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Govers BM, van Huet RAC, Roosing S, Keijser S, Los LI, den Hollander AI, Klevering BJ. The genetics and disease mechanisms of rhegmatogenous retinal detachment. Prog Retin Eye Res 2023; 97:101158. [PMID: 36621380 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2022.101158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD) is a sight threatening condition that warrants immediate surgical intervention. To date, 29 genes have been associated with monogenic disorders involving RRD. In addition, RRD can occur as a multifactorial disease through a combined effect of multiple genetic variants and non-genetic risk factors. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of the spectrum of hereditary disorders involving RRD. We discuss genotype-phenotype correlations of these monogenic disorders, and describe genetic variants associated with RRD through multifactorial inheritance. Furthermore, we evaluate our current understanding of the molecular disease mechanisms of RRD-associated genetic variants on collagen proteins, proteoglycan versican, and the TGF-β pathway. Finally, we review the role of genetics in patient management and prevention of RRD. We provide recommendations for genetic testing and prophylaxis of at-risk patients, and hypothesize on novel therapeutic approaches beyond surgical intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birgit M Govers
- Department of Ophthalmology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Donders Institute for Brain Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Ramon A C van Huet
- Department of Ophthalmology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Susanne Roosing
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Donders Institute for Brain Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Sander Keijser
- Department of Ophthalmology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Leonoor I Los
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Anneke I den Hollander
- Department of Ophthalmology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; AbbVie, Genomics Research Center, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - B Jeroen Klevering
- Department of Ophthalmology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
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Reeck JC, Oxford JT. The Shape of the Jaw-Zebrafish Col11a1a Regulates Meckel's Cartilage Morphogenesis and Mineralization. J Dev Biol 2022; 10:jdb10040040. [PMID: 36278545 PMCID: PMC9590009 DOI: 10.3390/jdb10040040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Revised: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The expression of the col11a1a gene is essential for normal skeletal development, affecting both cartilage and bone. Loss of function mutations have been shown to cause abnormalities in the growth plate of long bones, as well as in craniofacial development. However, the specific effects on Meckel's cartilage have not been well studied. To further understand the effect of col11a1a gene function, we analyzed the developing jaw in zebrafish using gene knockdown by the injection of an antisense morpholino oligonucleotide using transgenic Tg(sp7:EGFP) and Tg(Fli1a:EGFP) EGFP reporter fish, as well as wildtype AB zebrafish. Our results demonstrate that zebrafish col11a1a knockdown impairs the cellular organization of Meckel's cartilage in the developing jaw and alters the bone formation that occurs adjacent to the Meckel's cartilage. These results suggest roles for Col11a1a protein in cartilage intermediates of bone development, the subsequent mineralization of the bony collar of long bones, and that which occurs adjacent to Meckel's cartilage in the developing jaw.
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Reeck JC, Hardy MJ, Pu X, Keller-Peck C, Oxford JT. Authentication of a novel antibody to zebrafish collagen type XI alpha 1 chain (Col11a1a). BMC Res Notes 2021; 14:359. [PMID: 34526111 PMCID: PMC8444443 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-021-05770-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Extracellular matrix proteins play important roles in embryonic development and antibodies that specifically detect these proteins are essential to understanding their function. The zebrafish embryo is a popular model for vertebrate development but suffers from a dearth of authenticated antibody reagents for research. Here, we describe a novel antibody designed to detect the minor fibrillar collagen chain Col11a1a in zebrafish (AB strain). RESULTS The Col11a1a antibody was raised in rabbit against a peptide comprising a unique sequence within the zebrafish Col11a1a gene product. The antibody was affinity-purified and characterized by ELISA. The antibody is effective for immunoblot and immunohistochemistry applications. Protein bands identified by immunoblot were confirmed by mass spectrometry and sensitivity to collagenase. Col11a1a knockout zebrafish were used to confirm specificity of the antibody. The Col11a1a antibody labeled cartilaginous structures within the developing jaw, consistent with previously characterized Col11a1 antibodies in other species. Col11a1a within formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded zebrafish were recognized by the antibody. The antibodies and the approaches described here will help to address the lack of well-defined antibody reagents in zebrafish research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathon C. Reeck
