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Rahman ML, Bonnard AA, Wang F, Ruaud L, Guimiot F, Li Y, Defer I, Wang Y, Marchand V, Motorin Y, Yao B, Drunat S, Ghalei H. New ZNHIT3 Variants Disrupting snoRNP Assembly Cause Prenatal PEHO Syndrome with Isolated Hydrops. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2024:2024.08.26.24312490. [PMID: 39252897 PMCID: PMC11383450 DOI: 10.1101/2024.08.26.24312490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/11/2024]
Abstract
ZNHIT3 (zinc finger HIT type containing protein 3) is an evolutionarily conserved protein required for ribosome biogenesis by mediating the assembly of small nucleolar RNAs (snoRNAs) of class C/D into ribonucleoprotein complexes (snoRNPs). Missense mutations in the gene encoding ZNHIT3 protein have been previously reported to cause PEHO syndrome, a severe neurodevelopmental disorder typically presenting after birth. We discuss here the case of two fetuses from a single family who presented with isolated hydrops during the early second trimester of pregnancy, resulting in intrauterine demise. Autopsy revealed no associated malformation. Through whole-genome quartet analysis, we identified two novel variants within the ZNHIT3 gene, both inherited from healthy parents and occurring as compound heterozygotes in both fetuses. The c.40T>C p.Cys14Arg variant originated from the father, while the c.251_254delAAGA variant was of maternal origin. Analysis of the variants in human cell culture models reveals that both variants reduce cell growth, albeit to different extents, and impact the protein's stability and function in distinct ways. The c.251_254delAAGA results in production of a stable form of ZNHIT3 that lacks a domain required for mediating snoRNP biogenesis, whereas the c.40T>C p.Cys14Arg variation behaves similarly to the previously described PEHO-associated ZNHIT3 variants that destabilize the protein. Interestingly, both variations lead to a marked decrease in specific box C/D snoRNA levels, reduced rRNA levels and cellular translation. Analysis of rRNA methylation pattern in fetus samples reveals distinct sites of hypo 2'-O-methylation. RNA-seq analysis of undifferentiated and differentiated SHSY5Y cells transfected with the ZNHIT3 variants reveals differential expression of a set of genes, many of which are associated with developmental processes and RNA binding compared to cells expressing wild-type ZNHIT3. In summary, this work extends the phenotype of PEHO syndrome to include antenatal manifestations and describe the molecular defects induced by two novel ZNHIT3 variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Lutfur Rahman
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Adeline A Bonnard
- Département de Génétique, Hôpital Robert Debré, Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Paris, France
- INSERM UMR 1131, Saint-Louis Research Institute, Paris University, Paris, France
| | - Feng Wang
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Lyse Ruaud
- Département de Génétique, Hôpital Robert Debré, Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Paris, France
- INSERM UMR 1141, Paris-Cité University, NeuroDiderot, Paris, France
| | - Fabien Guimiot
- Département de Génétique, Hôpital Robert Debré, Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Paris, France
- INSERM UMR 1141, Paris-Cité University, NeuroDiderot, Paris, France
| | - Yangping Li
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Ines Defer
- Département de Génétique, Hôpital Robert Debré, Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Paris, France
- INSERM UMR 1131, Saint-Louis Research Institute, Paris University, Paris, France
| | - Yilin Wang
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Virginie Marchand
- Université de Lorraine, SMP IBSLor, Biopôle, 9 Avenue de la Forêt de Haye, Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, France
| | - Yuri Motorin
- Université de Lorraine, UMR7365 IMoPA, CNRS, Biopôle, 9 Avenue de la Forêt de Haye, Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, France
| | - Bing Yao
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Séverine Drunat
- Département de Génétique, Hôpital Robert Debré, Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Paris, France
- INSERM UMR 1141, Paris-Cité University, NeuroDiderot, Paris, France
| | - Homa Ghalei
