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Mammano F, Paller AS, White TW. Connexin Hemichannel Inhibition and Human Genodermatoses. J Invest Dermatol 2024:S0022-202X(24)02053-0. [PMID: 39269388 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2024.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2024] [Revised: 07/29/2024] [Accepted: 08/07/2024] [Indexed: 09/15/2024]
Abstract
Pathogenic variants in genes encoding connexins that cause skin diseases, such as keratitis-ichthyosis-deafness (KID) syndrome and hidrotic ectodermal dysplasia (HED) or Clouston syndrome, display increased hemichannel activity. Mechanistic insights derived from biophysical studies of the variant connexins support the hypothesis that inhibition of the acquired hemichannel activity could alleviate epidermal pathology. Use of pharmacological blockers and engineered mAbs in mouse models of HED and KID confirm that hemichannel inhibition is a promising target for new therapeutic approaches to KID and HED. Insights from this work could apply to other connexin-based genetic skin diseases in which hemichannel activity is elevated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Mammano
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Italian National Research Council, Rome, Italy; Department of Physics and Astronomy "G. Galilei", University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Amy S Paller
- Department of Dermatology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Thomas W White
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Stony Brook University School of Medicine, Stony Brook, New York, USA.
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2
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Akbariani M, Bidari Zerehpoosh F, Shahabi Z, Shadboorestan A, Hami Z, Nasiroleslami E, Shayesteh S, Chamanara M, Dehpour AR. Chronic Cinacalcet improves skin flap survival in rats: the suggested role of the nitric oxide pathway. NAUNYN-SCHMIEDEBERG'S ARCHIVES OF PHARMACOLOGY 2024; 397:5005-5013. [PMID: 38183449 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-023-02922-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/08/2024]
Abstract
Cinacalcet is a calcimimetic medicine that has been used to treat secondary hyperparathyroidism and parathyroid cancer. Various studies have proposed the positive role of calcium and its receptor in skin wound healing. Furthermore, Cinacalcet interacts with other skin repair-related mechanisms, including inflammation and nitric oxide pathways. The present study evaluated the effect of Cinacalcet on the random-pattern skin flap survival. Eighty-four Wistar male rats were used. Multiple doses of Cinacalcet (30, 3, 1, 0.3, and 0.05 mg/kg) were used in 3 different routes of administration before the surgery. Histopathological evaluations, quantitative assessment of IL-6, TNF-α, and nitric oxide (NO), and the expression of calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) and E-cadherin were evaluated in the skin tissue. To assess the role of NO, a NO synthase inhibitor, N-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester hydrochloride (L-NAME), was used, and histopathological effects were investigated. Cinacalcet pretreatment at the IP chronic 1 mg/kg dose significantly increased the skin flap survival rate and enhanced the NO tissue level compared to the control. However, the administration of L-NAME abolished its protective effects. IP Chronic 1 mg/kg of Cinacalcet could also decline the levels of IL-6 and TNF-α and also increase the expression of CaSR and E-cadherin in the flap tissue compared with the control group. Chronic Cinacalcet at 1 mg/kg could improve skin flap survival, probably mediated by the CaSR, NO, and inflammation-related pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mostafa Akbariani
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, AJA University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Toxicology Research Center, AJA University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farahnaz Bidari Zerehpoosh
- Department of Pathology, Loghman Hakim Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zohreh Shahabi
- Nanotechnology Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amir Shadboorestan
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Hami
- Toxicology Research Center, AJA University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ehsan Nasiroleslami
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, AJA University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Toxicology Research Center, AJA University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sevda Shayesteh
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
| | - Mohsen Chamanara
- Toxicology Research Center, AJA University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Ahmad Reza Dehpour
- Experimental Medicine Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box 13145-784, Tehran, Iran.
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Bikle DD. Role of vitamin D and calcium signaling in epidermal wound healing. J Endocrinol Invest 2023; 46:205-212. [PMID: 35963983 PMCID: PMC9859773 DOI: 10.1007/s40618-022-01893-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE This review will discuss the role of vitamin D and calcium signaling in the epidermal wound response with particular focus on the stem cells of the epidermis and hair follicle that contribute to the wounding response. METHODS Selected publications relevant to the mechanisms of wound healing in general and the roles of calcium and vitamin D in wound healing in particular were reviewed. RESULTS Following wounding the stem cells of the hair follicle and interfollicular epidermis are activated to proliferate and migrate to the wound where they take on an epidermal fate to re-epithelialize the wound and regenerate the epidermis. The vitamin D and calcium sensing receptors (VDR and CaSR, respectively) are expressed in the stem cells of the hair follicle and epidermis where they play a critical role in enabling the stem cells to respond to wounding. Deletion of Vdr and/or Casr from these cells delays wound healing. The VDR is regulated by co-regulators such as the Med 1 complex and other transcription factors such as Ctnnb (beta-catenin) and p63. The formation of the Cdh1/Ctnn (E-cadherin/catenin) complex jointly stimulated by vitamin D and calcium plays a critical role in the activation, migration, and re-epithelialization processes. CONCLUSION Vitamin D and calcium signaling are critical for the ability of epidermal and hair follicle stem cells to respond to wounding. Vitamin D deficiency with the accompanying decrease in calcium signaling can result in delayed and/or chronic wounds, a major cause of morbidity, loss of productivity, and medical expense.
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Affiliation(s)
- D D Bikle
- Department of Medicine and Dermatology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco VA Medical Center, San Francisco, USA.
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Ortiz-Lopez LI, Choudhary V, Bollag WB. Updated Perspectives on Keratinocytes and Psoriasis: Keratinocytes are More Than Innocent Bystanders. PSORIASIS (AUCKLAND, N.Z.) 2022; 12:73-87. [PMID: 35529056 PMCID: PMC9075909 DOI: 10.2147/ptt.s327310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Psoriasis is a complex disease triggered by genetic, immunologic, and environmental stimuli. Many genes have been linked to psoriasis, like the psoriasis susceptibility genes, some of which are critical in keratinocyte biology and epidermal barrier function. Still, the exact pathogenesis of psoriasis is unknown. In the disease, the balance between the proliferative and differentiative processes of keratinocytes becomes altered. Multiple studies have highlighted the role of dysregulated immune cells in provoking the inflammatory responses seen in psoriasis. In addition to immune cells, accumulating evidence shows that keratinocytes are involved in psoriasis pathogenesis, as discussed in this review. Although certain immune cell-derived factors stimulate keratinocyte hyperproliferation, activated keratinocytes can also produce anti-microbial peptides, cytokines, and chemokines that can promote their proliferation, as well as recruit immune cells to help initiate and reinforce inflammatory feedback loops. Psoriatic keratinocytes also show intrinsic differences from normal keratinocytes even after removal from the in vivo inflammatory environment; thus, psoriatic keratinocytes have been found to exhibit abnormal calcium metabolism and possible epigenetic changes that contribute to psoriasis. The Koebner phenomenon, in which injury promotes the development of psoriatic lesions, also provides evidence for keratinocytes' contributions to disease pathogenesis. Furthermore, transgenic mouse studies have confirmed the importance of keratinocytes in the etiology of psoriasis. Finally, in addition to immune cells and keratinocytes, data in the literature support roles for other cell types, tissues, and systems in psoriasis development. These other contributors are all potential targets for therapies, suggesting the importance of a holistic approach when treating psoriasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura I Ortiz-Lopez
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
| | - Vivek Choudhary
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
- Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA, 30904, USA
| | - Wendy B Bollag
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
- Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA, 30904, USA
- Department of Dermatology, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
- Department of Medicine, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
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Bikle DD. Ligand-Independent Actions of the Vitamin D Receptor: More Questions Than Answers. JBMR Plus 2021; 5:e10578. [PMID: 34950833 PMCID: PMC8674770 DOI: 10.1002/jbm4.10578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Our predominant understanding of the actions of vitamin D involve binding of its ligand, 1,25(OH)D, to the vitamin D receptor (VDR), which for its genomic actions binds to discrete regions of its target genes called vitamin D response elements. However, chromatin immunoprecipitation‐sequencing (ChIP‐seq) studies have observed that the VDR can bind to many sites in the genome without its ligand. The number of such sites and how much they coincide with sites that also bind the liganded VDR vary from cell to cell, with the keratinocyte from the skin having the greatest overlap and the intestinal epithelial cell having the least. What is the purpose of the unliganded VDR? In this review, I will focus on two clear examples in which the unliganded VDR plays a role. The best example is that of hair follicle cycling. Hair follicle cycling does not need 1,25(OH)2D, and Vdr lacking the ability to bind 1,25(OH)2D can restore hair follicle cycling in mice otherwise lacking Vdr. This is not true for other functions of VDR such as intestinal calcium transport. Tumor formation in the skin after UVB radiation or the application of chemical carcinogens also appears to be at least partially independent of 1,25(OH)2D in that Vdr null mice develop such tumors after these challenges, but mice lacking Cyp27b1, the enzyme producing 1,25(OH)2D, do not. Examples in other tissues emerge when studies comparing Vdr null and Cyp27b1 null mice are compared, demonstrating a more severe phenotype with respect to bone mineral homeostasis in the Cyp27b1 null mouse, suggesting a repressor function for VDR. This review will examine potential mechanisms for these ligand‐independent actions of VDR, but as the title indicates, there are more questions than answers with respect to this role of VDR. © 2021 The Author. JBMR Plus published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel D Bikle
- Departments of Medicine and Dermatology University of California San Francisco, San Francisco VA Health Center San Francisco CA USA
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6
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Celli A, Tu CL, Lee E, Bikle DD, Mauro TM. Decreased Calcium-Sensing Receptor Expression Controls Calcium Signaling and Cell-To-Cell Adhesion Defects in Aged Skin. J Invest Dermatol 2021; 141:2577-2586. [PMID: 33862069 PMCID: PMC8526647 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2021.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) drives essential calcium ion (Ca2+) and E-cadherin‒mediated processes in the epidermis, including differentiation, cell-to-cell adhesion, and epidermal barrier homeostasis in cells and in young adult mice. We now report that decreased CaSR expression leads to impaired Ca2+ signal propagation in aged mouse (aged >22 months) epidermis and human (aged >79 years, donor age) keratinocytes. Baseline cytosolic Ca2+ concentrations were higher, and capacitive Ca2+ entry was lower in aged than in young keratinocytes. As in Casr-knockout mice (EpidCaSR-/-), decreased CaSR expression led to decreased E-cadherin and phospholipase C-γ expression and to a compensatory upregulation of STIM1. Pretreatment with the CaSR agonist N-(3-[2-chlorophenyl]propyl)-(R)-alpha-methyl-3-methoxybenzylamine normalized Ca2+ propagation and E-cadherin organization after experimental wounding. These results suggest that age-related defects in CaSR expression dysregulate normal keratinocyte and epidermal Ca2+ signaling, leading to impaired E-cadherin expression, organization, and function. These findings show an innovative mechanism whereby Ca2+- and E-cadherin‒dependent functions are impaired in aging epidermis and suggest a new therapeutic approach by restoring CaSR function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Celli
- Department of Dermatology, SFVAHCS Medical Center and University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Chia-Ling Tu
- Endocrine Unit, San Francisco VA Medical Center (SFVAMC), San Francisco, California, USA; Department of Medicine, University of California-San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Elise Lee
- Department of Dermatology, SFVAHCS Medical Center and University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Daniel D Bikle
- Departments of Medicine and Dermatology, UCSF Staff Physician, SF Department of Health Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Theodora M Mauro
- Department of Dermatology, SFVAHCS Medical Center and University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.
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Bollag WB. Down-Regulated Calcium-Sensing Receptor in Keratinocytes and Skin from Aged Mice and Humans Impairs Function. J Invest Dermatol 2021; 141:2558-2561. [PMID: 34688406 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2021.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) is important in the skin, contributing to several epidermal functions, including differentiation, water permeability barrier repair, and wound healing. Celli et al. (2021) show that CaSR levels are reduced in keratinocytes/skin from aged individuals, with resulting impairment of key functions. CaSR agonists can correct these defects, suggesting a possible therapy to combat aging-related delayed skin wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy B Bollag
- Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, Georgia, USA; Department of Physiology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA; Department of Dermatology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA; Department of Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA.
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8
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Gao S, Chen Y, Zhao J, Jing R, Guo K, Wang L, Li X, Li C, Hu Z, Xu N. Oat β-glucan ameliorates epidermal barrier disruption by upregulating the expression of CaSR through dectin-1-mediated ERK and p38 signaling pathways. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 185:876-889. [PMID: 34237364 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Revised: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The integrity of the epidermal barrier and the maintenance of barrier homeostasis depend on the dynamic balance between the proliferation and differentiation of keratinocytes. Calcium (Ca2+) plays a crucial role in maintaining a balance of these two processes as well as in the formation of an epidermal permeability barrier. In this study, we showed that topical application of oat β-glucan (OG) could ameliorate epidermal hyperplasia and accelerate the recovery of the epidermal barrier by promoting epidermal differentiation. Mechanistic studies revealed a positive interaction between OG and the dectin-1 receptor, and this interaction could lead to an upregulated expression of the calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) via activation of the downstream ERK and p38 pathways. This consequently increased the sensitivity of keratinocytes to extracellular Ca2+ under the condition of calcium loss following the disruption of the epidermal barrier, resulting in the maintenance of normal keratinocyte differentiation in the epidermis, and ultimately promoting the recovery of the epidermal barrier. These findings clearly demonstrated the healing effect of OG on a physically damaged epidermal barrier. Thus, OG could be considered a valuable component in the development of skin repair agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Gao
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Yu Chen
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Jungang Zhao
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Rongrong Jing
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - KeKe Guo
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Lusheng Wang
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Xuenan Li
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Chengliang Li
- LB Cosmeceutical Technology Co., Ltd., Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Zhenlin Hu
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China; School of Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China.
| | - Nuo Xu
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China.
