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Chen K, Zhang L, Ding Y, Sun Z, Meng J, Luo R, Zhou X, Liu L, Yang S. Activity-based protein profiling in drug/pesticide discovery: Recent advances in target identification of antibacterial compounds. Bioorg Chem 2024; 151:107655. [PMID: 39032407 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2024.107655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2024] [Revised: 06/18/2024] [Accepted: 07/14/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024]
Abstract
Given the escalating incidence of bacterial diseases and the challenge posed by pathogenic bacterial resistance, it is imperative to identify appropriate methodologies for conducting proteomic investigations on bacteria, and thereby promoting the target-based drug/pesticide discovery. Interestingly, a novel technology termed "activity-based protein profiling" (ABPP) has been developed to identify the target proteins of active molecules. However, few studies have summarized advancements in ABPP for identifying the target proteins in antibacterial-active compounds. In order to accelerate the discovery and development of new drug/agrochemical discovery, we provide a concise overview of ABPP and its recent applications in antibacterial agent discovery. Diversiform cases were cited to demonstrate the potential of ABPP for target identification though highlighting the design strategies and summarizing the reported target protein of antibacterial compounds. Overall, this review is an excellent reference for probe design towards antibacterial compounds, and offers a new perspective of ABPP in bactericide development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunlun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Center for R&D of Fine Chemicals of Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Ling Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Center for R&D of Fine Chemicals of Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Yue Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Center for R&D of Fine Chemicals of Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Zhaoju Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Center for R&D of Fine Chemicals of Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Jiao Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Center for R&D of Fine Chemicals of Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Rongshuang Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Center for R&D of Fine Chemicals of Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Xiang Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Center for R&D of Fine Chemicals of Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China.
| | - Liwei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Center for R&D of Fine Chemicals of Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Song Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Center for R&D of Fine Chemicals of Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China.
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2
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Goss AL, Shudick RE, Johnson RJ. Shifting Mycobacterial Serine Hydrolase Activity Visualized Using Multi-Layer In-Gel Activity Assays. Molecules 2024; 29:3386. [PMID: 39064965 PMCID: PMC11279797 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29143386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2024] [Revised: 07/16/2024] [Accepted: 07/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The ability of Mycobacterium tuberculosis to derive lipids from the host, store them intracellularly, and then break them down into energy requires a battery of serine hydrolases. Serine hydrolases are a large, diverse enzyme family with functional roles in dormant, active, and reactivating mycobacterial cultures. To rapidly measure substrate-dependent shifts in mycobacterial serine hydrolase activity, we combined a robust mycobacterial growth system of nitrogen limitation and variable carbon availability with nimble in-gel fluorogenic enzyme measurements. Using this methodology, we rapidly analyzed a range of ester substrates, identified multiple hydrolases concurrently, observed functional enzyme shifts, and measured global substrate preferences. Within every growth condition, mycobacterial hydrolases displayed the full, dynamic range of upregulated, downregulated, and constitutively active hydrolases independent of the ester substrate. Increasing the alkyl chain length of the ester substrate also allowed visualization of distinct hydrolase activity likely corresponding with lipases most responsible for lipid breakdown. The most robust expression of hydrolase activity was observed under the highest stress growth conditions, reflecting the induction of multiple metabolic pathways scavenging for energy to survive under this high stress. The unique hydrolases present under these high-stress conditions could represent novel drug targets for combination treatment with current front-line therapeutics. Combining diverse fluorogenic esters with in-gel activity measurements provides a rapid, customizable, and sensitive detection method for mycobacterial serine hydrolase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - R. Jeremy Johnson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Butler University, 4600 Sunset Ave., Indianapolis, IN 46208, USA
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3
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Lin H, Xing J, Wang H, Wang S, Fang R, Li X, Li Z, Song N. Roles of Lipolytic enzymes in Mycobacterium tuberculosis pathogenesis. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1329715. [PMID: 38357346 PMCID: PMC10865251 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1329715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is a bacterial pathogen that can endure for long periods in an infected patient, without causing disease. There are a number of virulence factors that increase its ability to invade the host. One of these factors is lipolytic enzymes, which play an important role in the pathogenic mechanism of Mtb. Bacterial lipolytic enzymes hydrolyze lipids in host cells, thereby releasing free fatty acids that are used as energy sources and building blocks for the synthesis of cell envelopes, in addition to regulating host immune responses. This review summarizes the relevant recent studies that used in vitro and in vivo models of infection, with particular emphasis on the virulence profile of lipolytic enzymes in Mtb. A better understanding of these enzymes will aid the development of new treatment strategies for TB. The recent work done that explored mycobacterial lipolytic enzymes and their involvement in virulence and pathogenicity was highlighted in this study. Lipolytic enzymes are expected to control Mtb and other intracellular pathogenic bacteria by targeting lipid metabolism. They are also potential candidates for the development of novel therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Lin
- Weifang Key Laboratory of Respiratory Tract Pathogens and Drug Therapy, School of Life Science and Technology, Shandong Second Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Jiayin Xing
- Weifang Key Laboratory of Respiratory Tract Pathogens and Drug Therapy, School of Life Science and Technology, Shandong Second Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Weifang Key Laboratory of Respiratory Tract Pathogens and Drug Therapy, School of Life Science and Technology, Shandong Second Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Shuxian Wang
- Weifang Key Laboratory of Respiratory Tract Pathogens and Drug Therapy, School of Life Science and Technology, Shandong Second Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Ren Fang
- Weifang Key Laboratory of Respiratory Tract Pathogens and Drug Therapy, School of Life Science and Technology, Shandong Second Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Xiaotian Li
- Weifang Key Laboratory of Respiratory Tract Pathogens and Drug Therapy, School of Life Science and Technology, Shandong Second Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Zhaoli Li
- SAFE Pharmaceutical Technology Co. Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Ningning Song
- Weifang Key Laboratory of Respiratory Tract Pathogens and Drug Therapy, School of Life Science and Technology, Shandong Second Medical University, Weifang, China
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4
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Xia F, Zhang H, Yang H, Zheng M, Min W, Sun C, Yuan K, Yang P. Targeting polyketide synthase 13 for the treatment of tuberculosis. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 259:115702. [PMID: 37544185 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2023] [Revised: 07/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/29/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is one of the most threatening diseases for humans, however, the drug treatment strategy for TB has been stagnant and inadequate, which could not meet current treatment needs. TB is caused by Mycobacterial tuberculosis, which has a unique cell wall that plays a crucial role in its growth, virulence, and drug resistance. Polyketide synthase 13 (Pks13) is an essential enzyme that catalyzes the biosynthesis of the cell wall and its critical role is only found in Mycobacteria. Therefore, Pks13 is a promising target for developing novel anti-TB drugs. In this review, we first introduced the mechanism of targeting Pks13 for TB treatment. Subsequently, we focused on summarizing the recent advance of Pks13 inhibitors, including the challenges encountered during their discovery and the rational design strategies employed to overcome these obstacles, which could be helpful for the development of novel Pks13 inhibitors in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China; Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, China
| | - Haoling Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China; Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, China
| | - Huanaoyu Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China; Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, China
| | - Mingming Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China; Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, China
| | - Wenjian Min
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China; Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, China
| | - Chengliang Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China; Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, China.
| | - Kai Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China; Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, China.
| | - Peng Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China; Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, China; Institute of Innovative Drug Discovery and Development, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, China.
