1
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Xiao S, Chen H, Bai Y, Zhang ZY, Liu Y. Targeting PRL phosphatases in hematological malignancies. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2024; 28:259-271. [PMID: 38653737 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2024.2344695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Phosphatase of regenerating liver (PRL) family proteins, also known as protein tyrosine phosphatase 4A (PTP4A), have been implicated in many types of cancers. The PRL family of phosphatases consists of three members, PRL1, PRL2, and PRL3. PRLs have been shown to harbor oncogenic potentials and are highly expressed in a variety of cancers. Given their roles in cancer progression and metastasis, PRLs are potential targets for anticancer therapies. However, additional studies are needed to be performed to fully understand the roles of PRLs in blood cancers. AREAS COVERED In this review, we will summarize recent studies of PRLs in normal and malignant hematopoiesis, the role of PRLs in regulating various signaling pathways, and the therapeutic potentials of targeting PRLs in hematological malignancies. We will also discuss how to improve current PRL inhibitors for cancer treatment. EXPERT OPINION Although PRL inhibitors show promising therapeutic effects in preclinical studies of different types of cancers, moving PRL inhibitors from bench to bedside is still challenging. More potent and selective PRL inhibitors are needed to target PRLs in hematological malignancies and improve treatment outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiyu Xiao
- Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Hongxia Chen
- Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
- Department of Hematology, Chongqing University Three Gorges Hospital, Chongqing, China
| | - Yunpeng Bai
- Borch Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Institute for Cancer Research, and Institute for Drug Discovery, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Zhong-Yin Zhang
- Borch Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Institute for Cancer Research, and Institute for Drug Discovery, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Yan Liu
- Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
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2
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Chen YS, Gehring K. New insights into the structure and function of CNNM proteins. FEBS J 2023; 290:5475-5495. [PMID: 37222397 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Magnesium (Mg2+ ) is the most abundant divalent cation in cells and plays key roles in almost all biological processes. CBS-pair domain divalent metal cation transport mediators (CNNMs) are a newly characterized class of Mg2+ transporters present throughout biology. Originally discovered in bacteria, there are four CNNM proteins in humans, which are involved in divalent cation transport, genetic diseases, and cancer. Eukaryotic CNNMs are composed of four domains: an extracellular domain, a transmembrane domain, a cystathionine-β-synthase (CBS)-pair domain, and a cyclic nucleotide-binding homology domain. The transmembrane and CBS-pair core are the defining features of CNNM proteins with over 20 000 protein sequences known from over 8000 species. Here, we review the structural and functional studies of eukaryotic and prokaryotic CNNMs that underlie our understanding of their regulation and mechanism of ion transport. Recent structures of prokaryotic CNNMs confirm the transmembrane domain mediates ion transport with the CBS-pair domain likely playing a regulatory role through binding divalent cations. Studies of mammalian CNNMs have identified new binding partners. These advances are driving progress in understanding this deeply conserved and widespread family of ion transporters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Seby Chen
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Life Sciences Institute, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Kalle Gehring
- Department of Biochemistry & Centre de Recherche en Biologie Structurale, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
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3
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Jolly J, Cheatham TC, Blackburn JS. Phosphatase and Pseudo-Phosphatase Functions of Phosphatase of Regenerating Liver 3 (PRL-3) Are Insensitive to Divalent Metals In Vitro. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:30578-30589. [PMID: 37636930 PMCID: PMC10448674 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c04095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
Phosphatase of regenerating liver 3 (PRL-3) is associated with cancer metastasis and has been shown to interact with the cyclin and CBS domain divalent metal cation transport mediator (CNNM) family of proteins to regulate the intracellular concentration of magnesium and other divalent metals. Despite PRL-3's importance in cancer, factors that regulate PRL-3's phosphatase activity and its interactions with CNNM proteins remain unknown. Here, we show that divalent metal ions, including magnesium, calcium, and manganese, have no impact on PRL-3's structure, stability, phosphatase activity, or CNNM binding capacity, indicating that PRL-3 does not act as a metal sensor, despite its interaction with CNNM metal transporters. In vitro approaches found that PRL-3 is a broad but not indiscriminate phosphatase, with activity toward di- and tri-nucleotides, phosphoinositols, and NADPH but not other common metabolites. Although calcium, magnesium, manganese, and zinc-binding sites were predicted near the PRL-3 active site, these divalent metals did not specifically alter PRL-3's phosphatase activity toward a generic substrate, its transition from an inactive phospho-cysteine intermediate state, or its direct binding with the CBS domain of CNNM. PRL-3's insensitivity to metal cations negates the possibility of its role as an intracellular metal content sensor for regulating CNNM activity. Further investigation is warranted to define the regulatory mechanisms governing PRL-3's phosphatase activity and CNNM interactions, as these findings could hold potential therapeutic implications in cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffery
T. Jolly
- Department
of Cellular & Molecular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536, United States
- Markey
Cancer Center at the University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536, United States
| | - Ty C. Cheatham
- Department
of Cellular & Molecular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536, United States
- Markey
Cancer Center at the University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536, United States
| | - Jessica S. Blackburn
- Department
