- and concentration-dependent decreases in ATP and albumin were observed in response to the DILI-causing drugs acetaminophen, fialuridine, AMG-009, and tolvaptan. Collectively, our results demonstrate successful long-term culture of mouse hepatocytes as spheroids and their utility to support investigations of DILI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manisha Nautiyal
- UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States of America.
| | - Rani J Qasem
- UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States of America; College of Pharmacy, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences and King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - John K Fallon
- UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States of America.
| | - Kristina K Wolf
- LifeNet Health, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, United States of America.
| | - Jingli Liu
- Molecular Pathogenesis Group, National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, United States of America.
| | - Darlene Dixon
- Molecular Pathogenesis Group, National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, United States of America.
| | - Philip C Smith
- UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States of America.
| | - Merrie Mosedale
- UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States of America.
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17
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Jang KJ, Otieno MA, Ronxhi J, Lim HK, Ewart L, Kodella KR, Petropolis DB, Kulkarni G, Rubins JE, Conegliano D, Nawroth J, Simic D, Lam W, Singer M, Barale E, Singh B, Sonee M, Streeter AJ, Manthey C, Jones B, Srivastava A, Andersson LC, Williams D, Park H, Barrile R, Sliz J, Herland A, Haney S, Karalis K, Ingber DE, Hamilton GA. Reproducing human and cross-species drug toxicities using a Liver-Chip. Sci Transl Med 2020; 11:11/517/eaax5516. [PMID: 31694927 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aax5516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 255] [Impact Index Per Article: 63.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Nonclinical rodent and nonrodent toxicity models used to support clinical trials of candidate drugs may produce discordant results or fail to predict complications in humans, contributing to drug failures in the clinic. Here, we applied microengineered Organs-on-Chips technology to design a rat, dog, and human Liver-Chip containing species-specific primary hepatocytes interfaced with liver sinusoidal endothelial cells, with or without Kupffer cells and hepatic stellate cells, cultured under physiological fluid flow. The Liver-Chip detected diverse phenotypes of liver toxicity, including hepatocellular injury, steatosis, cholestasis, and fibrosis, and species-specific toxicities when treated with tool compounds. A multispecies Liver-Chip may provide a useful platform for prediction of liver toxicity and inform human relevance of liver toxicities detected in animal studies to better determine safety and human risk.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Monicah A Otieno
- Janssen Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Nonclinical Safety, 1400 Welsh and McKean Road, Spring House, PA 19477, USA.
| | - Janey Ronxhi
- Emulate Inc., 27 Drydock Avenue, Boston, MA 02210, USA
| | - Heng-Keang Lim
- Janssen Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, 1400 Welsh and McKean Road, Spring House, PA 19477, USA
| | - Lorna Ewart
- Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences Department, Biopharmaceuticals Science Unit, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, CB4 0WG, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Janna Nawroth
- Emulate Inc., 27 Drydock Avenue, Boston, MA 02210, USA
| | - Damir Simic
- Janssen Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Nonclinical Safety, 1400 Welsh and McKean Road, Spring House, PA 19477, USA
| | - Wing Lam
- Janssen Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, 1400 Welsh and McKean Road, Spring House, PA 19477, USA
| | - Monica Singer
- Janssen Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Nonclinical Safety, 1400 Welsh and McKean Road, Spring House, PA 19477, USA
| | - Erio Barale
- Janssen Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Nonclinical Safety, 1400 Welsh and McKean Road, Spring House, PA 19477, USA
| | - Bhanu Singh
- Janssen Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Nonclinical Safety, 1400 Welsh and McKean Road, Spring House, PA 19477, USA
| | - Manisha Sonee
- Janssen Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Nonclinical Safety, 1400 Welsh and McKean Road, Spring House, PA 19477, USA
| | - Anthony J Streeter
- Janssen Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Nonclinical Safety, 1400 Welsh and McKean Road, Spring House, PA 19477, USA
| | - Carl Manthey
- Janssen Pharmaceutical Research and Development, IPD Biology, 1400 Welsh and McKean Road, Spring House, PA 19477, USA
| | - Barry Jones
- Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences Department, Biopharmaceuticals Science Unit, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, CB4 0WG, UK
| | - Abhishek Srivastava
- Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences Department, Biopharmaceuticals Science Unit, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, CB4 0WG, UK
| | - Linda C Andersson
- Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences Department, Biopharmaceuticals Science Unit, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg SE-431 83, Sweden
| | - Dominic Williams
- Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences Department, Biopharmaceuticals Science Unit, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, CB4 0WG, UK
| | | | | | - Josiah Sliz
- Emulate Inc., 27 Drydock Avenue, Boston, MA 02210, USA
| | - Anna Herland
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | | | - Katia Karalis
- Emulate Inc., 27 Drydock Avenue, Boston, MA 02210, USA
| | - Donald E Ingber
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Vascular Biology Program and Department of Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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18
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Sommerville EW, Dalla Rosa I, Rosenberg MM, Bruni F, Thompson K, Rocha M, Blakely EL, He L, Falkous G, Schaefer AM, Yu‐Wai‐Man P, Chinnery PF, Hedstrom L, Spinazzola A, Taylor RW, Gorman GS. Identification of a novel heterozygous guanosine monophosphate reductase (GMPR) variant in a patient with a late-onset disorder of mitochondrial DNA maintenance. Clin Genet 2020; 97:276-286. [PMID: 31600844 PMCID: PMC7004030 DOI: 10.1111/cge.13652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Revised: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Autosomal dominant progressive external ophthalmoplegia (adPEO) is a late-onset, Mendelian mitochondrial disorder characterised by paresis of the extraocular muscles, ptosis, and skeletal-muscle restricted multiple mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) deletions. Although dominantly inherited, pathogenic variants in POLG, TWNK and RRM2B are among the most common genetic defects of adPEO, identification of novel candidate genes and the underlying pathomechanisms remains challenging. We report the clinical, genetic and molecular investigations of a patient who presented in the seventh decade of life with PEO. Oxidative histochemistry revealed cytochrome c oxidase-deficient fibres and occasional ragged red fibres showing subsarcolemmal mitochondrial accumulation in skeletal muscle, while molecular studies identified the presence of multiple mtDNA deletions. Negative candidate screening of known nuclear genes associated with PEO prompted diagnostic exome sequencing, leading to the prioritisation of a novel heterozygous c.547G>C variant in GMPR (NM_006877.3) encoding guanosine monophosphate reductase, a cytosolic enzyme required for maintaining the cellular balance of adenine and guanine nucleotides. We show that the novel c.547G>C variant causes aberrant splicing, decreased GMPR protein levels in patient skeletal muscle, proliferating and quiescent cells, and is associated with subtle changes in nucleotide homeostasis protein levels and evidence of disturbed mtDNA maintenance in skeletal muscle. Despite confirmation of GMPR deficiency, demonstrating marked defects of mtDNA replication or nucleotide homeostasis in patient cells proved challenging. Our study proposes that GMPR is the 19th locus for PEO and highlights the complexities of uncovering disease mechanisms in late-onset PEO phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewen W. Sommerville
- Wellcome Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Institute of NeuroscienceNewcastle UniversityNewcastle upon TyneUK
| | - Ilaria Dalla Rosa
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Queens Square Institute of Neurology, Royal Free CampusUniversity College LondonLondonUK
| | | | - Francesco Bruni
- Wellcome Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Institute of NeuroscienceNewcastle UniversityNewcastle upon TyneUK
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and BiopharmaceuticsUniversity of Bari “ldo Moro”BariItaly
| | - Kyle Thompson
- Wellcome Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Institute of NeuroscienceNewcastle UniversityNewcastle upon TyneUK
| | - Mariana Rocha
- Wellcome Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Institute of NeuroscienceNewcastle UniversityNewcastle upon TyneUK
| | - Emma L. Blakely
- Wellcome Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Institute of NeuroscienceNewcastle UniversityNewcastle upon TyneUK
| | - Langping He
- Wellcome Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Institute of NeuroscienceNewcastle UniversityNewcastle upon TyneUK
| | - Gavin Falkous
- Wellcome Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Institute of NeuroscienceNewcastle UniversityNewcastle upon TyneUK
| | - Andrew M. Schaefer
- Wellcome Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Institute of NeuroscienceNewcastle UniversityNewcastle upon TyneUK
| | - Patrick Yu‐Wai‐Man
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at Moorfields Eye Hospital and UCL Institute of OphthalmologyLondonUK
- MRC Mitochondrial Biology UnitUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
- Cambridge Centre for Brain Repair, Department of Clinical NeurosciencesUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - Patrick F. Chinnery
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience & Medical Research Council Mitochondrial Biology UnitSchool of Clinical Medicine, University of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - Lizbeth Hedstrom