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Subramaniam T, Fauzi MB, Lokanathan Y, Law JX. The Role of Calcium in Wound Healing. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:6486. [PMID: 34204292 PMCID: PMC8235376 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22126486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 06/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Skin injury is quite common, and the wound healing is a complex process involving many types of cells, the extracellular matrix, and soluble mediators. Cell differentiation, migration, and proliferation are essential in restoring the integrity of the injured tissue. Despite the advances in science and technology, we have yet to find the ideal dressing that can support the healing of cutaneous wounds effectively, particularly for difficult-to-heal chronic wounds such as diabetic foot ulcers, bed sores, and venous ulcers. Hence, there is a need to identify and incorporate new ideas and methods to design a more effective dressing that not only can expedite wound healing but also can reduce scarring. Calcium has been identified to influence the wound healing process. This review explores the functions and roles of calcium in skin regeneration and reconstruction during would healing. Furthermore, this review also investigates the possibility of incorporating calcium into scaffolds and examines how it modulates cutaneous wound healing. In summary, the preliminary findings are promising. However, some challenges remain to be addressed before calcium can be used for cutaneous wound healing in clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jia Xian Law
- Centre for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia; (T.S.); (M.B.F.); (Y.L.)
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10
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Oda Y, Bikle DD. Vitamin D and calcium signaling in epidermal stem cells and their regeneration. World J Stem Cells 2020; 12:604-611. [PMID: 32843916 PMCID: PMC7415249 DOI: 10.4252/wjsc.v12.i7.604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Revised: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Epidermal stem cells (SCs) residing in the skin play an essential role for epidermal regeneration during cutaneous wound healing. Upon injury, distinct epidermal SCs residing in the interfollicular epidermis and/or hair follicles are activated to proliferate. Subsequently, SCs and progeny migrate, differentiate and restore the epidermis. We review a role of the vitamin D signaling through its receptor of vitamin D receptor (Vdr) in these processes. Vdr conditional knockout (cKO) mouse skin experiences a delay in wound re-epithelialization under low dietary calcium conditions, stimulating our efforts to examine a cooperative role of Vdr with calcium signaling through the calcium sensing receptor in the epidermis. We review the role of vitamin D and calcium signaling in different processes essential for injury induced epidermal regeneration during cutaneous wound repair. First, we discuss their roles in self-renewal of epidermal SCs through β-catenin signaling. Then, we describe epidermal remodeling, in which SCs and progeny migrate and differentiate to restore the epidermis, events controlled by the E-cadherin mediated adherens junction signaling. Finally, we discuss the potential mechanisms for vitamin D and calcium signaling to regulate injury induced epidermal regeneration mutually and interdependently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuko Oda
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, CA 94158, United States
- Endocrine Research, Veterans Affairs Medical Center San Francisco, CA 94158, United States
| | - Daniel D Bikle
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, CA 94158, United States
- Endocrine Research, Veterans Affairs Medical Center San Francisco, CA 94158, United States
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11
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Leach K, Hannan FM, Josephs TM, Keller AN, Møller TC, Ward DT, Kallay E, Mason RS, Thakker RV, Riccardi D, Conigrave AD, Bräuner-Osborne H. International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology. CVIII. Calcium-Sensing Receptor Nomenclature, Pharmacology, and Function. Pharmacol Rev 2020; 72:558-604. [PMID: 32467152 PMCID: PMC7116503 DOI: 10.1124/pr.119.018531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) is a class C G protein-coupled receptor that responds to multiple endogenous agonists and allosteric modulators, including divalent and trivalent cations, L-amino acids, γ-glutamyl peptides, polyamines, polycationic peptides, and protons. The CaSR plays a critical role in extracellular calcium (Ca2+ o) homeostasis, as demonstrated by the many naturally occurring mutations in the CaSR or its signaling partners that cause Ca2+ o homeostasis disorders. However, CaSR tissue expression in mammals is broad and includes tissues unrelated to Ca2+ o homeostasis, in which it, for example, regulates the secretion of digestive hormones, airway constriction, cardiovascular effects, cellular differentiation, and proliferation. Thus, although the CaSR is targeted clinically by the positive allosteric modulators (PAMs) cinacalcet, evocalcet, and etelcalcetide in hyperparathyroidism, it is also a putative therapeutic target in diabetes, asthma, cardiovascular disease, and cancer. The CaSR is somewhat unique in possessing multiple ligand binding sites, including at least five putative sites for the "orthosteric" agonist Ca2+ o, an allosteric site for endogenous L-amino acids, two further allosteric sites for small molecules and the peptide PAM, etelcalcetide, and additional sites for other cations and anions. The CaSR is promiscuous in its G protein-coupling preferences, and signals via Gq/11, Gi/o, potentially G12/13, and even Gs in some cell types. Not surprisingly, the CaSR is subject to biased agonism, in which distinct ligands preferentially stimulate a subset of the CaSR's possible signaling responses, to the exclusion of others. The CaSR thus serves as a model receptor to study natural bias and allostery. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: The calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) is a complex G protein-coupled receptor that possesses multiple orthosteric and allosteric binding sites, is subject to biased signaling via several different G proteins, and has numerous (patho)physiological roles. Understanding the complexities of CaSR structure, function, and biology will aid future drug discovery efforts seeking to target this receptor for a diversity of diseases. This review summarizes what is known to date regarding key structural, pharmacological, and physiological features of the CaSR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie Leach
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Monash University, Parkville, Australia (K.L., T.M.J., A.N.K.); Nuffield Department of Women's & Reproductive Health (F.M.H.) and Academic Endocrine Unit, Radcliffe Department of Clinical Medicine (F.M.H., R.V.T.), University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (T.C.M., H.B.-O.); Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom (D.T.W.); Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria (E.K.); Physiology, School of Medical Sciences and Bosch Institute (R.S.M.) and School of Life & Environmental Sciences, Charles Perkins Centre (A.D.C.), University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia; and School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom (D.R.)
| | - Fadil M Hannan
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Monash University, Parkville, Australia (K.L., T.M.J., A.N.K.); Nuffield Department of Women's & Reproductive Health (F.M.H.) and Academic Endocrine Unit, Radcliffe Department of Clinical Medicine (F.M.H., R.V.T.), University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (T.C.M., H.B.-O.); Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom (D.T.W.); Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria (E.K.); Physiology, School of Medical Sciences and Bosch Institute (R.S.M.) and School of Life & Environmental Sciences, Charles Perkins Centre (A.D.C.), University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia; and School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom (D.R.)
| | - Tracy M Josephs
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Monash University, Parkville, Australia (K.L., T.M.J., A.N.K.); Nuffield Department of Women's & Reproductive Health (F.M.H.) and Academic Endocrine Unit, Radcliffe Department of Clinical Medicine (F.M.H., R.V.T.), University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (T.C.M., H.B.-O.); Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom (D.T.W.); Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria (E.K.); Physiology, School of Medical Sciences and Bosch Institute (R.S.M.) and School of Life & Environmental Sciences, Charles Perkins Centre (A.D.C.), University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia; and School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom (D.R.)
| | - Andrew N Keller
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Monash University, Parkville, Australia (K.L., T.M.J., A.N.K.); Nuffield Department of Women's & Reproductive Health (F.M.H.) and Academic Endocrine Unit, Radcliffe Department of Clinical Medicine (F.M.H., R.V.T.), University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (T.C.M., H.B.-O.); Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom (D.T.W.); Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria (E.K.); Physiology, School of Medical Sciences and Bosch Institute (R.S.M.) and School of Life & Environmental Sciences, Charles Perkins Centre (A.D.C.), University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia; and School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom (D.R.)
| | - Thor C Møller
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Monash University, Parkville, Australia (K.L., T.M.J., A.N.K.); Nuffield Department of Women's & Reproductive Health (F.M.H.) and Academic Endocrine Unit, Radcliffe Department of Clinical Medicine (F.M.H., R.V.T.), University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (T.C.M., H.B.-O.); Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom (D.T.W.); Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria (E.K.); Physiology, School of Medical Sciences and Bosch Institute (R.S.M.) and School of Life & Environmental Sciences, Charles Perkins Centre (A.D.C.), University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia; and School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom (D.R.)
| | - Donald T Ward
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Monash University, Parkville, Australia (K.L., T.M.J., A.N.K.); Nuffield Department of Women's & Reproductive Health (F.M.H.) and Academic Endocrine Unit, Radcliffe Department of Clinical Medicine (F.M.H., R.V.T.), University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (T.C.M., H.B.-O.); Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom (D.T.W.); Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria (E.K.); Physiology, School of Medical Sciences and Bosch Institute (R.S.M.) and School of Life & Environmental Sciences, Charles Perkins Centre (A.D.C.), University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia; and School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom (D.R.)
| | - Enikö Kallay
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Monash University, Parkville, Australia (K.L., T.M.J., A.N.K.); Nuffield Department of Women's & Reproductive Health (F.M.H.) and Academic Endocrine Unit, Radcliffe Department of Clinical Medicine (F.M.H., R.V.T.), University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (T.C.M., H.B.-O.); Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom (D.T.W.); Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria (E.K.); Physiology, School of Medical Sciences and Bosch Institute (R.S.M.) and School of Life & Environmental Sciences, Charles Perkins Centre (A.D.C.), University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia; and School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom (D.R.)
| | - Rebecca S Mason
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Monash University, Parkville, Australia (K.L., T.M.J., A.N.K.); Nuffield Department of Women's & Reproductive Health (F.M.H.) and Academic Endocrine Unit, Radcliffe Department of Clinical Medicine (F.M.H., R.V.T.), University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (T.C.M., H.B.-O.); Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom (D.T.W.); Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria (E.K.); Physiology, School of Medical Sciences and Bosch Institute (R.S.M.) and School of Life & Environmental Sciences, Charles Perkins Centre (A.D.C.), University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia; and School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom (D.R.)
| | - Rajesh V Thakker
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Monash University, Parkville, Australia (K.L., T.M.J., A.N.K.); Nuffield Department of Women's & Reproductive Health (F.M.H.) and Academic Endocrine Unit, Radcliffe Department of Clinical Medicine (F.M.H., R.V.T.), University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (T.C.M., H.B.-O.); Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom (D.T.W.); Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria (E.K.); Physiology, School of Medical Sciences and Bosch Institute (R.S.M.) and School of Life & Environmental Sciences, Charles Perkins Centre (A.D.C.), University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia; and School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom (D.R.)
| | - Daniela Riccardi
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Monash University, Parkville, Australia (K.L., T.M.J., A.N.K.); Nuffield Department of Women's & Reproductive Health (F.M.H.) and Academic Endocrine Unit, Radcliffe Department of Clinical Medicine (F.M.H., R.V.T.), University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (T.C.M., H.B.-O.); Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom (D.T.W.); Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria (E.K.); Physiology, School of Medical Sciences and Bosch Institute (R.S.M.) and School of Life & Environmental Sciences, Charles Perkins Centre (A.D.C.), University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia; and School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom (D.R.)
| | - Arthur D Conigrave
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Monash University, Parkville, Australia (K.L., T.M.J., A.N.K.); Nuffield Department of Women's & Reproductive Health (F.M.H.) and Academic Endocrine Unit, Radcliffe Department of Clinical Medicine (F.M.H., R.V.T.), University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (T.C.M., H.B.-O.); Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom (D.T.W.); Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria (E.K.); Physiology, School of Medical Sciences and Bosch Institute (R.S.M.) and School of Life & Environmental Sciences, Charles Perkins Centre (A.D.C.), University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia; and School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom (D.R.)
| | - Hans Bräuner-Osborne
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Monash University, Parkville, Australia (K.L., T.M.J., A.N.K.); Nuffield Department of Women's & Reproductive Health (F.M.H.) and Academic Endocrine Unit, Radcliffe Department of Clinical Medicine (F.M.H., R.V.T.), University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (T.C.M., H.B.-O.); Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom (D.T.W.); Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria (E.K.); Physiology, School of Medical Sciences and Bosch Institute (R.S.M.) and School of Life & Environmental Sciences, Charles Perkins Centre (A.D.C.), University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia; and School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom (D.R.)