- Department of Biological Sciences, Biomolecular Sciences Graduate Program, and Biomolecular Research Center, Boise State University, Boise, ID 83725 USA
| | - Makenna J. Hardy
- Biomolecular Sciences Graduate Program, Biomolecular Research Center, Boise State University, Boise, ID 83725 USA
| | - Xinzhu Pu
- Biomolecular Research Center, Boise State University, Boise, ID 83725 USA
| | | | - Julia Thom Oxford
- Department of Biological Sciences, Biomolecular Sciences Graduate Program, and Biomolecular Research Center, Boise State University, Boise, ID 83725 USA
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Guilak F, Hayes AJ, Melrose J. Perlecan in Pericellular Mechanosensory Cell-Matrix Communication, Extracellular Matrix Stabilisation and Mechanoregulation of Load-Bearing Connective Tissues. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:2716. [PMID: 33800241 PMCID: PMC7962540 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22052716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Revised: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we review mechanoregulatory roles for perlecan in load-bearing connective tissues. Perlecan facilitates the co-acervation of tropoelastin and assembly of elastic microfibrils in translamellar cross-bridges which, together with fibrillin and elastin stabilise the extracellular matrix of the intervertebral disc annulus fibrosus. Pericellular perlecan interacts with collagen VI and XI to define and stabilize this matrix compartment which has a strategic position facilitating two-way cell-matrix communication between the cell and its wider extracellular matrix. Cues from the extracellular matrix are fed through this pericellular matrix back to the chondrocyte, allowing it to perceive and respond to subtle microenvironmental changes to regulate tissue homeostasis. Thus perlecan plays a key regulatory role in chondrocyte metabolism, and in chondrocyte differentiation. Perlecan acts as a transport proteoglycan carrying poorly soluble, lipid-modified proteins such as the Wnt or Hedgehog families facilitating the establishment of morphogen gradients that drive tissue morphogenesis. Cell surface perlecan on endothelial cells or osteocytes acts as a flow sensor in blood and the lacunar canalicular fluid providing feedback cues to smooth muscle cells regulating vascular tone and blood pressure, and the regulation of bone metabolism by osteocytes highlighting perlecan's multifaceted roles in load-bearing connective tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farshid Guilak
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA;
- Shriners Hospitals for Children—St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Anthony J. Hayes
- Bioimaging Research Hub, Cardiff School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales CF10 3AX, UK;
| | - James Melrose
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
- Raymond Purves Laboratory, Institute of Bone and Joint Research, Kolling Institute, Northern Sydney Local Health District, Royal North Shore Hospital, St. Leonards, NSW 2065, Australia
- Sydney Medical School, Northern, University of Sydney at Royal North Shore Hospital, St. Leonards, NSW 2065, Australia
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Sun M, Luo EY, Adams SM, Adams T, Ye Y, Shetye SS, Soslowsky LJ, Birk DE. Collagen XI regulates the acquisition of collagen fibril structure, organization and functional properties in tendon. Matrix Biol 2020; 94:77-94. [PMID: 32950601 PMCID: PMC7722227 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2020.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Collagen XI is a fibril-forming collagen that regulates collagen fibrillogenesis. Collagen XI is normally associated with collagen II-containing tissues such as cartilage, but it also is expressed broadly during development in collagen I-containing tissues, including tendons. The goals of this study are to define the roles of collagen XI in regulation of tendon fibrillar structure and the relationship to function. A conditional Col11a1-null mouse model was created to permit the spatial and temporal manipulation of Col11a1 expression. We hypothesize that collagen XI functions to regulate fibril assembly, organization and, therefore, tendon function. Previous work using cho mice with ablated Col11a1 alleles supported roles for collagen XI in tendon fibril assembly. Homozygous cho/cho mice have a perinatal lethal phenotype that limited the studies. To circumvent this, a conditional Col11a1flox/flox mouse model was created where exon 3 was flanked with loxP sites. Breeding with Scleraxis-Cre (Scx-Cre) mice yielded a tendon-specific Col11a1-null mouse line, Col11a1Δten/Δten. Col11a1flox/flox mice had no phenotype compared to wild type C57BL/6 mice and other control mice, e.g., Col11a1flox/flox and Scx-Cre. Col11a1flox/flox mice expressed Col11a1 mRNA at levels comparable to wild type and Scx-Cre mice. In contrast, in Col11a1Δten/Δten mice, Col11a1 mRNA expression decreased to baseline in flexor digitorum longus tendons (FDL). Collagen XI protein expression was absent in Col11a1Δten/Δten FDLs, and at ~50% in Col11a1+/Δten compared to controls. Phenotypically, Col11a1Δten/Δten mice had significantly decreased body