1
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Cong Z, Zhao F, Li Y, Luo G, Mai Y, Chen X, Chen Y, Lin S, Cai X, Zhou Q, Yang D, Wang MW. Molecular features of the ligand-free GLP-1R, GCGR and GIPR in complex with G s proteins. Cell Discov 2024; 10:18. [PMID: 38346960 PMCID: PMC10861504 DOI: 10.1038/s41421-024-00649-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Class B1 G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are important regulators of many physiological functions such as glucose homeostasis, which is mainly mediated by three peptide hormones, i.e., glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), glucagon (GCG), and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP). They trigger a cascade of signaling events leading to the formation of an active agonist-receptor-G protein complex. However, intracellular signal transducers can also activate the receptor independent of extracellular stimuli, suggesting an intrinsic role of G proteins in this process. Here, we report cryo-electron microscopy structures of the human GLP-1 receptor (GLP-1R), GCG receptor (GCGR), and GIP receptor (GIPR) in complex with Gs proteins without the presence of cognate ligands. These ligand-free complexes share a similar intracellular architecture to those bound by endogenous peptides, in which, the Gs protein alone directly opens the intracellular binding cavity and rewires the extracellular orthosteric pocket to stabilize the receptor in a state unseen before. While the peptide-binding site is partially occupied by the inward folded transmembrane helix 6 (TM6)-extracellular loop 3 (ECL3) juncture of GIPR or a segment of GCGR ECL2, the extracellular portion of GLP-1R adopts a conformation close to the active state. Our findings offer valuable insights into the distinct activation mechanisms of these three important receptors. It is possible that in the absence of a ligand, the intracellular half of transmembrane domain is mobilized with the help of Gs protein, which in turn rearranges the extracellular half to form a transitional conformation, facilitating the entry of the peptide N-terminus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaotong Cong
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Fenghui Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- The National Center for Drug Screening, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yang Li
- Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Gan Luo
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yiting Mai
- Research Center for Deepsea Bioresources, Sanya, Hainan, China
| | - Xianyue Chen
- Research Center for Deepsea Bioresources, Sanya, Hainan, China
| | - Yanyan Chen
- Research Center for Deepsea Bioresources, Sanya, Hainan, China
| | - Shi Lin
- Research Center for Deepsea Bioresources, Sanya, Hainan, China
| | - Xiaoqing Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- The National Center for Drug Screening, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Qingtong Zhou
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
- Research Center for Deepsea Bioresources, Sanya, Hainan, China.
| | - Dehua Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.
- The National Center for Drug Screening, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.
- Research Center for Deepsea Bioresources, Sanya, Hainan, China.
| | - Ming-Wei Wang
- Research Center for Deepsea Bioresources, Sanya, Hainan, China.
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
- School of Pharmacy, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan, China.
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2
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Gibadullin R, Kim TW, Tran LML, Gellman SH. Hormone Analogues with Unique Signaling Profiles from Replacement of α-Residue Triads with β/γ Diads. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:20539-20550. [PMID: 37697685 PMCID: PMC10588032 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c06703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/13/2023]
Abstract
We have applied an underexplored backbone modification strategy to generate new analogues of peptides that activate two clinically important class B1 G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). Most peptide modification strategies involve changing side chains or, less commonly, changing the configuration at side chain-bearing carbons (i.e., l residues replaced by d residues). In contrast, backbone modifications alter the number of backbone atoms and the identities of backbone atoms relative to a poly-α-amino acid backbone. Starting from the peptide agonists PTH(1-34) (the first 34 residues of the parathyroid hormone, used clinically as the drug teriparatide) and glucagon-like peptide-1 (7-36) (GLP-1(7-36)), we replaced native α-residue triads with a diad composed of a β-amino acid residue and a γ-amino acid residue. The β/γ diad retains the number of backbone atoms in the ααα triad. Because the β and γ residue each bear a single side chain, we implemented ααα→βγ replacements at sites that contained a Gly residue (i.e., at α-residue triads that presented only two side chains). All seven of the α/β/γ-peptides derived from PTH(1-34) or GLP-1(7-36) bind to the cognate receptor (the PTHR1 or the GLP-1R), but they vary considerably in their activity profiles. Outcomes include functional mimicry of the all-α agonist, receptor-selective agonist activity, biased agonism, or strong binding with weak activation, which could lead to antagonist development. Collectively, these findings demonstrate that ααα→βγ replacements, which are easily implemented via solid-phase synthesis, can generate peptide hormone analogues that display unique and potentially useful signaling behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruslan Gibadullin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
- Present address: Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Tae Wook Kim
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Lauren My-Linh Tran
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Samuel H. Gellman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
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3
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Li Y, Zhou Q, Dai A, Zhao F, Chang R, Ying T, Wu B, Yang D, Wang MW, Cong Z. Structural analysis of the dual agonism at GLP-1R and GCGR. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2303696120. [PMID: 37549266 PMCID: PMC10438375 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2303696120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R) and glucagon receptor (GCGR), two members of class B1 G protein-coupled receptors, play important roles in glucose homeostasis and energy metabolism. They share a high degree of sequence homology but have different functionalities. Unimolecular dual agonists of both receptors developed recently displayed better clinical efficacies than that of monotherapy. To study the underlying molecular mechanisms, we determined high-resolution cryo-electron microscopy structures of GLP-1R or GCGR in complex with heterotrimeric Gs protein and three GLP-1R/GCGR dual agonists including peptide 15, MEDI0382 (cotadutide) and SAR425899 with variable activating profiles at GLP-1R versus GCGR. Compared with related structures reported previously and supported by our published pharmacological data, key residues responsible for ligand recognition and dual agonism were identified. Analyses of peptide conformational features revealed a difference in side chain orientations within the first three residues, indicating that distinct engagements in the deep binding pocket are required to achieve receptor selectivity. The middle region recognizes extracellular loop 1 (ECL1), ECL2, and the top of transmembrane helix 1 (TM1) resulting in specific conformational changes of both ligand and receptor, especially the dual agonists reshaped ECL1 conformation of GLP-1R relative to that of GCGR, suggesting an important role of ECL1 interaction in executing dual agonism. Structural investigation of lipid modification showed a better interaction between lipid moiety of MEDI0382 and TM1-TM2 cleft, in line with its increased potency at GCGR than SAR425899. Together, the results provide insightful information for the design and development of improved therapeutics targeting these two receptors simultaneously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Li