- Department of BiologyBrandeis UniversityWalthamMA
- Department of ChemistryBrandeis University, 415 South St.WalthamMA
| | - Antonella Spinazzola
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Queens Square Institute of Neurology, Royal Free CampusUniversity College LondonLondonUK
- MRC Centre for Neuromuscular DiseasesUCL Institute of Neurology and National Hospital for Neurology and NeurosurgeryLondonUK
| | - Robert W. Taylor
- Wellcome Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Institute of NeuroscienceNewcastle UniversityNewcastle upon TyneUK
| | - Gráinne S. Gorman
- Wellcome Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Institute of NeuroscienceNewcastle UniversityNewcastle upon TyneUK
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19
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Managing the challenge of drug-induced liver injury: a roadmap for the development and deployment of preclinical predictive models. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2019; 19:131-148. [DOI: 10.1038/s41573-019-0048-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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20
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Alteration of mitochondrial DNA homeostasis in drug-induced liver injury. Food Chem Toxicol 2019; 135:110916. [PMID: 31669601 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2019.110916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Revised: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) encodes for 13 proteins involved in the oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) process. In liver, genetic or acquired impairment of mtDNA homeostasis can reduce ATP output but also decrease fatty acid oxidation, thus leading to different hepatic lesions including massive necrosis and microvesicular steatosis. Hence, a severe impairment of mtDNA homeostasis can lead to liver failure and death. An increasing number of investigations report that some drugs can induce mitochondrial dysfunction and drug-induced liver injury (DILI) by altering mtDNA homeostasis. Some drugs such as ciprofloxacin, antiretroviral nucleoside reverse-transcriptase inhibitors and tacrine can inhibit hepatic mtDNA replication, thus inducing mtDNA depletion. Drug-induced reduced mtDNA levels can also be the consequence of reactive oxygen species-mediated oxidative damage to mtDNA, which triggers its degradation by mitochondrial nucleases. Such mechanism is suspected for acetaminophen and troglitazone. Other pharmaceuticals such as linezolid and tetracyclines can impair mtDNA translation, thus selectively reducing the synthesis of the 13 mtDNA-encoded proteins. Lastly, some drugs might alter the mtDNA methylation status but the pathophysiological consequences of such alteration are still unclear. Drug-induced impairment of mtDNA homeostasis is probably under-recognized since preclinical and post-marketing safety studies do not classically investigate mtDNA levels, mitochondrial protein synthesis and mtDNA oxidative damage.
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21
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Hendriks DFG, Hurrell T, Riede J, van der Horst M, Tuovinen S, Ingelman-Sundberg M. Mechanisms of Chronic Fialuridine Hepatotoxicity as Revealed in Primary Human Hepatocyte Spheroids. Toxicol Sci 2019; 171:385-395. [PMID: 31505000 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfz195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Revised: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractDrug hepatotoxicity is often delayed in onset. An exemplar case is the chronic nature of fialuridine hepatotoxicity, which resulted in the deaths of several patients in clinical trials as preclinical studies failed to identify this human-specific hepatotoxicity. Conventional preclinical in vitro models are mainly designed to evaluate the risk of acute drug toxicity. Here, we evaluated the utility of 3D spheroid cultures of primary human hepatocytes (PHHs) to assess chronic drug hepatotoxicity events using fialuridine as an example. Fialuridine toxicity was only detectable after 7 days of repeated exposure. Clinical manifestations, including reactive oxygen species formation, lipid accumulation, and induction of apoptosis, were readily identified. Silencing the expression or activity of the human equilibrative nucleoside transporter 1 (ENT1), implicated in the mitochondrial transport of fialuridine, modestly protected PHH spheroids from fialuridine toxicity. Interference with the phosphorylation of fialuridine into the active triphosphate metabolites by silencing of thymidine kinase 2 (TK2) provided substantial protection, whereas simultaneous silencing of ENT1 and TK2 provided near-complete protection. Fialuridine-induced mitochondrial dysfunction was suggested by a decrease in the expression of mtDNA-encoded genes, which correlated with the onset of toxicity and was prevented under the simultaneous silencing of ENT1 and TK2. Furthermore, interference with the expression or activity of ribonucleotide reductase (RNR), which is critical to deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate (dNTP) pool homeostasis, resulted in selective potentiation of fialuridine toxicity. Our findings demonstrate the translational applicability of the PHH 3D spheroid model for assessing drug hepatotoxicity events which manifest only under chronic exposure conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delilah F G Hendriks
- Section of Pharmacogenetics, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm SE-171 77, Sweden
| | - Tracey Hurrell
- Section of Pharmacogenetics, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm SE-171 77, Sweden
| | - Julia Riede
- Section of Pharmacogenetics, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm SE-171 77, Sweden
| | - Muriëlle van der Horst
- Section of Pharmacogenetics, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm SE-171 77, Sweden
| | - Sarianna Tuovinen
- Section of Pharmacogenetics, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm SE-171 77, Sweden
| | - Magnus Ingelman-Sundberg
- Section of Pharmacogenetics, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm SE-171 77, Sweden
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22
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Shen W, De Hoyos CL, Sun H, Vickers TA, Liang XH, Crooke ST. Acute hepatotoxicity of 2' fluoro-modified 5-10-5 gapmer phosphorothioate oligonucleotides in mice correlates with intracellular protein binding and the loss of DBHS proteins. Nucleic Acids Res 2019; 46:2204-2217. [PMID: 29390093 PMCID: PMC5861398 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gky060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2017] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
We reported previously that a 2′ fluoro-modified (2′ F) phosphorothioate (PS) antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs) with 5–10–5 gapmer configuration interacted with proteins from Drosophila behavior/human splicing (DBHS) family with higher affinity than PS-ASOs modified with 2′-O-(2-methoxyethyl) (2′ MOE) or 2′,4′-constrained 2′-O-ethyl (cEt) did. Rapid degradation of these proteins and cytotoxicity were observed in cells treated with 2′ F PS-ASO. Here, we report that 2′ F gapmer PS-ASOs of different sequences caused reduction in levels of DBHS proteins and hepatotoxicity in mice. 2′ F PS-ASOs induced activation of the P53 pathway and downregulation of metabolic pathways. Altered levels of RNA and protein markers for hepatotoxicity, liver necrosis, and apoptosis were observed as early as 24 to 48 hours after a single administration of the 2′ F PS-ASO. The observed effects were not likely due to the hybridization-dependent RNase H1 cleavage of on- or potential off-target RNAs, or due to potential toxicity of 2′ F nucleoside metabolites. Instead, we found that 2′ F PS-ASO associated with more intra-cellular proteins including proteins from DBHS family. Our results suggest that protein-binding correlates positively with the 2′ F modification-dependent loss of DBHS proteins and the toxicity of gapmer 2′ F PS-ASO in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Shen
- Department of Core Antisense Research, Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Inc. 2855 Gazelle Court, Carlsbad, CA 92010, USA
| | - Cheryl L De Hoyos
- Department of Core Antisense Research, Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Inc. 2855 Gazelle Court, Carlsbad, CA 92010, USA
| | - Hong Sun
- Department of Core Antisense Research, Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Inc. 2855 Gazelle Court, Carlsbad, CA 92010, USA
| | - Timothy A Vickers
- Department of Core Antisense Research, Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Inc. 2855 Gazelle Court, Carlsbad, CA 92010, USA
| | - Xue-Hai Liang
- Department of Core Antisense Research, Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Inc. 2855 Gazelle Court, Carlsbad, CA 92010, USA
| | - Stanley T Crooke
- Department of Core Antisense Research, Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Inc. 2855 Gazelle Court, Carlsbad, CA 92010, USA
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23
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Williams DP. Application of hepatocyte-like cells to enhance hepatic safety risk assessment in drug discovery. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2019; 373:rstb.2017.0228. [PMID: 29786562 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2017.0228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatic stress and injury from drugs continues to be a major concern within the pharmaceutical industry, leading to preclinical and clinical attrition precautionary warnings and post-market withdrawal of drugs. There is a requirement for more predictive and mechanistically accurate models to aid risk assessment. Primary human hepatocytes, subject to isolation stress, cryopreservation, donor-to-donor variation and a relatively short period of functional capability in two-dimensional cultures, are not suitable for high-throughput screening procedures. There are two areas within the drug discovery pipeline that the generation of a stable, metabolically functional hepatocyte-like cell with unlimited supply would have major impact. First, in routine, cell health risk-assessment assays where hepatic cell lines are typically deployed. Second, at later stages of the drug discovery pipeline approaching candidate nomination where bespoke/investigational studies refining and understanding the risk to patients use patient-derived induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) hepatocytes retaining characteristics from the patient, e.g. HLA susceptibility alleles, iPSC hepatocytes with defined disease phenotypes or genetic characteristics that have the potential to make the hepatocyte more sensitive to a particular stress mechanism. Functionality of patient-centric hepatocyte-like cells is likely to be enhanced when coupled with emerging culture systems, such as three-dimensional spheroids or microphysiological systems. Ultimately, the aspiration to confidently use human-relevant in vitro models to predict human-specific hepatic toxicity depends on the integration of promising emerging technologies.This article is part of the theme issue 'Designer human tissue: coming to a lab near you'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominic P Williams