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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Lan YZ, Wu Z, Chen WJ, Fang ZX, Yu XN, Wu HT, Liu J. Small nucleolar RNA and its potential role in the oncogenesis and development of colorectal cancer. World J Gastroenterol 2024; 30:115-127. [PMID: 38312115 PMCID: PMC10835520 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v30.i2.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Small nucleolar RNAs (snoRNAs) represent a class of non-coding RNAs that play pivotal roles in post-transcriptional RNA processing and modification, thereby contributing significantly to the maintenance of cellular functions related to protein synthesis. SnoRNAs have been discovered to possess the ability to influence cell fate and alter disease progression, holding immense potential in controlling human diseases. It is suggested that the dysregulation of snoRNAs in cancer exhibits differential expression across various cancer types, stages, metastasis, treatment response and/or prognosis in patients. On the other hand, colorectal cancer (CRC), a prevalent malignancy of the digestive system, is characterized by high incidence and mortality rates, ranking as the third most common cancer type. Recent research indicates that snoRNA dysregulation is associated with CRC, as snoRNA expression significantly differs between normal and cancerous conditions. Consequently, assessing snoRNA expression level and function holds promise for the prognosis and diagnosis of CRC. Nevertheless, current comprehension of the potential roles of snoRNAs in CRC remains limited. This review offers a comprehensive survey of the aberrant regulation of snoRNAs in CRC, providing valuable insights into the discovery of novel biomarkers, therapeutic targets, and potential tools for the diagnosis and treatment of CRC and furnishing critical cues for advancing research into CRC and the judicious selection of therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang-Zheng Lan
- The Breast Center, Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Zheng Wu
- The Breast Center, Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Wen-Jia Chen
- The Breast Center, Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Ze-Xuan Fang
- The Breast Center, Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Xin-Ning Yu
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Hua-Tao Wu
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Jing Liu
- The Breast Center, Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, Guangdong Province, China
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Sterrett MC, Cureton LA, Cohen LN, van Hoof A, Khoshnevis S, Fasken MB, Corbett AH, Ghalei H. Comparative analyses of disease-linked missense mutations in the RNA exosome modeled in budding yeast reveal distinct functional consequences in translation. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.10.18.562946. [PMID: 37904946 PMCID: PMC10614903 DOI: 10.1101/2023.10.18.562946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2023]
Abstract
The RNA exosome is an evolutionarily conserved exoribonuclease complex that consists of a 3-subunit cap, a 6-subunit barrel-shaped core, and a catalytic base subunit. Missense mutations in genes encoding structural subunits of the RNA exosome cause a growing family of diseases with diverse pathologies, collectively termed RNA exosomopathies. The disease symptoms vary and can manifest as neurological defects or developmental disorders. The diversity of the RNA exosomopathy pathologies suggests that the different missense mutations in structural genes result in distinct in vivo consequences. To investigate these functional consequences and distinguish whether they are unique to each RNA exosomopathy mutation, we generated a collection of in vivo models using budding yeast by introducing pathogenic missense mutations in orthologous S. cerevisiae genes. We then performed a comparative RNA-seq analysis to assess broad transcriptomic changes in each mutant model. Three of the mutant models rrp4-G226D, rrp40-W195R and rrp46-L191H, which model mutations in the genes encoding structural subunits of the RNA exosome, EXOSC2, EXOSC3 and EXOSC5 showed the largest transcriptomic differences. Further analyses revealed shared increased transcripts enriched in translation or ribosomal RNA modification/processing pathways across the three mutant models. Studies of the impact of the mutations on translation revealed shared defects in ribosome biogenesis but distinct impacts on translation. Collectively, our results provide the first comparative analysis of several RNA exosomopathy mutant models and suggest that different RNA exosomopathy mutations result in in vivo consequences that are both unique and shared across each variant, providing more insight into the biology underlying each distinct pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria C. Sterrett