weights (p < 0.001), grip strengths (p < 0.001), and with age developed gait impairment becoming hypomobile. In the absence of Col11a1, the tendon collagen fibrillar matrix was abnormal when analyzed using transmission electron microscopy. Reducing Col11a1 and, therefore collagen XI content, resulted in abnormal fibril structure, loss of normal fibril diameter control with a significant shift to small diameters and disrupted parallel alignment of fibrils. These alterations in matrix structure were observed in developing (day 4), maturing (day 30) and mature (day 60) mice. Altering the time of knockdown using inducible I-Col11a1−/− mice indicated that the primary regulatory foci for collagen XI was in development. In mature Col11a1Δten/Δten FDLs a significant decrease in the biomechanical properties was observed. The decrease in maximum stress and modulus suggest that fundamental differences in the material properties in the absence of Col11a1 expression underlie the mechanical deficiencies. These data demonstrate an essential role for collagen XI in regulation of tendon fibril assembly and organization occurring primarily during development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Sun
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology & Physiology, University of South Florida, Morsani College of Medicine, 12901 Bruce B. Downs Blvd, Tampa, FL, 33612 USA
| | - Eric Y Luo
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology & Physiology, University of South Florida, Morsani College of Medicine, 12901 Bruce B. Downs Blvd, Tampa, FL, 33612 USA
| | - Sheila M Adams
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology & Physiology, University of South Florida, Morsani College of Medicine, 12901 Bruce B. Downs Blvd, Tampa, FL, 33612 USA
| | - Thomas Adams
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology & Physiology, University of South Florida, Morsani College of Medicine, 12901 Bruce B. Downs Blvd, Tampa, FL, 33612 USA
| | - Yaping Ye
- McKay Orthopedic Research Laboratory, University of Pennsylvania, Stemmler Hall, 3450 Hamilton Walk, Philadelphia, PA, 19104 USA
| | - Snehal S Shetye
- McKay Orthopedic Research Laboratory, University of Pennsylvania, Stemmler Hall, 3450 Hamilton Walk, Philadelphia, PA, 19104 USA
| | - Louis J Soslowsky
- McKay Orthopedic Research Laboratory, University of Pennsylvania, Stemmler Hall, 3450 Hamilton Walk, Philadelphia, PA, 19104 USA
| | - David E Birk
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology & Physiology, University of South Florida, Morsani College of Medicine, 12901 Bruce B. Downs Blvd, Tampa, FL, 33612 USA; McKay Orthopedic Research Laboratory, University of Pennsylvania, Stemmler Hall, 3450 Hamilton Walk, Philadelphia, PA, 19104 USA.
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Smith SM, Melrose J. Type XI collagen-perlecan-HS interactions stabilise the pericellular matrix of annulus fibrosus cells and chondrocytes providing matrix stabilisation and homeostasis. J Mol Histol 2019; 50:285-294. [PMID: 30993430 DOI: 10.1007/s10735-019-09823-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to ascertain whether, like many cell types in cartilaginous tissues if type XI collagen was a pericellular component of annulus fibrosus (AF) cells and chondrocytes. Fine fibrillar networks were visualised which were perlecan, HS (MAb 10E4) and type XI collagen positive. Heparitinase-III pre-digestion abolished the type XI collagen and 10E4 localisation in these fibrillar assemblies demonstrating a putative HS mediated interaction which localised the type XI collagen. Type XI collagen was confirmed to be present in the Heparitinase III treated AF monolayer media samples by immunoblotting. Heparitinase-III generated ΔHS stub epitopes throughout these fibrillar networks strongly visualised by MAb 3-G-10. Monolayers of murine hip articular chondrocytes from C57BL/6 and Hspg2 exon 3 null mice also displayed pericellular perlecan localisations, however type XI collagen was only evident in the Wild type mice. Perlecan was also immunolocalised in control and murine knee articular cartilage from the two mouse genotypes subjected to a medial meniscal destabilisation procedure which induces OA. This resulted in a severe depletion of perlecan levels particularly in the perlecan exon 3 null mice and was consistent with OA representing a disease of the pericellular matrix. A model was prepared to explain these observations between the NPP type XI collagen domain and HS chains of perlecan domain-I in the pericellular matrix of AF cells which likely contributed to cellular communication, tissue stabilization and the regulation of extracellular matrix homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan M Smith
- Raymond Purves Bone and Joint Research Laboratories, Level 10, Kolling Institute of Medical Research B6, The Royal North Shore Hospital, St. Leonards, NSW, 2065, Australia
| | - James Melrose
- Raymond Purves Bone and Joint Research Laboratories, Level 10, Kolling Institute of Medical Research B6, The Royal North Shore Hospital, St. Leonards, NSW, 2065, Australia. .,Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia. .,Sydney Medical School, Northern, The University of Sydney, St. Leonards, 2065, NSW, Australia. .,Faculty of Medicine and Health, Royal North Shore Hospital, University of Sydney, St. Leonards, NSW, 2065, Australia.