of Cellular & Molecular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536, United States
- Markey
Cancer Center at the University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536, United States
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4
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Sun S, Meng L, Xing X, Li N, Song Q, Qiao D, Qu L, Liu C, An G, Li Z, Shou C, Lian S. Anti-PRL-3 Monoclonal Antibody inhibits the Growth and Metastasis of colorectal adenocarcinoma. J Cancer 2023; 14:2585-2595. [PMID: 37670977 PMCID: PMC10475362 DOI: 10.7150/jca.81702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Colon cancer is the one of leading causes of cancer-related death. Chemotherapy, radiotherapy and immunotherapy will be the mainstream in inoperable advanced cancer in clinics. Precision treatment is still lack in colon cancer. Materials and Methods: We developed a series of mAbs targeting PRL-3 through different types of immunogens. The binding domains of mAbs were identified through the ELISA and Western blotting experiments. The antitumor activity of mAbs was verified by cell proliferation, migration and invasion experiments. Xenograft subcutaneous and metastatic models and patient derived Xenograft (PDX) model were established. Results: mAb 12G12 targeting 77-120AA exhibited inhibition in migration and invasion experiments. 12G12 inhibited the migration of multiple types of cancer cells, including colon cancer, gastric cancer, esophagus cancer, liver cancer, lung cancer and pancreatic cancer cells. 12G12 decreased the tumor growth and metastasis in Xenograft subcutaneous and metastatic tumor model, respectively. The antitumor activity of mAb 12G12 was also confirmed in PDX model of gastric cancer. PRL-3 interacted with Golgi protein TMED10. Knockdown of TMED10 expression attenuated the cell migration triggered by purified GST-PRL-3 protein. Conclusion: Our results confirmed the antitumor activity of mAb 12G12 in colorectal adenocarcinoma and provided a new potential targeted therapy of colon cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuning Sun
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Lin Meng
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaofang Xing
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Department of Gastrointestinal Translational Research, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Ningning Li
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Department of Pathology, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Qian Song
- Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou Institute of Medicine (HIM), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Dongbo Qiao
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Department of Pathology, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Like Qu
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Caiyun Liu
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Guo An
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Department of Laboratory Animal, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Zhongwu Li
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Department of Pathology, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Chenchao Shou
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Shenyi Lian
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Department of Pathology, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, China
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5
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Mahbub L, Kozlov G, Zong P, Lee EL, Tetteh S, Nethramangalath T, Knorn C, Jiang J, Shahsavan A, Yue L, Runnels L, Gehring K. Structural insights into regulation of CNNM-TRPM7 divalent cation uptake by the small GTPase ARL15. eLife 2023; 12:e86129. [PMID: 37449820 PMCID: PMC10348743 DOI: 10.7554/elife.86129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/02/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Cystathionine-β-synthase (CBS)-pair domain divalent metal cation transport mediators (CNNMs) are an evolutionarily conserved family of magnesium transporters. They promote efflux of Mg2+ ions on their own and influx of divalent cations when expressed with the transient receptor potential ion channel subfamily M member 7 (TRPM7). Recently, ADP-ribosylation factor-like GTPase 15 (ARL15) has been identified as CNNM-binding partner and an inhibitor of divalent cation influx by TRPM7. Here, we characterize ARL15 as a GTP and CNNM-binding protein and demonstrate that ARL15 also inhibits CNNM2 Mg2+ efflux. The crystal structure of a complex between ARL15 and CNNM2 CBS-pair domain reveals the molecular basis for binding and allowed the identification of mutations that specifically block binding. A binding deficient ARL15 mutant, R95A, failed to inhibit CNNM and TRPM7 transport of Mg2+ and Zn2+ ions. Structural analysis and binding experiments with phosphatase of regenerating liver 2 (PRL2 or PTP4A2) showed that ARL15 and PRLs compete for binding CNNM to coordinate regulation of ion transport by CNNM and TRPM7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luba Mahbub
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill UniversityMontrealCanada
- Centre de recherche en biologie structurale, McGill UniversityMontréalCanada
| | - Guennadi Kozlov
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill UniversityMontrealCanada
- Centre de recherche en biologie structurale, McGill UniversityMontréalCanada
| | - Pengyu Zong
- Department of Cell Biology, UCONN Health CenterFarmingtonUnited States
| | - Emma L Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill UniversityMontrealCanada
- Centre de recherche en biologie structurale, McGill UniversityMontréalCanada
| | - Sandra Tetteh
- Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical SchoolPiscatawayUnited States
| | | | - Caroline Knorn
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill UniversityMontrealCanada
- Centre de recherche en biologie structurale, McGill UniversityMontréalCanada
| | - Jianning Jiang
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill UniversityMontrealCanada
- Centre de recherche en biologie structurale, McGill UniversityMontréalCanada
| | - Ashkan Shahsavan
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill UniversityMontrealCanada
- Centre de recherche en biologie structurale, McGill UniversityMontréalCanada
| | - Lixia Yue
- Department of Cell Biology, UCONN Health CenterFarmingtonUnited States
| | - Loren Runnels
- Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical SchoolPiscatawayUnited States
| | - Kalle Gehring
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill UniversityMontrealCanada
- Centre de recherche en biologie structurale, McGill UniversityMontréalCanada
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6