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12
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Sharma A, Elble RC. From Orai to E-Cadherin: Subversion of Calcium Trafficking in Cancer to Drive Proliferation, Anoikis-Resistance, and Metastasis. Biomedicines 2020; 8:biomedicines8060169. [PMID: 32575848 PMCID: PMC7345168 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines8060169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Revised: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The common currency of epithelial differentiation and homeostasis is calcium, stored primarily in the endoplasmic reticulum, rationed according to need, and replenished from the extracellular milieu via store-operated calcium entry (SOCE). This currency is disbursed by the IP3 receptor in response to diverse extracellular signals. The rate of release is governed by regulators of proliferation, autophagy, survival, and programmed cell death, the strength of the signal leading to different outcomes. Intracellular calcium acts chiefly through intermediates such as calmodulin that regulates growth factor receptors such as epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), actin polymerization, and adherens junction assembly and maintenance. Here we review this machinery and its role in differentiation, then consider how cancer cells subvert it to license proliferation, resist anoikis, and enable metastasis, either by modulating the level of intracellular calcium or its downstream targets or effectors such as EGFR, E-cadherin, IQGAP1, TMEM16A, CLCA2, and TRPA1. Implications are considered for the roles of E-cadherin and growth factor receptors in circulating tumor cells and metastasis. The discovery of novel, cell type-specific modulators and effectors of calcium signaling offers new possibilities for cancer chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aarushi Sharma
- Department of Pharmacology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, IL 62702, USA;
| | - Randolph C. Elble
- Department of Pharmacology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, IL 62702, USA;
- Department of Pharmacology and Simmons Cancer Institute, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, IL 62702, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +217-545-7381
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13
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Bikle D, Christakos S. New aspects of vitamin D metabolism and action - addressing the skin as source and target. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2020; 16:234-252. [PMID: 32029884 DOI: 10.1038/s41574-019-0312-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Vitamin D has a key role in stimulating calcium absorption from the gut and promoting skeletal health, as well as many other important physiological functions. Vitamin D is produced in the skin. It is subsequently metabolized to its hormonally active form, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (1,25(OH)2D), by the 1-hydroxylase and catabolized by the 24-hydroxylase. In this Review, we pay special attention to the effect of mutations in these enzymes and their clinical manifestations. We then discuss the role of vitamin D binding protein in transporting vitamin D and its metabolites from their source to their targets, the free hormone hypothesis for cell entry and HSP70 for intracellular transport. This is followed by discussion of the vitamin D receptor (VDR) that mediates the cellular actions of 1,25(OH)2D. Cell-specific recruitment of co-regulatory complexes by liganded VDR leads to changes in gene expression that result in distinct physiological actions by 1,25(OH)2D, which are disrupted by mutations in the VDR. We then discuss the epidermis and hair follicle, to provide a non-skeletal example of a tissue that expresses VDR that not only makes vitamin D but also can metabolize it to its hormonally active form. This enables vitamin D to regulate epidermal differentiation and hair follicle cycling and, in so doing, to promote barrier function, wound healing and hair growth, while limiting cancer development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Bikle
- Departments of Medicine and Dermatology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- VA Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | - Sylvia Christakos
- Departments of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, USA
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14
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Das S, Clézardin P, Kamel S, Brazier M, Mentaverri R. The CaSR in Pathogenesis of Breast Cancer: A New Target for Early Stage Bone Metastases. Front Oncol 2020; 10:69. [PMID: 32117726 PMCID: PMC7013091 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.00069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The Ca2+-sensing receptor (CaSR) is a class-C G protein-coupled receptor which plays a pivotal role in calciotropic processes, primarily in regulating parathyroid hormone secretion to maintain systemic calcium homeostasis. Among its non-calciotropic roles, where the CaSR sits at the intersection of myriad processes, it has steadily garnered attention as an oncogene or tumor suppressor in different organs. In maternal breast tissues the CaSR promotes lactation but in breast cancer it acts as an oncoprotein and has been shown to drive the pathogenesis of skeletal metastases from breast cancer. Even though research has made great strides in treating primary breast cancer, there is an unmet need when it comes to treatment of metastatic breast cancer. This review focuses on how the CaSR leads to the pathogenesis of breast cancer by contrasting its role in healthy tissues and tumorigenesis, and by drawing brief parallels with the tissues where it has been implicated as an oncogene. A class of compounds called calcilytics, which are CaSR antagonists, have also been surveyed in the instances where they have been used to target the receptor in cancerous tissues and constitute a proof of principle for repurposing them. Current clinical therapies for treating bone metastases from breast cancer are limited to targeting osteoclasts and a deeper understanding of the CaSR signaling nexus in this context can bolster them or lead to novel therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Souvik Das
- MP3CV, EA7517, CURS, University of Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, France
| | - Philippe Clézardin
- INSERM, Research Unit UMR_S1033, LyOS, Faculty of Medicine Lyon-Est, University of Lyon 1, Lyon, France
- Department of Oncology and Metabolism, Medical School, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Said Kamel
- MP3CV, EA7517, CURS, University of Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, France
- Department of Biochemistry, Amiens-Picardie University Hospital, Amiens, France
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, France
| | - Michel Brazier
- MP3CV, EA7517, CURS, University of Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, France
- Department of Biochemistry, Amiens-Picardie University Hospital, Amiens, France
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, France
| | - Romuald Mentaverri
- MP3CV, EA7517, CURS, University of Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, France
- Department of Biochemistry, Amiens-Picardie University Hospital, Amiens, France
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, France
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15
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Bikle DD. The Vitamin D Receptor as Tumor Suppressor in Skin. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1268:285-306. [PMID: 32918224 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-46227-7_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cutaneous malignancies including melanomas and keratinocyte carcinomas (KC) are the most common types of cancer, occurring at a rate of over one million per year in the United States. KC, which include both basal cell carcinomas and squamous cell carcinomas, are substantially more common than melanomas and form the subject of this chapter. Ultraviolet radiation (UVR), both UVB and UVA, as occurs with sunlight exposure is generally regarded as causal for these malignancies, but UVB is also required for vitamin D synthesis in the skin. Keratinocytes are the major cell in the epidermis. These cells not only produce vitamin D but contain the enzymatic machinery to metabolize vitamin D to its active metabolite, 1,25(OH)2D, and express the receptor for this metabolite, the vitamin D receptor (VDR). This allows the cell to respond to the 1,25(OH)2D that it produces. Based on our own data and that reported in the literature, we conclude that vitamin D signaling in the skin suppresses UVR-induced epidermal tumor formation. In this chapter we focus on four mechanisms by which vitamin D signaling suppresses tumor formation. They are inhibition of proliferation/stimulation of differentiation with discussion of the roles of hedgehog, Wnt/β-catenin, and hyaluronan/CD44 pathways in mediating vitamin D regulation of proliferation/differentiation, regulation of the balance between oncogenic and tumor suppressor long noncoding RNAs, immune regulation, and promotion of DNA damage repair (DDR).
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel D Bikle
- Medicine and Dermatology, VA Medical Center and University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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16
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Nakhoul NL, Tu CL, Brown KL, Islam MT, Hodges AG, Abdulnour-Nakhoul SM. Calcium-sensing receptor deletion in the mouse esophagus alters barrier function. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2020; 318:G144-G161. [PMID: 31709833 PMCID: PMC6985844 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00021.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) is the molecular sensor by which cells respond to small changes in extracellular Ca2+ concentrations. CaSR has been reported to play a role in glandular and fluid secretion in the gastrointestinal tract and to regulate differentiation and proliferation of skin keratinocytes. CaSR is present in the esophageal epithelium, but its role in this tissue has not been defined. We deleted CaSR in the mouse esophagus by generating keratin 5 CreER;CaSRFlox+/+compound mutants, in which loxP sites flank exon 7 of CaSR gene. Recombination was initiated with multiple tamoxifen injections, and we demonstrated exon 7 deletion by PCR analysis of genomic DNA. Quantitative real-time PCR and Western blot analyses showed a significant reduction in CaSR mRNA and protein expression in the knockout mice (EsoCaSR-/-) as compared with control mice. Microscopic examination of EsoCaSR-/- esophageal tissues showed morphological changes including elongation of the rete pegs, abnormal keratinization and stratification, and bacterial buildup on the luminal epithelial surface. Western analysis revealed a significant reduction in levels of adherens junction proteins E-cadherin and β catenin and tight junction protein claudin-1, 4, and 5. Levels of small GTPase proteins Rac/Cdc42, involved in actin remodeling, were also reduced. Ussing chamber experiments showed a significantly lower transepithelial resistance in knockout (KO) tissues. In addition, luminal-to-serosal-fluorescein dextran (4 kDa) flux was higher in KO tissues. Our data indicate that CaSR plays a role in regulating keratinization and cell-cell junctional complexes and is therefore important for the maintenance of the barrier function of the esophagus.NEW & NOTEWORTHY The esophageal stratified squamous epithelium maintains its integrity by continuous proliferation and differentiation of the basal cells. Here, we demonstrate that deletion of the calcium-sensing receptor, a G protein-coupled receptor, from the basal cells disrupts the structure and barrier properties of the epithelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazih L. Nakhoul
- 1Department of Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana,2Department of Physiology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Chia-Ling Tu
- 3Endocrine Unit, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Karen L. Brown
- 1Department of Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana,2Department of Physiology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - M. Toriqul Islam
- 1Department of Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana,2Department of Physiology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Anna G. Hodges
- 1Department of Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana,2Department of Physiology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Solange M. Abdulnour-Nakhoul
- 1Department of Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana,2Department of Physiology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana,4Southeast Louisiana Veterans Health Care System, New Orleans, Louisiana
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17
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Zhu Y, Xu G, Chen P, Liu K, Xu Y, Liu Y, Liu J. Effects of Cr(VI)-induced calcium-sensing receptor activation on DF-1 cell pyroptosis. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2019; 179:257-264. [PMID: 31054379 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.04.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2019] [Revised: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/27/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
This study aims to investigate the effects of Cr(VI)-induced calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) activation on DF-1 cell pyroptosis. Previous studies show that Cr(VI) could accumulate in the body of chickens and change Ca levels. Hence, a Ca-related pathway may be an important mechanism participating in some pathological processes. Pyroptosis level, which is meditated by CaSR, increases under Cr(VI) accumulation. In the present study, pyroptosis was determined by flow cytometry to detect SYTOX blue and caspase-1 staining followed by morphological observation. Interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-18 levels were detected by ELISA, while CaSR protein and [Ca2+]i contents were detected by Western blot and fluorescence microplate spectrophotometry, respectively. The results showed that Cr(VI) causes DF-1 cell pyroptosis in a time- and dose-dependent manner and that this effect is caspase-1 dependent. Further experiments indicated that pyroptosis could be induced by Cr(VI) and is accompanied by up-regulated [Ca2+]i content. CaSR inhibition led to decreases in pyroptosis level. Some mechanisms may be involved in Cr(VI)-triggered CaSR activation and enhance DF-1 cell pyroptosis. Taken together, the results of this study support future investigations on Cr(VI)-induced pyroptosis in DF-1 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiran Zhu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai`an, Shandong, 271018, China
| | - Guanlong Xu
- China Institute of Veterinary Drug Control, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Peng Chen
- Research Center for Animal Disease Control Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai`an, Shandong, 271018, China
| | - Kangping Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai`an, Shandong, 271018, China
| | - Yuliang Xu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai`an, Shandong, 271018, China
| | - Yongxia Liu
- Research Center for Animal Disease Control Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai`an, Shandong, 271018, China.
| | - Jianzhu Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai`an, Shandong, 271018, China.
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18
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He W, Xu H, Zhang Q, Zheng Y. Dynamic expression of α6 integrin indicates epidermal cell behaviors. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2019; 515:119-124. [PMID: 31128921 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.04.185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Skin epidermis is a stratified epithelium that composed of interfollicular epidermis (IFE) and hair follicles (HFs). Integrins are cell-cell and cell-matrix adhesive ligands that play important roles in epidermal cell proliferation, migration and differentiation behaviors. Here, we analyzed the expression of both α6 and β1 integrins. In vitro epidermal cell culture, both α6 and β1 integrins displayed downregulation upon high Ca2+ induced differentiation. During wound healing (WH), α6 integrin showed dynamic expression, first greatly upregulated in unclosed wounds and then downregulated upon re-epithelialization. Further analysis of different wound regions confirmed α6 integrin significantly increased in migratory cells and migration was coupled with differentiation. However, expression level of β1 integrin did not show significant correlation with migration. We discovered that α6 integrin directly indicates epidermal cell differentiation and wound directed migration behaviors with its expression level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiya He
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Huiyi Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Qikai Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Yingfeng Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.