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Izumi Y, Matsuo K. Sample Volume Reduction Using the Schwarzschild Objective for a Circular Dichroism Spectrophotometer and an Application to the Structural Analysis of Lysine-36 Trimethylated Histone H3 Protein. Molecules 2018; 23:E2865. [PMID: 30400257 PMCID: PMC6278440 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23112865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Revised: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 11/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
With the increasing interest in scarce proteins, reducing the sample volume for circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy has become desirable. Demagnification of the incident beam size is required to reduce the sample volume for CD spectroscopy detecting transmitted light passed through the sample. In this study, the beam size was demagnified using a focal mirror, and small-capacity sample cells were developed in an attempt to reduce the sample volume. The original beam size was 6 × 6 mm²; we successfully converged it to a size of 25 × 25 μm² using the Schwarzschild objective (SO). The new sample cell and SO allowed the required sample volume to be reduced to 1/10 (15 → 1.5 μL), when using a 15 μm path length cell. By adopting a smaller sample cell, further sample reduction could be achieved. By using the SO system, the secondary structural contents of the lysine-36 trimethylated histone H3 protein were analyzed. The trimethylation induced the increment of helix structures and decrement of unordered structures. These structural alterations may play a role in regulating cellular function(s), such as DNA damage repair processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yudai Izumi
- Hiroshima Synchrotron Radiation Center, Hiroshima University, 2-313 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-0046, Japan.
| | - Koichi Matsuo
- Hiroshima Synchrotron Radiation Center, Hiroshima University, 2-313 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-0046, Japan.
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8
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Splice-altering variant in COL11A1 as a cause of nonsyndromic hearing loss DFNA37. Genet Med 2018; 21:948-954. [PMID: 30245514 PMCID: PMC6431578 DOI: 10.1038/s41436-018-0285-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2018] [Accepted: 08/16/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this study was to determine the genetic cause of autosomal dominant nonsyndromic hearing loss segregating in a multigenerational family. METHODS Clinical examination, genome-wide linkage analysis, and exome sequencing were carried out on the family. RESULTS Affected individuals presented with early-onset progressive mild hearing impairment with a fairly flat, gently downsloping or U-shaped audiogram configuration. Detailed clinical examination excluded any additional symptoms. Linkage analysis detected an interval on chromosome 1p21 with a logarithm of the odds (LOD) score of 8.29: designated locus DFNA37. Exome sequencing identified a novel canonical acceptor splice-site variant c.652-2A>C in the COL11A1 gene within the DFNA37 locus. Genotyping of all 48 family members confirmed segregation of this variant with the deafness phenotype in the extended family. The c.652-2A>C variant is novel, highly conserved, and confirmed in vitro to alter RNA splicing. CONCLUSION We have identified COL11A1 as the gene responsible for deafness at the DFNA37 locus. Previously, COL11A1 was solely associated with Marshall and Stickler syndromes. This study expands its phenotypic spectrum to include nonsyndromic deafness. The implications of this discovery are valuable in the clinical diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment of patients with COL11A1 pathogenic variants.
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Karaglani M, Toumpoulis I, Goutas N, Poumpouridou N, Vlachodimitropoulos D, Vasilaros S, Rizos I, Kroupis C. Development of novel real-time PCR methodology for quantification of COL11A1 mRNA variants and evaluation in breast cancer tissue specimens. BMC Cancer 2015; 15:694. [PMID: 26466668 PMCID: PMC4606509 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-015-1725-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2014] [Accepted: 10/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Collagen XI is a key structural component of the extracellular matrix and consists of three alpha chains. One of these chains, the α1 (XI), is encoded by the COL11A1 gene and is transcribed to four different variants at least (A, B, C and E) that differ in the propensity to N-terminal domain proteolysis and potentially in the way the extracellular matrix is arranged. This could affect the ability of tumor cells to invade the remodeled stroma and metastasize. No study in the literature has so far investigated the expression of these four variants in breast cancer nor does a method for their accurate quantitative detection exist. Methods We developed a conventional PCR for the general detection of the general COL11A1 transcript and real-time qPCR methodologies with dual hybridization probes in the LightCycler platform for the quantitative determination of the variants. Data from 90 breast cancer tissues with known histopathological features were collected. Results The general COL11A1 transcript was detected in all samples. The developed methodologies for each variant were rapid as well as reproducible, sensitive and specific. Variant A was detected in 30 samples (33 %) and variant E in 62 samples (69 %). Variants B and C were not detected at all. A statistically significant correlation was observed between the presence of variant E and lymph nodes involvement (p = 0.037) and metastasis (p = 0.041). Conclusions With the newly developed tools, the possibility of inclusion of COL11A1 variants as prognostic biomarkers in emerging multiparameter technologies examining tissue RNA expression should be further explored. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12885-015-1725-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makrina Karaglani
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, Attikon University General Hospital, University of Athens Medical School, Rimini 1 St., Haidari, 12462, Greece.
| | - Ioannis Toumpoulis
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Attikon University General Hospital, University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece.
| | - Nikolaos Goutas
- Pathologic Anatomy Laboratory, Evgenidio Hospital, University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece.
| | - Nikoleta Poumpouridou
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, Attikon University General Hospital, University of Athens Medical School, Rimini 1 St., Haidari, 12462, Greece.
| | | | | | - Ioannis Rizos
- Department of Cardiology, Attikon University General Hospital, University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece.
| | - Christos Kroupis
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, Attikon University General Hospital, University of Athens Medical School, Rimini 1 St., Haidari, 12462, Greece.