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5
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Lembke HK, Carlson EE. Activity-based probes in pathogenic bacteria: Investigating drug targets and molecule specificity. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2023; 76:102359. [PMID: 37406424 PMCID: PMC10526982 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2023.102359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Revised: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023]
Abstract
Bacteria comprise complex communities within our bodies and largely have beneficial roles, however a small percentage are pathogenic. While all pathogens are important to public health, immediate action is necessary to combat bacterial strains developing pan- and multi-resistance to antibiotics. As present therapeutics fail to tackle this problem, novel strategies are required to address this threat. Activity-based probes (ABPs) are one method to investigate proteins of interest in pathogens. These probes can serve multiple purposes to better our understanding of bacterial pathogenicity. Herein, we highlight recent studies that used ABPs to identify new drug targets or visualize antibiotic resistance- or bacterial virulence-associated proteins, and introduce strategies to determine the specificity of ABPs within a targeted enzyme class.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah K Lembke
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Erin E Carlson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States; Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States; Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States; Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States.
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6
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Capela R, Félix R, Clariano M, Nunes D, Perry MDJ, Lopes F. Target Identification in Anti-Tuberculosis Drug Discovery. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:10482. [PMID: 37445660 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241310482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 06/17/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is the etiological agent of tuberculosis (TB), a disease that, although preventable and curable, remains a global epidemic due to the emergence of resistance and a latent form responsible for a long period of treatment. Drug discovery in TB is a challenging task due to the heterogeneity of the disease, the emergence of resistance, and uncomplete knowledge of the pathophysiology of the disease. The limited permeability of the cell wall and the presence of multiple efflux pumps remain a major barrier to achieve effective intracellular drug accumulation. While the complete genome sequence of Mtb has been determined and several potential protein targets have been validated, the lack of adequate models for in vitro and in vivo studies is a limiting factor in TB drug discovery programs. In current therapeutic regimens, less than 0.5% of bacterial proteins are targeted during the biosynthesis of the cell wall and the energetic metabolism of two of the most important processes exploited for TB chemotherapeutics. This review provides an overview on the current challenges in TB drug discovery and emerging Mtb druggable proteins, and explains how chemical probes for protein profiling enabled the identification of new targets and biomarkers, paving the way to disruptive therapeutic regimens and diagnostic tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Capela
- Instituto de Investigação do Medicamento (iMed.ULisboa), Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Rita Félix
- Instituto de Investigação do Medicamento (iMed.ULisboa), Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Marta Clariano
- Instituto de Investigação do Medicamento (iMed.ULisboa), Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Diogo Nunes
- Instituto de Investigação do Medicamento (iMed.ULisboa), Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Maria de Jesus Perry
- Instituto de Investigação do Medicamento (iMed.ULisboa), Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Francisca Lopes
- Instituto de Investigação do Medicamento (iMed.ULisboa), Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal
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7
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Finin P, Khan RMN, Oh S, Boshoff HIM, Barry CE. Chemical approaches to unraveling the biology of mycobacteria. Cell Chem Biol 2023; 30:420-435. [PMID: 37207631 PMCID: PMC10201459 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2023.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), perhaps more than any other organism, is intrinsically appealing to chemical biologists. Not only does the cell envelope feature one of the most complex heteropolymers found in nature1 but many of the interactions between Mtb and its primary host (we humans) rely on lipid and not protein mediators.2,3 Many of the complex lipids, glycolipids, and carbohydrates biosynthesized by the bacterium still have unknown functions, and the complexity of the pathological processes by which tuberculosis (TB) disease progress offers many opportunities for these molecules to influence the human response. Because of the importance of TB in global public health, chemical biologists have applied a wide-ranging array of techniques to better understand the disease and improve interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Finin
- Tuberculosis Research Section, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - R M Naseer Khan
- Tuberculosis Research Section, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Sangmi Oh
- Tuberculosis Research Section, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Helena I M Boshoff
- Tuberculosis Research Section, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Clifton E Barry
- Tuberculosis Research Section, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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8
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Schemenauer D, Pool EH, Raynor SN, Ruiz GP, Goehring LM, Koelper AJ, Wilson MA, Durand AJ, Kourtoglou EC, Larsen EM, Lavis LD, Esteb JJ, Hoops GC, Johnson RJ. Sequence and Structural Motifs Controlling the Broad Substrate Specificity of the Mycobacterial Hormone-Sensitive Lipase LipN. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:13252-13264. [PMID: 37065048 PMCID: PMC10099132 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c00534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis has a complex life cycle transitioning between active and dormant growth states depending on environmental conditions. LipN (Rv2970c) is a conserved mycobacterial serine hydrolase with regulated catalytic activity at the interface between active and dormant growth conditions. LipN also catalyzes the xenobiotic degradation of a tertiary ester substrate and contains multiple conserved motifs connected with the ability to catalyze the hydrolysis of difficult tertiary ester substrates. Herein, we expanded a library of fluorogenic ester substrates to include more tertiary and constrained esters and screened 33 fluorogenic substrates for activation by LipN, identifying its unique substrate signature. LipN preferred short, unbranched ester substrates, but had its second highest activity against a heteroaromatic five-membered oxazole ester. Oxazole esters are present in multiple mycobacterial serine hydrolase inhibitors but have not been tested widely as ester substrates. Combined structural modeling, kinetic measurements, and substitutional analysis of LipN showcased a fairly rigid binding pocket preorganized for catalysis of short ester substrates. Substitution of diverse amino acids across the binding pocket significantly impacted the folded stability and catalytic activity of LipN with two conserved motifs (HGGGW and GDSAG) playing interconnected, multidimensional roles in regulating its substrate specificity. Together this detailed substrate specificity profile of LipN illustrates the complex interplay between structure and function in mycobacterial hormone-sensitive lipase homologues and indicates oxazole esters as promising inhibitor and substrate scaffolds for mycobacterial hydrolases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel
E. Schemenauer
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Butler University, Indianapolis, Indiana 46208, United States
| | - Emily H. Pool
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Butler University, Indianapolis, Indiana 46208, United States
| | - Stephanie N. Raynor
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Butler University, Indianapolis, Indiana 46208, United States
| | - Gabriela P. Ruiz
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Butler University, Indianapolis, Indiana 46208, United States
| | - Leah M. Goehring
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Butler University, Indianapolis, Indiana 46208, United States
| | - Andrew J. Koelper
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Butler University, Indianapolis, Indiana 46208, United States
| | - Madeleine A. Wilson
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Butler University, Indianapolis, Indiana 46208, United States
| | - Anthony J. Durand
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Butler University, Indianapolis, Indiana 46208, United States
| | - Elexi C. Kourtoglou
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Butler University, Indianapolis, Indiana 46208, United States
| | - Erik M. Larsen
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Butler University, Indianapolis, Indiana 46208, United States
| | - Luke D. Lavis
- Howard
Hughes Medical Institute, Janelia Research Campus, Ashburn, Virginia 20147, United States
| | - John J. Esteb
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Butler University, Indianapolis, Indiana 46208, United States
| | - Geoffrey C. Hoops
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Butler University, Indianapolis, Indiana 46208, United States
| | - R. Jeremy Johnson
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Butler University, Indianapolis, Indiana 46208, United States
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9