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19
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Bataille A, Le Gall-Ianotto C, Genin E, Misery L. Sensitive Skin: Lessons From Transcriptomic Studies. Front Med (Lausanne) 2019; 6:115. [PMID: 31192213 PMCID: PMC6546803 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2019.00115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In 2016, a special interest group from the International Forum for the Study of Itch defined sensitive skin (SS) as a syndrome that manifests with the occurrence of unpleasant sensations (stinging, burning, pain, pruritus, and tingling sensations) after stimuli that should not cause a reaction, such as water, cold, heat, or other physical and/or chemical factors. The pathophysiology of sensitive skin is still poorly understood, but the symptoms described suggest inflammation and peripheral innervation. Only two publications have focused on sensitive skin transcriptomics. In the first study, the authors performed a microarray comparison of SS and non-sensitive skin (NSS) samples and showed differences in the expression of numerous genes in SS and NSS samples. Moreover, in the SS samples, two clusters of genes were identified, including upregulated and downregulated genes, compared to NSS samples. These results provide some interesting clues for the understanding of the pathophysiology of SS. The second study compared SS and NSS samples using RNA-seq assays. This method allowed the identification of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) and differentially expressed mRNAs and provided a comprehensive profile in subjects with SS. The results showed that a wide range of genes may be involved in the pathogenesis of SS and suggested pathways that could be associated with them. In this paper, we discuss these two studies in detail and show how transcriptomic studies can help understand the pathophysiology of sensitive skin. We call for new transcriptomic studies on larger populations to be conducted before putative pathogenic mechanisms can be detected and analyzed to achieve a better understanding of this complex condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adeline Bataille
- LIEN, F-29200, Univ Brest, Brest, France.,Department of Dermatology, University Hospital, Brest, France
| | | | - Emmanuelle Genin
- UMR1078 "Génétique, Génomique Fonctionnelle et Biotechnologies", INSERM, Univ Brest, Brest, France
| | - Laurent Misery
- LIEN, F-29200, Univ Brest, Brest, France.,Department of Dermatology, University Hospital, Brest, France
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20
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Tu CL, Celli A, Mauro T, Chang W. Calcium-Sensing Receptor Regulates Epidermal Intracellular Ca 2+ Signaling and Re-Epithelialization after Wounding. J Invest Dermatol 2019; 139:919-929. [PMID: 30404020 PMCID: PMC6431556 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2018.09.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Revised: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 09/23/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular Ca2+ (Ca2+o) is a crucial regulator of epidermal homeostasis and its receptor, the Ca2+-sensing receptor (CaSR), conveys the Ca2+o signals to promote keratinocyte adhesion, differentiation, and survival via activation of intracellular Ca2+ (Ca2+i) and E-cadherin-mediated signaling. Here, we took genetic loss-of-function approaches to delineate the functions of CaSR in wound re-epithelialization. Cutaneous injury triggered a robust CaSR expression and a surge of Ca2+i in epidermis. CaSR and E-cadherin were co-expressed at the cell-cell membrane between migratory keratinocytes in the nascent epithelial tongues. Blocking the expression of CaSR or E-cadherin in cultured keratinocytes markedly inhibited the wound-induced Ca2+i propagation and their ability to migrate collectively. Depleting CaSR also suppressed keratinocyte proliferation by downregulating the E-cadherin/epidermal growth factor receptor/mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling axis. Blunted epidermal Ca2+i response to wounding and retarded wound healing were observed in the keratinocyte-specific CaSR knockout (EpidCasr-/-) mice, whose shortened neo-epithelia exhibited declined E-cadherin expression and diminished keratinocyte proliferation and differentiation. Conversely, stimulating endogenous CaSR with calcimimetic NPS-R568 accelerated wound re-epithelialization through enhancing the epidermal Ca2+i signals and E-cadherin membrane expression. These findings demonstrated a critical role for the CaSR in epidermal regeneration and its therapeutic potential for improving skin wound repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Ling Tu
- Endocrine Research Unit, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, California, USA; Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA.
| | - Anna Celli
- Dermatology Department, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Theodora Mauro
- Dermatology Department, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Wenhan Chang
- Endocrine Research Unit, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, California, USA; Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
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Anguita E, Villalobo A. Ca 2+ signaling and Src-kinases-controlled cellular functions. Arch Biochem Biophys 2018; 650:59-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2018.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Revised: 04/26/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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22
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Campos-Verdes LM, Costa-Silva DR, da Silva-Sampaio JP, Barros-Oliveira MDC, Escórcio-Dourado CS, Martins LM, Sampaio FA, Revoredo C, Alves-Ribeiro FA, da Silva BB. Review of Polymorphism of the Calcium-Sensing Receptor Gene and Breast Cancer Risk. Cancer Invest 2018; 36:1-7. [PMID: 29504802 DOI: 10.1080/07357907.2018.1430817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Polymorphism of the calcium-sensing receptor gene (CaSR or CaR) has been associated with an increased risk for breast cancer. This receptor plays an important role in calcium homeostasis, and has also been detected in several tissues that are unrelated to calcium metabolism, such as the skin, brain, and breast. The calcium-sensing receptor on cellular level, it regulates cell differentiation, proliferation, cell death, and gene expression. In breast cancer cells, CaSR seems to stimulate secretion of the parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP), which stimulates cellular proliferation. Likewise, some studies have supported not only an association between calcium receptor gene polymorphism and breast cancer risk, but also a higher aggressiveness and unfavorable outcomes in breast cancer, which led us to make a survey in Pubmed on the subject in the last 10 years. Thus, in the literature there is a paucity of studies on the subject and the aim of this review was to show the role of calcium-sensing receptor and its association with breast cancer risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larysse Maira Campos-Verdes
- a Postgraduate Program of Health in Sciences , Federal University of Piauí , 2280 Frei Serafim Avenue, Teresina , Piauí , Brazil
| | - Danylo Rafhael Costa-Silva
- b Postgraduate Program of the Northeast Network of Biotechnology (RENORBIO) , Federal University of Piauí , Teresina , Brazil
| | - João Paulo da Silva-Sampaio
- a Postgraduate Program of Health in Sciences , Federal University of Piauí , 2280 Frei Serafim Avenue, Teresina , Piauí , Brazil
| | | | - Carla Solange Escórcio-Dourado
- b Postgraduate Program of the Northeast Network of Biotechnology (RENORBIO) , Federal University of Piauí , Teresina , Brazil
| | - Luana Mota Martins
- b Postgraduate Program of the Northeast Network of Biotechnology (RENORBIO) , Federal University of Piauí , Teresina , Brazil
| | - Fabiane Araújo Sampaio
- b Postgraduate Program of the Northeast Network of Biotechnology (RENORBIO) , Federal University of Piauí , Teresina , Brazil
| | - Camila Revoredo
- b Postgraduate Program of the Northeast Network of Biotechnology (RENORBIO) , Federal University of Piauí , Teresina , Brazil
| | - Francisco Adelton Alves-Ribeiro
- b Postgraduate Program of the Northeast Network of Biotechnology (RENORBIO) , Federal University of Piauí , Teresina , Brazil
| | - Benedito Borges da Silva
- a Postgraduate Program of Health in Sciences , Federal University of Piauí , 2280 Frei Serafim Avenue, Teresina , Piauí , Brazil.,b Postgraduate Program of the Northeast Network of Biotechnology (RENORBIO) , Federal University of Piauí , Teresina , Brazil
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23
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The suppressive role of calcium sensing receptor in endometrial cancer. Sci Rep 2018; 8:1076. [PMID: 29348629 PMCID: PMC5773571 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-19286-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2016] [Accepted: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies have shown that calcium sensing receptor (CaSR) is involved in the progressions of several human cancers. However, the role of CaSR in endometrial cancer remains unknown. This study provides a preliminary analysis of the CaSR effect on endometrial cancer development. Ectopic CaSR expression by lentiviral transfection (CaSR-OV) in Ishikawa cells significantly increased intracellular calcium ([Ca2+]i) levels and cell apoptosis. E-cadherin and β-catenin expression and complex formation at the membrane were increased in CaSR-OV Ishikawa cells relative to control Ishikawa cells (vector). Furthermore, CaSR-OV Ishikawa cells showed a reduced invasive potential, which was attributed to E-cadherin/β-catenin complex formation. Moreover, a reduction in CaSR expression in endometrial cancer relative to normal specimens was evident by immunohistochemistry and was positively associated with E-cadherin, but not β-catenin, expression. Furthermore, VEGFR3 was significantly down-regulated in CaSR-OV Ishikawa cells. Additionally, an immunohistochemical analysis showed that VEGFR3 was significantly increased in endometrial cancer compared with the normal endometrium and was inversely correlated with CaSR expression. However, the CaSR knockdown produced the opposite effects. These findings suggest an inhibitory role for CaSR in endometrial cancer. Therefore, reduced CaSR expression may be a suitable explanation and valuable predictor for endometrial cancer progression.
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24
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Pohin M, Veaute C, Garnier J, Barrault C, Cronier L, Huguier V, Favot L, Mcheik J, Bernard FX, Lecron JC, Morel F, Jégou JF. Development of a new model of reconstituted mouse epidermis and characterization of its response to proinflammatory cytokines. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2017; 12:e1098-e1107. [PMID: 28477582 DOI: 10.1002/term.2442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2016] [Revised: 04/07/2017] [Accepted: 05/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The development of three-dimensional models of reconstituted mouse epidermis (RME) has been hampered by the difficulty to maintain murine primary keratinocyte cultures and to achieve a complete epidermal stratification. In this study, a new protocol is proposed for the rapid and convenient generation of RME, which reproduces accurately the architecture of a normal mouse epidermis. During RME morphogenesis, the expression of differentiation markers such as keratins, loricrin, filaggrin, E-cadherin and connexins was followed, showing that RME structure at day 5 was similar to those of a normal mouse epidermis, with the acquisition of the natural barrier function. It was also demonstrated that RME responded to skin-relevant proinflammatory cytokines by increasing the expression of antimicrobial peptides and chemokines, and inhibiting epidermal differentiation markers, as in the human system. This new model of RME is therefore suitable to investigate mouse epidermis physiology further and opens new perspectives to generate reconstituted epidermis from transgenic mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathilde Pohin
- Laboratoire Inflammation, Tissus Epithéliaux et Cytokines (LITEC), EA 4331, Université de Poitiers, France
| | - Carolina Veaute
- Laboratorio de Inmunología Básica, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | | | | | - Laurent Cronier
- STIM, CNRS ERL 7368, Université de Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - Vincent Huguier
- Laboratoire Inflammation, Tissus Epithéliaux et Cytokines (LITEC), EA 4331, Université de Poitiers, France.,CHU de Poitiers, France
| | - Laure Favot
- Laboratoire Inflammation, Tissus Epithéliaux et Cytokines (LITEC), EA 4331, Université de Poitiers, France
| | - Jiad Mcheik
- Laboratoire Inflammation, Tissus Epithéliaux et Cytokines (LITEC), EA 4331, Université de Poitiers, France.,CHU de Poitiers, France
| | - François-Xavier Bernard
- Laboratoire Inflammation, Tissus Epithéliaux et Cytokines (LITEC), EA 4331, Université de Poitiers, France.,Bioalternatives, Gençay, France
| | - Jean-Claude Lecron
- Laboratoire Inflammation, Tissus Epithéliaux et Cytokines (LITEC), EA 4331, Université de Poitiers, France.,CHU de Poitiers, France
| | - Franck Morel
- Laboratoire Inflammation, Tissus Epithéliaux et Cytokines (LITEC), EA 4331, Université de Poitiers, France
| | - Jean-François Jégou
- Laboratoire Inflammation, Tissus Epithéliaux et Cytokines (LITEC), EA 4331, Université de Poitiers, France
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Oda Y, Hu L, Nguyen T, Fong C, Tu CL, Bikle DD. Combined Deletion of the Vitamin D Receptor and Calcium-Sensing Receptor Delays Wound Re-epithelialization. Endocrinology 2017; 158:1929-1938. [PMID: 28368538 PMCID: PMC5460927 DOI: 10.1210/en.2017-00061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2017] [Accepted: 03/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
When the skin is injured, keratinocytes proliferate, migrate, and differentiate to regenerate the epidermis. We recently showed that ablation of the vitamin D receptor (Vdr) in keratinocytes delays wound re-epithelialization in mice also fed a low-calcium diet, implicating a cooperative role of Vdr and calcium signaling in this process. In this study, we examined the role of vitamin D and calcium signaling in wound healing by deleting their receptors, Vdr and the calcium-sensing receptor (Casr). Gene expression profiling of neonatal epidermis lacking both Vdr and Casr [Vdr and Casr double knockout (DKO)] specifically in keratinocytes revealed that DKO affects a number of pathways relevant to wound healing, including Vdr, β-catenin, and adherens junction (AJ) signaling. In adult skin, DKO caused a significant delay in wound closure and re-epithelialization, whereas myofibroblast numbers and matrix deposition were unaffected. The injury-induced proliferation of epidermal keratinocytes was blunted in both epidermis and hair follicles, and expression of β-catenin target genes was reduced in the DKO. Expression of E-cadherin and desmoglein 1 was reduced in the shortened leading edges of the epithelial tongues re-epithelializing the wounds, consistent with the decreased migration rate of DKO keratinocytes in vitro. These results demonstrate that Vdr and Casr are required for β-catenin-regulated cell proliferation and AJ formation essential for re-epithelialization after wounding. We conclude that vitamin D and calcium signaling in keratinocytes are required for a normal regenerative response of the skin to wounding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuko Oda
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158
- Department of Dermatology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158
| | - Lizhi Hu
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China
| | - Thai Nguyen
- San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, California 94158
| | - Chak Fong
- San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, California 94158
| | - Chia-ling Tu
- San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, California 94158
| | - Daniel D. Bikle
- San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, California 94158
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Joshi A, Joshi A, Patel H, Ponnoth D, Stagni G. Cutaneous Penetration-Enhancing Effect of Menthol: Calcium Involvement. J Pharm Sci 2017; 106:1923-1932. [PMID: 28400197 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2017.03.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2017] [Revised: 03/24/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Menthol is a naturally occurring terpene used as a penetration enhancer in topical and transdermal formulations. Literature shows a growing interest in menthol's interactions with the transient receptor potential melastatin 8. A decrease in extracellular Ca2+ due to the activation of the transient receptor potential melastatin 8 receptor produces inhibition of E-cadherin expression that is responsible for cell-cell adhesion. Because calcium is present in the entire epidermis, the purpose of this study is to evaluate whether the aforementioned properties of menthol are also related to its penetration-enhancing effects. We formulated 16 gels: (i) drug-alone (diphenhydramine or lidocaine), (ii) drug with menthol, (iii) drug, menthol, and calcium channel blocker (CCB; verapamil or diltiazem), and (iv) drug and CCB. In vitro studies showed no effect of the CCB on the release of the drugs either with or without menthol. In vivo experiments were performed for each drug/menthol/CCB combination gel by applying 4 formulations on a shaved rabbit's dorsum on the same day. Dermis concentration profiles were assessed with microdialysis. The gels containing menthol showed higher penetration of drugs than those without whereas the addition of the CCB consistently inhibited the penetration-enhancing effects of menthol. In summary, these findings strongly support the involvement of calcium in the penetration-enhancing effect of menthol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Joshi
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Arnold and Marie Schwartz College of Pharmacy, Long Island University, Brooklyn, New York 11201
| | - Abhay Joshi
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Arnold and Marie Schwartz College of Pharmacy, Long Island University, Brooklyn, New York 11201
| | - Hiren Patel
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Arnold and Marie Schwartz College of Pharmacy, Long Island University, Brooklyn, New York 11201
| | - Dovenia Ponnoth
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Arnold and Marie Schwartz College of Pharmacy, Long Island University, Brooklyn, New York 11201
| | - Grazia Stagni
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Arnold and Marie Schwartz College of Pharmacy, Long Island University, Brooklyn, New York 11201.