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Smith CN, Kihn K, Williamson ZA, Chow KM, Hersh LB, Korotkov KV, Deredge D, Blackburn JS. Development and characterization of nanobodies that specifically target the oncogenic Phosphatase of Regenerating Liver-3 (PRL-3) and impact its interaction with a known binding partner, CNNM3. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0285964. [PMID: 37220097 PMCID: PMC10204944 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0285964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Phosphatase of Regenerating Liver-3 (PRL-3) is associated with cancer progression and metastasis. The mechanisms that drive PRL-3's oncogenic functions are not well understood, partly due to a lack of research tools available to study this protein. We have begun to address these issues by developing alpaca-derived single domain antibodies, or nanobodies, targeting PRL-3 with a KD of 30-300 nM and no activity towards highly homologous family members PRL-1 and PRL-2. We found that longer and charged N-terminal tags on PRL-3, such as GFP and FLAG, changed PRL-3 localization compared to untagged protein, indicating that the nanobodies may provide new insights into PRL-3 trafficking and function. The nanobodies perform equally, if not better, than commercially available antibodies in immunofluorescence and immunoprecipitation. Finally, hydrogen-deuterium exchange mass spectrometry (HDX-MS) showed that the nanobodies bind partially within the PRL-3 active site and can interfere with PRL-3 phosphatase activity. Co-immunoprecipitation with a known PRL-3 active site binding partner, the CBS domain of metal transporter CNNM3, showed that the nanobodies reduced the amount of PRL-3:CBS inter-action. The potential of blocking this interaction is highly relevant in cancer, as multiple research groups have shown that PRL-3 binding to CNNM proteins is sufficient to promote metastatic growth in mouse models. The anti-PRL-3 nanobodies represent an important expansion of the research tools available to study PRL-3 function and can be used to define the role of PRL-3 in cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline N. Smith
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
- University of Kentucky Markey Cancer Center, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Kyle Kihn
- University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Zachary A. Williamson
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - K. Martin Chow
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Louis B. Hersh
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Konstantin V. Korotkov
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Daniel Deredge
- University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jessica S. Blackburn
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
- University of Kentucky Markey Cancer Center, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
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7
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Hardy S, Zolotarov Y, Coleman J, Roitman S, Khursheed H, Aubry I, Uetani N, Tremblay M. PRL-1/2 phosphatases control TRPM7 magnesium-dependent function to regulate cellular bioenergetics. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2221083120. [PMID: 36972446 PMCID: PMC10083557 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2221083120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Phosphatases of regenerating liver (PRL-1, PRL-2, PRL-3; also known as PTP4A1, PTP4A2, PTP4A3, respectively) control intracellular magnesium levels by interacting with the CNNM magnesium transport regulators. Still, the exact mechanism governing magnesium transport by this protein complex is not well understood. Herein, we have developed a genetically encoded intracellular magnesium-specific reporter and demonstrate that the CNNM family inhibits the function of the TRPM7 magnesium channel. We show that the small GTPase ARL15 increases CNNM3/TRPM7 protein complex formation to reduce TRPM7 activity. Conversely, PRL-2 overexpression counteracts ARL15 binding to CNNM3 and enhances the function of TRPM7 by preventing the interaction between CNNM3 and TRPM7. Moreover, while TRPM7-induced cell signaling is promoted by PRL-1/2, it is reduced when CNNM3 is overexpressed. Lowering cellular magnesium levels reduces the interaction of CNNM3 with TRPM7 in a PRL-dependent manner, whereby knockdown of PRL-1/2 restores the protein complex formation. Cotargeting of TRPM7 and PRL-1/2 alters mitochondrial function and sensitizes cells to metabolic stress induced by magnesium depletion. These findings reveal the dynamic regulation of TRPM7 function in response to PRL-1/2 levels, to coordinate magnesium transport and reprogram cellular metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serge Hardy
- Goodman Cancer Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QCH3A1A3, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, QCH3A1A3, Canada
| | - Yevgen Zolotarov
- Goodman Cancer Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QCH3A1A3, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, QCH3A1A3, Canada
| | - Jacob Coleman
- Goodman Cancer Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QCH3A1A3, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, QCH3A1A3, Canada
| | - Simon Roitman
- Goodman Cancer Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QCH3A1A3, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, QCH3A1A3, Canada
| | - Hira Khursheed
- Goodman Cancer Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QCH3A1A3, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, QCH3A1A3, Canada
| | - Isabelle Aubry
- Goodman Cancer Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QCH3A1A3, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, QCH3A1A3, Canada
| | - Noriko Uetani
- Goodman Cancer Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QCH3A1A3, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, QCH3A1A3, Canada
| | - Michel L. Tremblay
- Goodman Cancer Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QCH3A1A3, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, QCH3A1A3, Canada
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8