- Department of Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Biochemistry, Cell and Developmental Biology Graduate Program, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Lauryn A. Cureton
- Genetics and Molecular Biology Graduate Program, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Lauren N. Cohen
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Ambro van Hoof
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Sohail Khoshnevis
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Milo B. Fasken
- Department of Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | | | - Homa Ghalei
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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Webster SF, Ghalei H. Maturation of small nucleolar RNAs: from production to function. RNA Biol 2023; 20:715-736. [PMID: 37796118 PMCID: PMC10557570 DOI: 10.1080/15476286.2023.2254540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Small Nucleolar RNAs (snoRNAs) are an abundant group of non-coding RNAs with well-defined roles in ribosomal RNA processing, folding and chemical modification. Besides their classic roles in ribosome biogenesis, snoRNAs are also implicated in several other cellular activities including regulation of splicing, transcription, RNA editing, cellular trafficking, and miRNA-like functions. Mature snoRNAs must undergo a series of processing steps tightly regulated by transiently associating factors and coordinated with other cellular processes including transcription and splicing. In addition to their mature forms, snoRNAs can contribute to gene expression regulation through their derivatives and degradation products. Here, we review the current knowledge on mechanisms of snoRNA maturation, including the different pathways of processing, and the regulatory mechanisms that control snoRNA levels and complex assembly. We also discuss the significance of studying snoRNA maturation, highlight the gaps in the current knowledge and suggest directions for future research in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah F. Webster
- Biochemistry, Cell, and Developmental Biology Graduate Program, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Homa Ghalei
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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Yu Y, Wang Y, Yao Z, Wang Z, Xia Z, Lee J. Comprehensive Survey of ChIP-Seq Datasets to Identify Candidate Iron Homeostasis Genes Regulated by Chromatin Modifications. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2665:95-111. [PMID: 37166596 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3183-6_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Vital biochemical reactions including photosynthesis to respiration require iron, which should be tightly regulated. Although increasing evidence reveals the importance of epigenetic regulation in gene expression and signaling, the role of histone modifications and chromatin remodeling in plant iron homeostasis is not well understood. In this study, we surveyed publicly available ChIP-seq datasets of Arabidopsis wild-type and mutants defective in key enzymes of histone modification and chromatin remodeling and compared the deposition of epigenetic marks on loci of genes involved in iron regulation. Based on the analysis, we compiled a comprehensive list of iron homeostasis genes with differential enrichment of various histone modifications. This report will provide a resource for future studies to investigate epigenetic regulatory mechanisms of iron homeostasis in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yu
- Division of Natural and Applied Sciences, Duke Kunshan University, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yuxin Wang
- Division of Natural and Applied Sciences, Duke Kunshan University, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhujun Yao
- Division of Natural and Applied Sciences, Duke Kunshan University, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ziqin Wang
- Division of Natural and Applied Sciences, Duke Kunshan University, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zijun Xia
- Division of Natural and Applied Sciences, Duke Kunshan University, Jiangsu, China
| | - Joohyun Lee
- Division of Natural and Applied Sciences, Duke Kunshan University, Jiangsu, China.