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27
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Paquot F, Huart J, Defraigne JO, Krzesinski JM, Jouret F. Implications of the calcium-sensing receptor in ischemia/reperfusion. Acta Cardiol 2017; 72:125-131. [PMID: 28597792 DOI: 10.1080/00015385.2017.1291136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) is a G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) which was first isolated from bovine parathyroid glands. Its complex structure has been well characterized, which helped to better understand its function. The CaSR activity can be modulated by various ligands, either activators (also called "calcimimetics") or inhibitors (or "calcilytics"). The main role of the CaSR concerns Ca2+ homeostasis. In bone, intestine and kidney, the CaSR acts as a sensor for extracellular ionized Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]e) to keep it stable. Such a homeostatic function is well illustrated by human inherited diseases caused by mutations in CASR gene, characterized by Ca2+ balance disturbances. Interestingly, the CaSR is also expressed in numerous tissues which are not directly involved in Ca2+ regulation. There, the CaSR has been implicated in regulatory pathways, including cell proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis. Moreover, recent observations suggest that the CaSR may be involved in ischaemia/reperfusion (I/R) cascades. In cardiomyocytes, the expression and activation of the CaSR are significantly induced at the time of I/R, which induces apoptotic pathways. Likewise, the activation of the CaSR in I/R in brain, liver and kidney has been associated with increased cell death and aggravated structural and functional damage. The present review summarizes these observations and hypothesizes a novel therapeutic option targeting the CaSR in I/R.
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Affiliation(s)
- François Paquot
- Division of Nephrology, University of Liège Hospital, Liège, Belgium
| | - Justine Huart
- Division of Nephrology, University of Liège Hospital, Liège, Belgium
| | - Jean-Olivier Defraigne
- Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, University of Liège Hospital, Liège, Belgium
- Groupe Interdisciplinaire de Génoprotéomique Appliquée (GIGA), Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Jean-Marie Krzesinski
- Division of Nephrology, University of Liège Hospital, Liège, Belgium
- Groupe Interdisciplinaire de Génoprotéomique Appliquée (GIGA), Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - François Jouret
- Division of Nephrology, University of Liège Hospital, Liège, Belgium
- Groupe Interdisciplinaire de Génoprotéomique Appliquée (GIGA), Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
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28
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Calcium Oxalate Induces Renal Injury through Calcium-Sensing Receptor. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2016; 2016:5203801. [PMID: 27965733 PMCID: PMC5124692 DOI: 10.1155/2016/5203801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2016] [Revised: 07/29/2016] [Accepted: 10/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Objective. To investigate whether calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) plays a role in calcium-oxalate-induced renal injury. Materials and Methods. HK-2 cells and rats were treated with calcium oxalate (CaOx) crystals with or without pretreatment with the CaSR-specific agonist gadolinium chloride (GdCl3) or the CaSR-specific antagonist NPS2390. Changes in oxidative stress (OS) in HK-2 cells and rat kidneys were assessed. In addition, CaSR, extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase (ERK), c-Jun N-terminal protein kinase (JNK), and p38 expression was determined. Further, crystal adhesion assay was performed in vitro, and the serum urea and creatinine levels and crystal deposition in the kidneys were also examined. Results. CaOx increased CaSR, ERK, JNK, and p38 protein expression and OS in vitro and in vivo. These deleterious changes were further enhanced upon pretreatment with the CaSR agonist GdCl3 but were attenuated by the specific CaSR inhibitor NPS2390 compared with CaOx treatment alone. Pretreatment with GdCl3 further increased in vitro and in vivo crystal adhesion and renal hypofunction. In contrast, pretreatment with NPS2390 decreased in vitro and in vivo crystal adhesion and renal hypofunction. Conclusions. CaOx-induced renal injury is related to CaSR-mediated OS and increased mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling, which subsequently leads to CaOx crystal adhesion.
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29
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Low-concentration hydrogen peroxide can upregulate keratinocyte intracellular calcium and PAR-2 expression in a human keratinocyte–melanocyte co-culture system. Arch Dermatol Res 2016; 308:723-731. [DOI: 10.1007/s00403-016-1692-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2016] [Revised: 08/22/2016] [Accepted: 09/27/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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30
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Cubillos S, Norgauer J. Low vitamin D-modulated calcium-regulating proteins in psoriasis vulgaris plaques: S100A7 overexpression depends on joint involvement. Int J Mol Med 2016; 38:1083-92. [PMID: 27573000 PMCID: PMC5029959 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2016.2718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2016] [Accepted: 08/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Psoriasis is an inflammatory skin disease with or without joint involvement. In this disease, the thickened epidermis and impaired barrier are associated with altered calcium gradients. Calcium and vitamin D are known to play important roles in keratinocyte differentiation and bone metabolism. Intracellular calcium is regulated by calcium-sensing receptor (CASR), calcium release-activated calcium modulator (ORAI) and stromal interaction molecule (STIM). Other proteins modulated by vitamin D play important roles in calcium regulation e.g., calbindin 1 (CALB1) and transient receptor potential cation channel 6 (TRPV6). In this study, we aimed to investigate the expression of calcium-regulating proteins in the plaques of patients with psoriasis vulgaris with or without joint inflammation. We confirmed low calcium levels, keratinocyte hyperproliferation and an altered epidermal barrier. The CASR, ORAI1, ORAI3, STIM1, CALB1 and TRPV6 mRNA, as well as the sterol 27-hydroxylase (CYP27A1), 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 1-α-hydroxylase (CYP27B1) and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 24-hydroxylase (CYP24A1) protein levels were low in the plaques of patients with psoriasis. We demonstrated S100 calcium-binding protein A7 (S100A7) overexpression in the plaques of patients with psoriasis vulgaris with joint inflammation, compared with those without joint involvement. We suggest an altered capacity to regulate the intracellular Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i), characterized by a reduced expression of CASR, ORAI1, ORAI3, STIM1, CALB1 and TRPV6 associated with diminished levels of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1,25(OH)2D3], which may be associated with an altered balance between keratinocyte proliferation and differentiation in the psoriatic epidermis. Additionally, differences in S100A7 expression depend on the presence of joint involvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana Cubillos
- Department of Dermatology, Jena University Hospital, D-07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Johannes Norgauer
- Department of Dermatology, Jena University Hospital, D-07743 Jena, Germany
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31
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Zeng JY, Du JJ, Pan Y, Wu J, Bi HL, Cui BH, Zhai TY, Sun Y, Sun YH. Calcium-Sensing Receptor in Human Peripheral Blood T Lymphocytes Is Involved in the AMI Onset and Progression through the NF-κB Signaling Pathway. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:E1397. [PMID: 27563892 PMCID: PMC5037677 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17091397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2016] [Revised: 07/28/2016] [Accepted: 08/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute myocardial infarction (AMI) is a condition triggered by an inflammatory process that seriously affects human health. Calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) in T lymphocytes is involved during the inflammation reaction. However, the relationship between them is not very clear. In this study, we collected human peripheral blood T lymphocytes from patients with AMI and in different stages of percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) (at the onset of AMI, the first day after PCI (PCI-1), PCI-3, and PCI-5) to study the CaSR and NF-κB pathway protein expression, cytokine release and T cell apoptosis. The results showed that the expressions of CaSR, P-p65, Caspase-12, and the secretions of Th-1 and Th-2 type cytokines were increased at the onset of AMI, especially on the PCI-1. Meanwhile, the apoptosis rate of CD(3+), CD(4+) and CD(8+) T lymphocytes also increased. However, from PCI-3, all the indicators began to decline. In addition, we also found that positive CaSR small interfering RNA (siRNA) transfection in T lymphocytes and NF-κB pathway blocker Bay-11-7082 reversed the increased expressions of CaSR, P-p65, Caspase-12, reduced the secretions of Th-1 and Th-2 type cytokines, and decreased T lymphocytes apoptosis rate not only in the AMI patients but also in the normal controls. All of these results indicated that CaSR in the human peripheral blood T lymphocytes were involved in the AMI onset and progression, which probably was related to the NF-κB pathway. Our study demonstrated the relationship between AMI and CaSR, and will provide new effective prevention theory and new targets for drug treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Ya Zeng
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin 150086, China.
| | - Jing-Jing Du
- Blood Transfusion Department, the First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150086, China.
| | - Ying Pan
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin 150086, China.
| | - Jian Wu
- Department of Cardiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150086, China.
| | - Hai-Liang Bi
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin 150086, China.
| | - Bao-Hong Cui
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin 150086, China.
| | - Tai-Yu Zhai
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin 150086, China.
| | - Yong Sun
- Department of Cardiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150086, China.
| | - Yi-Hua Sun
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin 150086, China.
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32
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Bikle DD, Jiang Y, Nguyen T, Oda Y, Tu CL. Disruption of Vitamin D and Calcium Signaling in Keratinocytes Predisposes to Skin Cancer. Front Physiol 2016; 7:296. [PMID: 27462278 PMCID: PMC4940389 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2016.00296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2016] [Accepted: 06/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D (1,25(OH)2D), the active metabolite of vitamin D, and calcium regulate epidermal differentiation. 1,25(OH)2D exerts its effects through the vitamin D receptor (VDR), a transcription factor in the nuclear hormone receptor family, whereas calcium acts through the calcium sensing receptor (Casr), a membrane bound member of the G protein coupled receptor family. We have developed mouse models in which the Vdr and Casr have been deleted in the epidermis (epidVdr−∕− and epidCasr−∕−). Both genotypes show abnormalities in calcium induced epidermal differentiation in vivo and in vitro, associated with altered hedgehog (HH) and β–catenin signaling that when abnormally expressed lead to basal cell carcinomas (BCC) and trichofolliculomas, respectively. The Vdr−∕− mice are susceptible to tumor formation following UVB or chemical carcinogen exposure. More recently we found that the keratinocytes from these mice over express long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) oncogenes such as H19 and under express lncRNA tumor suppressors such as lincRNA-21. Spontaneous tumors have not been observed in either the epidVdr−∕− or epidCasr−∕−. But in mice with epidermal specific deletion of both Vdr and Casr (epidVdr−∕−/epidCasr−∕− [DKO]) tumor formation occurs spontaneously when the DKO mice are placed on a low calcium diet. These results demonstrate important interactions between vitamin D and calcium signaling through their respective receptors that lead to cancer when these signals are disrupted. The roles of the β–catenin, hedgehog, and lncRNA pathways in predisposing the epidermis to tumor formation when vitamin D and calcium signaling are disrupted will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel D Bikle
- Departments of Medicine and Dermatology, VA Medical Center and University of California, San Francisco San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Yan Jiang
- Departments of Medicine and Dermatology, VA Medical Center and University of California, San Francisco San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Thai Nguyen
- Departments of Medicine and Dermatology, VA Medical Center and University of California, San Francisco San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Yuko Oda
- Departments of Medicine and Dermatology, VA Medical Center and University of California, San Francisco San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Chia-Ling Tu
- Departments of Medicine and Dermatology, VA Medical Center and University of California, San Francisco San Francisco, CA, USA
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33
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Huang KF, Ma KH, Liu PS, Chen BW, Chueh SH. Baicalein increases keratin 1 and 10 expression in HaCaT keratinocytes via TRPV4 receptor activation. Exp Dermatol 2016; 25:623-9. [DOI: 10.1111/exd.13024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kuo-Feng Huang
- Division of Plastic Surgery; Department of Surgery; Chi Mei Medical Center; Tainan Taiwan
| | - Kuo-Hsing Ma
- Department of Biology and Anatomy; National Defense Medical Center; Taipei Taiwan
| | - Pei-Shan Liu
- Department of Microbiology; Soochow University; Taipei Taiwan
| | - Bo-Wei Chen
- Department of Biochemistry; National Defense Medical Center; Taipei Taiwan Republic of China
| | - Sheau-Huei Chueh
- Department of Biochemistry; National Defense Medical Center; Taipei Taiwan Republic of China
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García IE, Bosen F, Mujica P, Pupo A, Flores-Muñoz C, Jara O, González C, Willecke K, Martínez AD. From Hyperactive Connexin26 Hemichannels to Impairments in Epidermal Calcium Gradient and Permeability Barrier in the Keratitis-Ichthyosis-Deafness Syndrome. J Invest Dermatol 2016; 136:574-583. [PMID: 26777423 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2015.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2015] [Revised: 11/05/2015] [Accepted: 11/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The keratitis-ichthyosis-deafness (KID) syndrome is characterized by corneal, skin, and hearing abnormalities. KID has been linked to heterozygous dominant missense mutations in the GJB2 and GJB6 genes, encoding connexin26 and 30, respectively. In vitro evidence indicates that KID mutations lead to hyperactive (open) hemichannels, which in some cases is accompanied by abnormal function of gap junction channels. Transgenic mouse models expressing connexin26 KID mutations reproduce human phenotypes and present impaired epidermal calcium homeostasis and abnormal lipid composition of the stratum corneum affecting the water barrier. Here we have compiled relevant data regarding the KID syndrome and propose a mechanism for the epidermal aspects of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac E García
- Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencia de Valparaíso, Instituto de Neurociencia, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Felicitas Bosen
- LIMES (Life and Medical Sciences) Institute, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Paula Mujica
- Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencia de Valparaíso, Instituto de Neurociencia, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Amaury Pupo
- Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencia de Valparaíso, Instituto de Neurociencia, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Carolina Flores-Muñoz
- Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencia de Valparaíso, Instituto de Neurociencia, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Oscar Jara
- Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencia de Valparaíso, Instituto de Neurociencia, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Carlos González
- Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencia de Valparaíso, Instituto de Neurociencia, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Klaus Willecke
- LIMES (Life and Medical Sciences) Institute, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.
| | - Agustín D Martínez
- Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencia de Valparaíso, Instituto de Neurociencia, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile.