- AstraZeneca, Innovative Medicines and Early Development, Drug Safety and Metabolism, Darwin Building 310, Cambridge Science Park, Milton Road, Cambridge CB4 0FZ, UK
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24
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Munro B, Horvath R, Müller JS. Nucleoside supplementation modulates mitochondrial DNA copy number in the dguok -/- zebrafish. Hum Mol Genet 2019; 28:796-803. [PMID: 30428046 PMCID: PMC6381312 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddy389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Revised: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Deoxyguanosine kinase (dGK) is an essential rate-limiting component of the mitochondrial purine nucleotide salvage pathway, encoded by the nuclear gene encoding deoxyguanosine kinase (DGUOK). Mutations in DGUOK lead to mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) depletion typically in the liver and brain, causing a hepatocerebral phenotype. Previous work has shown that in cultured DGUOK patient cells it is possible to rescue mtDNA depletion by increasing substrate amounts for dGK. In this study we developed a mutant dguok zebrafish (Danio rerio) line using CRISPR/Cas9 mediated mutagenesis; dguok-/- fish have significantly reduced mtDNA levels compared with wild-type (wt) fish. When supplemented with only one purine nucleoside (dGuo), mtDNA copy number in both mutant and wt juvenile animals was significantly reduced, contrasting with previous cell culture studies, possibly because of nucleotide pool imbalance. However, in adult dguok-/- fish we detected a significant increase in liver mtDNA copy number when supplemented with both purine nucleosides. This study further supports the idea that nucleoside supplementation has a potential therapeutic benefit in mtDNA depletion syndromes by substrate enhancement of the purine nucleoside salvage pathway and might improve the liver pathology in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Munro
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 3BZ, UK
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, John Van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, The ED Adrian Building, Forvie Site, Robinson Way, Cambridge, CB2 0PY, UK
| | - Rita Horvath
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 3BZ, UK
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, John Van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, The ED Adrian Building, Forvie Site, Robinson Way, Cambridge, CB2 0PY, UK
| | - Juliane S Müller
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 3BZ, UK
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, John Van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, The ED Adrian Building, Forvie Site, Robinson Way, Cambridge, CB2 0PY, UK
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25
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Delic V, Noble K, Zivkovic S, Phan TA, Reynes C, Zhang Y, Phillips O, Claybaker C, Ta Y, Dinh VB, Cruz J, Prolla TA, Bradshaw PC. The effects of AICAR and rapamycin on mitochondrial function in immortalized mitochondrial DNA mutator murine embryonic fibroblasts. Biol Open 2018; 7:bio.033852. [PMID: 30177551 PMCID: PMC6262855 DOI: 10.1242/bio.033852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial DNA mutations accumulate with age and may play a role in stem cell aging as suggested by the premature aging phenotype of mitochondrial DNA polymerase gamma (POLG) exonuclease-deficient mice. Therefore, E1A immortalized murine embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) from POLG exonuclease-deficient and wild-type (WT) mice were constructed. Surprisingly, when some E1A immortalized MEF lines were cultured in pyruvate-containing media they slowly became addicted to the pyruvate. The POLG exonuclease-deficient MEFs were more sensitive to several mitochondrial inhibitors and showed increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) production under standard conditions. When cultured in pyruvate-containing media, POLG exonuclease-deficient MEFs showed decreased oxygen consumption compared to controls. Increased AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) signaling and decreased mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling delayed aging and influenced mitochondrial function. Therefore, the effects of 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide ribonucleotide (AICAR), an AMPK activator, or rapamycin, an mTOR inhibitor, on measures of mitochondrial function were determined. Rapamycin treatment transiently increased respiration only in WT MEFs and, under most conditions, increased ATP levels. Short term AICAR treatment transiently increased ROS production and, under most conditions, decreased ATP levels. Chronic AICAR treatment decreased respiration and ROS production in WT MEFs. These results demonstrate the context-dependent effects of AICAR and rapamycin on mitochondrial function. Summary: A novel mitochondrial DNA mutator murine embryonic fibroblast cell line was created and the effects of the anti-aging compounds rapamycin and AICAR on energy metabolism in these cells was determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vedad Delic
- Department of Neurology, Center for Neurodegeneration and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Alabama Birmingham School of Medicine, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA
| | - Kenyaria Noble
- Department of Cell Biology, Microbiology and Molecular Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA
| | - Sandra Zivkovic
- Department of Cell Biology, Microbiology and Molecular Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA
| | - Tam-Anh Phan
- Department of Cell Biology, Microbiology and Molecular Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA
| | - Christian Reynes
- Department of Cell Biology, Microbiology and Molecular Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA
| | - Yumeng Zhang
- Department of Cell Biology, Microbiology and Molecular Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA.,Department of Internal Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33606, USA
| | - Oluwakemi Phillips
- University of South Florida College of Medicine, Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Charles Claybaker
- Department of Cell Biology, Microbiology and Molecular Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA
| | - Yen Ta
- Department of Cell Biology, Microbiology and Molecular Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA
| | - Vinh B Dinh
- Department of Cell Biology, Microbiology and Molecular Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA
| | - Josean Cruz
- Department of Cell Biology, Microbiology and Molecular Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA
| | - Tomas A Prolla
- Department of Genetics and Medical Genetics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Patrick C Bradshaw
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA
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26
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Bruckner DM, Connerney JJ, Dordick JS. Advancing in vitro
- in vivo
toxicity correlations via high-throughput three-dimensional primary hepatocyte culture. AIChE J 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/aic.16442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dylan M. Bruckner
- Dept. of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Center for Biotechnology & Interdisciplinary Studies; Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute; Troy NY, 12180
| | | | - Jonathan S. Dordick
- Dept. of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Center for Biotechnology & Interdisciplinary Studies; Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute; Troy NY, 12180
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27
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Kamalian L, Douglas O, Jolly CE, Snoeys J, Simic D, Monshouwer M, Williams DP, Kevin Park B, Chadwick AE. The utility of HepaRG cells for bioenergetic investigation and detection of drug-induced mitochondrial toxicity. Toxicol In Vitro 2018; 53:136-147. [PMID: 30096366 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2018.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Revised: 07/03/2018] [Accepted: 08/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The importance of mitochondrial toxicity in drug-induced liver injury is well established. The bioenergetic phenotype of the HepaRG cell line was defined in order to assess their suitability as a model of mitochondrial hepatotoxicity. Bioenergetic phenotyping categorised the HepaRG cells as less metabolically active when measured beside the more energetic HepG2 cells. However, inhibition of mitochondrial ATP synthase induced an increase in glycolytic activity of both HepaRG and HepG2 cells suggesting an active Crabtree Effect in both cell lines. The suitability of HepaRG cells for the acute metabolic modification assay as a screen for mitotoxicity was confirmed using a panel of compounds, including both positive and negative mitotoxic compounds. Seahorse respirometry studies demonstrated that a statistically significant decrease in spare respiratory capacity is the first indication of mitochondrial dysfunction. Furthermore, based upon comparing changes in respiratory parameters to those of the positive controls, rotenone and carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenyl hydrazone, compounds were categorised into two mechanistic groups; inhibitors or uncouplers of the electron transport chain. Overall, the findings from this study have demonstrated that HepaRG cells, despite having different resting bioenergetic phenotype to HepG2 cells are a suitable model to detect drug-induced mitochondrial toxicity with similar detection rates to HepG2 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laleh Kamalian
- MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, The Department of Clinical and Molecular Pharmacology, The University of Liverpool, Ashton Street, Liverpool L69 3GE, United Kingdom.