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Fakih R, Goldstein RH, Kozlov G, Gehring K. Burst kinetics and CNNM binding are evolutionarily conserved properties of phosphatases of regenerating liver. J Biol Chem 2023; 299:103055. [PMID: 36822330 PMCID: PMC10040874 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.103055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Phosphatases of regenerating liver (PRL or PTP4A) are a family of enigmatic protein phosphatases implicated in cell growth and metabolism. Despite their relevance in metastatic cancer, much remains unknown about the PRL family. They act as pseudophosphatases to regulate the CNNM family of magnesium transporters yet also have enzymatic activity on unknown substrates. In mammals, PRLs are mostly found trapped in an intermediate state that regulates their pseudophosphatase activity. Phosphocysteine, which is formed as an intermediate in the phosphatase catalytic cycle, is inefficiently hydrolyzed leading to burst enzyme kinetics and turnover numbers of less than one per hour. In flies, PRLs have recently been shown to have neuroprotective and neurodevelopmental roles raising the question whether they act as phosphatases, pseudophosphatases, or both. Here, we characterize the evolutionary development of PRLs and ask whether their unique structural and functional properties are conserved. We purified recombinant PRL proteins from 15 phylogenetically diverse organisms and characterized their catalytic activities and ability to bind CNNM proteins. We observed PRLs from humans to amoebae form a stable phosphocysteine intermediate and exhibit burst kinetics. Isothermal titration calorimetry experiments confirmed that the PRL-CNNM interaction is broadly conserved with nanomolar affinity in vertebrates. Lastly, we determined the crystal structure of the Drosophila melanogaster PRL-CNNM complex and identified mutants that specifically impair either phosphatase activity or CNNM binding. Our results reveal the unique properties of PRLs are conserved throughout the animal kingdom and open the door to using model organisms to dissect PRL function in cell signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rayan Fakih
- Department of Biochemistry, Centre for Structural Biology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Robert H Goldstein
- Department of Biochemistry, Centre for Structural Biology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Guennadi Kozlov
- Department of Biochemistry, Centre for Structural Biology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Kalle Gehring
- Department of Biochemistry, Centre for Structural Biology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
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9
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Mahbub L, Kozlov G, Zong P, Tetteh S, Nethramangalath T, Knorn C, Jiang J, Shahsavan A, Lee E, Yue L, Runnels LW, Gehring K. Structural insights into regulation of TRPM7 divalent cation uptake by the small GTPase ARL15. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.01.19.524765. [PMID: 36711628 PMCID: PMC9882303 DOI: 10.1101/2023.01.19.524765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Cystathionine-β-synthase (CBS)-pair domain divalent metal cation transport mediators (CNNMs) are an evolutionarily conserved family of magnesium transporters. They promote efflux of Mg 2+ ions on their own or uptake of divalent cations when coupled to the transient receptor potential ion channel subfamily M member 7 (TRPM7). Recently, ADP-ribosylation factor-like GTPase 15 (ARL15) has been identified as CNNM binding partner and an inhibitor of divalent cation influx by TRPM7. Here, we characterize ARL15 as a GTP-binding protein and demonstrate that it binds the CNNM CBS-pair domain with low micromolar affinity. The crystal structure of the complex between ARL15 GTPase domain and CNNM2 CBS-pair domain reveals the molecular determinants of the interaction and allowed the identification of mutations in ARL15 and CNNM2 mutations that abrogate binding. Loss of CNNM binding prevented ARL15 suppression of TRPM7 channel activity in support of previous reports that the proteins function as a ternary complex. Binding experiments with phosphatase of regenerating liver 2 (PRL2 or PTP4A2) revealed that ARL15 and PRLs compete for binding CNNM, suggesting antagonistic regulation of divalent cation transport by the two proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luba Mahbub
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montréal, Canada,Centre de recherche en biologie structurale, McGill University, Montréal, Canada
| | - Guennadi Kozlov
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montréal, Canada,Centre de recherche en biologie structurale, McGill University, Montréal, Canada
| | - Pengyu Zong
- Dept. of Cell Biology. UCONN Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut, United States
| | - Sandra Tetteh
- Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, New Jersey, United States
| | | | - Caroline Knorn
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montréal, Canada,Centre de recherche en biologie structurale, McGill University, Montréal, Canada
| | - Jianning Jiang
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montréal, Canada,Centre de recherche en biologie structurale, McGill University, Montréal, Canada
| | - Ashkan Shahsavan
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montréal, Canada,Centre de recherche en biologie structurale, McGill University, Montréal, Canada
| | - Emma Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montréal, Canada,Centre de recherche en biologie structurale, McGill University, Montréal, Canada
| | - Lixia Yue
- Dept. of Cell Biology. UCONN Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut, United States
| | - Loren W. Runnels
- Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, New Jersey, United States
| | - Kalle Gehring
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montréal, Canada,Centre de recherche en biologie structurale, McGill University, Montréal, Canada,Corresponding author:
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10
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Chia PL, Ang KH, Thura M, Zeng Q. PRL3 as a therapeutic target for novel cancer immunotherapy in multiple cancer types. Theranostics 2023; 13:1876-1891. [PMID: 37064866 PMCID: PMC10091880 DOI: 10.7150/thno.79265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 04/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Phosphatase of Regenerating Liver-3 (PRL3) was discovered in 1998 and was subsequently found to be correlated with cancer progression and metastasis in 2001. Extensive research in the past two decades has produced significant findings on PRL3-mediated cancer signaling and functions, as well as its clinical relevance in diverse types of cancer. PRL3 has been established to play a role in many cancer-related functions, including but not limited to metastasis, proliferation, and angiogenesis. Importantly, the tumor-specific expression of PRL3 protein in multiple cancer types has made it an attractive therapeutic target. Much effort has been made in developing PRL3-targeted therapy with small chemical inhibitors against intracellular PRL3, and notably, the development of PRL3-zumab as a novel cancer immunotherapy against PRL3. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of the role of PRL3 in cancer-related cellular functions, its prognostic value, as well as perspectives on PRL3 as a target for unconventional immunotherapy in the clinic with PRL3-zumab.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei Ling Chia