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Abdulnour-Nakhoul S, Brown KL, Rabon EC, Al-Tawil Y, Islam MT, Schmieg JJ, Nakhoul NL. Cytoskeletal changes induced by allosteric modulators of calcium-sensing receptor in esophageal epithelial cells. Physiol Rep 2015; 3:3/11/e12616. [PMID: 26603452 PMCID: PMC4673644 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.12616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR), a G-protein-coupled receptor, plays a role in glandular and fluid secretion in the gastrointestinal tract, and regulates differentiation and proliferation of epithelial cells. We examined the expression of CaSR in normal and pathological conditions of human esophagus and investigated the effect of a CaSR agonist, cinacalcet (CCT), and antagonist, calhex (CHX), on cell growth and cell-cell junctional proteins in primary cultures of porcine stratified squamous esophageal epithelium. We used immunohistochemistry and Western analysis to monitor expression of CaSR and cell-cell adhesion molecules, and MTT assay to monitor cell proliferation in cultured esophageal cells. CCT treatment significantly reduced proliferation, changed the cell shape from polygonal to spindle-like, and caused redistribution of E-cadherin and β-catenin from the cell membrane to the cytoplasm. Furthermore, it reduced expression of β-catenin by 35% (P < 0.02) and increased expression of a proteolysis cleavage fragment of E-cadherin, Ecad/CFT2, by 2.3 folds (P < 0.01). On the other hand, CHX treatment enhanced cell proliferation by 27% (P < 0.01), increased the expression of p120-catenin by 24% (P < 0.04), and of Rho, a GTPase involved in cytoskeleton remodeling, by 18% (P < 0.03). In conclusion, CaSR is expressed in normal esophagus as well as in Barrett's, esophageal adenocarcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and eosinophilic esophagitis. Long-term activation of CaSR with CCT disrupted the cadherin-catenin complex, induced cytoskeletal remodeling, actin fiber formation, and redistribution of CaSR to the nuclear area. These changes indicate a significant and complex role of CaSR in epithelial remodeling and barrier function of esophageal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Solange Abdulnour-Nakhoul
- Medicine/Gastroenterology, Tulane Medical School, New Orleans, Louisiana South Louisiana Veterans Health Care System (SLVHCS), New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Karen L Brown
- South Louisiana Veterans Health Care System (SLVHCS), New Orleans, Louisiana Medicine/Nephrology, Tulane Medical School, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Edd C Rabon
- South Louisiana Veterans Health Care System (SLVHCS), New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Youhanna Al-Tawil
- Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition-GI for Kids, East Tennessee Children's Hospital, Knoxville, Tennessee
| | - Mohammed T Islam
- South Louisiana Veterans Health Care System (SLVHCS), New Orleans, Louisiana Medicine/Nephrology, Tulane Medical School, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - John J Schmieg
- Pathology, Tulane Medical School, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Nazih L Nakhoul
- South Louisiana Veterans Health Care System (SLVHCS), New Orleans, Louisiana Medicine/Nephrology, Tulane Medical School, New Orleans, Louisiana
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Wang J, Zhang Y, Zhang N, Wang C, Herrler T, Li Q. An updated review of mechanotransduction in skin disorders: transcriptional regulators, ion channels, and microRNAs. Cell Mol Life Sci 2015; 72:2091-106. [PMID: 25681865 PMCID: PMC11113187 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-015-1853-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2014] [Revised: 01/22/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The skin is constantly exposed and responds to a wide range of biomechanical cues. The mechanobiology of skin has already been known and applied by clinicians long before the fundamental molecular mechanisms of mechanotransduction are elucidated. MATERIALS AND METHODS Despite increasing knowledge on the mediators of biomechanical signaling such as mitogen-associated protein kinases, Rho GTPases or FAK-ERK pathways, the key elements of mechano-responses transcription factors, and mechano-sensors remain unclear. Recently, canonical biochemical components of Hippo and Wnt signaling pathway YAP and β-catenin were found to exhibit undefined mechanical sensitivity. Mechanical forces were identified to be the dominant regulators of YAP/TAZ activity in a multicellular context. Furthermore, different voltage or ligand sensitive ion channels in the cell membrane exhibited their mechanical sensitivity as mechano-sensors. Additionally, a large number of microRNAs have been confirmed to regulate cellular behavior and contribute to various skin disorders under mechanical stimuli. Mechanosensitive (MS) microRNAs could not only be activated by distinct mechanical force pattern, but also responsively target MS sensors such as e-cadherin and cytoskeleton constituent RhoA. CONCLUSION Thus, a comprehensive understanding of this regulatory network of cutaneous mechanotransduction will facilitate the development of novel approaches to wound healing, hypertrophic scar formation, skin regeneration, and the progression or initiation of skin diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wang
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai 9th People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China,
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Wen L, Sun L, Xi Y, Chen X, Xing Y, Sun W, Meng Q, Cai L. Expression of calcium sensing receptor and E-cadherin correlated with survival of lung adenocarcinoma. Thorac Cancer 2015; 6:754-60. [PMID: 26557914 PMCID: PMC4632928 DOI: 10.1111/1759-7714.12255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2014] [Accepted: 02/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background It has been reported that the calcium sensing receptor (CaSR), a widely expressed G protein-coupled receptor, can stimulate cell differentiation and proliferation. However, in malignant tumors, loss of CaSR expression has been associated with tumorigenesis, metastasis, and progression. Recent studies have indicated that the CaSR could promote the expression of E-cadherin, which was considered a tumor suppressor. However, in human lung adenocarcinoma, the importance of the CaSR and E-cadherin has not been sufficiently investigated. Methods Expression levels of CaSR and E-cadherin in paraffin sections from 117 resected lung adenocarcinoma patients were evaluated by immunohistochemistry. We analyzed the correlation between our target proteins and clinical variables. Clinical significance was analyzed by multivariate Cox regression analysis, Kaplan–Meier curve, and log-rank test. Results Expression of the CaSR in lung adenocarcinoma tissue was significantly lower than in the normal sample (P = 0.003). Kendall tau-b analysis showed that, in a lung adenocarcinoma sample, the expression of CaSR positively correlated with a high level of E-cadherin (P < 0.001). Lung adenocarcinoma patients with a strong expression of CaSR (P = 0.034) or E-cadherin (P = 0.001) had longer overall survival. Multivariate Cox proportional hazards model analysis showed that the combined marker was an independent prognostic indicator of overall survival (hazard ratio = 0.440, confidence interval = 0.249–0.779, P = 0.005). Conclusions We identified the CaSR as a new prognostic biomarker in lung adenocarcinoma. These results also suggested that the CaSR may become a new therapeutic target of lung adenocarcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyuan Wen
- The Fourth Department of Medical Oncology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital Harbin, China
| | - Lichun Sun
- The Fourth Department of Medical Oncology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital Harbin, China
| | - Yuhui Xi
- Department of Pathophysiology, Harbin Medical University Harbin, China
| | - Xuesong Chen
- The Fourth Department of Medical Oncology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital Harbin, China
| | - Ying Xing
- The Fourth Department of Medical Oncology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital Harbin, China
| | - Weiling Sun
- The Fourth Department of Medical Oncology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital Harbin, China
| | - Qingwei Meng
- The Fourth Department of Medical Oncology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital Harbin, China
| | - Li Cai
- The Fourth Department of Medical Oncology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital Harbin, China
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Zuo X, Sun L, Yin X, Gao J, Sheng Y, Xu J, Zhang J, He C, Qiu Y, Wen G, Tian H, Zheng X, Liu S, Wang W, Li W, Cheng Y, Liu L, Chang Y, Wang Z, Li Z, Li L, Wu J, Fang L, Shen C, Zhou F, Liang B, Chen G, Li H, Cui Y, Xu A, Yang X, Hao F, Xu L, Fan X, Li Y, Wu R, Wang X, Liu X, Zheng M, Song S, Ji B, Fang H, Yu J, Sun Y, Hui Y, Zhang F, Yang R, Yang S, Zhang X. Whole-exome SNP array identifies 15 new susceptibility loci for psoriasis. Nat Commun 2015; 6:6793. [PMID: 25854761 PMCID: PMC4403312 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms7793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2014] [Accepted: 02/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Genome-wide association studies (GWASs) have reproducibly associated ∼40 susceptibility loci with psoriasis. However, the missing heritability is evident and the contributions of coding variants have not yet been systematically evaluated. Here, we present a large-scale whole-exome array analysis for psoriasis consisting of 42,760 individuals. We discover 16 SNPs within 15 new genes/loci associated with psoriasis, including C1orf141, ZNF683, TMC6, AIM2, IL1RL1, CASR, SON, ZFYVE16, MTHFR, CCDC129, ZNF143, AP5B1, SYNE2, IFNGR2 and 3q26.2-q27 (P<5.00 × 10(-08)). In addition, we also replicate four known susceptibility loci TNIP1, NFKBIA, IL12B and LCE3D-LCE3E. These susceptibility variants identified in the current study collectively account for 1.9% of the psoriasis heritability. The variant within AIM2 is predicted to impact protein structure. Our findings increase the number of genetic risk factors for psoriasis and highlight new and plausible biological pathways in psoriasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianbo Zuo
- Institute of Dermatology and Department of Dermatology, No. 1 Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230022, China
- Department of Dermatology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
- Department of Dermatology, No.2 Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230022, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Complex and Severe Skin Disease, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China
- State Key Lab Incubation of Dermatology, Ministry of Science and Technology, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China
- Key Lab of Dermatology, Ministry of Education, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China
- Key Lab of Gene Resources Utilization for Severe Inherited Disorders, Anhui 230032, China
| | - Liangdan Sun
- Institute of Dermatology and Department of Dermatology, No. 1 Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230022, China
- Department of Dermatology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
- Department of Dermatology, No.2 Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230022, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Complex and Severe Skin Disease, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China
- State Key Lab Incubation of Dermatology, Ministry of Science and Technology, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China
- Key Lab of Dermatology, Ministry of Education, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China
- Key Lab of Gene Resources Utilization for Severe Inherited Disorders, Anhui 230032, China
| | - Xianyong Yin
- Institute of Dermatology and Department of Dermatology, No. 1 Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230022, China
- Department of Dermatology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
- Department of Dermatology, No.2 Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230022, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Complex and Severe Skin Disease, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China
- State Key Lab Incubation of Dermatology, Ministry of Science and Technology, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China
- Key Lab of Dermatology, Ministry of Education, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China
- Key Lab of Gene Resources Utilization for Severe Inherited Disorders, Anhui 230032, China
| | - Jinping Gao
- Institute of Dermatology and Department of Dermatology, No. 1 Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230022, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Complex and Severe Skin Disease, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China
- State Key Lab Incubation of Dermatology, Ministry of Science and Technology, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China
- Key Lab of Dermatology, Ministry of Education, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China
- Key Lab of Gene Resources Utilization for Severe Inherited Disorders, Anhui 230032, China
| | - Yujun Sheng
- Institute of Dermatology and Department of Dermatology, No. 1 Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230022, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Complex and Severe Skin Disease, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China
- State Key Lab Incubation of Dermatology, Ministry of Science and Technology, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China
- Key Lab of Dermatology, Ministry of Education, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China
- Key Lab of Gene Resources Utilization for Severe Inherited Disorders, Anhui 230032, China
| | - Jinhua Xu
- Department of Dermatology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Complex and Severe Skin Disease, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China
| | - Jianzhong Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, Peking University People’s Hospital, Beijing 100044, China
| | - Chundi He
- Department of Dermatology, No.1 Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, China
| | - Ying Qiu
- Department of Dermatology, Jining No. 1 People’s Hospital, Jining, Shandong 272011, China
| | - Guangdong Wen
- Department of Dermatology, Peking University People’s Hospital, Beijing 100044, China
| | - Hongqing Tian
- Shandong Provincial Institute of Dermatology and Venereology, Jinan, Shandong 250022, China
| | - Xiaodong Zheng
- Institute of Dermatology and Department of Dermatology, No. 1 Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230022, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Complex and Severe Skin Disease, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China
- State Key Lab Incubation of Dermatology, Ministry of Science and Technology, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China
- Key Lab of Dermatology, Ministry of Education, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China
- Key Lab of Gene Resources Utilization for Severe Inherited Disorders, Anhui 230032, China
| | - Shengxiu Liu
- Institute of Dermatology and Department of Dermatology, No. 1 Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230022, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Complex and Severe Skin Disease, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China
- State Key Lab Incubation of Dermatology, Ministry of Science and Technology, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China
- Key Lab of Dermatology, Ministry of Education, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China
- Key Lab of Gene Resources Utilization for Severe Inherited Disorders, Anhui 230032, China
| | - Wenjun Wang
- Institute of Dermatology and Department of Dermatology, No. 1 Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230022, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Complex and Severe Skin Disease, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China
- State Key Lab Incubation of Dermatology, Ministry of Science and Technology, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China
- Key Lab of Dermatology, Ministry of Education, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China
- Key Lab of Gene Resources Utilization for Severe Inherited Disorders, Anhui 230032, China
| | - Weiran Li
- Institute of Dermatology and Department of Dermatology, No. 1 Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230022, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Complex and Severe Skin Disease, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China
- State Key Lab Incubation of Dermatology, Ministry of Science and Technology, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China
- Key Lab of Dermatology, Ministry of Education, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China
- Key Lab of Gene Resources Utilization for Severe Inherited Disorders, Anhui 230032, China
| | - Yuyan Cheng
- Institute of Dermatology and Department of Dermatology, No. 1 Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230022, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Complex and Severe Skin Disease, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China
- State Key Lab Incubation of Dermatology, Ministry of Science and Technology, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China
- Key Lab of Dermatology, Ministry of Education, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China
- Key Lab of Gene Resources Utilization for Severe Inherited Disorders, Anhui 230032, China
| | - Longdan Liu
- Institute of Dermatology and Department of Dermatology, No. 1 Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230022, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Complex and Severe Skin Disease, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China
- State Key Lab Incubation of Dermatology, Ministry of Science and Technology, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China