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Malarney KP, Chang PV. Chemoproteomic Approaches for Unraveling Prokaryotic Biology. Isr J Chem 2023; 63:e202200076. [PMID: 37842282 PMCID: PMC10575470 DOI: 10.1002/ijch.202200076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 03/07/2023]
Abstract
Bacteria are ubiquitous lifeforms with important roles in the environment, biotechnology, and human health. Many of the functions that bacteria perform are mediated by proteins and enzymes, which catalyze metabolic transformations of small molecules and modifications of proteins. To better understand these biological processes, chemical proteomic approaches, including activity-based protein profiling, have been developed to interrogate protein function and enzymatic activity in physiologically relevant contexts. Here, chemoproteomic strategies and technological advances for studying bacterial physiology, pathogenesis, and metabolism are discussed. The development of chemoproteomic approaches for characterizing protein function and enzymatic activity within bacteria remains an active area of research, and continued innovations are expected to provide breakthroughs in understanding bacterial biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kien P Malarney
- Department of Microbiology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853 (USA)
| | - Pamela V Chang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853 (USA)
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853 (USA)
- Cornell Center for Immunology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853 (USA)
- Cornell Institute of Host-Microbe Interactions and Disease, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853 (USA)
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10
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Racioppo B, Qiu N, Adibekian A. Serine Hydrolase Activity‐Based Probes for use in Chemical Proteomics. Isr J Chem 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/ijch.202300016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Brittney Racioppo
- Department of Chemistry University of Illinois Chicago Chicago Illinois 60607 United States
- Skaggs Doctoral Program in the Chemical and Biological Sciences, Scripps Research La Jolla California 92037 United States
| | - Nan Qiu
- Department of Chemistry University of Illinois Chicago Chicago Illinois 60607 United States
- Skaggs Doctoral Program in the Chemical and Biological Sciences, Scripps Research La Jolla California 92037 United States
| | - Alexander Adibekian
- Department of Chemistry University of Illinois Chicago Chicago Illinois 60607 United States
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11
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Parbhoo T, Schurz H, Mouton JM, Sampson SL. Persistence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in response to infection burden and host-induced stressors. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:981827. [PMID: 36530432 PMCID: PMC9755487 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.981827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction As infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis progresses, the bacilli experience various degrees of host stressors in the macrophage phagosome such as low pH, nutrient deprivation, or exposure to toxic agents, which promotes cell-to-cell phenotypic variation. This includes a physiologically viable but non- or slowly replicating persister subpopulation, which is characterised by a loss of growth on solid media, while remaining metabolically active. Persisters additionally evade the host immune response and macrophage antimicrobial processes by adapting their metabolic pathways to maintain survival and persistence in the host. Methods A flow cytometry-based dual-fluorescent replication reporter assay, termed fluorescence dilution, provided a culture-independent method to characterize the single-cell replication dynamics of M. tuberculosis persisters following macrophage infection. Fluorescence dilution in combination with reference counting beads and a metabolic esterase reactive probe, calcein violet AM, provided an effective approach to enumerate and characterize the phenotypic heterogeneity within M. tuberculosis following macrophage infection. Results Persister formation appeared dependent on the initial infection burden and intracellular bacterial burden. However, inhibition of phagocytosis by cytochalasin D treatment resulted in a significantly higher median percentage of persisters compared to inhibition of phagosome acidification by bafilomycin A1 treatment. Discussion Our results suggest that different host factors differentially impact the intracellular bacterial burden, adaptive mechanisms and entry into persistence in macrophages.
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12
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Babin BM, Keller LJ, Pinto Y, Li VL, Eneim AS, Vance SE, Terrell SM, Bhatt AS, Long JZ, Bogyo M. Identification of covalent inhibitors that disrupt M. tuberculosis growth by targeting multiple serine hydrolases involved in lipid metabolism. Cell Chem Biol 2022; 29:897-909.e7. [PMID: 34599874 PMCID: PMC9252067 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2021.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The increasing incidence of antibiotic-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis infections is a global health threat necessitating the development of new antibiotics. Serine hydrolases (SHs) are a promising class of targets because of their importance for the synthesis of the mycobacterial cell envelope. We screen a library of small molecules containing serine-reactive electrophiles and identify narrow-spectrum inhibitors of M. tuberculosis growth. Using these lead molecules, we perform competitive activity-based protein profiling and identify multiple SH targets, including enzymes with uncharacterized functions. Lipidomic analyses of compound-treated cultures reveal an accumulation of free lipids and a substantial decrease in lipooligosaccharides, linking SH inhibition to defects in cell envelope biogenesis. Mutant analysis reveals a path to resistance via the synthesis of mycocerates, but not through mutations to SH targets. Our results suggest that simultaneous inhibition of multiple SH enzymes is likely to be an effective therapeutic strategy for the treatment of M. tuberculosis infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brett M Babin
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Laura J Keller
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Yishay Pinto
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Divisions of Hematology and Blood & Marrow Transplantation, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Veronica L Li
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Andrew S Eneim
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Summer E Vance
- Divisions of Hematology and Blood & Marrow Transplantation, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Stephanie M Terrell
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Ami S Bhatt
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Divisions of Hematology and Blood & Marrow Transplantation, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Jonathan Z Long
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Stanford ChEM-H, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Matthew Bogyo
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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13
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Li M, Patel HV, Cognetta AB, Smith TC, Mallick I, Cavalier JF, Previti ML, Canaan S, Aldridge BB, Cravatt BF, Seeliger JC. Identification of cell wall synthesis inhibitors active against Mycobacterium tuberculosis by competitive activity-based protein profiling. Cell Chem Biol 2022; 29:883-896.e5. [PMID: 34599873 PMCID: PMC8964833 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2021.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Revised: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The identification and validation of a small molecule's targets is a major bottleneck in the discovery process for tuberculosis antibiotics. Activity-based protein profiling (ABPP) is an efficient tool for determining a small molecule's targets within complex proteomes. However, how target inhibition relates to biological activity is often left unexplored. Here, we study the effects of 1,2,3-triazole ureas on Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). After screening ∼200 compounds, we focus on 4 compounds that form a structure-activity series. The compound with negligible activity reveals targets, the inhibition of which is functionally less relevant for Mtb growth and viability, an aspect not addressed in other ABPP studies. Biochemistry, computational docking, and morphological analysis confirms that active compounds preferentially inhibit serine hydrolases with cell wall and lipid metabolism functions and that disruption of the cell wall underlies biological activity. Our findings show that ABPP identifies the targets most likely relevant to a compound's antibacterial activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Li
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences and Immunology Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11790, USA
| | - Hiren V Patel
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11790, USA
| | - Armand B Cognetta
- Department of Chemistry, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Trever C Smith
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Tufts University, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Ivy Mallick
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, LISM, IMM FR3479, 13402 Marseille, France
| | | | - Mary L Previti
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences and Immunology Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11790, USA
| | - Stéphane Canaan
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, LISM, IMM FR3479, 13402 Marseille, France
| | - Bree B Aldridge
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Tufts University, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Benjamin F Cravatt
- Department of Chemistry, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Jessica C Seeliger
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences and Immunology Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11790, USA.