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (ASTAR), Singapore 138673; ; ;
| | - Koon Hwee Ang
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (ASTAR), Singapore 138673; ; ;
| | - Min Thura
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (ASTAR), Singapore 138673; ; ;
| | - Qi Zeng
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (ASTAR), Singapore 138673; ; ;
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11
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Ryu K, Yoshida A, Funato Y, Yamazaki D, Miki H. PRL stimulates mitotic errors by suppressing kinetochore-localized activation of AMPK during mitosis. Cell Struct Funct 2022; 47:75-87. [PMID: 36336348 PMCID: PMC10511051 DOI: 10.1247/csf.22034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Phosphatase of regenerating liver (PRL) is frequently overexpressed in various malignant cancers and is known to be a driver of malignancy. Here, we demonstrated that PRL overexpression causes mitotic errors that accompany spindle misorientation and aneuploidy, which are intimately associated with cancer progression. Mechanistic analyses of this phenomenon revealed dysregulation of the energy sensor kinase, AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), in PRL-induced mitotic errors. Specifically, immunofluorescence analysis showed that levels of phosphorylated AMPK (P-AMPK), an activated form of AMPK, at the kinetochore were reduced by PRL expression. Moreover, artificial activation of AMPK using chemical activators, such as A769662 and AICAR, in PRL-expressing cells restored P-AMPK signals at the kinetochore and normalized spindle orientation. Collectively, these results indicate the crucial importance of the activation of kinetochore-localized AMPK in the normal progression of mitosis, which is specifically perturbed by PRL overexpression.Key words: cancer, AMPK, PRL, kinetochore, mitotic errors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kajung Ryu
- Department of Cellular Regulation, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Atsushi Yoshida
- Department of Cellular Regulation, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yosuke Funato
- Department of Cellular Regulation, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Daisuke Yamazaki
- Department of Cellular Regulation, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Miki
- Department of Cellular Regulation, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- Center for Infectious Disease Education and Research (CiDER), Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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12
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Funato Y, Hashizume O, Miki H. Phosphatase-independent role of phosphatase of regenerating liver in cancer progression. Cancer Sci 2022; 114:25-33. [PMID: 36285487 PMCID: PMC9807511 DOI: 10.1111/cas.15625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Phosphatase of regenerating liver (PRL) is a family of protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs) that are anchored to the plasma membrane by prenylation. They are frequently overexpressed in various types of malignant cancers and their roles in cancer progression have received considerable attention. Mutational analyses of PRLs have shown that their intrinsic phosphatase activity is dispensable for tumor formation induced by PRL overexpression in a lung metastasis model using melanoma cells. Instead, PRLs directly bind to cyclin M (CNNM) Mg2+ exporters in the plasma membrane and potently inhibit their Mg2+ export activity, resulting in an increase in intracellular Mg2+ levels. Experiments using mammalian culture cells, mice, and C. elegans have collectively revealed that dysregulation of Mg2+ levels severely affects ATP and reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels as well as the function of Ca2+ -permeable channels. Moreover, PRL overexpression altered the optimal pH for cell proliferation from normal 7.5 to acidic 6.5, which is typically observed in malignant tumors. Here, we review the phosphatase-independent biological functions of PRLs, focusing on their interactions with CNNM Mg2+ exporters in cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yosuke Funato
- Department of Cellular RegulationResearch Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka UniversityOsakaJapan
| | - Osamu Hashizume
- Department of Cellular RegulationResearch Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka UniversityOsakaJapan
| | - Hiroaki Miki
- Department of Cellular RegulationResearch Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka UniversityOsakaJapan,Center for Infectious Disease Education and Research (CiDER)Osaka UniversityOsakaJapan
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13
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Zhang R, Kumar GS, Hansen U, Zoccheddu M, Sacchetti C, Holmes ZJ, Lee MC, Beckmann D, Wen Y, Mikulski Z, Yang S, Santelli E, Page R, Boin F, Peti W, Bottini N. Oxidative stress promotes fibrosis in systemic sclerosis through stabilization of a kinase-phosphatase complex. JCI Insight 2022; 7:155761. [PMID: 35451370 PMCID: PMC9089796 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.155761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is a fibrotic autoimmune disease characterized by pathogenic activation of fibroblasts enhanced by local oxidative stress. The tyrosine phosphatase PTP4A1 was identified as a critical promoter of TGF-β signaling in SSc. Oxidative stress is known to functionally inactivate tyrosine phosphatases. Here, we assessed whether oxidation of PTP4A1 modulates its profibrotic action and found that PTP4A1 forms a complex with the kinase SRC in scleroderma fibroblasts, but surprisingly, oxidative stress enhanced rather than reduced PTP4A1’s association with SRC and its profibrotic action. Through structural assessment of the oxo-PTP4A1-SRC complex, we unraveled an unexpected mechanism whereby oxidation of a tyrosine phosphatase promotes its function through modification of its protein complex. Considering the importance of oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of SSc and fibrosis, our findings suggest routes for leveraging PTP4A1 oxidation as a potential strategy for developing antifibrotic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiyuan Zhang
- Department of Medicine and.,Department of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Ganesan Senthil Kumar
- Department of Molecular Biology & Biophysics, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
| | - Uwe Hansen
- Institute for Musculoskeletal Medicine, University of Munster, Munster, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Zbigniew Mikulski