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai200032, China
| | - Qingtong Zhou
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai200032, China
| | - Antao Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai201203, China
- The National Center for Drug Screening, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai201203, China
| | - Fenghui Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai201203, China
- The National Center for Drug Screening, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai201203, China
| | - Rulue Chang
- School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai201203, China
| | - Tianlei Ying
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai200032, China
| | - Beili Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai201203, China
| | - Dehua Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai201203, China
- The National Center for Drug Screening, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai201203, China
- Research Center for Deepsea Bioresources, Sanya, Hainan572025, China
| | - Ming-Wei Wang
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai200032, China
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai200032, China
- Research Center for Deepsea Bioresources, Sanya, Hainan572025, China
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo113-0033, Japan
- School of Pharmacy, Hainan Medical College, Haikou570228, China
| | - Zhaotong Cong
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai200032, China
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4
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Gibadullin R, Cary BP, Gellman SH. Differential Responses of the GLP-1 and GLP-2 Receptors to N-Terminal Modification of a Dual Agonist. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:12105-12114. [PMID: 37235770 PMCID: PMC10335629 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c01628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Class B1 G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), collectively, respond to a diverse repertoire of extracellular polypeptide agonists and transmit the encoded messages to cytosolic partners. To fulfill these tasks, these highly mobile receptors must interconvert among conformational states in response to agonists. We recently showed that conformational mobility in polypeptide agonists themselves plays a role in activation of one class B1 GPCR, the receptor for glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1). Exchange between helical and nonhelical conformations near the N-termini of agonists bound to the GLP-1R was revealed to be critical for receptor activation. Here, we ask whether agonist conformational mobility plays a role in the activation of a related receptor, the GLP-2R. Using variants of the hormone GLP-2 and the designed clinical agonist glepaglutide (GLE), we find that the GLP-2R is quite tolerant of variations in α-helical propensity near the agonist N-terminus, which contrasts with signaling at the GLP-1R. A fully α-helical conformation of the bound agonist may be sufficient for GLP-2R signal transduction. GLE is a GLP-2R/GLP-1R dual agonist, and the GLE system therefore enables direct comparison of the responses of these two GPCRs to a single set of agonist variants. This comparison supports the conclusion that the GLP-1R and GLP-2R differ in their response to variations in helical propensity near the agonist N-terminus. The data offer a basis for development of new hormone analogues with distinctive and potentially useful activity profiles; for example, one of the GLE analogues is a potent agonist of the GLP-2R but also a potent antagonist of the GLP-1R, a novel form of polypharmacology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruslan Gibadullin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
- Present address: Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Brian P. Cary
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
- Present address: Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Samuel H. Gellman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
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5
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Darbalaei S, Chang RL, Zhou QT, Chen Y, Dai AT, Wang MW, Yang DH. Effects of site-directed mutagenesis of GLP-1 and glucagon receptors on signal transduction activated by dual and triple agonists. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2023; 44:421-433. [PMID: 35953646 PMCID: PMC9889767 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-022-00962-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The paradigm of one drug against multiple targets, known as unimolecular polypharmacology, offers the potential to improve efficacy while overcoming some adverse events associated with the treatment. This approach is best exemplified by targeting two or three class B1 G protein-coupled receptors, namely, glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R), glucagon receptor (GCGR) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide receptor for treatment of type 2 diabetes and obesity. Some of the dual and triple agonists have already shown initial successes in clinical trials, although the molecular mechanisms underlying their multiplexed pharmacology remain elusive. In this study we employed structure-based site-directed mutagenesis together with pharmacological assays to compare agonist efficacy across two key signaling pathways, cAMP accumulation and ERK1/2 phosphorylation (pERK1/2). Three dual agonists (peptide 15, MEDI0382 and SAR425899) and one triple agonist (peptide 20) were evaluated at GLP-1R and GCGR, relative to the native peptidic ligands (GLP-1 and glucagon). Our results reveal the existence of residue networks crucial for unimolecular agonist-mediated receptor activation and their distinct signaling patterns, which might be useful to the rational design of biased drug leads.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanaz Darbalaei
- The National Center for Drug Screening and CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai, 201203, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Ru-Lue Chang
- School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Qing-Tong Zhou
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Yan Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - An-Tao Dai
- The National Center for Drug Screening and CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Ming-Wei Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201203, China.
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
- Research Center for Deepsea Bioresources, Sanya, 572025, China.
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan.
| | - De-Hua Yang
- The National Center for Drug Screening and CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai, 201203, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
- Research Center for Deepsea Bioresources, Sanya, 572025, China.