| | - Oisin Douglas
- MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, The Department of Clinical and Molecular Pharmacology, The University of Liverpool, Ashton Street, Liverpool L69 3GE, United Kingdom
| | - Carol E Jolly
- MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, The Department of Clinical and Molecular Pharmacology, The University of Liverpool, Ashton Street, Liverpool L69 3GE, United Kingdom.
| | - Jan Snoeys
- Pharmacokinetics Dynamics and Metabolism, Janssen Research and Development, Beerse, Belgium.
| | - Damir Simic
- Mechanistic and Investigative Toxicology, Janssen Research and Development, Spring House, PA, USA.
| | - Mario Monshouwer
- Pharmacokinetics Dynamics and Metabolism, Janssen Research and Development, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Dominic P Williams
- Innovative Medicines and Early Development
- Drug Safety and Metabolism
- Translational Safety, Darwin Building 310, Cambridge Science Park, Milton Rd, Cambridge, CB4 0FZ, United Kingdom.
| | - B Kevin Park
- MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, The Department of Clinical and Molecular Pharmacology, The University of Liverpool, Ashton Street, Liverpool L69 3GE, United Kingdom.
| | - Amy E Chadwick
- MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, The Department of Clinical and Molecular Pharmacology, The University of Liverpool, Ashton Street, Liverpool L69 3GE, United Kingdom.
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28
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Vaskó B, Juhász V, Tóth B, Kurunczi A, Fekete Z, Krisjanis Zolnerciks J, Kis E, Magnan R, Bidon-Chanal Badia A, Pastor-Anglada M, Hazai E, Bikadi Z, Fülöp F, Krajcsi P. Inhibitor selectivity of CNTs and ENTs. Xenobiotica 2018; 49:840-851. [PMID: 30022699 DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2018.1501832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The concentrative nucleoside transporters (CNT; solute carrier family 28 (SLC28)) and the equilibrative nucleoside transporters (ENT; solute carrier family 29 (SLC29)) are important therapeutic targets but may also mediate toxicity or adverse events. To explore the relative role of the base and the monosaccharide moiety in inhibitor selectivity we selected compounds that either harbor an arabinose moiety or a cytosine moiety, as these groups had several commercially available drug members. The screening data showed that more compounds harboring a cytosine moiety displayed potent interactions with the CNTs than compounds harboring the arabinose moiety. In contrast, ENTs showed a preference for compounds with an arabinose moiety. The correlation between CNT1 and CNT3 was good as five of six compounds displayed IC50 values within the threefold threshold and one displayed a borderline 4-fold difference. For CNT1 and CNT2 as well as for CNT2 and CNT3 only two of six IC50 values correlated and one displayed a borderline 4-fold difference. Interestingly, of the six compounds that potently interacted with both ENT1 and ENT2 only nelarabine displayed selectivity. Our data show differences between inhibitor selectivities of CNTs and ENTs as well as differences within the CNT family members.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Beáta Tóth
- b SOLVO Biotechnology , Budaörs , Hungary
| | | | | | | | - Emese Kis
- a SOLVO Biotechnology , Szeged , Hungary
| | | | - Axel Bidon-Chanal Badia
- c Departament de Nutrició, Ciències de l'Alimentació i Gastronomia, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l'Alimentació and Institute of Biomedicine (IBUB), Campus de l'Alimentació de Torribera , Universitat de Barcelona , Santa Coloma de Gramenet , Spain
| | - Marçal Pastor-Anglada
- d Departament de Bioquímica i Biomedicina Molecular, Facultat de Biologia and Institute of Biomedicine (IBUB) , Universitat de Barcelona , Barcelona , Spain.,e Oncology Program , National Biomedical Research Institute on Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases (CIBER EHD), Instituto de Salud Carlos III , Madrid , Spain
| | | | | | - Ferenc Fülöp
- g Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Szeged , Szeged , Hungary
| | - Peter Krajcsi
- a SOLVO Biotechnology , Szeged , Hungary.,h Department of Morphology and Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences , Semmelweis University , Budapest , Hungary.,i Faculty of Information Technology and Bionics , Pázmány Péter Catholic University , Budapest , Hungary
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29
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Oppelt A, Kaschek D, Huppelschoten S, Sison-Young R, Zhang F, Buck-Wiese M, Herrmann F, Malkusch S, Krüger CL, Meub M, Merkt B, Zimmermann L, Schofield A, Jones RP, Malik H, Schilling M, Heilemann M, van de Water B, Goldring CE, Park BK, Timmer J, Klingmüller U. Model-based identification of TNFα-induced IKKβ-mediated and IκBα-mediated regulation of NFκB signal transduction as a tool to quantify the impact of drug-induced liver injury compounds. NPJ Syst Biol Appl 2018; 4:23. [PMID: 29900006 PMCID: PMC5995845 DOI: 10.1038/s41540-018-0058-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Revised: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 05/04/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) has become a major problem for patients and for clinicians, academics and the pharmaceutical industry. To date, existing hepatotoxicity test systems are only poorly predictive and the underlying mechanisms are still unclear. One of the factors known to amplify hepatotoxicity is the tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα), especially due to its synergy with commonly used drugs such as diclofenac. However, the exact mechanism of how diclofenac in combination with TNFα induces liver injury remains elusive. Here, we combined time-resolved immunoblotting and live-cell imaging data of HepG2 cells and primary human hepatocytes (PHH) with dynamic pathway modeling using ordinary differential equations (ODEs) to describe the complex structure of TNFα-induced NFκB signal transduction and integrated the perturbations of the pathway caused by diclofenac. The resulting mathematical model was used to systematically identify parameters affected by diclofenac. These analyses showed that more than one regulatory module of TNFα-induced NFκB signal transduction is affected by diclofenac, suggesting that hepatotoxicity is the integrated consequence of multiple changes in hepatocytes and that multiple factors define toxicity thresholds. Applying our mathematical modeling approach to other DILI-causing compounds representing different putative DILI mechanism classes enabled us to quantify their impact on pathway activation, highlighting the potential of the dynamic pathway model as a quantitative tool for the analysis of DILI compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Oppelt
- 1Division Systems Biology of Signal Transduction, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Daniel Kaschek
- 2Institute of Physics, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Suzanna Huppelschoten
- 3Division of Toxicology, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Rowena Sison-Young
- 4MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Fang Zhang
- 4MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Marie Buck-Wiese
- 1Division Systems Biology of Signal Transduction, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Franziska Herrmann
- 1Division Systems Biology of Signal Transduction, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sebastian Malkusch
- 5Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Single Molecule Biophysics, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Carmen L Krüger
- 5Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Single Molecule Biophysics, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Mara Meub
- 5Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Single Molecule Biophysics, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Benjamin Merkt
- 2Institute of Physics, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Lea Zimmermann
- 1Division Systems Biology of Signal Transduction, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Amy Schofield
- 4MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Robert P Jones
- 4MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.,6North Western Hepatobiliary Unit, Aintree University Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, UK
| | - Hassan Malik
- 6North Western Hepatobiliary Unit, Aintree University Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, UK
| | - Marcel Schilling
- 1Division Systems Biology of Signal Transduction, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Mike Heilemann
- 5Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Single Molecule Biophysics, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University, Frankfurt, Germany.,7Bioquant, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Bob van de Water
- 3Division of Toxicology, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Christopher E Goldring
- 4MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - B Kevin Park
- 4MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Jens Timmer
- 2Institute of Physics, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,8BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ursula Klingmüller
- 1Division Systems Biology of Signal Transduction, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
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30
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Zou L, Stecula A, Gupta A, Prasad B, Chien HC, Yee SW, Wang L, Unadkat JD, Stahl SH, Fenner KS, Giacomini KM. Molecular Mechanisms for Species Differences in Organic Anion Transporter 1, OAT1: Implications for Renal Drug Toxicity. Mol Pharmacol 2018; 94:689-699. [PMID: 29720497 DOI: 10.1124/mol.117.111153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Species differences in renal drug transporters continue to plague drug development with animal models failing to adequately predict renal drug toxicity. For example, adefovir, a renally excreted antiviral drug, failed clinical studies for human immunodeficiency virus due to pronounced nephrotoxicity in humans. In this study, we demonstrated that there are large species differences in the kinetics of interactions of a key class of antiviral drugs, acyclic nucleoside phosphonates (ANPs), with organic anion transporter 1 [(OAT1) SLC22A6] and identified a key amino acid residue responsible for these differences. In OAT1 stably transfected human embryonic kidney 293 cells, the Km value of tenofovir for human OAT1 (hOAT1) was significantly lower than for OAT1 orthologs from common preclinical animals, including cynomolgus monkey, mouse, rat, and dog. Chimeric and site-directed mutagenesis studies along with comparative structure modeling identified serine at position 203 (S203) in hOAT1 as a determinant of its lower Km value. Furthermore, S203 is conserved in apes, and in contrast alanine at the equivalent position is conserved in preclinical animals and Old World monkeys, the most related primates to apes. Intriguingly, transport efficiencies are significantly higher for OAT1 orthologs from apes with high serum uric acid (SUA) levels than for the orthologs from species with low serum uric acid levels. In conclusion, our data provide a molecular mechanism underlying species differences in renal accumulation of nephrotoxic ANPs and a novel insight into OAT1 transport function in primate evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Zou
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, California (L.Z., A.S., H.-C.C., S.W.Y., K.M.G.); Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts (A.G.); Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (B.P., L.W., J.D.U.); and Safety and ADME Translational Sciences, Drug Safety and Metabolism, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK (S.H.S., K.S.F.)