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Dreggors-Walker RE, Cohen LN, Khoshnevis S, Marchand V, Motorin Y, Ghalei H. Studies of mutations of assembly factor Hit 1 in budding yeast suggest translation defects as the molecular basis for PEHO syndrome. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:102261. [PMID: 35843310 PMCID: PMC9418376 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.102261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Revised: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulation of protein synthesis is critical for control of gene expression in all cells. Ribosomes are ribonucleoprotein machines responsible for translating cellular proteins. Defects in ribosome production, function, or regulation are detrimental to the cell and cause human diseases, such as progressive encephalopathy with edema, hypsarrhythmia, and optic atrophy (PEHO) syndrome. PEHO syndrome is a devastating neurodevelopmental disorder caused by mutations in the ZNHIT3 gene, which encodes an evolutionarily conserved nuclear protein. The precise mechanisms by which ZNHIT3 mutations lead to PEHO syndrome are currently unclear. Studies of the human zinc finger HIT-type containing protein 3 homolog in budding yeast (Hit1) revealed that this protein is critical for formation of small nucleolar ribonucleoprotein complexes that are required for rRNA processing and 2′-O-methylation. Here, we use budding yeast as a model system to reveal the basis for the molecular pathogenesis of PEHO syndrome. We show that missense mutations modeling those found in PEHO syndrome patients cause a decrease in steady-state Hit1 protein levels, a significant reduction of box C/D snoRNA levels, and subsequent defects in rRNA processing and altered cellular translation. Using RiboMethSeq analysis of rRNAs isolated from actively translating ribosomes, we reveal site-specific changes in the rRNA modification pattern of PEHO syndrome mutant yeast cells. Our data suggest that PEHO syndrome is a ribosomopathy and reveal potential new aspects of the molecular basis of this disease in translation dysregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Elizabeth Dreggors-Walker
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA; Graduate Program in Biochemistry, Cell and Developmental Biology (BCDB), Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
| | - Lauren N Cohen
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
| | - Sohail Khoshnevis
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
| | - Virginie Marchand
- Université de Lorraine, UAR2008/US40 IBSLor, CNRS-INSERM, Biopôle, 9 Avenue de la Forêt de Haye, 54505 Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, France
| | - Yuri Motorin
- Université de Lorraine, UMR7365 IMoPA, CNRS- Biopôle, 9 Avenue de la Forêt de Haye, 54505 Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, France
| | - Homa Ghalei
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA.
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Ribosomal RNA 2'- O-methylations regulate translation by impacting ribosome dynamics. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2117334119. [PMID: 35294285 PMCID: PMC8944910 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2117334119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
SignificanceThe presence of RNA chemical modifications has long been known, but their precise molecular consequences remain unknown. 2'-O-methylation is an abundant modification that exists in RNA in all domains of life. Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) represents a functionally important RNA that is heavily modified by 2'-O-methylations. Although abundant at functionally important regions of the rRNA, the contribution of 2'-O-methylations to ribosome activities is unknown. By establishing a method to disturb rRNA 2'-O-methylation patterns, we show that rRNA 2'-O-methylations affect the function and fidelity of the ribosome and change the balance between different ribosome conformational states. Our work links 2'-O-methylation to ribosome dynamics and defines a set of critical rRNA 2'-O-methylations required for ribosome biogenesis and others that are dispensable.
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Georgeson J, Schwartz S. The ribosome epitranscriptome: inert-or a platform for functional plasticity? RNA (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2021; 27:1293-1301. [PMID: 34312287 PMCID: PMC8522695 DOI: 10.1261/rna.078859.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
A universal property of all rRNAs explored to date is the prevalence of post-transcriptional ("epitranscriptional") modifications, which expand the chemical and topological properties of the four standard nucleosides. Are these modifications an inert, constitutive part of the ribosome? Or could they, in part, also regulate the structure or function of the ribosome? In this review, we summarize emerging evidence that rRNA modifications are more heterogeneous than previously thought, and that they can also vary from one condition to another, such as in the context of a cellular response or a developmental trajectory. We discuss the implications of these results and key open questions on the path toward connecting such heterogeneity with function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Georgeson
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Schraga Schwartz
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
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Baldini L, Charpentier B, Labialle S. Emerging Data on the Diversity of Molecular Mechanisms Involving C/D snoRNAs. Noncoding RNA 2021; 7:ncrna7020030. [PMID: 34066559 PMCID: PMC8162545 DOI: 10.3390/ncrna7020030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Revised: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Box C/D small nucleolar RNAs (C/D snoRNAs) represent an ancient family of small non-coding RNAs that are classically viewed as housekeeping guides for the 2′-O-methylation of ribosomal RNA in Archaea and Eukaryotes. However, an extensive set of studies now argues that they are involved in mechanisms that go well beyond this function. Here, we present these pieces of evidence in light of the current comprehension of the molecular mechanisms that control C/D snoRNA expression and function. From this inventory emerges that an accurate description of these activities at a molecular level is required to let the snoRNA field enter in a second age of maturity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bruno Charpentier
- Correspondence: (B.C.); (S.L.); Tel.: +33-3-72-74-66-27 (B.C.); +33-3-72-74-66-51 (S.L.)
| | - Stéphane Labialle
- Correspondence: (B.C.); (S.L.); Tel.: +33-3-72-74-66-27 (B.C.); +33-3-72-74-66-51 (S.L.)