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6
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Shi Y, Chen Y, Deng L, Du K, Lu S, Chen T. Structural Understanding of Peptide-Bound G Protein-Coupled Receptors: Peptide-Target Interactions. J Med Chem 2023; 66:1083-1111. [PMID: 36625741 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c01309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The activation of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) is triggered by ligand binding to their orthosteric sites, which induces ligand-specific conformational changes. Agonists and antagonists bound to GPCR orthosteric sites provide detailed information on ligand-binding modes. Among these, peptide ligands play an instrumental role in GPCR pharmacology and have attracted increased attention as therapeutic drugs. The recent breakthrough in GPCR structural biology has resulted in the remarkable availability of peptide-bound GPCR complexes. Despite the several structural similarities shared by these receptors, they exhibit distinct features in terms of peptide recognition and receptor activation. From this perspective, we have summarized the current status of peptide-bound GPCR structural complexes, largely focusing on the interactions between the receptor and its peptide ligand at the orthosteric site. In-depth structural investigations have yielded valuable insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying peptide recognition. This study would contribute to the discovery of GPCR peptide drugs with improved therapeutic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxin Shi
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing 312000, China.,Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Yi Chen
- Department of Ultrasound Interventional, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Navy Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Liping Deng
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing 312000, China
| | - Kui Du
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing 312000, China
| | - Shaoyong Lu
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China.,Institute of Energy Metabolism and Health, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, China.,College of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region 750004, China
| | - Ting Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Changzheng Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200003, China
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7
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Kjølbye LR, Sørensen L, Yan J, Berglund NA, Ferkinghoff-Borg J, Robinson CV, Schiøtt B. Lipid Modulation of a Class B GPCR: Elucidating the Modulatory Role of PI(4,5)P 2 Lipids. J Chem Inf Model 2022; 62:6788-6802. [PMID: 36036575 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.2c00635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PI(4,5)P2) lipids have been shown to stabilize an active conformation of class A G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) through a conserved binding site, not present in class B GPCRs. For class B GPCRs, previous molecular dynamics (MD) simulation studies have shown PI(4,5)P2 interacting with the Glucagon receptor (GCGR), which constitutes an important target for diabetes and obesity therapeutics. In this work, we applied MD simulations supported by native mass spectrometry (nMS) to study lipid interactions with GCGR. We demonstrate how tail composition plays a role in modulating the binding of PI(4,5)P2 lipids to GCGR. Specifically, we find the PI(4,5)P2 lipids to have a higher affinity toward the inactive conformation of GCGR. Interestingly, we find that in contrast to class A GPCRs, PI(4,5)P2 appear to stabilize the inactive conformation of GCGR through a binding site conserved across class B GPCRs but absent in class A GPCRs. This suggests differences in the regulatory function of PI(4,5)P2 between class A and class B GPCRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisbeth R Kjølbye
- Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.,Novo Nordisk A/S, Novo Nordisk Park 1, 2760 Måløv, Denmark
| | - Lars Sørensen
- Novo Nordisk A/S, Novo Nordisk Park 1, 2760 Måløv, Denmark
| | - Jun Yan
- Novo Nordisk A/S, Novo Nordisk Park 1, 2760 Måløv, Denmark
| | - Nils A Berglund
- Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | | | - Carol V Robinson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QZ, United Kingdom
| | - Birgit Schiøtt
- Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.,Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center, Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds vej 14, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
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8
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Cary BP, Zhang X, Cao J, Johnson RM, Piper SJ, Gerrard EJ, Wootten D, Sexton PM. New insights into the structure and function of class B1 GPCRs. Endocr Rev 2022; 44:492-517. [PMID: 36546772 PMCID: PMC10166269 DOI: 10.1210/endrev/bnac033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are the largest family of cell surface receptors. Class B1 GPCRs constitute a subfamily of 15 receptors that characteristically contain large extracellular domains (ECDs) and respond to long polypeptide hormones. Class B1 GPCRs are critical regulators of homeostasis, and as such, many are important drug targets. While most transmembrane proteins, including GPCRs, are recalcitrant to crystallization, recent advances in electron cryo-microscopy (cryo-EM) have facilitated a rapid expansion of the structural understanding of membrane proteins. As a testament to this success, structures for all the class B1 receptors bound to G proteins have been determined by cryo-EM in the past five years. Further advances in cryo-EM have uncovered dynamics of these receptors, ligands, and signalling partners. Here, we examine the recent structural underpinnings of the class B1 GPCRs with an emphasis on structure-function relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian P Cary
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia.,ARC Centre for Cryo-electron Microscopy of Membrane Proteins, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - Xin Zhang
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia.,ARC Centre for Cryo-electron Microscopy of Membrane Proteins, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - Jianjun Cao
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia.,ARC Centre for Cryo-electron Microscopy of Membrane Proteins, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - Rachel M Johnson
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia.,ARC Centre for Cryo-electron Microscopy of Membrane Proteins, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - Sarah J Piper
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia.,ARC Centre for Cryo-electron Microscopy of Membrane Proteins, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - Elliot J Gerrard
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia.,ARC Centre for Cryo-electron Microscopy of Membrane Proteins, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - Denise Wootten
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia.,ARC Centre for Cryo-electron Microscopy of Membrane Proteins, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - Patrick M Sexton
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia.,ARC Centre for Cryo-electron Microscopy of Membrane Proteins, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
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9
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Li M, Bao Y, Xu R, Li M, Xi L, Guo J. Understanding the Allosteric Modulation of PTH1R by a Negative Allosteric Modulator. Cells 2022; 12:cells12010041. [PMID: 36611834 PMCID: PMC9818451 DOI: 10.3390/cells12010041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The parathyroid hormone type 1 receptor (PTH1R) acts as a canonical class B G protein-coupled receptor, regulating crucial functions including calcium homeostasis and bone formation. The identification and development of PTH1R non-peptide allosteric modulators have obtained widespread attention. It has been found that a negative allosteric modulator (NAM) could inhibit the activation of PTH1R, but the implied mechanism remains unclear. Herein, extensive molecular dynamics simulations together with multiple analytical approaches are utilized to unravel the mechanism of PTH1R allosteric inhibition. The results suggest that the binding of NAM destabilizes the structure of the PTH1R-PTH-spep/qpep (the C terminus of Gs/Gq proteins) complexes. Moreover, the presence of NAM weakens the binding of PTH/peps (spep and qpep) and PTH1R. The intra- and inter-molecular couplings are also weakened in PTH1R upon NAM binding. Interestingly, compared with our previous study of the positive allosteric effects induced by extracellular Ca2+, the enhanced correlation between the PTH and G-protein binding sites is significantly reduced by the replacement of this negative allosteric regulator. Our findings might contribute to the development of new therapeutic agents for diseases caused by the abnormal activation of PTH1R.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengrong Li
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yiqiong Bao
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Ran Xu
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Miaomiao Li
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Lili Xi
- Office of Institution of Drug Clinical Trial, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Jingjing Guo
- Centre in Artificial Intelligence Driven Drug Discovery, Faculty of Applied Science, Macao Polytechnic University, Macao 999078, China