| | - Adrian Stecula
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, California (L.Z., A.S., H.-C.C., S.W.Y., K.M.G.); Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts (A.G.); Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (B.P., L.W., J.D.U.); and Safety and ADME Translational Sciences, Drug Safety and Metabolism, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK (S.H.S., K.S.F.)
| | - Anshul Gupta
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, California (L.Z., A.S., H.-C.C., S.W.Y., K.M.G.); Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts (A.G.); Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (B.P., L.W., J.D.U.); and Safety and ADME Translational Sciences, Drug Safety and Metabolism, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK (S.H.S., K.S.F.)
| | - Bhagwat Prasad
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, California (L.Z., A.S., H.-C.C., S.W.Y., K.M.G.); Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts (A.G.); Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (B.P., L.W., J.D.U.); and Safety and ADME Translational Sciences, Drug Safety and Metabolism, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK (S.H.S., K.S.F.)
| | - Huan-Chieh Chien
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, California (L.Z., A.S., H.-C.C., S.W.Y., K.M.G.); Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts (A.G.); Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (B.P., L.W., J.D.U.); and Safety and ADME Translational Sciences, Drug Safety and Metabolism, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK (S.H.S., K.S.F.)
| | - Sook Wah Yee
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, California (L.Z., A.S., H.-C.C., S.W.Y., K.M.G.); Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts (A.G.); Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (B.P., L.W., J.D.U.); and Safety and ADME Translational Sciences, Drug Safety and Metabolism, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK (S.H.S., K.S.F.)
| | - Li Wang
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, California (L.Z., A.S., H.-C.C., S.W.Y., K.M.G.); Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts (A.G.); Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (B.P., L.W., J.D.U.); and Safety and ADME Translational Sciences, Drug Safety and Metabolism, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK (S.H.S., K.S.F.)
| | - Jashvant D Unadkat
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, California (L.Z., A.S., H.-C.C., S.W.Y., K.M.G.); Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts (A.G.); Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (B.P., L.W., J.D.U.); and Safety and ADME Translational Sciences, Drug Safety and Metabolism, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK (S.H.S., K.S.F.)
| | - Simone H Stahl
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, California (L.Z., A.S., H.-C.C., S.W.Y., K.M.G.); Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts (A.G.); Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (B.P., L.W., J.D.U.); and Safety and ADME Translational Sciences, Drug Safety and Metabolism, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK (S.H.S., K.S.F.)
| | - Katherine S Fenner
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, California (L.Z., A.S., H.-C.C., S.W.Y., K.M.G.); Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts (A.G.); Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (B.P., L.W., J.D.U.); and Safety and ADME Translational Sciences, Drug Safety and Metabolism, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK (S.H.S., K.S.F.)
| | - Kathleen M Giacomini
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, California (L.Z., A.S., H.-C.C., S.W.Y., K.M.G.); Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts (A.G.); Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (B.P., L.W., J.D.U.); and Safety and ADME Translational Sciences, Drug Safety and Metabolism, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK (S.H.S., K.S.F.)
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31
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Rahman MF, Raj R, Govindarajan R. Identification of Structural and Molecular Features Involved in the Transport of 3'-Deoxy-Nucleoside Analogs by Human Equilibrative Nucleoside Transporter 3. Drug Metab Dispos 2018. [PMID: 29530865 PMCID: PMC5896370 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.117.079400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Combination antiretroviral drug treatments depend on 3′-deoxy-nucleoside analogs such as 3′-azido-3′-deoxythymidine (AZT) and 2′3′-dideoxyinosine (DDI). Despite being effective in inhibiting human immunodeficiency virus replication, these drugs produce a range of toxicities, including myopathy, pancreatitis, neuropathy, and lactic acidosis, that are generally considered as sequelae to mitochondrial damage. Although cell surface–localized nucleoside transporters, such as human equilibrative nucleoside transporter 2 (hENT2) and human concentrative nucleoside transporter 1 (hCNT1), are known to increase the carrier-mediated uptake of 3′-deoxy-nucleoside analogs into cells, another ubiquitously expressed intracellular nucleoside transporter (namely, hENT3) has been implicated in the mitochondrial transport of 3′-deoxy-nucleoside analogs. Using site-directed mutagenesis, generation of chimeric hENTs, and 3H-permeant flux measurements in mutant/chimeric RNA–injected Xenopus oocytes, here we identified the molecular determinants of hENT3 that dictate membrane translocation of 3′-deoxy-nucleoside analogs. Our findings demonstrated that whereas hENT1 had no significant transport activity toward 3′-deoxy-nucleoside analogs, hENT3 was capable of transporting 3′-deoxy-nucleoside analogs similar to hENT2. Transport analyses of hENT3-hENT1 chimeric constructs demonstrated that the N-terminal half of hENT3 is primarily responsible for the hENT3–3′-deoxy-nucleoside analog interaction. In addition, mutagenic studies identified that 225D and 231L in the N-terminal half of hENT3 partially contribute to the ability of hENT3 to transport AZT and DDI. The identification of the transporter segment and amino acid residues that are important in hENT3 transport of 3′-deoxy-nucleoside analogs may present a possible mechanism for overcoming the adverse toxicities associated with 3′-deoxy-nucleoside analog treatment and may guide rational development of novel nucleoside analogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Fazlur Rahman
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy (M.F.R., R.R., R.G.) and Translational Therapeutics, Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center (R.G.), The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Radhika Raj
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy (M.F.R., R.R., R.G.) and Translational Therapeutics, Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center (R.G.), The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Rajgopal Govindarajan
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy (M.F.R., R.R., R.G.) and Translational Therapeutics, Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center (R.G.), The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
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32
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Porceddu M, Buron N, Rustin P, Fromenty B, Borgne-Sanchez A. In Vitro Assessment of Mitochondrial Toxicity to Predict Drug-Induced Liver Injury. METHODS IN PHARMACOLOGY AND TOXICOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-7677-5_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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33
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Loiodice S, Nogueira da Costa A, Atienzar F. Current trends in in silico, in vitro toxicology, and safety biomarkers in early drug development. Drug Chem Toxicol 2017; 42:113-121. [DOI: 10.1080/01480545.2017.1400044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Simon Loiodice
- Department of Non-Clinical Development, UCB Biopharma SPRL, Braine-l’Alleud, Belgium
| | | | - Franck Atienzar
- Department of Non-Clinical Development, UCB Biopharma SPRL, Braine-l’Alleud, Belgium
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34
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Cheng L, Zhang Z, Li G, Li F, Wang L, Zhang L, Zurawski SM, Zurawski G, Levy Y, Su L. Human innate responses and adjuvant activity of TLR ligands in vivo in mice reconstituted with a human immune system. Vaccine 2017; 35:6143-6153. [PMID: 28958808 PMCID: PMC5641266 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.09.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2017] [Revised: 08/31/2017] [Accepted: 09/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
TLR ligands (TLR-Ls) represent a class of novel vaccine adjuvants. However, their immunologic effects in humans remain poorly defined in vivo. Using a humanized mouse model with a functional human immune system, we investigated how different TLR-Ls stimulated human innate immune response in vivo and their applications as vaccine adjuvants for enhancing human cellular immune response. We found that splenocytes from humanized mice showed identical responses to various TLR-Ls as human PBMCs in vitro. To our surprise, various TLR-Ls stimulated human cytokines and chemokines differently in vivo compared to that in vitro. For example, CpG-A was most efficient to induce IFN-α production in vitro. In contrast, CpG-B, R848 and Poly I:C stimulated much more IFN-α than CpG-A in vivo. Importantly, the human innate immune response to specific TLR-Ls in humanized mice was different from that reported in C57BL/6 mice, but similar to that reported in nonhuman primates. Furthermore, we found that different TLR-Ls distinctively activated and mobilized human plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs), myeloid DCs (mDCs) and monocytes in different organs. Finally, we showed that, as adjuvants, CpG-B, R848 and Poly I:C can all enhance antigen specific CD4+ T cell response, while only R848 and Poly I:C induced CD8+ cytotoxic T cells response to a CD40-targeting HIV vaccine in humanized mice, correlated with their ability to activate human mDCs but not pDCs. We conclude that humanized mice serve as a highly relevant model to evaluate and rank the human immunologic effects of novel adjuvants in vivo prior to testing in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Cheng
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States
| | - Zheng Zhang
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States
| | - Guangming Li
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States
| | - Feng Li
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States
| | - Li Wang
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States
| | - Liguo Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Sandra M Zurawski
- Baylor Institute for Immunology Research, Dallas, TX 75204, United States; Vaccine Research Institute, Université Paris-Est, Faculté de Médecine, INSERM U955, Créteil, France; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Groupe Henri-Mondor Albert-Chenevier, Service d'immunologie clinique, 94010 Créteil, France
| | - Gerard Zurawski
- Baylor Institute for Immunology Research, Dallas, TX 75204, United States; Vaccine Research Institute, Université Paris-Est, Faculté de Médecine, INSERM U955, Créteil, France; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Groupe Henri-Mondor Albert-Chenevier, Service d'immunologie clinique, 94010 Créteil, France
| | - Yves Levy
- Vaccine Research Institute, Université Paris-Est, Faculté de Médecine, INSERM U955, Créteil, France; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Groupe Henri-Mondor Albert-Chenevier, Service d'immunologie clinique, 94010 Créteil, France
| | - Lishan Su
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States.