- Key Lab of Dermatology, Ministry of Education, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China
- Key Lab of Gene Resources Utilization for Severe Inherited Disorders, Anhui 230032, China
| | - Yan Chang
- Institute of Dermatology and Department of Dermatology, No. 1 Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230022, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Complex and Severe Skin Disease, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China
- State Key Lab Incubation of Dermatology, Ministry of Science and Technology, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China
- Key Lab of Dermatology, Ministry of Education, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China
- Key Lab of Gene Resources Utilization for Severe Inherited Disorders, Anhui 230032, China
| | - Zaixing Wang
- Institute of Dermatology and Department of Dermatology, No. 1 Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230022, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Complex and Severe Skin Disease, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China
- State Key Lab Incubation of Dermatology, Ministry of Science and Technology, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China
- Key Lab of Dermatology, Ministry of Education, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China
- Key Lab of Gene Resources Utilization for Severe Inherited Disorders, Anhui 230032, China
| | - Zenggang Li
- Institute of Dermatology and Department of Dermatology, No. 1 Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230022, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Complex and Severe Skin Disease, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China
- State Key Lab Incubation of Dermatology, Ministry of Science and Technology, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China
- Key Lab of Dermatology, Ministry of Education, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China
- Key Lab of Gene Resources Utilization for Severe Inherited Disorders, Anhui 230032, China
| | - Longnian Li
- Institute of Dermatology and Department of Dermatology, No. 1 Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230022, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Complex and Severe Skin Disease, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China
- State Key Lab Incubation of Dermatology, Ministry of Science and Technology, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China
- Key Lab of Dermatology, Ministry of Education, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China
- Key Lab of Gene Resources Utilization for Severe Inherited Disorders, Anhui 230032, China
| | - Jianping Wu
- Institute of Dermatology and Department of Dermatology, No. 1 Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230022, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Complex and Severe Skin Disease, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China
- State Key Lab Incubation of Dermatology, Ministry of Science and Technology, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China
- Key Lab of Dermatology, Ministry of Education, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China
- Key Lab of Gene Resources Utilization for Severe Inherited Disorders, Anhui 230032, China
| | - Ling Fang
- Institute of Dermatology and Department of Dermatology, No. 1 Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230022, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Complex and Severe Skin Disease, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China
- State Key Lab Incubation of Dermatology, Ministry of Science and Technology, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China
- Key Lab of Dermatology, Ministry of Education, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China
- Key Lab of Gene Resources Utilization for Severe Inherited Disorders, Anhui 230032, China
| | - Changbing Shen
- Institute of Dermatology and Department of Dermatology, No. 1 Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230022, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Complex and Severe Skin Disease, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China
- State Key Lab Incubation of Dermatology, Ministry of Science and Technology, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China
- Key Lab of Dermatology, Ministry of Education, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China
- Key Lab of Gene Resources Utilization for Severe Inherited Disorders, Anhui 230032, China
| | - Fusheng Zhou
- Institute of Dermatology and Department of Dermatology, No. 1 Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230022, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Complex and Severe Skin Disease, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China
- State Key Lab Incubation of Dermatology, Ministry of Science and Technology, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China
- Key Lab of Dermatology, Ministry of Education, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China
- Key Lab of Gene Resources Utilization for Severe Inherited Disorders, Anhui 230032, China
| | - Bo Liang
- Institute of Dermatology and Department of Dermatology, No. 1 Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230022, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Complex and Severe Skin Disease, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China
- State Key Lab Incubation of Dermatology, Ministry of Science and Technology, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China
- Key Lab of Dermatology, Ministry of Education, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China
- Key Lab of Gene Resources Utilization for Severe Inherited Disorders, Anhui 230032, China
| | - Gang Chen
- Institute of Dermatology and Department of Dermatology, No. 1 Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230022, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Complex and Severe Skin Disease, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China
- State Key Lab Incubation of Dermatology, Ministry of Science and Technology, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China
- Key Lab of Dermatology, Ministry of Education, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China
- Key Lab of Gene Resources Utilization for Severe Inherited Disorders, Anhui 230032, China
| | - Hui Li
- Institute of Dermatology and Department of Dermatology, No. 1 Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230022, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Complex and Severe Skin Disease, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China
- State Key Lab Incubation of Dermatology, Ministry of Science and Technology, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China
- Key Lab of Dermatology, Ministry of Education, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China
- Key Lab of Gene Resources Utilization for Severe Inherited Disorders, Anhui 230032, China
| | - Yong Cui
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Complex and Severe Skin Disease, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China
- State Key Lab Incubation of Dermatology, Ministry of Science and Technology, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China
- Key Lab of Dermatology, Ministry of Education, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China
- Key Lab of Gene Resources Utilization for Severe Inherited Disorders, Anhui 230032, China
| | - Aie Xu
- The Third People's Hospital of Hangzhou, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, China
| | - Xueqin Yang
- Department of Dermatology, General Hospital of PLA Air Force, Beijing 100036, China
| | - Fei Hao
- Department of Dermatology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Limin Xu
- Department of Dermatology, Tianjin Changzheng Hospital, Tianjin 300106, China
| | - Xing Fan
- Institute of Dermatology and Department of Dermatology, No. 1 Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230022, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Complex and Severe Skin Disease, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China
- State Key Lab Incubation of Dermatology, Ministry of Science and Technology, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China
- Key Lab of Dermatology, Ministry of Education, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China
- Key Lab of Gene Resources Utilization for Severe Inherited Disorders, Anhui 230032, China
| | - Yuzhen Li
- Department of Dermatology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150000, China
| | - Rina Wu
- Department of Dermatology, The Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical College, Huhehot, Inner Mongolia 010050, China
| | - Xiuli Wang
- Shanghai Skin Diseases and STD Hospital, Shanghai 200050, China
| | - Xiaoming Liu
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116011, China
| | - Min Zheng
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhenjiang 310009, China
| | - Shunpeng Song
- Department of Dermatology, Dalian Dermatosis Hosptial, Liaoning 116011, China
| | - Bihua Ji
- Department of Dermatology, Yijishan Hospital of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui 241000, China
| | - Hong Fang
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhenjiang 310006, China
| | - Jianbin Yu
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, China
| | - Yongxin Sun
- Department of Dermatology, Anshan Tanggangzi hosptial, Liaoning 210300, China
| | - Yan Hui
- Department of Dermatology, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Xinjiang 830054, China
| | - Furen Zhang
- Shandong Provincial Institute of Dermatology and Venereology, Jinan, Shandong 250022, China
| | - Rongya Yang
- Department of Dermatology, General Hospital of Beijing Military Command, Beijing 100010, China
| | - Sen Yang
- Institute of Dermatology and Department of Dermatology, No. 1 Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230022, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Complex and Severe Skin Disease, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China
- State Key Lab Incubation of Dermatology, Ministry of Science and Technology, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China
- Key Lab of Dermatology, Ministry of Education, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China
- Key Lab of Gene Resources Utilization for Severe Inherited Disorders, Anhui 230032, China
| | - Xuejun Zhang
- Institute of Dermatology and Department of Dermatology, No. 1 Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230022, China
- Department of Dermatology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
- Department of Dermatology, No.2 Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230022, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Complex and Severe Skin Disease, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China
- State Key Lab Incubation of Dermatology, Ministry of Science and Technology, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China
- Key Lab of Dermatology, Ministry of Education, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China
- Key Lab of Gene Resources Utilization for Severe Inherited Disorders, Anhui 230032, China
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Bai S, Mao M, Tian L, Yu Y, Zeng J, Ouyang K, Yu L, Li L, Wang D, Deng X, Wei C, Luo Y. Calcium sensing receptor mediated the excessive generation of β-amyloid peptide induced by hypoxia in vivo and in vitro. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2015; 459:568-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.02.141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2015] [Accepted: 02/24/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Abstract
Vitamin D and calcium are well-established regulators of keratinocyte proliferation and differentiation. Therefore, it was not a great surprise that deletion of the vitamin D receptor (VDR) should predispose the skin to tumor formation, and that the combination of deleting both the VDR and calcium sensing receptor (CaSR) should be especially pro-oncogenic. In this review I have examined 4 mechanisms that appear to underlie the means by which VDR acts as a tumor suppressor in skin. First, DNA damage repair is curtailed in the absence of the VDR, allowing mutations in DNA to accumulate. Second and third involve the increased activation of the hedgehog and β-catenin pathways in the epidermis in the absence of the VDR, leading to poorly regulated proliferation with reduced differentiation. Finally, VDR deletion leads to a shift in the expression of long noncoding RNAs toward a more oncogenic profile. How these different mechanisms interact and their relative importance in the predisposition of the VDR null epidermis to tumor formation remain under active investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel D Bikle
- VA Medical Center and University of California San Francisco, 1700 Owens Street, Room 373, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
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41
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Fenton SE, Denning MF. FYNagling divergent adhesive functions for Fyn in keratinocytes. Exp Dermatol 2014; 24:81-5. [PMID: 24980626 DOI: 10.1111/exd.12485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Fyn, a member of the Src family kinases (SFKs), has been shown to play important yet contradictory roles in keratinocyte (KC) adhesion. During KC differentiation, physiological activation of Fyn results in the formation of adherens junctions, recruiting junctional components and inducing signaling pathways that control the differentiation program. However, in KC transformation and oncogenesis, increased Fyn activity has been implicated in the dissolution of adhesion structures and an increased migratory phenotype. Fyn activity is also associated with both the formation and dissolution of focal adhesions, and to a lesser extent hemidesmosomes and desmosomes. This viewpoint article aims to reconcile these disparate bodies of literature regarding Fyn's role in cell-cell and cell-matrix adhesion by proposing several alternative, testable hypotheses that unify Fyn's fractured functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E Fenton
- Molecular Biology Program, Cardinal Bernardin Cancer Center, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL, USA
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42
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Leach K, Sexton PM, Christopoulos A, Conigrave AD. Engendering biased signalling from the calcium-sensing receptor for the pharmacotherapy of diverse disorders. Br J Pharmacol 2014; 171:1142-55. [PMID: 24111791 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2013] [Revised: 08/22/2013] [Accepted: 08/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The human calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) is widely expressed in the body, where its activity is regulated by multiple orthosteric and endogenous allosteric ligands. Each ligand stabilizes a unique subset of conformational states, which enables the CaSR to couple to distinct intracellular signalling pathways depending on the extracellular milieu in which it is bathed. Differential signalling arising from distinct receptor conformations favoured by each ligand is referred to as biased signalling. The outcome of CaSR activation also depends on the cell type in which it is expressed. Thus, the same ligand may activate diverse pathways in distinct cell types. Given that the CaSR is implicated in numerous physiological and pathophysiological processes, it is an ideal target for biased ligands that could be rationally designed to selectively regulate desired signalling pathways in preferred cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Leach
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
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43
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Jiang YJ, Bikle DD. LncRNA profiling reveals new mechanism for VDR protection against skin cancer formation. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2014; 144 Pt A:87-90. [PMID: 24342142 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2013.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2013] [Revised: 11/05/2013] [Accepted: 11/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence strongly suggests a protective role of vitamin D signaling against chemical and UVR-induced skin cancer formation. However, the mechanism remains largely unknown. Recently, the emerging role of long, non-coding RNA (lncRNA) as a hallmark of cancer has become better appreciated. LncRNAs are mRNA-like transcripts ranging in length from 200 bases to 100kb lacking significant open reading frames, which are involved in a broad spectrum of tumorigenic/metastatic processes. In this study we profiled 90 well-annotated mouse lncRNAs from cultured mouse keratinocytes after deleting the vitamin D receptor (VDR) (∼90%) vs. control cells using an lncRNA array analysis. We found that several well-known oncogenes, including H19, HOTTIP and Nespas, are significantly increased (6.3-1.8-fold), whereas tumor suppressors (Kcnq1ot1, lincRNA-p21) are decreased (up to 50-70%) in VDR deleted keratinocytes. A similar pattern of lncRNA profiling is observed in the epidermis of K14 driven, tamoxifen-regulated epidermal-specific VDR null vs. wild-type control mice. Additionally there is an increase in the expression levels of other oncogenes (mHOTAIR, Malat1 and SRA) and a decrease of other tumor suppressors (Foxn2-as, Gtl2-as, H19-as). The increased expression levels of HOTTIP and H19 were further confirmed by real-time PCR analysis with individually designed primer sets. The major finding of this study is a novel mechanism for protection by VDR against skin cancer formation by maintaining the balance of oncogenic to tumor suppressing lncRNAs. In keratinocytes lacking VDR this balance is disturbed with increased expression of oncogenes and decreased expression of tumor suppressors, a mechanism that predisposes the VDR deficient mice to skin cancer formation. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled "Vitamin D Workshop".