- Engineering Research Centre of Applied Technology on Machine Translation and Artificial Intelligence, Macao Polytechnic University, Macao 999078, China
- Correspondence:
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10
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Lu J, Piper SJ, Zhao P, Miller LJ, Wootten D, Sexton PM. Targeting VIP and PACAP Receptor Signaling: New Insights into Designing Drugs for the PACAP Subfamily of Receptors. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:8069. [PMID: 35897648 PMCID: PMC9331257 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23158069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Peptide (PACAP) and Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide (VIP) are neuropeptides involved in a diverse array of physiological and pathological processes through activating the PACAP subfamily of class B1 G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs): VIP receptor 1 (VPAC1R), VIP receptor 2 (VPAC2R), and PACAP type I receptor (PAC1R). VIP and PACAP share nearly 70% amino acid sequence identity, while their receptors PAC1R, VPAC1R, and VPAC2R share 60% homology in the transmembrane regions of the receptor. PACAP binds with high affinity to all three receptors, while VIP binds with high affinity to VPAC1R and VPAC2R, and has a thousand-fold lower affinity for PAC1R compared to PACAP. Due to the wide distribution of VIP and PACAP receptors in the body, potential therapeutic applications of drugs targeting these receptors, as well as expected undesired side effects, are numerous. Designing selective therapeutics targeting these receptors remains challenging due to their structural similarities. This review discusses recent discoveries on the molecular mechanisms involved in the selectivity and signaling of the PACAP subfamily of receptors, and future considerations for therapeutic targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Lu
- Drug Discovery Biology, Australian Research Council Centre for Cryo-Electron Microscopy of Membrane Proteins, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Sarah J Piper
- Drug Discovery Biology, Australian Research Council Centre for Cryo-Electron Microscopy of Membrane Proteins, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Peishen Zhao
- Drug Discovery Biology, Australian Research Council Centre for Cryo-Electron Microscopy of Membrane Proteins, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Laurence J Miller
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ 85259, USA
| | - Denise Wootten
- Drug Discovery Biology, Australian Research Council Centre for Cryo-Electron Microscopy of Membrane Proteins, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Patrick M Sexton
- Drug Discovery Biology, Australian Research Council Centre for Cryo-Electron Microscopy of Membrane Proteins, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
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11
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Li M, Bao Y, Xu R, La H, Guo J. Critical Extracellular Ca 2+ Dependence of the Binding between PTH1R and a G-Protein Peptide Revealed by MD Simulations. ACS Chem Neurosci 2022; 13:1666-1674. [PMID: 35543321 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.2c00176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The parathyroid hormone type 1 receptor (PTH1R), a canonical class B GPCR, is regulated by a positive allosteric modulator, extracellular Ca2+. Calcium ions prolong the residence time of PTH on the PTH1R, leading to increased receptor activation and duration of cAMP signaling. But the essential mechanism of the allosteric behavior of PTH1R is not fully understood. Here, extensive molecular dynamics (MD) simulations are performed for the PTH1R-G-protein combinations with and without Ca2+ to describe how calcium ions allosterically engage receptor-G-protein coupling. We find that the binding of Ca2+ stabilizes the conformation of the PTH1R-PTH-spep (the α5 helix of Gs protein) complex, especially the extracellular loop 1 (ECL1). Moreover, the MM-GBSA result indicates that Ca2+ allosterically promotes the interaction between PTH1R and spep, consistent with the observation of steered molecular dynamics (SMD) simulations. We further illuminate the possible allosteric signaling pathway from the stable Ca2+-coupling site to the intracellular G-protein binding site. These results unveil structural determinants for Ca2+ allosterism in the PTH1R-PTH-spep complex and give insights into pluridimensional GPCR signaling regulated by calcium ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengrong Li
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yiqiong Bao
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Ran Xu
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Honggui La
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Jingjing Guo
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- Engineering Research Centre of Applied Technology on Machine Translation and Artificial Intelligence, Faculty of Applied Science, Macao Polytechnic University, Macao 999078, China
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12
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Zhao F, Zhou Q, Cong Z, Hang K, Zou X, Zhang C, Chen Y, Dai A, Liang A, Ming Q, Wang M, Chen LN, Xu P, Chang R, Feng W, Xia T, Zhang Y, Wu B, Yang D, Zhao L, Xu HE, Wang MW. Structural insights into multiplexed pharmacological actions of tirzepatide and peptide 20 at the GIP, GLP-1 or glucagon receptors. Nat Commun 2022; 13:1057. [PMID: 35217653 PMCID: PMC8881610 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-28683-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucose homeostasis, regulated by glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP), glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and glucagon (GCG) is critical to human health. Several multi-targeting agonists at GIPR, GLP-1R or GCGR, developed to maximize metabolic benefits with reduced side-effects, are in clinical trials to treat type 2 diabetes and obesity. To elucidate the molecular mechanisms by which tirzepatide, a GIPR/GLP-1R dual agonist, and peptide 20, a GIPR/GLP-1R/GCGR triagonist, manifest their multiplexed pharmacological actions over monoagonists such as semaglutide, we determine cryo-electron microscopy structures of tirzepatide-bound GIPR and GLP-1R as well as peptide 20-bound GIPR, GLP-1R and GCGR. The structures reveal both common and unique features for the dual and triple agonism by illustrating key interactions of clinical relevance at the near-atomic level. Retention of glucagon function is required to achieve such an advantage over GLP-1 monotherapy. Our findings provide valuable insights into the structural basis of functional versatility of tirzepatide and peptide 20. Multi-targeting agonists at GIPR, GLP-1R or GCGR are pursued vigorously. Here, the authors report cryo-EM structures of tirzepatide-bound GIPR and GLP-1R, peptide 20-bound GIPR, GLP-1R and GCGR, revealing the molecular basis of their multiplexed pharmacological actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fenghui Zhao
- School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,The CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Qingtong Zhou
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhaotong Cong
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Kaini Hang
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xinyu Zou
- School of Artificial Intelligence and Automation, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Chao Zhang
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Antao Dai
- The National Center for Drug Screening, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Anyi Liang
- School of Artificial Intelligence and Automation, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Qianqian Ming
- Department of Biophysics and Department of Pathology of Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Mu Wang
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Li-Nan Chen
- Department of Biophysics and Department of Pathology of Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Peiyu Xu
- The CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Rulve Chang
- School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenbo Feng
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Tian Xia
- School of Artificial Intelligence and Automation, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Biophysics and Department of Pathology of Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Beili Wu
- The CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Dehua Yang
- The CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China. .,The National Center for Drug Screening, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China. .,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China. .,Research Center for Deepsea Bioresources, Sanya, Hainan, China.
| | - Lihua Zhao
- The CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China. .,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
| | - H Eric Xu
- The CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China. .,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
| | - Ming-Wei Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China. .,The CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China. .,Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China. .,School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China. .,The National Center for Drug Screening, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China. .,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China. .,Research Center for Deepsea Bioresources, Sanya, Hainan, China.