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14
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Khan SS, Sudasinghe TD, Landgraf AD, Ronning DR, Sucheck SJ. Total Synthesis of Tetrahydrolipstatin, Its Derivatives, and Evaluation of Their Ability to Potentiate Multiple Antibiotic Classes against Mycobacterium Species. ACS Infect Dis 2021; 7:2876-2888. [PMID: 34478259 PMCID: PMC8630808 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.1c00283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Tetrahydrolipstatin (THL, 1a) has been shown to inhibit both mammalian and bacterial α/β hydrolases. In the case of bacterial systems, THL is a known inhibitor of several Mycobacterium tuberculosis hydrolases involved in mycomembrane biosynthesis. Herein we report a highly efficient eight-step asymmetric synthesis of THL using a route that allows modification of the THL α-chain substituent to afford compounds 1a through 1e. The key transformation in the synthesis was use of a (TPP)CrCl/Co2(CO)8-catalyzed regioselective and stereospecific carbonylation on an advanced epoxide intermediate to yield a trans-β-lactone. These compounds are modest inhibitors of Ag85A and Ag85C, two α/β hydrolases of M. tuberculosis involved in the biosynthesis of the mycomembrane. Among these compounds, 10d showed the highest inhibitory effect on Ag85A (34 ± 22 μM) and Ag85C (66 ± 8 μM), and its X-ray structure was solved in complex with Ag85C to 2.5 Å resolution. In contrast, compound 1e exhibited the best-in-class MICs of 50 μM (25 μg/mL) and 16 μM (8.4 μg/mL) against M. smegmatis and M. tuberculosis H37Ra, respectively, using a microtiter assay plate. Combination of 1e with 13 well-established antibiotics synergistically enhanced the potency of few of these antibiotics in M. smegmatis and M. tuberculosis H37Ra. Compound 1e applied at concentrations 4-fold lower than its MIC enhanced the MIC of the synergistic antibiotic by 2-256-fold. In addition to observing synergy with first-line drugs, rifamycin and isoniazid, the MIC of vancomycin against M. tuberculosis H37Ra was 65 μg/mL; however, the MIC was lowered to 0.25 μg/mL in the presence of 2.1 μg/mL 1e demonstrating the potential of targeting mycobacterial hydrolases involved in mycomembrane and peptidoglycan biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saniya S Khan
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio 43606, United States
| | - Thanuja D Sudasinghe
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198, United States
| | - Alexander D Landgraf
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio 43606, United States
| | - Donald R Ronning
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198, United States
| | - Steven J Sucheck
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio 43606, United States
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15
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Patil V, Jain V. Understanding Metabolic Remodeling in Mycobacterium smegmatis to Overcome Energy Exigency and Reductive Stress Under Energy-Compromised State. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:722229. [PMID: 34539614 PMCID: PMC8440910 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.722229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacteria such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the causative agent of tuberculosis that annually kills several million people worldwide, and Mycobacterium smegmatis, the non-pathogenic fast-growing mycobacteria, require oxidative phosphorylation to meet their energy requirements. We have previously shown that deletion of one of the two copies of atpD gene that codes for the ATP synthase β-subunit establishes an energy-compromised state in M. smegmatis. Here we report that upon such deletion, a major routing of electron flux occurs through the less energy-efficient complexes of its respiratory chain. ΔatpD bacterium also shows an increased reduced state which is further confirmed by the overexpression of WhiB3, a major redox sensor. We show a substantial modulation of the biosynthesis of cell wall associated lipids and triacylglycerol (TAG). An accumulation of TAG-containing lipid bodies is further confirmed by using 14C oleate incorporation. Interestingly, the mutant also shows an overexpression of TAG-degrading lipase genes, and the intracellular lipolytic enzymes mediate TAG hydrolysis for their utilization as energy source. We believe that our in vitro energy-depleted model will allow us to explore the critical link between energy metabolism, redox homeostasis, and lipid biosynthesis during ATP-depleted state, which will enhance our understanding of the bacterial adaptation, and will allow us to identify novel drug targets to counter mycobacterial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varsha Patil
- Microbiology and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Bhopal, India
| | - Vikas Jain
- Microbiology and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Bhopal, India
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16
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Mallick I, Santucci P, Poncin I, Point V, Kremer L, Cavalier JF, Canaan S. Intrabacterial lipid inclusions in mycobacteria: unexpected key players in survival and pathogenesis? FEMS Microbiol Rev 2021; 45:6283747. [PMID: 34036305 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuab029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterial species, including Mycobacterium tuberculosis, rely on lipids to survive and chronically persist within their hosts. Upon infection, opportunistic and strict pathogenic mycobacteria exploit metabolic pathways to import and process host-derived free fatty acids, subsequently stored as triacylglycerols under the form of intrabacterial lipid inclusions (ILI). Under nutrient-limiting conditions, ILI constitute a critical source of energy that fuels the carbon requirements and maintain redox homeostasis, promoting bacterial survival for extensive periods of time. In addition to their basic metabolic functions, these organelles display multiple other biological properties, emphasizing their central role in the mycobacterial lifecycle. However, despite of their importance, the dynamics of ILI metabolism and their contribution to mycobacterial adaptation/survival in the context of infection has not been thoroughly documented. Herein, we provide an overview of the historical ILI discoveries, their characterization, and current knowledge regarding the micro-environmental stimuli conveying ILI formation, storage and degradation. We also review new biological systems to monitor the dynamics of ILI metabolism in extra- and intracellular mycobacteria and describe major molecular actors in triacylglycerol biosynthesis, maintenance and breakdown. Finally, emerging concepts regarding to the role of ILI in mycobacterial survival, persistence, reactivation, antibiotic susceptibility and inter-individual transmission are also discuss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivy Mallick
- Aix-Marseille Univ, CNRS, LISM, IMM FR3479, Marseille, France.,IHU Méditerranée Infection, Aix-Marseille Univ., Marseille, France
| | - Pierre Santucci
- Aix-Marseille Univ, CNRS, LISM, IMM FR3479, Marseille, France
| | - Isabelle Poncin
- Aix-Marseille Univ, CNRS, LISM, IMM FR3479, Marseille, France
| | - Vanessa Point
- Aix-Marseille Univ, CNRS, LISM, IMM FR3479, Marseille, France
| | - Laurent Kremer
- Institut de Recherche en Infectiologie de Montpellier (IRIM), CNRS, UMR 9004, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France.,IRIM, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Stéphane Canaan
- Aix-Marseille Univ, CNRS, LISM, IMM FR3479, Marseille, France
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17
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Cavalier JF, Spilling CD, Durand T, Camoin L, Canaan S. Lipolytic enzymes inhibitors: A new way for antibacterial drugs discovery. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 209:112908. [PMID: 33071055 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.112908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/03/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tb) still remains the deadliest infectious disease worldwide with 1.5 million deaths in 2018, of which about 15% are attributed to resistant strains. Another significant example is Mycobacterium abscessus (M. abscessus), a nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) responsible for cutaneous and pulmonary infections, representing up to 95% of NTM infections in cystic fibrosis (CF) patients. M. abscessus is a new clinically relevant pathogen and is considered one of the most drug-resistant mycobacteria for which standardized chemotherapeutic regimens are still lacking. Together the emergence of M. tb and M. abscessus multi-drug resistant strains with ineffective and expensive therapeutics, have paved the way to the development of new classes of anti-mycobacterial agents offering additional therapeutic options. In this context, specific inhibitors of mycobacterial lipolytic enzymes represent novel and promising antibacterial molecules to address this challenging issue. The results highlighted here include a complete overview of the antibacterial activities, either in broth medium or inside infected macrophages, of two families of promising and potent anti-mycobacterial multi-target agents, i.e. oxadiazolone-core compounds (OX) and Cyclophostin & Cyclipostins analogs (CyC); the identification and biochemical validation of their effective targets (e.g., the antigen 85 complex and TesA playing key roles in mycolic acid metabolism) together with their respective crystal structures. To our knowledge, these are the first families of compounds able to target and impair replicating as well as intracellular bacteria. We are still impelled in deciphering their mode of action and finding new potential therapeutic targets against mycobacterial-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-François Cavalier
- Aix-Marseille Univ., CNRS, LISM, Institut de Microbiologie de La Méditerranée FR3479, Marseille, France.
| | - Christopher D Spilling
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Missouri-St. Louis, One University Boulevard, St. Louis, Missouri, 63121, United States
| | - Thierry Durand
- IBMM, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, Montpellier, France
| | - Luc Camoin
- Aix-Marseille Univ., INSERM, CNRS, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, CRCM, Marseille Protéomique, Marseille, France
| | - Stéphane Canaan
- Aix-Marseille Univ., CNRS, LISM, Institut de Microbiologie de La Méditerranée FR3479, Marseille, France.