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Gallagher J. Fell-Muir Lecture: Heparan sulphate and the art of cell regulation: a polymer chain conducts the protein orchestra. Int J Exp Pathol 2015; 96:203-31. [PMID: 26173450 PMCID: PMC4561558 DOI: 10.1111/iep.12135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2014] [Accepted: 05/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Heparan sulphate (HS) sits at the interface of the cell and the extracellular matrix. It is a member of the glycosaminoglycan family of anionic polysaccharides with unique structural features designed for protein interaction and regulation. Its client proteins include soluble effectors (e.g. growth factors, morphogens, chemokines), membrane receptors and cell adhesion proteins such as fibronectin, fibrillin and various types of collagen. The protein-binding properties of HS, together with its strategic positioning in the pericellular domain, are indicative of key roles in mediating the flow of regulatory signals between cells and their microenvironment. The control of transmembrane signalling is a fundamental element in the complex biology of HS. It seems likely that, in some way, HS orchestrates diverse signalling pathways to facilitate information processing inside the cell. A dictionary definition of an orchestra is 'a large group of musicians who play together on various instruments …' to paraphrase, the HS orchestra is 'a large group of proteins that play together on various receptors'. HS conducts this orchestra to ensure that proteins hit the right notes on their receptors but, in the manner of a true conductor, does it also set 'the musical pulse' and create rhythm and harmony attractive to the cell? This is too big a question to answer but fun to think about as you read this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Gallagher
- Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, Institute of Cancer Sciences, Paterson Building, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
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Ryan RE, Martin B, Mellor L, Jacob RB, Tawara K, McDougal OM, Oxford JT, Jorcyk CL. Oncostatin M binds to extracellular matrix in a bioactive conformation: implications for inflammation and metastasis. Cytokine 2015; 72:71-85. [PMID: 25622278 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2014.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2014] [Revised: 09/25/2014] [Accepted: 11/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Oncostatin M (OSM) is an interleukin-6-like inflammatory cytokine reported to play a role in a number of pathological processes including cancer. Full-length OSM is expressed as a 26 kDa protein that can be proteolytically processed into 24 kDa and 22 kDa forms via removal of C-terminal peptides. In this study, we examined both the ability of OSM to bind to the extracellular matrix (ECM) and the activity of immobilized OSM on human breast carcinoma cells. OSM was observed to bind to ECM proteins collagen types I and XI, laminin, and fibronectin in a pH-dependent fashion, suggesting a role for electrostatic bonds that involves charged amino acids of both the ECM and OSM. The C-terminal extensions of 24 kDa and 26 kDa OSM, which contains six and thirteen basic amino acids, respectively, enhanced electrostatic binding to ECM at pH 6.5-7.5 when compared to 22 kDa OSM. The highest levels of OSM binding to ECM, though, were observed at acidic pH 5.5, where all forms of OSM bound to ECM proteins to a similar extent. This indicates additional electrostatic binding properties independent of the OSM C-terminal extensions. The reducing agent dithiothreitol also inhibited the binding of OSM to ECM suggesting a role for disulfide bonds in OSM immobilization. OSM immobilized to ECM was protected from cleavage by tumor-associated proteases and maintained activity following incubation at acidic pH for extended periods of time. Importantly, immobilized OSM remained biologically active and was able to induce and sustain the phosphorylation of STAT3 in T47D and ZR-75-1 human breast cancer cells over prolonged periods, as well as increase levels of STAT1 and STAT3 protein expression. Immobilized OSM also induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition-associated morphological changes in T47D cells. Taken together, these data indicate that OSM binds to ECM in a bioactive state that may have important implications for the development of chronic inflammation and tumor metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Randall E Ryan
- Department of Biological Sciences, 1910 University Drive, Boise, ID 83725, United States; Biomolecular Research Center, 1910 University Drive, Boise, ID 83725, United States
| | - Bryan Martin
- Biomolecular Research Center, 1910 University Drive, Boise, ID 83725, United States; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, 1910 University Drive, Boise, ID 83725, United States
| | - Liliana Mellor
- Biomolecular Research Center, 1910 University Drive, Boise, ID 83725, United States
| | - Reed B Jacob
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, 1910 University Drive, Boise, ID 83725, United States
| | - Ken Tawara
- Department of Biological Sciences, 1910 University Drive, Boise, ID 83725, United States; Biomolecular Research Center, 1910 University Drive, Boise, ID 83725, United States
| | - Owen M McDougal
- Biomolecular Research Center, 1910 University Drive, Boise, ID 83725, United States; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, 1910 University Drive, Boise, ID 83725, United States
| | - Julia Thom Oxford
- Department of Biological Sciences, 1910 University Drive, Boise, ID 83725, United States; Biomolecular Research Center, 1910 University Drive, Boise, ID 83725, United States
| | - Cheryl L Jorcyk
- Department of Biological Sciences, 1910 University Drive, Boise, ID 83725, United States; Biomolecular Research Center, 1910 University Drive, Boise, ID 83725, United States.