- Microscopy and Histology Core Facility, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, California, USA
| | | | | | - Rebecca Page
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
| | - Francesco Boin
- Division of Rheumatology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA.,Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Wolfgang Peti
- Department of Molecular Biology & Biophysics, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
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14
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Abdollahi P, Vandsemb EN, Børset M. Phosphatases of regenerating liver are key regulators of metabolism in cancer cells - role of Serine/Glycine metabolism. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 2022; 25:50-55. [PMID: 34725313 PMCID: PMC8694249 DOI: 10.1097/mco.0000000000000797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Phosphatases of regenerating liver (PRL) are dual-specificity phosphatases and comprise three members, PRL-1, -2 and -3. Despite the importance of PRLs as oncoproteins, there is no consensus function for this family of phosphatases. In the current review paper, we summarize recent findings on the role of PRLs in metabolic regulation. RECENT FINDINGS Reprogramming of cellular metabolism is a cancer hallmark. Glucose is the major source of energy in cells. Glucose metabolism occurs through the glycolysis and can continue through the pathways such as serine synthesis pathway or the tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA). Magnesium (Mg2+), the second most abundant cation in cells, plays an essential role in energy production by acting as a cofactor for most enzymes involved in glycolysis and in TCA. Recent findings have shown that the PRL family has a role in metabolic reprogramming mediated by (1) Mg2+ homeostasis, (2) shifting the energy source preference to glucose consumption and fueling serine/glycine pathway and (3) regulating PI3 kinase/Mammalian target of rapamycin complex. Both the phosphatase and nonphosphatase activity of PRLs appear to be important for its oncogenic role. SUMMARY The PRL family contributes to the metabolic plasticity of cancer cells and, thereby, allows cancer cells to meet the high metabolic demands required for cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pegah Abdollahi
- Center for Myeloma Research, Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU)
- Laboratory Clinic
| | - Esten N. Vandsemb
- Center for Myeloma Research, Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU)
| | - Magne Børset
- Center for Myeloma Research, Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU)
- Department of Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, St. Olavs hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
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15
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Funato Y, Miki H. The emerging roles and therapeutic potential of cyclin M/CorC family of Mg 2+ transporters. J Pharmacol Sci 2021; 148:14-18. [PMID: 34924118 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphs.2021.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Revised: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclin M (CNNM) and its prokaryotic ortholog CorC belong to a family of proteins that function as Mg2+-extruding transporters by stimulating Na+/Mg2+ exchange, and thereby control intracellular Mg2+ levels. The Mg2+-extruding function of CNNM is inhibited by the direct binding of an oncogenic protein, phosphatase of regenerating liver (PRL), and this inhibition is responsible for the PRL-driven malignant progression of cancers. Studies with mouse strains deficient for the CNNM gene family revealed the importance of CNNM4 and CNNM2 in maintaining organismal Mg2+ homeostasis by participating in intestinal Mg2+ absorption and renal reabsorption, respectively. Moreover, CNNM proteins are involved in various diseases, and gene mutations in CNNM2 and CNNM4 cause dominant familial hypomagnesemia and Jalili syndrome, respectively. Genome wide association studies have also revealed the importance of CNNM2 in multiple major diseases, such as hypertension and schizophrenia. Collectively, the molecular and biological characterizations of CNNM/CorC show that they are an intriguing therapeutic target; the current status of drug development targeting these proteins is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yosuke Funato
- Department of Cellular Regulation, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, 3-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.
| | - Hiroaki Miki
- Department of Cellular Regulation, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, 3-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan; Center for Infectious Disease Education and Research (CiDER), Osaka University, 2-8 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.
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16
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Lohani S, Funato Y, Akieda Y, Mizutani K, Takai Y, Ishitani T, Miki H. A novel role of PRL in regulating epithelial cell density by inducing apoptosis at confluence. J Cell Sci 2021; 135:273809. [PMID: 34931244 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.258550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Maintaining proper epithelial cell density is essential for the survival of multicellular organisms. While regulation of cell density through apoptosis is well known, its mechanistic details remain elusive. Here, we report the involvement of membrane-anchored phosphatase of regenerating liver (PRL), originally known for its role in cancer malignancy, in this process. In epithelial MDCK cells, upon confluence, doxycycline-induced expression of PRL upregulated apoptosis, reducing the cell density. This could be circumvented by artificially reducing the cell density via stretching the cell-seeded silicon chamber. Moreover, siRNA-mediated knockdown of endogenous PRL blocked apoptosis, leading to greater cell density. Mechanistically, PRL promoted apoptosis by upregulating the translation of E-cadherin and activating TGF-β pathway. Morpholino-mediated inhibition of PRL expression in zebrafish embryos caused developmental defect with reduced apoptosis and increased epithelial cell density during convergent extension. This study revealed a novel role of PRL in regulating density-dependent apoptosis in vertebrate epithelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sweksha Lohani
- Department of Cellular Regulation, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yosuke Funato
- Department of Cellular Regulation, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yuki Akieda
- Department of Homeostatic Regulation, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Kiyohito Mizutani