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18
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Madani A, Mallick I, Guy A, Crauste C, Durand T, Fourquet P, Audebert S, Camoin L, Canaan S, Cavalier JF. Dissecting the antibacterial activity of oxadiazolone-core derivatives against Mycobacterium abscessus. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0238178. [PMID: 32946441 PMCID: PMC7500638 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0238178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium abscessus (M. abscessus), a rapidly growing mycobacterium, is an emergent opportunistic pathogen responsible for chronic bronchopulmonary infections in individuals with respiratory diseases such as cystic fibrosis. Most treatments of M. abscessus pulmonary infections are poorly effective due to the intrinsic resistance of this bacteria against a broad range of antibiotics including anti-tuberculosis agents. Consequently, the number of drugs that are efficient against M. abscessus remains limited. In this context, 19 oxadiazolone (OX) derivatives have been investigated for their antibacterial activity against both the rough (R) and smooth (S) variants of M. abscessus. Several OXs impair extracellular M. abscessus growth with moderated minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC), or act intracellularly by inhibiting M. abscessus growth inside infected macrophages with MIC values similar to those of imipenem. Such promising results prompted us to identify the potential target enzymes of the sole extra and intracellular inhibitor of M. abscessus growth, i.e., compound iBpPPOX, via activity-based protein profiling combined with mass spectrometry. This approach led to the identification of 21 potential protein candidates being mostly involved in M. abscessus lipid metabolism and/or in cell wall biosynthesis. Among them, the Ag85C protein has been confirmed as a vulnerable target of iBpPPOX. This study clearly emphasizes the potential of the OX derivatives to inhibit the extracellular and/or intracellular growth of M. abscessus by targeting various enzymes potentially involved in many physiological processes of this most drug-resistant mycobacterial species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdeldjalil Madani
- Aix-Marseille Univ., CNRS, LISM, Institut de Microbiologie de la Méditerranée FR3479, Marseille, France
| | - Ivy Mallick
- Aix-Marseille Univ., CNRS, LISM, Institut de Microbiologie de la Méditerranée FR3479, Marseille, France
- IHU Méditerranée Infection, Aix-Marseille Univ., Marseille, France
| | - Alexandre Guy
- IBMM, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, Montpellier, France
| | - Céline Crauste
- IBMM, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, Montpellier, France
| | - Thierry Durand
- IBMM, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, Montpellier, France
| | - Patrick Fourquet
- Aix-Marseille Univ, INSERM, CNRS, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, CRCM, Marseille Protéomique, Marseille, France
| | - Stéphane Audebert
- Aix-Marseille Univ, INSERM, CNRS, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, CRCM, Marseille Protéomique, Marseille, France
| | - Luc Camoin
- Aix-Marseille Univ, INSERM, CNRS, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, CRCM, Marseille Protéomique, Marseille, France
| | - Stéphane Canaan
- Aix-Marseille Univ., CNRS, LISM, Institut de Microbiologie de la Méditerranée FR3479, Marseille, France
| | - Jean François Cavalier
- Aix-Marseille Univ., CNRS, LISM, Institut de Microbiologie de la Méditerranée FR3479, Marseille, France
- * E-mail:
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19
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Sharifzadeh S, Brown NW, Shirley JD, Bruce KE, Winkler ME, Carlson EE. Chemical tools for selective activity profiling of bacterial penicillin-binding proteins. Methods Enzymol 2020; 638:27-55. [PMID: 32416917 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2020.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs) are membrane-associated proteins involved in the biosynthesis of peptidoglycan (PG), the main component of bacterial cell walls. These proteins were discovered and named for their affinity to bind the β-lactam antibiotic penicillin. The importance of the PBPs has long been appreciated; however, specific roles of individual family members in each bacterial strain, as well as their protein-protein interactions, are yet to be understood. The apparent functional redundancy of the 4-18 PBPs that most eubacteria possess makes determination of their individual roles difficult. Existing techniques to study PBPs are not ideal because they do not directly visualize protein activity and can suffer from artifacts and perturbations of native PBP function. Therefore, development of new methods for studying the roles of individual PBPs in cell wall synthesis is required. We recently generated a library of fluorescent chemical probes containing a β-lactone scaffold that specifically targets the PBPs, enabling the visualization of their catalytic activity. Herein, we describe a general protocol to label and detect the activity of individual PBPs in Streptococcus pneumoniae using our fluorescent β-lactone probes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shabnam Sharifzadeh
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Nathaniel W Brown
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Joshua D Shirley
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Kevin E Bruce
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, United States
| | - Malcolm E Winkler
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, United States
| | - Erin E Carlson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States; Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States; Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States.
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20
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Keller LJ, Babin BM, Lakemeyer M, Bogyo M. Activity-based protein profiling in bacteria: Applications for identification of therapeutic targets and characterization of microbial communities. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2019; 54:45-53. [PMID: 31835131 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2019.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Revised: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Activity-based protein profiling (ABPP) is a robust chemoproteomic technique that uses activity-based probes to globally measure endogenous enzymatic activity in complex proteomes. It has been utilized extensively to characterize human disease states and identify druggable targets in diverse disease conditions. ABPP has also recently found applications in microbiology. This includes using activity-based probes (ABPs) for functional studies of pathogenic bacteria as well as complex communities within a microbiome. This review will focus on recent advances in the use of ABPs to profile enzyme activity in disease models, screen for selective inhibitors of key enzymes, and develop imaging tools to better understand the host-bacterial interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura J Keller
- Department of Chemical & Systems Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Brett M Babin
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Markus Lakemeyer
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Matthew Bogyo
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
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21
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Patel HV, Li M, Seeliger JC. Opportunities and Challenges in Activity-Based Protein Profiling of Mycobacteria. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2019; 420:49-72. [PMID: 30178262 DOI: 10.1007/82_2018_125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacteria, from saprophytic to pathogenic species, encounter diverse environments that demand metabolic versatility and rapid adaptation from these bacteria for their survival. The human pathogen Mycobacterium tuberculosis, for example, can enter a reversible state of dormancy in which it is metabolically active, but does not increase in number, and which is believed to enable its survival in the human host for years, with attendant risk for reactivation to active tuberculosis. Driven by the need to combat mycobacterial diseases like tuberculosis, efforts to understand such adaptations have benefitted in recent years from application of activity-based probes. These studies have been inspired by the potential of these chemical tools to uncover protein function for previously unannotated proteins, track shifts in protein activity as a function of environment, and provide a streamlined method for screening and developing inhibitors. Here we seek to contextualize progress thus far with achieving these goals and highlight the unique challenges and opportunities for activity-based probes to further our understanding of protein function and regulation, bacterial physiology, and antibiotic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiren V Patel
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Stony Brook University, 11794, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Michael Li
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Stony Brook University, 11794, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Jessica C Seeliger
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Stony Brook University, 11794, Stony Brook, NY, USA.