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Richards AJ, Fincham GS, McNinch A, Hill D, Poulson AV, Castle B, Lees MM, Moore AT, Scott JD, Snead MP. Alternative splicing modifies the effect of mutations in COL11A1 and results in recessive type 2 Stickler syndrome with profound hearing loss. J Med Genet 2013; 50:765-71. [PMID: 23922384 PMCID: PMC3812854 DOI: 10.1136/jmedgenet-2012-101499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Stickler syndromes types 1, 2 and 3 are usually dominant disorders caused by mutations in the genes COL2A1, COL11A1 and COL11A2 that encode the fibrillar collagens types II and XI present in cartilage and vitreous. Rare recessive forms of Stickler syndrome exist that are due to mutations in genes encoding type IX collagen (COL9A1 type 4 Stickler syndrome and COL9A2 type 5 Stickler syndrome). Recently, recessive mutations in the COL11A1 gene have been demonstrated to result in fibrochondrogenesis, a much more severe skeletal dysplasia, which is often lethal. Here we demonstrate that some mutations in COL11A1 are recessive, modified by alternative splicing and result in type 2 Stickler syndrome rather than fibrochondrogenesis. METHODS Patients referred to the national Stickler syndrome diagnostic service for England, UK were assessed clinically and subsequently sequenced for mutations in COL11A1. Additional in silico and functional studies to assess the effect of sequence variants on pre-mRNA processing and collagen structure were performed. RESULTS In three different families, heterozygous COL11A1 biallelic null, null/missense or silent/missense mutations, were found. They resulted in a recessive form of type 2 Stickler syndrome characterised by particularly profound hearing loss and are clinically distinct from the recessive types 4 and 5 variants of Stickler syndrome. One mutant allele in each family is capable of synthesising a normal α1(XI) procollagen molecule, via variable pre-mRNA processing. CONCLUSION This new variant has important implications for molecular diagnosis and counselling families with type 2 Stickler syndrome.
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Stevens JW. Swarm chondrosarcoma: a continued resource for chondroblastic-like extracellular matrix and chondrosarcoma biology research. Connect Tissue Res 2013; 54:252-9. [PMID: 23758266 DOI: 10.3109/03008207.2013.806913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Since its first description over four decades ago, the Swarm chondrosarcoma (Swarm rat chondrosarcoma, SRC) remains a valuable tool for studies of chondroblastic-like extracellular matrix (ECM) biology and as an animal model of human chondrosarcoma of histological grades I-III. Moreover, articular joints and skeletal anomalies such as arthritis as well as cartilage regeneration, skeletal development, tissue engineering, hard tissue tumorigenesis and space flight physiology are advanced through studies in hyaline cartilage-like models. With more than 500 articles published since the first report on the characteristics of mucopolysaccharides (glycosaminoglycans) of the tumor in 1971, several transplantable tumor and cell lines have been developed by multiple laboratories worldwide. This review describes the characterization of SRC tumors and cell lines, including the use of SRC lines as a resource for isolation and characterization of several ECM elements that have become vital for the advancement of our understanding of cartilage biology. Also presented is the importance of pertubation of ECM components and the influence of the tumor microenvironment on disease progression. Therapeutic failure and currently pursued avenues of intervention utilizing the SRC lines in treatment of chondrosarcoma are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeff W Stevens
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine , Iowa City, IA , USA
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Fang M, Jacob R, McDougal O, Oxford JT. Minor fibrillar collagens, variable regions alternative splicing, intrinsic disorder, and tyrosine sulfation. Protein Cell 2012; 3:419-33. [PMID: 22752873 DOI: 10.1007/s13238-012-2917-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2011] [Accepted: 02/07/2012] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Minor fibrillar collagen types V and XI, are those less abundant than the fibrillar collagen types I, II and III. The alpha chains share a high degree of similarity with respect to protein sequence in all domains except the variable region. Genomic variation and, in some cases, extensive alternative splicing contribute to the unique sequence characteristics of the variable region. While unique expression patterns in tissues exist, the functions and biological relevance of the variable regions have not been elucidated. In this review, we summarize the existing knowledge about expression patterns and biological functions of the collagen types V and XI alpha chains. Analysis of biochemical similarities among the peptides encoded by each exon of the variable region suggests the potential for a shared function. The alternative splicing, conservation of biochemical characteristics in light of low sequence conservation, and evidence for intrinsic disorder, suggest modulation of binding events between the surface of collagen fibrils and surrounding extracellular molecules as a shared function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Fang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Boise State University, Boise, ID 83725, USA