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13
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Dynamics of GLP-1R peptide agonist engagement are correlated with kinetics of G protein activation. Nat Commun 2022; 13:92. [PMID: 35013280 PMCID: PMC8748714 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-27760-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R) has broad physiological roles and is a validated target for treatment of metabolic disorders. Despite recent advances in GLP-1R structure elucidation, detailed mechanistic understanding of how different peptides generate profound differences in G protein-mediated signalling is still lacking. Here we combine cryo-electron microscopy, molecular dynamics simulations, receptor mutagenesis and pharmacological assays, to interrogate the mechanism and consequences of GLP-1R binding to four peptide agonists; glucagon-like peptide-1, oxyntomodulin, exendin-4 and exendin-P5. These data reveal that distinctions in peptide N-terminal interactions and dynamics with the GLP-1R transmembrane domain are reciprocally associated with differences in the allosteric coupling to G proteins. In particular, transient interactions with residues at the base of the binding cavity correlate with enhanced kinetics for G protein activation, providing a rationale for differences in G protein-mediated signalling efficacy from distinct agonists. The glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R) can be targeted in the treatment of diabetes, obesity and other metabolic disorders. Here, the authors assess the molecular mechanisms of peptide agonists binding to GLP-1R and the responses elucidated by these ligands, including distinct kinetics of G protein activation.
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14
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Spezani R, Mandarim-de-Lacerda CA. The current significance and prospects for the use of dual receptor agonism GLP-1/Glucagon. Life Sci 2022; 288:120188. [PMID: 34861287 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2021.120188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The therapeutic arsenal for treating type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) has been enriched recently with the inclusion of type 1 glucagon-like peptide (GLP-1). GLP-1 receptor agonists (RA) secondarily reduce appetite, decrease gastric emptying, and reduce body weight. This effect has been used to treat overweight/obesity, especially with comorbidities associated with T2DM. However, the first formulations and adverse effects gradually gave way to new formulations with fewer unpleasant effects and a more extended period of action (weekly subcutaneous administration and even oral administration), which improved the acceptance and adherence to the treatment. Therefore, titration of GLP-1RA should be done gradually. Furthermore, when side effects are consistent and intolerable after weeks/months of titration, a lower dose or a combination of antidiabetic therapies should be implemented, avoiding treatment interruption. The effort to produce increasingly powerful molecules with fewer side effects is the driving force behind the pharmaceutical industry. The unimolecular dual agonism GLP-1RA plus glucagon receptor agonism (GRA) represents an updated pharmacological indication for controlling blood glucose levels in treating T2DM and its comorbidities, showing better effects with less adverse impact than mono GLP-1RA. There are currently different proposals in this way by different laboratories. Nevertheless, the experimental results are promising and show that soon, we will have the contribution of new drugs for the treatment of T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata Spezani
- Laboratory of Morphometry, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases, Biomedical Center, Institute of Biology, The University of the State of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Carlos Alberto Mandarim-de-Lacerda
- Laboratory of Morphometry, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases, Biomedical Center, Institute of Biology, The University of the State of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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15
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van der Velden WJC, Lindquist P, Madsen JS, Stassen RHMJ, Wewer Albrechtsen NJ, Holst JJ, Hauser AS, Rosenkilde MM. Molecular and in vivo phenotyping of missense variants of the human glucagon receptor. J Biol Chem 2021; 298:101413. [PMID: 34801547 PMCID: PMC8829087 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.101413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Naturally occurring missense variants of G protein–coupled receptors with loss of function have been linked to metabolic disease in case studies and in animal experiments. The glucagon receptor, one such G protein–coupled receptor, is involved in maintaining blood glucose and amino acid homeostasis; however, loss-of-function mutations of this receptor have not been systematically characterized. Here, we observed fewer glucagon receptor missense variants than expected, as well as lower allele diversity and fewer variants with trait associations as compared with other class B1 receptors. We performed molecular pharmacological phenotyping of 38 missense variants located in the receptor extracellular domain, at the glucagon interface, or with previously suggested clinical implications. These variants were characterized in terms of cAMP accumulation to assess glucagon-induced Gαs coupling, and of recruitment of β-arrestin-1/2. Fifteen variants were impaired in at least one of these downstream functions, with six variants affected in both cAMP accumulation and β-arrestin-1/2 recruitment. For the eight variants with decreased Gαs signaling (D63ECDN, P86ECDS, V96ECDE, G125ECDC, R2253.30H, R3085.40W, V3686.59M, and R3787.35C) binding experiments revealed preserved glucagon affinity, although with significantly reduced binding capacity. Finally, using the UK Biobank, we found that variants with wildtype-like Gαs signaling did not associate with metabolic phenotypes, whereas carriers of cAMP accumulation-impairing variants displayed a tendency toward increased risk of obesity and increased body mass and blood pressure. These observations are in line with the essential role of the glucagon system in metabolism and support that Gαs is the main signaling pathway effecting the physiological roles of the glucagon receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wijnand J C van der Velden
- Laboratory for Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Peter Lindquist
- Laboratory for Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jakob S Madsen
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Roderick H M J Stassen
- Laboratory for Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Nicolai J Wewer Albrechtsen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jens J Holst
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Alexander S Hauser
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Mette M Rosenkilde
- Laboratory for Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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16