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22
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Robinson SL, Christenson JK, Wackett LP. Biosynthesis and chemical diversity of β-lactone natural products. Nat Prod Rep 2019; 36:458-475. [PMID: 30191940 DOI: 10.1039/c8np00052b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Covering: up to 2018 β-Lactones are strained rings that are useful organic synthons and pharmaceutical warheads. Over 30 core scaffolds of β-lactone natural products have been described to date, many with potent bioactivity against bacteria, fungi, or human cancer cell lines. β-Lactone natural products are chemically diverse and have high clinical potential, but production of derivatized drug leads has been largely restricted to chemical synthesis partly due to gaps in biochemical knowledge about β-lactone biosynthesis. Here we review recent discoveries in enzymatic β-lactone ring closure via ATP-dependent synthetases, intramolecular cyclization from seven-membered rings, and thioesterase-mediated cyclization during release from nonribosomal peptide synthetase assembly lines. We also comprehensively cover the diversity and taxonomy of source organisms for β-lactone natural products including their isolation from bacteria, fungi, plants, insects, and marine sponges. This work identifies computational and experimental bottlenecks and highlights future directions for genome-based discovery of biosynthetic gene clusters that may produce novel compounds with β-lactone rings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serina L Robinson
- BioTechnology Institute, University of Minnesota - Twin Cities 140 Gortner Laboratory, 1479 Gortner Avenue, Saint Paul, MN 55108, USA.
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23
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Yang D, Vandenbussche G, Vertommen D, Evrard D, Abskharon R, Cavalier JF, Berger G, Canaan S, Khan MS, Zeng S, Wohlkönig A, Prévost M, Soumillion P, Fontaine V. Methyl arachidonyl fluorophosphonate inhibits Mycobacterium tuberculosis thioesterase TesA and globally affects vancomycin susceptibility. FEBS Lett 2019; 594:79-93. [PMID: 31388991 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.13555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Revised: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Phthiocerol dimycocerosates and phenolic glycolipids (PGL) are considered as major virulence elements of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, in particular because of their involvement in cell wall impermeability and drug resistance. The biosynthesis of these waxy lipids involves multiple enzymes, including thioesterase A (TesA). We observed that purified recombinant M. tuberculosis TesA is able to dimerize in the presence of palmitoyl-CoA and our 3D structure model of TesA with this acyl-CoA suggests hydrophobic interaction requirement for dimerization. Furthermore, we identified that methyl arachidonyl fluorophosphonate, which inhibits TesA by covalently modifying the catalytic serine, also displays a synergistic antimicrobial activity with vancomycin further warranting the development of TesA inhibitors as valuable antituberculous drug candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Yang
- Microbiology, Bioorganic and Macromolecular Chemistry Unit, Faculty of Pharmacy, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Belgium
| | - Guy Vandenbussche
- Laboratory for the Structure and Function of Biological Membranes, Faculty of Sciences, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Belgium
| | - Didier Vertommen
- de Duve Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain (UCL), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Damien Evrard
- Biochemistry and Genetics of Microorganisms, Louvain Institute of Biomolecular Science and Technology, Université Catholique de Louvain (UCL), Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Romany Abskharon
- National Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries (NIOF), Cairo, Egypt.,VIB-VUB Center for Structural Biology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium
| | | | - Gilles Berger
- Microbiology, Bioorganic and Macromolecular Chemistry Unit, Faculty of Pharmacy, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Belgium
| | | | - Mohammad Shahneawz Khan
- Biochemistry and Genetics of Microorganisms, Louvain Institute of Biomolecular Science and Technology, Université Catholique de Louvain (UCL), Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Sheng Zeng
- Microbiology, Bioorganic and Macromolecular Chemistry Unit, Faculty of Pharmacy, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Belgium
| | - Alexandre Wohlkönig
- VIB-VUB Center for Structural Biology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Martine Prévost
- Laboratory for the Structure and Function of Biological Membranes, Faculty of Sciences, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Belgium
| | - Patrice Soumillion
- Biochemistry and Genetics of Microorganisms, Louvain Institute of Biomolecular Science and Technology, Université Catholique de Louvain (UCL), Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Véronique Fontaine
- Microbiology, Bioorganic and Macromolecular Chemistry Unit, Faculty of Pharmacy, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Belgium
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24
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Santucci P, Johansen MD, Point V, Poncin I, Viljoen A, Cavalier JF, Kremer L, Canaan S. Nitrogen deprivation induces triacylglycerol accumulation, drug tolerance and hypervirulence in mycobacteria. Sci Rep 2019; 9:8667. [PMID: 31209261 PMCID: PMC6572852 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-45164-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacteria share with other actinomycetes the ability to produce large quantities of triacylglycerol (TAG), which accumulate as intracytoplasmic lipid inclusions (ILI) also known as lipid droplets (LD). Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tb), the etiologic agent of tuberculosis, acquires fatty acids from the human host which are utilized to synthesize TAG, subsequently stored in the form of ILI to meet the carbon and nutrient requirements of the bacterium during long periods of persistence. However, environmental factors governing mycobacterial ILI formation and degradation remain poorly understood. Herein, we demonstrated that in the absence of host cells, carbon excess and nitrogen starvation promote TAG accumulation in the form of ILI in M. smegmatis and M. abscessus, used as surrogate species of M. tb. Based on these findings, we developed a simple and reversible in vitro model to regulate ILI biosynthesis and hydrolysis in mycobacteria. We also showed that TAG formation is tgs1 dependent and that lipolytic enzymes mediate TAG breakdown. Moreover, we confirmed that the nitrogen-deprived and ILI-rich phenotype was associated with an increased tolerance towards several drugs used for treating mycobacterial infections. Importantly, we showed that the presence of ILI substantially enhanced the bacterial burden and granuloma abundance in zebrafish embryos infected with lipid-rich M. abscessus as compared to embryos infected with lipid-poor M. abscessus, suggesting that ILI are actively contributing to mycobacterial virulence and pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Santucci
- Aix-Marseille Univ, CNRS, LISM, IMM FR3479, Marseille, France
| | - Matt D Johansen
- Institut de Recherche en Infectiologie de Montpellier (IRIM), CNRS, UMR 9004, Université de Montpellier, 34293, Montpellier, France
| | - Vanessa Point
- Aix-Marseille Univ, CNRS, LISM, IMM FR3479, Marseille, France
| | - Isabelle Poncin
- Aix-Marseille Univ, CNRS, LISM, IMM FR3479, Marseille, France
| | - Albertus Viljoen
- Institut de Recherche en Infectiologie de Montpellier (IRIM), CNRS, UMR 9004, Université de Montpellier, 34293, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Laurent Kremer
- Institut de Recherche en Infectiologie de Montpellier (IRIM), CNRS, UMR 9004, Université de Montpellier, 34293, Montpellier, France.,INSERM, IRIM, 34293, Montpellier, France
| | - Stéphane Canaan
- Aix-Marseille Univ, CNRS, LISM, IMM FR3479, Marseille, France.