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan J Jiang
- Endocrine Research Unit (111N), Department of Medicine, VAMC/UCSF, NCIRE, United States.
| | - Daniel D Bikle
- Endocrine Research Unit (111N), Department of Medicine, VAMC/UCSF, NCIRE, United States
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Wu CL, Wu QY, Du JJ, Zeng JY, Li TT, Xu CQ, Sun YH. Calcium-sensing receptor in the T lymphocyte enhanced the apoptosis and cytokine secretion in sepsis. Mol Immunol 2014; 63:337-42. [PMID: 25256599 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2014.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2014] [Revised: 08/27/2014] [Accepted: 08/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) is a member of the G protein-coupled receptor superfamily that existed in lymphocytes and promoted cytokine secretion. Lymphocytes are also involved in sepsis. However, the role of CaSR in lymphocytes in sepsis is unclear. In this study, we want to examine whether the CaSR in lymphocytes in sepsis is involved in the cytokine secretions and apoptosis and make clear the relationship between NF-κB and MAPK signal transduction pathways. We investigated the issues mentioned earlier using Western blotting, ELISA, and Flow Cytometry. The sepsis was remodeled by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP). We found that CaSR protein expression increased in the peripheral blood T lymphocytes in CLP rats. The calcimimetic R568 (NPS R568) promoted, whereas the calcilytic NPS 2143 attenuated, signaling pathways proteins P65 (subunit of NF-κB), ERK1/2, and JNK (one subgroup of MAPKs) phosphorylation. However, P-P38 and P-JAKs exhibit no significant changes. Furthermore, the production TNF-α and IL-4 was greater in CLP rats than in normal rats, and NPS R568 promoted secretion of these cytokines. Simultaneously, the apoptotic ratio of T cells in CLP increased, and NPS R 568 exacerbated the apoptosis degree. However, these effects could also be inhibited by U0126 or SP600125 (MAPKs pathway inhibitor) or Bay-11-7082 or (NF-κB pathway inhibitor). From these results, we can conclude that, in the sepsis, CaSR activation promoted T-cell apoptosis and the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokine TNF-α and anti-inflammatory cytokines IL-4 probably through NF-κB and partial MAPK signal transduction pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-li Wu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150086, China
| | - Qiu-yue Wu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150086, China
| | - Jing-jing Du
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150086, China
| | - Jing-ya Zeng
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150086, China
| | - Ting-ting Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Daqing Affiliated School of Harbin Medical University, Daqing 150000, China
| | - Chang-qing Xu
- Department of Pathophysiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150086, China
| | - Yi-hua Sun
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150086, China.
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Alfadda TI, Saleh AMA, Houillier P, Geibel JP. Calcium-sensing receptor 20 years later. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2014; 307:C221-31. [PMID: 24871857 PMCID: PMC4121584 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00139.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2014] [Accepted: 05/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) has played an important role as a target in the treatment of a variety of disease states over the past 20 plus years. In this review, we give an overview of the receptor at the cellular level and then provide details as to how this receptor has been targeted to modulate cellular ion transport mechanisms. As a member of the G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) family, it has a high degree of homology with a variety of other members in this class, which could explain why this receptor has been identified in so many different tissues throughout the body. This diversity of locations sets it apart from other members of the family and may explain how the receptor interacts with so many different organ systems in the body to modulate the physiology and pathophysiology. The receptor is unique in that it has two large exofacial lobes that sit in the extracellular environment and sense changes in a wide variety of environmental cues including salinity, pH, amino acid concentration, and polyamines to name just a few. It is for this reason that there has been a great deal of research associated with normal receptor physiology over the past 20 years. With the ongoing research, in more recent years a focus on the pathophysiology has emerged and the effects of receptor mutations on cellular and organ physiology have been identified. We hope that this review will enhance and update the knowledge about the importance of this receptor and stimulate future potential investigations focused around this receptor in cellular, organ, and systemic physiology and pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tariq I Alfadda
- Department of Surgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Ahmad M A Saleh
- Department of Surgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Pascal Houillier
- INSERM UMR_S1138, Paris, France; Paris Descartes University, Paris, France; Assistance Publique-Hopitaux de Paris, Hopital Europeen Georges Pompidou, Paris, France
| | - John P Geibel
- Department of Surgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut; Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut; and
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Chang MC, Chen YJ, Chang HH, Chan CP, Yeh CY, Wang YL, Cheng RH, Hahn LJ, Jeng JH. Areca nut components affect COX-2, cyclin B1/cdc25C and keratin expression, PGE2 production in keratinocyte is related to reactive oxygen species, CYP1A1, Src, EGFR and Ras signaling. PLoS One 2014; 9:e101959. [PMID: 25051199 PMCID: PMC4106785 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0101959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2014] [Accepted: 06/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Chewing of betel quid (BQ) increases the risk of oral cancer and oral submucous fibrosis (OSF), possibly by BQ-induced toxicity and induction of inflammatory response in oral mucosa. METHODS Primary gingival keratinocytes (GK cells) were exposed to areca nut (AN) components with/without inhibitors. Cytotoxicity was measured by 3-(4,5-dimethyl- thiazol- 2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. mRNA and protein expression was evaluated by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and western blotting. PGE2/PGF2α production was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. RESULTS Areca nut extract (ANE) stimulated PGE2/PGF2α production, and upregulated the expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), cytochrome P450 1A1 (CYP1A1) and hemeoxygenase-1 (HO-1), but inhibited expression of keratin 5/14, cyclinB1 and cdc25C in GK cells. ANE also activated epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), Src and Ras signaling pathways. ANE-induced COX-2, keratin 5, keratin 14 and cdc25C expression as well as PGE2 production were differentially regulated by α-naphthoflavone (a CYP 1A1/1A2 inhibitor), PD153035 (EGFR inhibitor), pp2 (Src inhibitor), and manumycin A (a Ras inhibitor). ANE-induced PGE2 production was suppressed by piper betle leaf (PBL) extract and hydroxychavicol (two major BQ components), dicoumarol (a NAD(P)H Quinone Oxidoreductase--NQO1 inhibitor) and curcumin. ANE-induced cytotoxicity was inhibited by catalase and enhanced by dicoumarol, suggesting that AN components may contribute to the pathogenesis of OSF and oral cancer via induction of aberrant differentiation, cytotoxicity, COX-2 expression, and PGE2/PGF2α production. CONCLUSIONS CYP4501A1, reactive oxygen species (ROS), EGFR, Src and Ras signaling pathways could all play a role in ANE-induced pathogenesis of oral cancer. Addition of PBL into BQ and curcumin consumption could inhibit the ANE-induced inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Chi Chang
- Team of Biomedical Science, Chang-Gung University of Science and Technology, Kwei-Shan, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Jane Chen
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Chemical Carcinogenesis, School of Dentistry and Department of Dentistry, National Taiwan University Hospital; and National Taiwan University Medical College, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsiao-Hua Chang
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Chemical Carcinogenesis, School of Dentistry and Department of Dentistry, National Taiwan University Hospital; and National Taiwan University Medical College, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chiu-Po Chan
- Department of Dentistry, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Yang Yeh
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Chemical Carcinogenesis, School of Dentistry and Department of Dentistry, National Taiwan University Hospital; and National Taiwan University Medical College, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yin-Lin Wang
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Chemical Carcinogenesis, School of Dentistry and Department of Dentistry, National Taiwan University Hospital; and National Taiwan University Medical College, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ru-Hsiu Cheng
- Team of Biomedical Science, Chang-Gung University of Science and Technology, Kwei-Shan, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Liang-Jiunn Hahn
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Chemical Carcinogenesis, School of Dentistry and Department of Dentistry, National Taiwan University Hospital; and National Taiwan University Medical College, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jiiang-Huei Jeng
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Chemical Carcinogenesis, School of Dentistry and Department of Dentistry, National Taiwan University Hospital; and National Taiwan University Medical College, Taipei, Taiwan
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Siamantouras E, Hills CE, Younis MYG, Squires PE, Liu KK. Quantitative investigation of calcimimetic R568 on beta cell adhesion and mechanics using AFM single-cell force spectroscopy. FEBS Lett 2014; 588:1178-83. [PMID: 24613916 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2014.02.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2013] [Revised: 02/14/2014] [Accepted: 02/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In this study we use a novel approach to quantitatively investigate mechanical and interfacial properties of clonal β-cells using AFM-Single Cell Force Spectroscopy (SCFS). MIN6 cells were incubated for 48 h with 0.5 mM Ca(2+) ± the calcimimetic R568 (1 μM). AFM-SCFS adhesion and indentation experiments were performed by using modified tipless cantilevers. Hertz contact model was applied to analyse force-displacement (F-d) curves for determining elastic or Young's modulus (E). Our results show CaSR-evoked increases in cell-to-cell adhesion parameters and E modulus of single cells, demonstrating that cytomechanics have profound effects on cell adhesion characterization.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Claire E Hills
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, CV4 7AL, UK
| | | | - Paul E Squires
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Kuo-Kang Liu
- School of Engineering, University of Warwick, CV4 7AL, UK.
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48
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Wnt5a/β-catenin signaling drives calcium-induced differentiation of human primary keratinocytes. J Invest Dermatol 2014; 134:2183-2191. [PMID: 24658506 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2014.149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2013] [Revised: 02/21/2014] [Accepted: 03/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
It is well established that a gradient of extracellular calcium within the epidermis regulates the differentiation of keratinocytes. However, the molecular mechanisms implicated in this process are not fully understood. RNA interference of the calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) showed that CaSR is essential in calcium-induced differentiation of normal human epidermal keratinocytes (NHEKs) by increasing the levels of free intracellular calcium, which upregulates the expression of Wnt5a but not Wnt3a, Wnt4, and Dkk-1 in the cells. Subsequently, autocrine Wnt5a promotes the differentiation of NHEKs, determined by increased biosynthesis of keratin-1 and loricrin, whereas proliferation is suppressed. Addition of both Wnt5a and calcium to NHEKs activated the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway as indicated by (i) increased stability of β-catenin in the cells, (ii) enhanced β-catenin transcriptional activity, demonstrated by a luciferase-based β-catenin-activated reporter assay, and (iii) augmented Wnt/β-catenin target gene expression. NHEKs depleted for β-catenin had a significantly reduced susceptibility to calcium-induced differentiation. Knockdown of axin 2, an antagonist of β-catenin stability, enhanced the biosynthesis of keratin-1 and loricrin in the cells. Our findings establish a directional crosstalk between CaSR and Wnt/β-catenin signaling in keratinocyte differentiation via Wnt5a that acts as an autocrine stimulus in this process.
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49
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Squires PE, Jones PM, Younis MYG, Hills CE. The calcium-sensing receptor and β-cell function. VITAMINS AND HORMONES 2014; 95:249-67. [PMID: 24559921 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-800174-5.00010-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/06/2022]
Abstract
In addition to its central role controlling systemic calcium homeostasis, the extracellular calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) can be found on multiple cell types not associated with controlling plasma calcium. The endocrine pancreas is one such tissue, and it is apparent that the receptor plays an important role in regulating β-cell function. During exocytosis, divalent cations are coreleased with insulin and their concentration within the restricted intercellular compartments of the pancreatic islet increases sufficiently to activate the CaSR on neighboring cells. Acute and chronic activation of the receptor has multiple effects on the β-cell, from increasing cadherin-based cell-cell adhesion to directly altering the expression and function of various potassium and voltage-dependent calcium channels. The promiscuous activation of multiple binding partners improves cell adhesion, cell coupling, and cell-to-cell communication within the islet and is the basis for the effect of the CaSR on β-cell function and improved glucose responsiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul E Squires
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom.
| | - Peter M Jones
- Diabetes & Nutritional Sciences Division, School of Medicine, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mustafa Y G Younis
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Claire E Hills
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
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50
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Abstract
Desmosomes anchor intermediate filaments at sites of cell contact established by the interaction of cadherins extending from opposing cells. The incorporation of cadherins, catenin adaptors, and cytoskeletal elements resembles the closely related adherens junction. However, the recruitment of intermediate filaments distinguishes desmosomes and imparts a unique function. By linking the load-bearing intermediate filaments of neighboring cells, desmosomes create mechanically contiguous cell sheets and, in so doing, confer structural integrity to the tissues they populate. This trait and a well-established role in human disease have long captured the attention of cell biologists, as evidenced by a publication record dating back to the mid-1860s. Likewise, emerging data implicating the desmosome in signaling events pertinent to organismal development, carcinogenesis, and genetic disorders will secure a prominent role for desmosomes in future biological and biomedical investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert M Harmon
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Feinberg, School of Medicine , Chicago, IL , USA
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