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35
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Rahman MF, Askwith C, Govindarajan R. Molecular determinants of acidic pH-dependent transport of human equilibrative nucleoside transporter 3. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:14775-14785. [PMID: 28729424 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.787952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2017] [Revised: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Equilibrative nucleoside transporters (ENTs) translocate hydrophilic nucleosides across cellular membranes and are essential for salvage nucleotide synthesis and purinergic signaling. Unlike the prototypic human ENT members hENT1 and hENT2, which mediate plasma membrane nucleoside transport at pH 7.4, hENT3 is an acidic pH-activated lysosomal transporter partially localized to mitochondria. Recent studies demonstrate that hENT3 is indispensable for lysosomal homeostasis, and that mutations in hENT3 can result in a spectrum of lysosomal storage-like disorders. However, despite hENT3's prominent role in lysosome pathophysiology, the molecular basis of hENT3-mediated transport is unknown. Therefore, we sought to examine the mechanistic basis of acidic pH-driven hENT3 nucleoside transport with site-directed mutagenesis, homology modeling, and [3H]adenosine flux measurements in mutant RNA-injected Xenopus oocytes. Scanning mutagenesis of putative residues responsible for pH-dependent transport via hENT3 revealed that the ionization states of Asp-219 and Glu-447, and not His, strongly determined the pH-dependent transport permissible-impermissible states of the transporter. Except for substitution with certain isosteric and polar residues, substitution of either Asp-219 or Glu-447 with any other residues resulted in robust activity that was pH-independent. Dual substitution of Asp-219 and Glu-447 to Ala sustained pH-independent activity over a broad range of physiological pH (pH 5.5-7.4), which also maintained stringent substrate selectivity toward endogenous nucleosides and clinically used nucleoside drugs. Our results suggest a putative pH-sensing role for Asp-219 and Glu-447 in hENT3 and that the size, ionization state, or electronegative polarity at these positions is crucial for obligate acidic pH-dependent activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Fazlur Rahman
- From the Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy
| | | | - Rajgopal Govindarajan
- From the Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, .,the Translational Therapeutics Program, Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210
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36
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Ng SS, Xiong A, Nguyen K, Masek M, No DY, Elazar M, Shteyer E, Winters MA, Voedisch A, Shaw K, Rashid ST, Frank CW, Cho NJ, Glenn JS. Long-term culture of human liver tissue with advanced hepatic functions. JCI Insight 2017; 2:90853. [PMID: 28570275 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.90853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2016] [Accepted: 04/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
A major challenge for studying authentic liver cell function and cell replacement therapies is that primary human hepatocytes rapidly lose their advanced function in conventional, 2-dimensional culture platforms. Here, we describe the fabrication of 3-dimensional hexagonally arrayed lobular human liver tissues inspired by the liver's natural architecture. The engineered liver tissues exhibit key features of advanced differentiation, such as human-specific cytochrome P450-mediated drug metabolism and the ability to support efficient infection with patient-derived inoculums of hepatitis C virus. The tissues permit the assessment of antiviral agents and maintain their advanced functions for over 5 months in culture. This extended functionality enabled the prediction of a fatal human-specific hepatotoxicity caused by fialuridine (FIAU), which had escaped detection by preclinical models and short-term clinical studies. The results obtained with the engineered human liver tissue in this study provide proof-of-concept determination of human-specific drug metabolism, demonstrate the ability to support infection with human hepatitis virus derived from an infected patient and subsequent antiviral drug testing against said infection, and facilitate detection of human-specific drug hepatotoxicity associated with late-onset liver failure. Looking forward, the scalability and biocompatibility of the scaffold are also ideal for future cell replacement therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soon Seng Ng
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA.,School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Anming Xiong
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Khanh Nguyen
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Marilyn Masek
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA.,Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine
| | - Da Yoon No
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA.,Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford California, USA
| | - Menashe Elazar
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Eyal Shteyer
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Mark A Winters
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | | | - Kate Shaw
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology
| | - Sheikh Tamir Rashid
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Curtis W Frank
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford California, USA
| | - Nam Joon Cho
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jeffrey S Glenn
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
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37
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Sistare FD, Mattes WB, LeCluyse EL. The Promise of New Technologies to Reduce, Refine, or Replace Animal Use while Reducing Risks of Drug Induced Liver Injury in Pharmaceutical Development. ILAR J 2017; 57:186-211. [DOI: 10.1093/ilar/ilw025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2016] [Revised: 07/25/2016] [Accepted: 09/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
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38
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Boswell-Casteel RC, Hays FA. Equilibrative nucleoside transporters-A review. NUCLEOSIDES NUCLEOTIDES & NUCLEIC ACIDS 2016; 36:7-30. [PMID: 27759477 DOI: 10.1080/15257770.2016.1210805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Equilibrative nucleoside transporters (ENTs) are polytopic integral membrane proteins that mediate the transport of nucleosides, nucleobases, and therapeutic analogs. The best-characterized ENTs are the human transporters hENT1 and hENT2. However, non-mammalian eukaryotic ENTs have also been studied (e.g., yeast, parasitic protozoa). ENTs are major pharmaceutical targets responsible for modulating the efficacy of more than 30 approved drugs. However, the molecular mechanisms and chemical determinants of ENT-mediated substrate recognition, binding, inhibition, and transport are poorly understood. This review highlights findings on the characterization of ENTs by surveying studies on genetics, permeant and inhibitor interactions, mutagenesis, and structural models of ENT function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebba C Boswell-Casteel
- a Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center , Oklahoma City , OK , USA
| | - Franklin A Hays
- a Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center , Oklahoma City , OK , USA.,b Stephenson Cancer Center , University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center , Oklahoma City , OK , USA.,c Harold Hamm Diabetes Center , University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center , Oklahoma City , OK , USA
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39
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Evidence-based selection of training compounds for use in the mechanism-based integrated prediction of drug-induced liver injury in man. Arch Toxicol 2016; 90:2979-3003. [PMID: 27659300 PMCID: PMC5104805 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-016-1845-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2016] [Accepted: 08/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The current test systems employed by pharmaceutical industry are poorly predictive for drug-induced liver injury (DILI). The ‘MIP-DILI’ project addresses this situation by the development of innovative preclinical test systems which are both mechanism-based and of physiological, pharmacological and pathological relevance to DILI in humans. An iterative, tiered approach with respect to test compounds, test systems, bioanalysis and systems analysis is adopted to evaluate existing models and develop new models that can provide validated test systems with respect to the prediction of specific forms of DILI and further elucidation of mechanisms. An essential component of this effort is the choice of compound training set that will be used to inform refinement and/or development of new model systems that allow prediction based on knowledge of mechanisms, in a tiered fashion. In this review, we focus on the selection of MIP-DILI training compounds for mechanism-based evaluation of non-clinical prediction of DILI. The selected compounds address both hepatocellular and cholestatic DILI patterns in man, covering a broad range of pharmacologies and chemistries, and taking into account available data on potential DILI mechanisms (e.g. mitochondrial injury, reactive metabolites, biliary transport inhibition, and immune responses). Known mechanisms by which these compounds are believed to cause liver injury have been described, where many if not all drugs in this review appear to exhibit multiple toxicological mechanisms. Thus, the training compounds selection offered a valuable tool to profile DILI mechanisms and to interrogate existing and novel in vitro systems for the prediction of human DILI.