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Santucci P, Dedaki C, Athanasoulis A, Gallorini L, Munoz A, Canaan S, Cavalier J, Magrioti V. Synthesis of Long‐Chain β‐Lactones and Their Antibacterial Activities against Pathogenic Mycobacteria. ChemMedChem 2019; 14:349-358. [DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201800720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Santucci
- Aix-Marseille UniversitéCNRS, LISM, IMM FR3479 Marseille France
| | - Christina Dedaki
- Department of ChemistryNational and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Athens 15771 Greece
| | - Alexandros Athanasoulis
- Department of ChemistryNational and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Athens 15771 Greece
| | - Laura Gallorini
- Aix-Marseille UniversitéCNRS, LISM, IMM FR3479 Marseille France
| | - Anaïs Munoz
- Aix-Marseille UniversitéCNRS, LISM, IMM FR3479 Marseille France
| | - Stéphane Canaan
- Aix-Marseille UniversitéCNRS, LISM, IMM FR3479 Marseille France
| | | | - Victoria Magrioti
- Department of ChemistryNational and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Athens 15771 Greece
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26
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LipG a bifunctional phospholipase/thioesterase involved in mycobacterial envelope remodeling. Biosci Rep 2018; 38:BSR20181953. [PMID: 30487163 PMCID: PMC6435540 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20181953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2018] [Revised: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis is currently one of the leading causes of death from an infectious agent. The main difficulties encountered in eradicating this bacteria are mainly related to (i) a very complex lipid composition of the bacillus cell wall, (ii) its ability to hide from the immune system inside the granulomas, and (iii) the increasing number of resistant strains. In this context, we were interested in the Rv0646c (lipGMTB ) gene located upstream to the mmaA cluster which is described as being crucial for the production of cell wall components and required for the bacilli adaptation and survival in mouse macrophages. Using biochemical experiments combined with the construction of deletion and overexpression mutant strains in Mycobacterium smegmatis, we found that LipGMTB is a cytoplasmic membrane-associated enzyme that displays both phospholipase and thioesterase activities. Overproduction of LipGMTB decreases the glycopeptidolipids (GPL) level concomitantly to an increase in phosphatidylinositol (PI) which is the precursor of the PI mannoside (PIM), an essential lipid component of the bacterial cell wall. Conversely, deletion of the lipGMS gene in M. smegmatis leads to an overproduction of GPL, and subsequently decreases the strain susceptibility to various antibiotics. All these findings demonstrate that LipG is involved in cell envelope biosynthesis/remodeling, and consequently this enzyme may thus play an important role in mycobacterial physiology.
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27
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Biochemical and Structural Characterization of TesA, a Major Thioesterase Required for Outer-Envelope Lipid Biosynthesis in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. J Mol Biol 2018; 430:5120-5136. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2018.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Revised: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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28
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Larsen EM, Johnson RJ. Microbial esterases and ester prodrugs: An unlikely marriage for combating antibiotic resistance. Drug Dev Res 2018; 80:33-47. [PMID: 30302779 DOI: 10.1002/ddr.21468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Revised: 08/16/2018] [Accepted: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The rise of antibiotic resistance necessitates the search for new platforms for drug development. Prodrugs are common tools for overcoming drawbacks typically associated with drug formulation and delivery, with ester prodrugs providing a classic strategy for masking polar alcohol and carboxylic acid functionalities and improving cell permeability. Ester prodrugs are normally designed to have simple ester groups, as they are expected to be cleaved and reactivated by a wide spectrum of cellular esterases. However, a number of pathogenic and commensal microbial esterases have been found to possess significant substrate specificity and can play an unexpected role in drug metabolism. Ester protection can also introduce antimicrobial properties into previously nontoxic drugs through alterations in cell permeability or solubility. Finally, mutation to microbial esterases is a novel mechanism for the development of antibiotic resistance. In this review, we highlight the important pathogenic and xenobiotic functions of microbial esterases and discuss the development and application of ester prodrugs for targeting microbial infections and combating antibiotic resistance. Esterases are often overlooked as therapeutic targets. Yet, with the growing need to develop new antibiotics, a thorough understanding of the specificity and function of microbial esterases and their combined action with ester prodrug antibiotics will support the design of future therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik M Larsen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Butler University, Indianapolis, Indiana.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Bloomsburg University, Bloomsburg, Pennsylvania
| | - R Jeremy Johnson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Butler University, Indianapolis, Indiana
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29
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Oxadiazolone derivatives, new promising multi-target inhibitors against M. tuberculosis. Bioorg Chem 2018; 81:414-424. [PMID: 30212765 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2018.08.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Revised: 08/17/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A set of 19 oxadiazolone (OX) derivatives have been investigated for their antimycobacterial activity against two pathogenic slow-growing mycobacteria, Mycobacterium marinum and Mycobacterium bovis BCG, and the avirulent Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tb) mc26230. The encouraging minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC) values obtained prompted us to test them against virulent M. tb H37Rv growth either in broth medium or inside macrophages. The OX compounds displayed a diversity of action and were found to act either on extracellular M. tb growth only with moderated MIC50, or both intracellularly on infected macrophages as well as extracellularly on bacterial growth. Of interest, all OX derivatives exhibited very low toxicity towards host macrophages. Among the six potential OXs identified, HPOX, a selective inhibitor of extracellular M. tb growth, was selected and further used in a competitive labelling/enrichment assay against the activity-based probe Desthiobiotin-FP, in order to identify its putative target(s). This approach, combined with mass spectrometry, identified 18 potential candidates, all being serine or cysteine enzymes involved in M. tb lipid metabolism and/or in cell wall biosynthesis. Among them, Ag85A, CaeA, TesA, KasA and MetA have been reported as essential for in vitro growth of M. tb and/or its survival and persistence inside macrophages. Overall, our findings support the assumption that OX derivatives may represent a novel class of multi-target inhibitors leading to the arrest of M. tb growth through a cumulative inhibition of a large number of Ser- and Cys-containing enzymes involved in various important physiological processes.
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30
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Delineating the Physiological Roles of the PE and Catalytic Domains of LipY in Lipid Consumption in Mycobacterium-Infected Foamy Macrophages. Infect Immun 2018; 86:IAI.00394-18. [PMID: 29986895 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00394-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Within tuberculous granulomas, a subpopulation of Mycobacterium tuberculosis resides inside foamy macrophages (FM) that contain abundant cytoplasmic lipid bodies (LB) filled with triacylglycerol (TAG). Upon fusion of LB with M. tuberculosis-containing phagosomes, TAG is hydrolyzed and reprocessed by the bacteria into their own lipids, which accumulate as intracytosolic lipid inclusions (ILI). This phenomenon is driven by many mycobacterial lipases, among which LipY participates in the hydrolysis of host and bacterial TAG. However, the functional contribution of LipY's PE domain to TAG hydrolysis remains unclear. Here, enzymatic studies were performed to compare the lipolytic activities of recombinant LipY and its truncated variant lacking the N-terminal PE domain, LipY(ΔPE). Complementarily, an FM model was used where bone marrow-derived mouse macrophages were infected with M. bovis BCG strains either overexpressing LipY or LipY(ΔPE) or carrying a lipY deletion mutation prior to being exposed to TAG-rich very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL). Results indicate that truncation of the PE domain correlates with increased TAG hydrolase activity. Quantitative electron microscopy analyses showed that (i) in the presence of lipase inhibitors, large ILI (ILI+3) were not formed because of an absence of LB due to inhibition of VLDL-TAG hydrolysis or inhibition of LB-neutral lipid hydrolysis by mycobacterial lipases, (ii) ILI+3 profiles in the strain overexpressing LipY(ΔPE) were reduced, and (iii) the number of ILI+3 profiles in the ΔlipY mutant was reduced by 50%. Overall, these results delineate the role of LipY and its PE domain in host and mycobacterial lipid consumption and show that additional mycobacterial lipases take part in these processes.