- Division of Pathogenetic Signaling, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan
| | - Yoshimi Takai
- Division of Pathogenetic Signaling, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan
| | - Tohru Ishitani
- Department of Homeostatic Regulation, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.,Center for Infectious Disease Education and Research (CiDER), Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Miki
- Department of Cellular Regulation, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.,Center for Infectious Disease Education and Research (CiDER), Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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17
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Gehring K, Kozlov G, Yang M, Fakih R. The double lives of phosphatases of regenerating liver: A structural view of their catalytic and noncatalytic activities. J Biol Chem 2021; 298:101471. [PMID: 34890645 PMCID: PMC8728433 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.101471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphatases of regenerating liver (PRLs) are protein phosphatases involved in the control of cell growth and migration. They are known to promote cancer metastasis but, despite over 20 years of study, there is still no consensus about their mechanism of action. Recent work has revealed that PRLs lead double lives, acting both as catalytically active enzymes and as pseudophosphatases. The three known PRLs belong to the large family of cysteine phosphatases that form a phosphocysteine intermediate during catalysis. Uniquely to PRLs, this intermediate is stable, with a lifetime measured in hours. As a consequence, PRLs have very little phosphatase activity. Independently, PRLs also act as pseudophosphatases by binding CNNM membrane proteins to regulate magnesium homeostasis. In this function, an aspartic acid from CNNM inserts into the phosphatase catalytic site of PRLs, mimicking a substrate–enzyme interaction. The delineation of PRL pseudophosphatase and phosphatase activities in vivo was impossible until the recent identification of PRL mutants defective in one activity or the other. These mutants showed that CNNM binding was sufficient for PRL oncogenicity in one model of metastasis, but left unresolved its role in other contexts. As the presence of phosphocysteine prevents CNNM binding and CNNM-binding blocks catalytic activity, these two activities are inherently linked. Additional studies are needed to untangle the intertwined catalytic and noncatalytic functions of PRLs. Here, we review the current understanding of the structure and biophysical properties of PRL phosphatases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalle Gehring
- Department of Biochemistry and Centre de Recherche en Biologie Structurale, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
| | - Guennadi Kozlov
- Department of Biochemistry and Centre de Recherche en Biologie Structurale, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Meng Yang
- Department of Biochemistry and Centre de Recherche en Biologie Structurale, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Rayan Fakih
- Department of Biochemistry and Centre de Recherche en Biologie Structurale, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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18
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Urzúa B, Ortega-Pinto A, Adorno-Farias D, Morales-Bozo I, Rojas-Flores S, Briones-Marín D, Lepiman-Torres C. Exploring the Pool of Pathogenic Variants of Amelogenesis Imperfecta: An Approach to the Understanding of Its Genetic Architecture. FRONTIERS IN DENTAL MEDICINE 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fdmed.2021.785382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: To identify which genes are associated with the clinical phenotype of amelogenesis Imperfecta (AI) and to elucidate which of these genes participate in the determination of isolated and syndromic forms.Methods: In this review, all data on mutations described in AI-related genes were obtained from HGMD® Professional. The data in relation to the mutations, inheritance, phenotype, type of AI and country were supplemented with information from the literature. The identity codes and frequency values were obtained from the dbSNP, ClinVar and OMIM databases. The percentage of specificity (PE) was determined for each gene.Results: HGMD® describes 27 genes involved in AI, which we propose to group into 5 categories: (1) genes whose mutations are associated only with isolated AI, (2) genes whose mutations cause only syndromic AI, (3) genes with both mutations that cause isolated AI and mutations responsible for other pathologies, (4) genes with mutations responsible for syndromic AI and mutations that cause other pathologies, and (5) genes with mutations that cause isolated AI and mutations that cause AI associated with syndromes and other pathologies. Using the PE calculation, the genes were ranked into 5 specificity groups. The genes of category 1 are specific for isolated AI, while the genes of categories 2 and 4 are non-specific. Interestingly, we observed that mutations in some genes were associated with different types of cancer.Conclusion: The ACP4, AMTN, MMP20, ODAPH, RELT, SLC24A4 and SP6 genes participate in causing isolated AI, and the CNNM4, DLX3 and FAM20A genes participate in causing syndromic forms of AI.
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19
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Pseudophosphatases as Regulators of MAPK Signaling. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222212595. [PMID: 34830476 PMCID: PMC8622459 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222212595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways are highly conserved regulators of eukaryotic cell function. These enzymes regulate many biological processes, including the cell cycle, apoptosis, differentiation, protein biosynthesis, and oncogenesis; therefore, tight control of the activity of MAPK is critical. Kinases and phosphatases are well established as MAPK activators and inhibitors, respectively. Kinases phosphorylate MAPKs, initiating and controlling the amplitude of the activation. In contrast, MAPK phosphatases (MKPs) dephosphorylate MAPKs, downregulating and controlling the duration of the signal. In addition, within the past decade, pseudoenzymes of these two families, pseudokinases and pseudophosphatases, have emerged as bona fide signaling regulators. This review discusses the role of pseudophosphatases in MAPK signaling, highlighting the function of phosphoserine/threonine/tyrosine-interacting protein (STYX) and TAK1-binding protein (TAB 1) in regulating MAPKs. Finally, a new paradigm is considered for this well-studied cellular pathway, and signal transduction pathways in general.