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40
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Dalla Rosa I, Cámara Y, Durigon R, Moss CF, Vidoni S, Akman G, Hunt L, Johnson MA, Grocott S, Wang L, Thorburn DR, Hirano M, Poulton J, Taylor RW, Elgar G, Martí R, Voshol P, Holt IJ, Spinazzola A. MPV17 Loss Causes Deoxynucleotide Insufficiency and Slow DNA Replication in Mitochondria. PLoS Genet 2016; 12:e1005779. [PMID: 26760297 PMCID: PMC4711891 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1005779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2015] [Accepted: 12/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
MPV17 is a mitochondrial inner membrane protein whose dysfunction causes mitochondrial DNA abnormalities and disease by an unknown mechanism. Perturbations of deoxynucleoside triphosphate (dNTP) pools are a recognized cause of mitochondrial genomic instability; therefore, we determined DNA copy number and dNTP levels in mitochondria of two models of MPV17 deficiency. In Mpv17 ablated mice, liver mitochondria showed substantial decreases in the levels of dGTP and dTTP and severe mitochondrial DNA depletion, whereas the dNTP pool was not significantly altered in kidney and brain mitochondria that had near normal levels of DNA. The shortage of mitochondrial dNTPs in Mpv17-/- liver slows the DNA replication in the organelle, as evidenced by the elevated level of replication intermediates. Quiescent fibroblasts of MPV17-mutant patients recapitulate key features of the primary affected tissue of the Mpv17-/- mice, displaying virtual absence of the protein, decreased dNTP levels and mitochondrial DNA depletion. Notably, the mitochondrial DNA loss in the patients’ quiescent fibroblasts was prevented and rescued by deoxynucleoside supplementation. Thus, our study establishes dNTP insufficiency in the mitochondria as the cause of mitochondrial DNA depletion in MPV17 deficiency, and identifies deoxynucleoside supplementation as a potential therapeutic strategy for MPV17-related disease. Moreover, changes in the expression of factors involved in mitochondrial deoxynucleotide homeostasis indicate a remodeling of nucleotide metabolism in MPV17 disease models, which suggests mitochondria lacking functional MPV17 have a restricted purine mitochondrial salvage pathway. Mitochondrial DNA depletion syndrome (MDS) is a genetically heterogeneous condition characterized by a decrease of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) copy number and decreased activities of respiratory chain enzymes. Depletion of mtDNA has been associated with mutations in several genes, which encode either proteins directly involved in mtDNA replication or factors regulating the homeostasis of the mitochondrial deoxynucleotide pool. However, for some genes the mechanism linking mutations and mtDNA depletion is not known. One such gene is MPV17, whose loss-of-function causes mtDNA abnormalities in human, mouse and yeast. Here we show that MPV17 dysfunction leads to a shortage of the precursors for DNA synthesis in the mitochondria, slowing DNA replication in the organelle. Not only does mtDNA copy number correlate with dNTP pool size in both mouse tissues and human cells, deoxynucleoside supplementation of the growth medium prevents depletion and restores mtDNA copy number in quiescent MPV17-deficient cells. Hence, our study links MPV17 deficiency, insufficiency of mitochondrial dNTPs, and slow replication in mitochondria to depletion of mtDNA manifesting in the human disease, and places MPV17-related disease firmly in the category of mtDNA disorders caused by deoxynucleotide perturbation. The prevention and reversal of mtDNA loss in MPV17 patient-derived cells identifies potential therapeutic strategy for a currently untreatable disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yolanda Cámara
- Laboratory of Mitochondrial Disorders, Vall d’Hebron Institut de Recerca, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia
- Biomedical Network Research Centre on Rare Diseases, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | - Sara Vidoni
- MRC Mitochondrial Biology Unit, Wellcome Trust-MRC Building, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Gokhan Akman
- MRC Mill Hill Laboratory, London, United Kingdom
| | - Lilian Hunt
- MRC Mill Hill Laboratory, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mark A. Johnson
- MRC Mitochondrial Biology Unit, Wellcome Trust-MRC Building, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah Grocott
- Mitochondrial Genetics Group, Nuffield Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Women's Centre, The John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Liya Wang
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Biochemistry, The Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Biomedical Center, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - David R. Thorburn
- Murdoch Childrens Research Institute and University of Melbourne Department of Paediatrics, Royal Children's Hospital, Flemington Road, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Michio Hirano
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Joanna Poulton
- Mitochondrial Genetics Group, Nuffield Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Women's Centre, The John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Robert W. Taylor
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, The Medical School, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Greg Elgar
- MRC Mill Hill Laboratory, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ramon Martí
- Laboratory of Mitochondrial Disorders, Vall d’Hebron Institut de Recerca, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia
- Biomedical Network Research Centre on Rare Diseases, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Peter Voshol
- Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Ian J. Holt
- MRC Mill Hill Laboratory, London, United Kingdom
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Kamimura H, Ito S. Assessment of chimeric mice with humanized livers in new drug development: generation of pharmacokinetics, metabolism and toxicity data for selecting the final candidate compound. Xenobiotica 2015; 46:557-69. [DOI: 10.3109/00498254.2015.1091113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Aseervatham J, Tran L, Machaca K, Boudker O. The Role of Flexible Loops in Folding, Trafficking and Activity of Equilibrative Nucleoside Transporters. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0136779. [PMID: 26406980 PMCID: PMC4583308 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0136779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2015] [Accepted: 08/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Equilibrative nucleoside transporters (ENTs) are integral membrane proteins, which reside in plasma membranes of all eukaryotic cells and mediate thermodynamically downhill transport of nucleosides. This process is essential for nucleoside recycling, and also plays a key role in terminating adenosine-mediated cellular signaling. Furthermore, ENTs mediate the uptake of many drugs, including anticancer and antiviral nucleoside analogues. The structure and mechanism, by which ENTs catalyze trans-membrane transport of their substrates, remain unknown. To identify the core of the transporter needed for stability, activity, and for its correct trafficking to the plasma membrane, we have expressed human ENT deletion mutants in Xenopus laevis oocytes and determined their localization, transport properties and susceptibility to inhibition. We found that the carboxyl terminal trans-membrane segments are essential for correct protein folding and trafficking. In contrast, the soluble extracellular and intracellular loops appear to be dispensable, and must be involved in the fine-tuning of transport regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaya Aseervatham
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medical College in Qatar, Qatar foundation, Education City, Doha, Qatar
| | - Lucky Tran
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, United States of America
| | - Khaled Machaca
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medical College in Qatar, Qatar foundation, Education City, Doha, Qatar
| | - Olga Boudker
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Cabrera-Pérez R, Torres-Torronteras J, Vila-Julià F, Ortega FJ, Cámara Y, Barquinero J, Martí R. Prospective therapeutic approaches in mitochondrial neurogastrointestinal encephalomyopathy (MNGIE). Expert Opin Orphan Drugs 2015. [DOI: 10.1517/21678707.2015.1090307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Shah F, Leung L, Barton HA, Will Y, Rodrigues AD, Greene N, Aleo MD. Setting Clinical Exposure Levels of Concern for Drug-Induced Liver Injury (DILI) Using Mechanisticin vitroAssays. Toxicol Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfv152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Abstract
Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) is the most common organ toxicity encountered in regulatory animal toxicology studies required prior to the clinical development of new drug candidates. Very few reports have evaluated the value of these studies for predicting DILI in humans. Indeed, compounds inducing liver toxicity in regulatory toxicology studies are not always correlated with a risk of DILI in humans. Conversely, compounds associated with the occurrence of DILI in phase 3 studies or after market release are often tested negative in regulatory toxicology studies. Idiosyncratic DILI is a rare event that is precipitated in an individual by the simultaneous occurrence of several critical factors. These factors may relate to the host (e.g. human leukocyte antigen polymorphism, inflammation), the drug (e.g. reactive metabolites) or the environment (e.g. diet/microbiota). This type of toxicity therefore cannot be detected in conventional animal toxicology studies. Several animal models have recently been proposed for the identification of drugs with the potential to cause idiosyncratic DILI: rats treated with lipopolysaccharide, Sod2(+/-) mice, panels of inbred mouse strains or chimeric mice with humanized livers. These models are not suitable for use in the prospective screening of new drug candidates. Humans therefore constitute the best model for predicting and assessing idiopathic DILI.