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Lewis R, Ravindran S, Wirthlin L, Traeger G, Fernandes RJ, McAlinden A. Disruption of the developmentally-regulated Col2a1 pre-mRNA alternative splicing switch in a transgenic knock-in mouse model. Matrix Biol 2012; 31:214-26. [PMID: 22248926 PMCID: PMC3295890 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2011.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2011] [Revised: 12/16/2011] [Accepted: 12/19/2011] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The present study describes the generation of a knock-in mouse model to address the role of type II procollagen (Col2a1) alternative splicing in skeletal development and maintenance. Alternative splicing of Col2a1 precursor mRNA is a developmentally-regulated event that only occurs in chondrogenic tissue. Normally, chondroprogenitor cells synthesize predominantly exon 2-containing mRNA isoforms (type IIA and IID) while Col2a1 mRNA devoid of exon 2 (type IIB) is the major isoform produced by differentiated chondrocytes. Another isoform, IIC, has also been identified that contains a truncated exon 2 and is not translated into protein. The biological significance of this IIA/IID to IIB splicing switch is not known. Utilizing a splice site targeting knock-in approach, a 4 nucleotide mutation was created to convert the 5' splice site of Col2a1 exon 2 from a weak, non-consensus sequence to a strong, consensus splice site. This resulted in apparent expression of only the IIA mRNA isoform, as confirmed in vitro by splicing of a type II procollagen mini-gene containing the 5' splice site mutation. To test the splice site targeting approach in vivo, homozygote mice engineered to retain IIA exon 2 (Col2a1(+ex2)) were generated. Chondrocytes from hindlimb epiphyseal cartilage of homozygote mice were shown to express only IIA mRNA and protein at all pre- and post-natal developmental stages analyzed (E12.5, E16.5, P0, P3, P7, P14, P28 and P70). As expected, type IIB procollagen was the major isoform produced in wild type cartilage at all post-natal time points. Col2a1(+ex2) homozygote mice are viable, appear healthy and display no overt phenotype to date. However, research is currently underway to investigate the biological consequence of persistent expression of the exon 2-encoded conserved cysteine-rich domain in post-natal skeletal tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renate Lewis
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO
| | - Soumya Ravindran
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO
| | - Louisa Wirthlin
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO
| | - Geoffrey Traeger
- Department of Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Russell J. Fernandes
- Department of Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Audrey McAlinden
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO
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Brown RJ, Mallory C, McDougal OM, Oxford JT. Proteomic analysis of Col11a1-associated protein complexes. Proteomics 2011; 11:4660-76. [PMID: 22038862 PMCID: PMC3463621 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201100058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2011] [Revised: 08/26/2011] [Accepted: 09/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Cartilage plays an essential role during skeletal development within the growth plate and in articular joint function. Interactions between the collagen fibrils and other extracellular matrix molecules maintain structural integrity of cartilage, orchestrate complex dynamic events during embryonic development, and help to regulate fibrillogenesis. To increase our understanding of these events, affinity chromatography and liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry were used to identify proteins that interact with the collagen fibril surface via the amino terminal domain of collagen α1(XI) a protein domain that is displayed at the surface of heterotypic collagen fibrils of cartilage. Proteins extracted from fetal bovine cartilage using homogenization in high ionic strength buffer were selected based on affinity for the amino terminal noncollagenous domain of collagen α1(XI). MS was used to determine the amino acid sequence of tryptic fragments for protein identification. Extracellular matrix molecules and cellular proteins that were identified as interacting with the amino terminal domain of collagen α1(XI) directly or indirectly, included proteoglycans, collagens, and matricellular molecules, some of which also play a role in fibrillogenesis, while others are known to function in the maintenance of tissue integrity. Characterization of these molecular interactions will provide a more thorough understanding of how the extracellular matrix molecules of cartilage interact and what role collagen XI plays in the process of fibrillogenesis and maintenance of tissue integrity. Such information will aid tissue engineering and cartilage regeneration efforts to treat cartilage tissue damage and degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel J. Brown
- Department of Biological Sciences, Biomolecular Research Center and Musculoskeletal Research Institute, Boise State University, Boise, ID 83725-1515, USA
| | - Christopher Mallory
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Biomolecular Research Center and Musculoskeletal Research Institute, Boise State University, Boise, ID 83725-1515, USA
| | - Owen M. McDougal
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Biomolecular Research Center and Musculoskeletal Research Institute, Boise State University, Boise, ID 83725-1515, USA
| | - Julia Thom Oxford
- Department of Biological Sciences, Biomolecular Research Center and Musculoskeletal Research Institute, Boise State University, Boise, ID 83725-1515, USA