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The box C/D snoRNP assembly factor Bcd1 interacts with the histone chaperone Rtt106 and controls its transcription dependent activity. Nat Commun 2021; 12:1859. [PMID: 33767140 PMCID: PMC7994586 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-22077-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Biogenesis of eukaryotic box C/D small nucleolar ribonucleoproteins initiates co-transcriptionally and requires the action of the assembly machinery including the Hsp90/R2TP complex, the Rsa1p:Hit1p heterodimer and the Bcd1 protein. We present genetic interactions between the Rsa1p-encoding gene and genes involved in chromatin organization including RTT106 that codes for the H3-H4 histone chaperone Rtt106p controlling H3K56ac deposition. We show that Bcd1p binds Rtt106p and controls its transcription-dependent recruitment by reducing its association with RNA polymerase II, modulating H3K56ac levels at gene body. We reveal the 3D structures of the free and Rtt106p-bound forms of Bcd1p using nuclear magnetic resonance and X-ray crystallography. The interaction is also studied by a combination of biophysical and proteomic techniques. Bcd1p interacts with a region that is distinct from the interaction interface between the histone chaperone and histone H3. Our results are evidence for a protein interaction interface for Rtt106p that controls its transcription-associated activity. Biogenesis of small nucleolar RNAs ribonucleoproteins (snoRNPs) requires dedicated assembly machinery. Here, the authors show that a subset of snoRNP assembly factors interacts, genetically or directly, with factors modulating chromatin architecture, suggesting a link between ribosome formation and chromatin functions.
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Dsouza VL, Adiga D, Sriharikrishnaa S, Suresh PS, Chatterjee A, Kabekkodu SP. Small nucleolar RNA and its potential role in breast cancer - A comprehensive review. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2021; 1875:188501. [PMID: 33400969 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2020.188501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Small Nucleolar RNAs (snoRNAs) are known for their canonical functions, including ribosome biogenesis and RNA modification. snoRNAs act as endogenous sponges that regulate miRNA expression. Thus, precise snoRNA expression is critical for fine-tuning miRNA expression. snoRNAs processed into miRNA-like sequences play a crucial role in regulating the expression of protein-coding genes similar to that of miRNAs. Recent studies have linked snoRNA deregulation to breast cancer (BC). Inappropriate snoRNA expression contributes to BC pathology by facilitating breast cells to acquire cancer hallmarks. Since snoRNAs show significant differential expression in normal and cancer conditions, measuring snoRNA levels could be useful for BC prognosis and diagnosis. The present article provides a comprehensive overview of the role of snoRNAs in breast cancer pathology. More specifically, we have discussed the regulation, biological function, signaling pathways, and clinical utility of abnormally expressed snoRNAs in BC. Besides, we have also discussed the role of snoRNA host genes in breast tumorigenesis and emerging and future research directions in the field of snoRNA and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Venzil Lavie Dsouza
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Manipal School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, Karnataka, India
| | - Divya Adiga
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Manipal School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, Karnataka, India
| | - S Sriharikrishnaa
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Manipal School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, Karnataka, India
| | - Padmanaban S Suresh
- School of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology, Calicut, Kerala 673601, India
| | - Aniruddha Chatterjee
- Department of Pathology, Otago Medical School, Dunedin Campus, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Shama Prasada Kabekkodu
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Manipal School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, Karnataka, India.
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