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Pickford P, Lucey M, Rujan RM, McGlone ER, Bitsi S, Ashford FB, Corrêa IR, Hodson DJ, Tomas A, Deganutti G, Reynolds CA, Owen BM, Tan TM, Minnion J, Jones B, Bloom SR. Partial agonism improves the anti-hyperglycaemic efficacy of an oxyntomodulin-derived GLP-1R/GCGR co-agonist. Mol Metab 2021; 51:101242. [PMID: 33933675 PMCID: PMC8163982 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2021.101242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Glucagon-like peptide-1 and glucagon receptor (GLP-1R/GCGR) co-agonism can maximise weight loss and improve glycaemic control in type 2 diabetes and obesity. In this study, we investigated the cellular and metabolic effects of modulating the balance between G protein and β-arrestin-2 recruitment at GLP-1R and GCGR using oxyntomodulin (OXM)-derived co-agonists. This strategy has been previously shown to improve the duration of action of GLP-1R mono-agonists by reducing target desensitisation and downregulation. METHODS Dipeptidyl dipeptidase-4 (DPP-4)-resistant OXM analogues were generated and assessed for a variety of cellular readouts. Molecular dynamic simulations were used to gain insights into the molecular interactions involved. In vivo studies were performed in mice to identify the effects on glucose homeostasis and weight loss. RESULTS Ligand-specific reductions in β-arrestin-2 recruitment were associated with slower GLP-1R internalisation and prolonged glucose-lowering action in vivo. The putative benefits of GCGR agonism were retained, with equivalent weight loss compared to the GLP-1R mono-agonist liraglutide despite a lesser degree of food intake suppression. The compounds tested showed only a minor degree of biased agonism between G protein and β-arrestin-2 recruitment at both receptors and were best classified as partial agonists for the two pathways measured. CONCLUSIONS Diminishing β-arrestin-2 recruitment may be an effective way to increase the therapeutic efficacy of GLP-1R/GCGR co-agonists. These benefits can be achieved by partial rather than biased agonism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phil Pickford
- Section of Endocrinology and Investigative Medicine, Department of Metabolism, Digestion, and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Maria Lucey
- Section of Endocrinology and Investigative Medicine, Department of Metabolism, Digestion, and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Roxana-Maria Rujan
- Centre for Sport, Exercise, and Life Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Coventry University, Alison Gingell Building, CV1 5FB, UK
| | - Emma Rose McGlone
- Section of Endocrinology and Investigative Medicine, Department of Metabolism, Digestion, and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Stavroula Bitsi
- Section of Cell Biology and Functional Genomics, Department of Metabolism, Digestion, and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Fiona B Ashford
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (IMSR) and Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK; Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham, UK
| | | | - David J Hodson
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (IMSR) and Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK; Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham, UK
| | - Alejandra Tomas
- Section of Cell Biology and Functional Genomics, Department of Metabolism, Digestion, and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Giuseppe Deganutti
- Centre for Sport, Exercise, and Life Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Coventry University, Alison Gingell Building, CV1 5FB, UK
| | - Christopher A Reynolds
- Centre for Sport, Exercise, and Life Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Coventry University, Alison Gingell Building, CV1 5FB, UK; School of Life Sciences, University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester, CO4 3SQ, UK
| | - Bryn M Owen
- Section of Endocrinology and Investigative Medicine, Department of Metabolism, Digestion, and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Tricia M Tan
- Section of Endocrinology and Investigative Medicine, Department of Metabolism, Digestion, and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - James Minnion
- Section of Endocrinology and Investigative Medicine, Department of Metabolism, Digestion, and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Ben Jones
- Section of Endocrinology and Investigative Medicine, Department of Metabolism, Digestion, and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN, UK.
| | - Stephen R Bloom
- Section of Endocrinology and Investigative Medicine, Department of Metabolism, Digestion, and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN, UK
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17
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Yuliantie E, van der Velden WJC, Labroska V, Dai A, Zhao F, Darbalaei S, Deganutti G, Xu T, Zhou Q, Yang D, Rosenkilde MM, Sexton PM, Wang MW, Wootten D. Insights into agonist-elicited activation of the human glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide receptor. Biochem Pharmacol 2021; 192:114715. [PMID: 34339714 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2021.114715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) and its receptor (GIPR) are part of the incretin system that regulates glucose homeostasis. A series of GIPR residues putatively important for ligand binding and receptor activation were mutated and pharmacologically evaluated using GIPR selective agonists in cAMP accumulation, ERK1/2 phosphorylation (pERK1/2) and β-arrestin 2 recruitment assays. The impact of mutation on ligand efficacy was determined by operational modelling of experimental data for each mutant, with results mapped onto the full-length, active-state GIPR structure. Two interaction networks, comprising transmembrane helix (TM) 7, TM1 and TM2, and extracellular loop (ECL) 2, TM5 and ECL3 were revealed, respectively. Both networks were critical for Gαs-mediated cAMP accumulation and the recruitment of β-arrestin 2, however, cAMP response was more sensitive to alanine substitution, with most mutated residues displaying reduced signaling. Unlike the other two assays, activation of ERK1/2 was largely independent of the network involving ECL2, TM5 and ECL3, indicating that pERK1/2 is at least partially distinct from Gαs or β-arrestin pathways and this network is also crucial for potential biased agonism at GIPR. Collectively, our work advances understanding of the structure-function relationship of GIPR and provides a framework for the design and/or interpretation of GIP analogues with unique signaling profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elita Yuliantie
- The National Center for Drug Screening and CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai 201203, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | | | - Viktorija Labroska
- The National Center for Drug Screening and CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai 201203, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Antao Dai
- The National Center for Drug Screening and CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Fenghui Zhao
- School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Sanaz Darbalaei
- The National Center for Drug Screening and CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai 201203, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Giuseppe Deganutti
- Centre for Sport, Exercise and Life Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Alison Gingell Building, Coventry University, Coventry, CV1 2DS, UK
| | - Tongyang Xu
- School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Qingtong Zhou
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Dehua Yang
- The National Center for Drug Screening and CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai 201203, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Mette M Rosenkilde
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen N DK-2200, Denmark.
| | - Patrick M Sexton
- Drug Discovery Biology Theme, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia; ARC Centre for Cryo-electron Microscopy of Membrane Proteins, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia.
| | - Ming-Wei Wang
- The National Center for Drug Screening and CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai 201203, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China; Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.
| | - Denise Wootten
- Drug Discovery Biology Theme, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia; ARC Centre for Cryo-electron Microscopy of Membrane Proteins, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia.