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20
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Abdollahi P, Vandsemb EN, Elsaadi S, Røst LM, Yang R, Hjort MA, Andreassen T, Misund K, Slørdahl TS, Rø TB, Sponaas AM, Moestue S, Bruheim P, Børset M. Phosphatase of regenerating liver-3 regulates cancer cell metabolism in multiple myeloma. FASEB J 2021; 35:e21344. [PMID: 33566385 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202001920rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Revised: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cancer cells often depend on microenvironment signals from molecules such as cytokines for proliferation and metabolic adaptations. PRL-3, a cytokine-induced oncogenic phosphatase, is highly expressed in multiple myeloma cells and associated with poor outcome in this cancer. We studied whether PRL-3 influences metabolism. Cells transduced to express PRL-3 had higher aerobic glycolytic rate, oxidative phosphorylation, and ATP production than the control cells. PRL-3 promoted glucose uptake and lactate excretion, enhanced the levels of proteins regulating glycolysis and enzymes in the serine/glycine synthesis pathway, a side branch of glycolysis. Moreover, mRNAs for these proteins correlated with PRL-3 expression in primary patient myeloma cells. Glycine decarboxylase (GLDC) was the most significantly induced metabolism gene. Forced GLDC downregulation partly counteracted PRL-3-induced aerobic glycolysis, indicating GLDC involvement in a PRL-3-driven Warburg effect. AMPK, HIF-1α, and c-Myc, important metabolic regulators in cancer cells, were not mediators of PRL-3's metabolic effects. A phosphatase-dead PRL-3 mutant, C104S, promoted many of the metabolic changes induced by wild-type PRL-3, arguing that important metabolic effects of PRL-3 are independent of its phosphatase activity. Through this study, PRL-3 emerges as one of the key mediators of metabolic adaptations in multiple myeloma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pegah Abdollahi
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.,Laboratory Clinic, St. Olavs University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Esten N Vandsemb
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Samah Elsaadi
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Lisa M Røst
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Rui Yang
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.,Laboratory Clinic, St. Olavs University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Magnus A Hjort
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.,Children's Clinic, St. Olavs University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Trygve Andreassen
- MR Core Facility, Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Kristine Misund
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.,Clinic of Medicine, St. Olavs University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Tobias S Slørdahl
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.,Clinic of Medicine, St. Olavs University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Torstein B Rø
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.,Children's Clinic, St. Olavs University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Anne-Marit Sponaas
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Siver Moestue
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.,Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Nord University, Bodø, Norway
| | - Per Bruheim
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Magne Børset
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.,Department of Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, St. Olavs University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
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21
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Abstract
CNNM/CorB proteins are a broadly conserved family of integral membrane proteins with close to 90,000 protein sequences known. They are associated with Mg2+ transport but it is not known if they mediate transport themselves or regulate other transporters. Here, we determine the crystal structure of an archaeal CorB protein in two conformations (apo and Mg2+-ATP bound). The transmembrane DUF21 domain exists in an inward-facing conformation with a Mg2+ ion coordinated by a conserved π-helix. In the absence of Mg2+-ATP, the CBS-pair domain adopts an elongated dimeric configuration with previously unobserved domain-domain contacts. Hydrogen-deuterium exchange mass spectrometry, analytical ultracentrifugation, and molecular dynamics experiments support a role of the structural rearrangements in mediating Mg2+-ATP sensing. Lastly, we use an in vitro, liposome-based assay to demonstrate direct Mg2+ transport by CorB proteins. These structural and functional insights provide a framework for understanding function of CNNMs in Mg2+ transport and associated diseases.
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22
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Mattei AM, Smailys JD, Hepworth EMW, Hinton SD. The Roles of Pseudophosphatases in Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22136924. [PMID: 34203203 PMCID: PMC8269279 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22136924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The pseudophosphatases, atypical members of the protein tyrosine phosphatase family, have emerged as bona fide signaling regulators within the past two decades. Their roles as regulators have led to a renaissance of the pseudophosphatase and pseudoenyme fields, catapulting interest from a mere curiosity to intriguing and relevant proteins to investigate. Pseudophosphatases make up approximately fourteen percent of the phosphatase family, and are conserved throughout evolution. Pseudophosphatases, along with pseudokinases, are important players in physiology and pathophysiology. These atypical members of the protein tyrosine phosphatase and protein tyrosine kinase superfamily, respectively, are rendered catalytically inactive through mutations within their catalytic active signature motif and/or other important domains required for catalysis. This new interest in the pursuit of the relevant functions of these proteins has resulted in an elucidation of their roles in signaling cascades and diseases. There is a rapid accumulation of knowledge of diseases linked to their dysregulation, such as neuropathies and various cancers. This review analyzes the involvement of pseudophosphatases in diseases, highlighting the function of various role(s) of pseudophosphatases involvement in pathologies, and thus providing a platform to strongly consider them as key therapeutic drug targets.
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23
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Gehring K, Miki H. Phosphatase, pseudo-phosphatase, or both? Understanding PRL oncogenicity. Br J Cancer 2021; 124:1035-1036. [PMID: 33268817 PMCID: PMC7960985 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-020-01194-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2020] [Revised: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Phosphatases of regenerating liver (PRL1-3) are among the most oncogenic protein phosphatases but their mechanism of action is poorly understood. Multiple substrates have been proposed as well as a non-catalytic function regulating magnesium transport. Our recent identification of a catalytically inactive PRL mutant that retains oncogenicity in a mouse model promises to resolve the question of whether PRLs act as phosphatases or pseudo-phosphatases in different cancer models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalle Gehring
- grid.14709.3b0000 0004 1936 8649Department of Biochemistry and Centre de Recherche en Biologie Structurale, McGill University, Montreal, QC Canada
| | - Hiroaki Miki
- grid.136593.b0000 0004 0373 3971Department of Cellular Regulation, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka Japan
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24
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The Oncogenic PRL Protein Causes Acid Addiction of Cells by Stimulating Lysosomal Exocytosis. Dev Cell 2020; 55:387-397.e8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2020.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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