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Martínez T, Jiménez AI, Pañeda C. Short-interference RNAs: becoming medicines. EXCLI JOURNAL 2015; 14:714-46. [PMID: 26648823 PMCID: PMC4669907 DOI: 10.17179/excli2015-297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2015] [Accepted: 05/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
RNA interference is a cellular mechanism by which small molecules of double stranded RNA modulate gene expression acting on the concentration and/or availability of a given messenger RNA. Almost 10 years after Fire and Mello received the Nobel Prize for the discovery of this mechanism in flat worms, RNA interference is on the edge of becoming a new class of therapeutics. With various phase III studies underway, the following years will determine whether RNAi-therapeutics can rise up to the challenge and become mainstream medicines. The present review gives a thorough overview of the current status of this technology focusing on the path to the clinic of this new class of compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Martínez
- Sylentis, R&D department c/Santiago Grisolía, Tres Cantos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Isabel Jiménez
- Sylentis, R&D department c/Santiago Grisolía, Tres Cantos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Covadonga Pañeda
- Sylentis, R&D department c/Santiago Grisolía, Tres Cantos, Madrid, Spain
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Hughes SJ, Cravetchi X, Vilas G, Hammond JR. Adenosine A1 receptor activation modulates human equilibrative nucleoside transporter 1 (hENT1) activity via PKC-mediated phosphorylation of serine-281. Cell Signal 2015; 27:1008-18. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2015.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2015] [Revised: 02/20/2015] [Accepted: 02/23/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Sahin U, Karikó K, Türeci Ö. mRNA-based therapeutics--developing a new class of drugs. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2014; 13:759-80. [PMID: 25233993 DOI: 10.1038/nrd4278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1367] [Impact Index Per Article: 136.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
In vitro transcribed (IVT) mRNA has recently come into focus as a potential new drug class to deliver genetic information. Such synthetic mRNA can be engineered to transiently express proteins by structurally resembling natural mRNA. Advances in addressing the inherent challenges of this drug class, particularly related to controlling the translational efficacy and immunogenicity of the IVTmRNA, provide the basis for a broad range of potential applications. mRNA-based cancer immunotherapies and infectious disease vaccines have entered clinical development. Meanwhile, emerging novel approaches include in vivo delivery of IVT mRNA to replace or supplement proteins, IVT mRNA-based generation of pluripotent stem cells and genome engineering using IVT mRNA-encoded designer nucleases. This Review provides a comprehensive overview of the current state of mRNA-based drug technologies and their applications, and discusses the key challenges and opportunities in developing these into a new class of drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ugur Sahin
- 1] TRON Translational Oncology at the University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Langenbeckstrasse 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany. [2] BioNTech Corporation, An der Goldgrube 12, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Katalin Karikó
- 1] BioNTech Corporation, An der Goldgrube 12, 55131 Mainz, Germany. [2] Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Özlem Türeci
- TRON Translational Oncology at the University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Langenbeckstrasse 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany
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Xu D, Nishimura T, Nishimura S, Zhang H, Zheng M, Guo YY, Masek M, Michie SA, Glenn J, Peltz G. Fialuridine induces acute liver failure in chimeric TK-NOG mice: a model for detecting hepatic drug toxicity prior to human testing. PLoS Med 2014; 11:e1001628. [PMID: 24736310 PMCID: PMC3988005 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1001628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2013] [Accepted: 02/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Seven of 15 clinical trial participants treated with a nucleoside analogue (fialuridine [FIAU]) developed acute liver failure. Five treated participants died, and two required a liver transplant. Preclinical toxicology studies in mice, rats, dogs, and primates did not provide any indication that FIAU would be hepatotoxic in humans. Therefore, we investigated whether FIAU-induced liver toxicity could be detected in chimeric TK-NOG mice with humanized livers. METHODS AND FINDINGS Control and chimeric TK-NOG mice with humanized livers were treated orally with FIAU 400, 100, 25, or 2.5 mg/kg/d. The response to drug treatment was evaluated by measuring plasma lactate and liver enzymes, by assessing liver histology, and by electron microscopy. After treatment with FIAU 400 mg/kg/d for 4 d, chimeric mice developed clinical and serologic evidence of liver failure and lactic acidosis. Analysis of liver tissue revealed steatosis in regions with human, but not mouse, hepatocytes. Electron micrographs revealed lipid and mitochondrial abnormalities in the human hepatocytes in FIAU-treated chimeric mice. Dose-dependent liver toxicity was detected in chimeric mice treated with FIAU 100, 25, or 2.5 mg/kg/d for 14 d. Liver toxicity did not develop in control mice that were treated with the same FIAU doses for 14 d. In contrast, treatment with another nucleotide analogue (sofosbuvir 440 or 44 mg/kg/d po) for 14 d, which did not cause liver toxicity in human trial participants, did not cause liver toxicity in mice with humanized livers. CONCLUSIONS FIAU-induced liver toxicity could be readily detected using chimeric TK-NOG mice with humanized livers, even when the mice were treated with a FIAU dose that was only 10-fold above the dose used in human participants. The clinical features, laboratory abnormalities, liver histology, and ultra-structural changes observed in FIAU-treated chimeric mice mirrored those of FIAU-treated human participants. The use of chimeric mice in preclinical toxicology studies could improve the safety of candidate medications selected for testing in human participants. Please see later in the article for the Editors' Summary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Xu
- Department of Anesthesia, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Toshi Nishimura
- Department of Anesthesia, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
- Central Institute for Experimental Animals, Kawasaki, Japan
- Center for the Advancement of Health and Biosciences, Sunnyvale, California, United States of America
| | - Sachiko Nishimura
- Center for the Advancement of Health and Biosciences, Sunnyvale, California, United States of America
| | - Haili Zhang
- Department of Anesthesia, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Ming Zheng
- Department of Anesthesia, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Ying-Ying Guo
- Department of Drug Disposition, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Marylin Masek
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford California, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford California, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford California, United States of America
| | - Sara A. Michie
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford California, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford California, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey Glenn
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford California, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford California, United States of America
- * E-mail: (JG); (GP)
| | - Gary Peltz
- Department of Anesthesia, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
- * E-mail: (JG); (GP)
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Kia R, Sison RLC, Heslop J, Kitteringham NR, Hanley N, Mills JS, Park BK, Goldring CEP. Stem cell-derived hepatocytes as a predictive model for drug-induced liver injury: are we there yet? Br J Clin Pharmacol 2013; 75:885-96. [PMID: 22703588 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2125.2012.04360.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2012] [Accepted: 06/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Amongst the different types of adverse drug reactions, drug-induced liver injury is the most prominent cause of patient morbidity and mortality. However, the current available hepatic model systems developed for evaluating safety have limited utility and relevance as they do not fully recapitulate a fully functional hepatocyte, and do not sufficiently represent the genetic polymorphisms present in the population. The rapidly advancing research in stem cells raises the possibility of using human pluripotent stem cells in bridging this gap. The generation of human induced pluripotent stem cells via reprogramming of mature human somatic cells may also allow for disease modelling in vitro for the purposes of assessing drug safety and toxicology. This would also allow for better understanding of disease processes and thus facilitate in the potential identification of novel therapeutic targets. This review will focus on the current state of effort to derive hepatocytes from human pluripotent stem cells for potential use in hepatotoxicity evaluation and aims to provide an insight as to where the future of the field may lie.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Kia
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Liverpool, MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Liverpool, UK
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