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18
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Zhao F, Zhang C, Zhou Q, Hang K, Zou X, Chen Y, Wu F, Rao Q, Dai A, Yin W, Shen DD, Zhang Y, Xia T, Stevens RC, Xu HE, Yang D, Zhao L, Wang MW. Structural insights into hormone recognition by the human glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide receptor. eLife 2021; 10:e68719. [PMID: 34254582 PMCID: PMC8298097 DOI: 10.7554/elife.68719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) is a peptide hormone that exerts crucial metabolic functions by binding and activating its cognate receptor, GIPR. As an important therapeutic target, GIPR has been subjected to intensive structural studies without success. Here, we report the cryo-EM structure of the human GIPR in complex with GIP and a Gs heterotrimer at a global resolution of 2.9 Å. GIP adopts a single straight helix with its N terminus dipped into the receptor transmembrane domain (TMD), while the C terminus is closely associated with the extracellular domain and extracellular loop 1. GIPR employs conserved residues in the lower half of the TMD pocket to recognize the common segments shared by GIP homologous peptides, while uses non-conserved residues in the upper half of the TMD pocket to interact with residues specific for GIP. These results provide a structural framework of hormone recognition and GIPR activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fenghui Zhao
- School of Pharmacy, Fudan UniversityShanghaiChina
- The CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of SciencesShanghaiChina
| | - Chao Zhang
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech UniversityShanghaiChina
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Qingtong Zhou
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Kaini Hang
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Xinyu Zou
- School of Artificial Intelligence and Automation, Huazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
| | - Yan Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Fudan UniversityShanghaiChina
- The CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of SciencesShanghaiChina
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Fan Wu
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Qidi Rao
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech UniversityShanghaiChina
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Antao Dai
- The National Center for Drug Screening, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of SciencesShanghaiChina
| | - Wanchao Yin
- The CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of SciencesShanghaiChina
| | - Dan-Dan Shen
- Department of Biophysics and Department of Pathology of Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouChina
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Biophysics and Department of Pathology of Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouChina
| | - Tian Xia
- School of Artificial Intelligence and Automation, Huazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
| | - Raymond C Stevens
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - H Eric Xu
- The CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of SciencesShanghaiChina
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Dehua Yang
- The CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of SciencesShanghaiChina
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- The National Center for Drug Screening, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of SciencesShanghaiChina
| | - Lihua Zhao
- The CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of SciencesShanghaiChina
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Ming-Wei Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Fudan UniversityShanghaiChina
- The CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of SciencesShanghaiChina
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech UniversityShanghaiChina
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan UniversityShanghaiChina
- The National Center for Drug Screening, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of SciencesShanghaiChina
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19
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Zhang X, Johnson RM, Drulyte I, Yu L, Kotecha A, Danev R, Wootten D, Sexton PM, Belousoff MJ. Evolving cryo-EM structural approaches for GPCR drug discovery. Structure 2021; 29:963-974.e6. [PMID: 33957078 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2021.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Revised: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are the largest class of cell surface drug targets. Advances in stabilization of GPCR:transducer complexes, together with improvements in cryoelectron microscopy (cryo-EM) have recently been applied to structure-assisted drug design for GPCR agonists. Nonetheless, limitations in the commercial application of these approaches, including the use of nanobody 35 (Nb35) to aid complex stabilization and the high cost of 300 kV imaging, have restricted broad application of cryo-EM in drug discovery. Here, using the PF 06882961-bound GLP-1R as exemplar, we validated the formation of stable complexes with a modified Gs protein in the absence of Nb35. In parallel, we compare 200 versus 300 kV image acquisition using a Falcon 4 or K3 direct electron detector. Moreover, the 200 kV Glacios-Falcon 4 yielded a 3.2 Å map with clear density for bound drug and multiple structurally ordered waters. Our work paves the way for broader commercial application of cryo-EM for GPCR drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zhang
- Drug Discovery Biology Theme, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville 3052, VIC, Australia
| | - Rachel M Johnson
- Drug Discovery Biology Theme, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville 3052, VIC, Australia
| | - Ieva Drulyte
- Materials and Structural Analysis Division, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Achtseweg Noord, 5651 GG Eindhoven, the Netherlands
| | - Lingbo Yu
- Materials and Structural Analysis Division, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Achtseweg Noord, 5651 GG Eindhoven, the Netherlands
| | - Abhay Kotecha
- Materials and Structural Analysis Division, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Achtseweg Noord, 5651 GG Eindhoven, the Netherlands
| | - Radostin Danev
- Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, N415, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, 113-0033 Tokyo, Japan
| | - Denise Wootten
- Drug Discovery Biology Theme, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville 3052, VIC, Australia; ARC Centre for Cryo-Electron Microscopy of Membrane Proteins, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville 3052, VIC, Australia.
| | - Patrick M Sexton
- Drug Discovery Biology Theme, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville 3052, VIC, Australia; ARC Centre for Cryo-Electron Microscopy of Membrane Proteins, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville 3052, VIC, Australia.
| | - Matthew J Belousoff
- Drug Discovery Biology Theme, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville 3052, VIC, Australia; ARC Centre for Cryo-Electron Microscopy of Membrane Proteins, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville 3052, VIC, Australia.
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20
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Mizera M, Latek D. Ligand-Receptor Interactions and Machine Learning in GCGR and GLP-1R Drug Discovery. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22084060. [PMID: 33920024 PMCID: PMC8071054 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22084060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The large amount of data that has been collected so far for G protein-coupled receptors requires machine learning (ML) approaches to fully exploit its potential. Our previous ML model based on gradient boosting used for prediction of drug affinity and selectivity for a receptor subtype was compared with explicit information on ligand-receptor interactions from induced-fit docking. Both methods have proved their usefulness in drug response predictions. Yet, their successful combination still requires allosteric/orthosteric assignment of ligands from datasets. Our ligand datasets included activities of two members of the secretin receptor family: GCGR and GLP-1R. Simultaneous activation of two or three receptors of this family by dual or triple agonists is not a typical kind of information included in compound databases. A precise allosteric/orthosteric ligand assignment requires a continuous update based on new structural and biological data. This data incompleteness remains the main obstacle for current ML methods applied to class B GPCR drug discovery. Even so, for these two class B receptors, our ligand-based ML model demonstrated high accuracy (5-fold cross-validation Q2 > 0.63 and Q2 > 0.67 for GLP-1R and GCGR, respectively). In addition, we performed a ligand annotation using recent cryogenic-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) and X-ray crystallographic data on small-molecule complexes of GCGR and GLP-1R. As a result, we assigned GLP-1R and GCGR actives deposited in ChEMBL to four small-molecule binding sites occupied by positive and negative allosteric modulators and a full agonist. Annotated compounds were added to our recently released repository of GPCR data.