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Fang M, Adams JS, McMahan BL, Brown RJ, Oxford JT. The expression patterns of minor fibrillar collagens during development in zebrafish. Gene Expr Patterns 2010; 10:315-22. [PMID: 20647059 DOI: 10.1016/j.gep.2010.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2010] [Revised: 07/03/2010] [Accepted: 07/08/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Minor fibrillar collagens are recognized as the organizers and nucleators during collagen fibrillogenesis but likely serve additional functions. The minor fibrillar collagens include collagens type V and XI. Mutations of collagens type V and XI can cause Ehlers-Danlos, Stickler's, and Marshall's syndromes in human. We have characterized the spatiotemporal expression patterns of Col11a1, Col11a2, Col5a1 as well as Col5a3 in zebrafish embryos by in situ hybridization. Col5a1 is expressed in developing somites, neural crest, the head mesenchyme, developing cranial cartilage, pharyngeal arches and vertebrae. Col5a3 is detected in the notochord, mesenchyme cells in the eyes and lens. Both Col11a1 and Col11a2 have similar expression patterns, including notochord, otic vesicle, and developing cranial cartilages. Zebrafish may therefore serve as a valuable vertebrate model system for the study of diseases associated with collagens type V and XI mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Fang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Boise State University, Boise, ID, USA
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18
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Yingst S, Bloxham K, Warner LR, Brown RJ, Cole J, Kenoyer L, Knowlton WB, Oxford JT. Characterization of collagenous matrix assembly in a chondrocyte model system. J Biomed Mater Res A 2009; 90:247-55. [PMID: 18496861 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.32078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Collagen is a major component of the newly synthesized pericellular microenvironment of chondrocytes. Collagen types II, IX, and XI are synthesized and assembled into higher ordered complexes by a mechanism in which type XI collagen plays a role in nucleation of new fibrils, and in limiting fibril diameter. This study utilizes a cell line derived from the Swarm rat chondrosarcoma that allows the accumulation and assembly of pericellular matrix. Immunofluorescence and atomic force microscopy were used to assess early intermediates of fibril formation. Results indicate that this cell line synthesizes and secretes chondrocyte-specific pericellular matrix molecules including types II, IX, and XI collagen and is suitable for the study of newly synthesized collagen matrix under the experimental conditions used. AFM data indicate that small fibrils or assemblies of microfibrils are detectable and may represent precursors of the approximately 20 nm thin fibrils reported in cartilage. Treatment with hyaluronidase indicates that the dimensions of the small fibrils may be dependent upon the presence of hyaluronan within the matrix. This study provides information on the composition and organization of the newly synthesized extracellular matrix that plays a role in establishing the material properties and performance of biological materials such as cartilage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sorcha Yingst
- Biomolecular Research Center, Boise State University, Boise, ID 83725, USA
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Melrose J, Hayes AJ, Whitelock JM, Little CB. Perlecan, the “jack of all trades” proteoglycan of cartilaginous weight-bearing connective tissues. Bioessays 2008; 30:457-69. [DOI: 10.1002/bies.20748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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20
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Leppänen VM, Tossavainen H, Permi P, Lehtiö L, Rönnholm G, Goldman A, Kilpelaïnen I, Pihlajamaa T. Crystal structure of the N-terminal NC4 domain of collagen IX, a zinc binding member of the laminin-neurexin-sex hormone binding globulin (LNS) domain family. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:23219-30. [PMID: 17553797 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m702514200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Collagen IX, located on the surface of collagen fibrils, is crucial for cartilage integrity and stability. The N-terminal NC4 domain of the alpha1(IX) chain is probably important in this because it interacts with various macromolecules such as proteoglycans and cartilage oligomeric matrix protein. At least 17 distinct collagen polypeptides carry an NC4-like unit near their N terminus, but this report, describing the crystal structure of NC4 at 1.8-A resolution, represents the first atomic level structure for these domains. The structure is similar to previously characterized laminin-neurexin-sex hormone binding globulin (LNS) structures, dominated by an antiparallel beta-sheet sandwich. In addition, a zinc ion was found in a position similar to that of the metal binding site of other LNS domains. A partial backbone NMR assignment of NC4 was obtained and utilized in NMR titration studies to investigate the zinc binding in solution state and to quantitate the affinity of metal binding. The K(d) of 11.5 mM suggests a regulatory rather than a structural role for zinc in solution. NMR titration with a heparin tetrasaccharide revealed the presence of a secondary binding site for heparin on NC4, showing structural and functional conservation with thrombospondin-1, but a markedly reduced affinity for the ligand. Also the overall arrangement of the N and C termini of NC4 resembles most closely the N-terminal domain of thrombospondin-1, distinguishing the two from the majority of the published LNS structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veli-Matti Leppänen
- Program in Structural Biology and Biophysics, Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
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