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21
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Waltenspühl Y, Ehrenmann J, Klenk C, Plückthun A. Engineering of Challenging G Protein-Coupled Receptors for Structure Determination and Biophysical Studies. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26051465. [PMID: 33800379 PMCID: PMC7962830 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26051465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Revised: 02/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Membrane proteins such as G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) exert fundamental biological functions and are involved in a multitude of physiological responses, making these receptors ideal drug targets. Drug discovery programs targeting GPCRs have been greatly facilitated by the emergence of high-resolution structures and the resulting opportunities to identify new chemical entities through structure-based drug design. To enable the determination of high-resolution structures of GPCRs, most receptors have to be engineered to overcome intrinsic hurdles such as their poor stability and low expression levels. In recent years, multiple engineering approaches have been developed to specifically address the technical difficulties of working with GPCRs, which are now beginning to make more challenging receptors accessible to detailed studies. Importantly, successfully engineered GPCRs are not only valuable in X-ray crystallography, but further enable biophysical studies with nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, surface plasmon resonance, native mass spectrometry, and fluorescence anisotropy measurements, all of which are important for the detailed mechanistic understanding, which is the prerequisite for successful drug design. Here, we summarize engineering strategies based on directed evolution to reduce workload and enable biophysical experiments of particularly challenging GPCRs.
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22
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Wang H, Hu W, Liu D, Wüthrich K. Design and preparation of the class B G protein-coupled receptors GLP-1R and GCGR for 19 F-NMR studies in solution. FEBS J 2020; 288:4053-4063. [PMID: 33369025 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Revised: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The human glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R) and the glucagon receptor (GCGR) are class B G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) that are activated by interactions with, respectively, the glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and glucagon (GCG). These polypeptide hormones are involved in the regulation of lipid and cholic acid metabolism, and thus play an important role in the pathogenesis of glucose metabolism and diabetes mellitus, which attracts keen interest of these GPCRs as drug targets. GLP-1R and GCGR have therefore been extensively investigated by X-ray crystallography and cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM), so that their structures are well known. Here, we present the groundwork for using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy in solution to complement the molecular architectures with information on intramolecular dynamics and on the thermodynamics and kinetics of interactions with physiological ligands and extrinsic drug candidates. This includes the generation of novel, near-wild-type constructs of GLP-1R and GCGR, optimization of the solution conditions for NMR studies in detergent micelles and in nanodiscs, post-translational chemical introduction of fluorine-19 NMR probes, and sequence-specific assignments of the 19 F-labels attached to indigenous cysteines. Addition of the negative allosteric modulator (NAM) NNC0640 was critically important for obtaining the long-time stability needed for our NMR experiments, and we report on novel insights into the allosteric effects arising from binding of NNC0640 to the transmembrane domain of GLP-1R (GLP-1R[TMD]).
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Affiliation(s)
- Huixia Wang
- iHuman Institute, ShanghaiTech University, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, China.,CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
| | - Wanhui Hu
- iHuman Institute, ShanghaiTech University, China
| | | | - Kurt Wüthrich
- iHuman Institute, ShanghaiTech University, China.,Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA, USA
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23
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Ke R, Lok SIS, Singh K, Chow BKC, Lee LTO. GIP receptor suppresses PAC1receptor-mediated neuronal differentiation via formation of a receptor heterocomplex. J Neurochem 2020; 157:1850-1860. [PMID: 33078390 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Revised: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating peptide (PACAP) receptor (PAC1R) is a class B Gprotein-coupled receptor (GPCR) that is widely expressed in the human body and is involved in neuronal differentiation. As class B GPCRs are known to form heterocomplexes with family members, we hypothesized that PAC1R mediates neuronal differentiation through interaction with a class B GPCR. We used the BRET assay to identify potential interactions between PAC1R and 11 class B GPCRs. Gastric inhibitory polypeptide receptor (GIPR) and secretin receptor were identified as putative binding partners of PAC1R. The effect of heterocomplex formation by PAC1R on receptor activation was evaluated with the cyclic (c)AMP, luciferase reporter, and calcium signaling assays; and the effects on receptor internalization and subcellular localization were examined by confocal microscopy. The results suggested he PAC1R/GIPR heterocomplex suppressed signaling events downstream of PAC1R, including cAMP production, serum response element and calcium signaling, and β-arrestin recruitment. Protein-protein interaction was analyzed in silico, and induction of neuronal differentiation by the PAC1R heterocomplex was assessed in SH-SY5Y neuronal cells by measure the morphological changes and marker genes expression by real-time quantitative PCR and western blot. Over-expression of GIPR suppressed PACAP/PAC1R-mediated neuronal differentiation and the differentiation markers expression in SH-SY5Y cells. GIPR regulates neuronal differentiation through heterocomplex formation with PAC1R.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Ke
- Centre of Reproduction, Development and Aging, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau, China
| | - Samson I S Lok
- Centre of Reproduction, Development and Aging, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau, China
| | - Kailash Singh
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Billy K C Chow
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Leo T O Lee
- Centre of Reproduction, Development and Aging, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau, China.,Cancer Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau, China
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24
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Darbalaei S, Yuliantie E, Dai A, Chang R, Zhao P, Yang D, Wang MW, Sexton PM, Wootten D. Evaluation of biased agonism mediated by dual agonists of the GLP-1 and glucagon receptors. Biochem Pharmacol 2020; 180:114150. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2020.114150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Revised: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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