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31
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Bassett B, Waibel B, White A, Hansen H, Stephens D, Koelper A, Larsen EM, Kim C, Glanzer A, Lavis LD, Hoops GC, Johnson RJ. Measuring the Global Substrate Specificity of Mycobacterial Serine Hydrolases Using a Library of Fluorogenic Ester Substrates. ACS Infect Dis 2018; 4:904-911. [PMID: 29648787 PMCID: PMC5993602 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.7b00263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Among the proteins required for lipid metabolism in Mycobacterium tuberculosis are a significant number of uncharacterized serine hydrolases, especially lipases and esterases. Using a streamlined synthetic method, a library of immolative fluorogenic ester substrates was expanded to better represent the natural lipidomic diversity of Mycobacterium. This expanded fluorogenic library was then used to rapidly characterize the global structure activity relationship (SAR) of mycobacterial serine hydrolases in M. smegmatis under different growth conditions. Confirmation of fluorogenic substrate activation by mycobacterial serine hydrolases was performed using nonspecific serine hydrolase inhibitors and reinforced the biological significance of the SAR. The hydrolases responsible for the global SAR were then assigned using gel-resolved activity measurements, and these assignments were used to rapidly identify the relative substrate specificity of previously uncharacterized mycobacterial hydrolases. These measurements provide a global SAR of mycobacterial hydrolase activity, a picture of cycling hydrolase activity, and a detailed substrate specificity profile for previously uncharacterized hydrolases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Braden Bassett
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Butler University, 4600 Sunset Ave., Indianapolis, IN 46208-3443 (USA)
| | - Brent Waibel
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Butler University, 4600 Sunset Ave., Indianapolis, IN 46208-3443 (USA)
| | - Alex White
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Butler University, 4600 Sunset Ave., Indianapolis, IN 46208-3443 (USA)
| | - Heather Hansen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Butler University, 4600 Sunset Ave., Indianapolis, IN 46208-3443 (USA)
| | - Dominique Stephens
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Butler University, 4600 Sunset Ave., Indianapolis, IN 46208-3443 (USA)
| | - Andrew Koelper
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Butler University, 4600 Sunset Ave., Indianapolis, IN 46208-3443 (USA)
| | - Erik M. Larsen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Butler University, 4600 Sunset Ave., Indianapolis, IN 46208-3443 (USA)
| | - Charles Kim
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Janelia Research Campus, 19700 Helix Dr., Ashburn, VA 20147-2439 (USA)
| | - Adam Glanzer
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Butler University, 4600 Sunset Ave., Indianapolis, IN 46208-3443 (USA)
| | - Luke D. Lavis
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Janelia Research Campus, 19700 Helix Dr., Ashburn, VA 20147-2439 (USA)
| | - Geoffrey C. Hoops
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Butler University, 4600 Sunset Ave., Indianapolis, IN 46208-3443 (USA)
| | - R. Jeremy Johnson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Butler University, 4600 Sunset Ave., Indianapolis, IN 46208-3443 (USA)
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32
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Kolbe K, Veleti SK, Johnson EE, Cho YW, Oh S, Barry CE. Role of Chemical Biology in Tuberculosis Drug Discovery and Diagnosis. ACS Infect Dis 2018; 4:458-466. [PMID: 29364647 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.7b00242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The use of chemical techniques to study biological systems (often referred to currently as chemical biology) has become a powerful tool for both drug discovery and the development of novel diagnostic strategies. In tuberculosis, such tools have been applied to identifying drug targets from hit compounds, matching high-throughput screening hits against large numbers of isolated protein targets and identifying classes of enzymes with important functions. Metabolites unique to mycobacteria have provided important starting points for the development of innovative tools. For example, the unique biology of trehalose has provided both novel diagnostic strategies as well as probes of in vivo biological processes that are difficult to study any other way. Other mycobacterial metabolites are potentially valuable starting points and have the potential to illuminate new aspects of mycobacterial pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Kolbe
- Tuberculosis Research Section, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Sri Kumar Veleti
- Tuberculosis Research Section, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Emma E. Johnson
- Tuberculosis Research Section, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Young-Woo Cho
- Tuberculosis Research Section, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Sangmi Oh
- Tuberculosis Research Section, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Clifton E. Barry
- Tuberculosis Research Section, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
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33
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Goins CM, Sudasinghe TD, Liu X, Wang Y, O'Doherty GA, Ronning DR. Characterization of Tetrahydrolipstatin and Stereoderivatives on the Inhibition of Essential Mycobacterium tuberculosis Lipid Esterases. Biochemistry 2018; 57:2383-2393. [PMID: 29601187 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.8b00152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Tetrahydrolipstatin (THL) is a covalent inhibitor of many serine esterases. In mycobacteria, THL has been found to covalently react with 261 lipid esterases upon treatment of Mycobacterium bovis cell lysate. However, the covalent adduct is considered unstable in some cases because of the hydrolysis of the enzyme-linked THL adduct resulting in catalytic turnover. In this study, a library of THL stereoderivatives was tested against three essential Mycobacterium tuberculosis lipid esterases of interest for drug development to assess how the stereochemistry of THL affects respective enzyme inhibition and allows for cross enzyme inhibition. The mycolyltransferase Antigen 85C (Ag85C) was found to be stereospecific with regard to THL; covalent inhibition occurs within minutes and was previously shown to be irreversible. Conversely, the Rv3802 phospholipase A/thioesterase was more accepting of a variety of THL configurations and uses these compounds as alternative substrates. The reaction of the THL stereoderivatives with the thioesterase domain of polyketide synthase 13 (Pks13-TE) also leads to hydrolytic turnover and is nonstereospecific but occurs on a slower, multihour time scale. Our findings suggest the stereochemistry of the β-lactone ring of THL is important for cross enzyme reactivity, while the two stereocenters of the peptidyl arm can affect enzyme specificity and the catalytic hydrolysis of the β-lactone ring. The observed kinetic data for all three target enzymes are supported by recently published X-ray crystal structures of Ag85C, Rv3802, and Pks13-TE. Insights from this study provide a molecular basis for the kinetic modulation of three essential M. tuberculosis lipid esterases by THL and can be applied to increase potency and enzyme residence times and enhance the specificity of the THL scaffold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher M Goins
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of Toledo , Toledo , Ohio 43606 , United States
| | - Thanuja D Sudasinghe
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of Toledo , Toledo , Ohio 43606 , United States
| | - Xiaofan Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology , Northeastern University , Boston , Massachusetts 02115 , United States
| | - Yanping Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology , Northeastern University , Boston , Massachusetts 02115 , United States
| | - George A O'Doherty
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology , Northeastern University , Boston , Massachusetts 02115 , United States
| | - Donald R Ronning
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of Toledo , Toledo , Ohio 43606 , United States
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34
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Okubo Y, Kasamatsu A, Yamatoji M, Fushimi K, Ishigami T, Shimizu T, Kasama H, Shiiba M, Tanzawa H, Uzawa K. Diacylglycerol lipase alpha promotes tumorigenesis in oral cancer by cell-cycle progression. Exp Cell Res 2018; 367:112-118. [PMID: 29614312 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2018.03.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2017] [Revised: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 03/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Diacylglycerol lipase alpha (DAGLA), which catalyzes the hydrolysis of diacylglycerol to 2-arachidonoylglycerol and free fatty acid, is required for axonal growth during the brain development and for retrograde synaptic signaling at mature synapses. So far, no information was found regarding the possible role of DAGLA in human tumorigenesis. Thus, the current study sought to clarify the contribution of DAGLA in oral squamous cell carcinomas (OSCCs) and assess the clinical possibilities for OSCC treatment. Using real-time quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, immunoblotting, and immunohistochemistry, we found a significant up-regulation of DAGLA in OSCCs compared with normal cells and tissues both at mRNA and protein expression levels. Knockdown models in OSCC-derived cell lines for DAGLA (siDAGLA) and treatment with a lipase inhibitor (orlistat) showed several depressed cellular functions, including cellular proliferation and migratory activities through cell-cycle arrest at G1 phase. Furthermore, we found that DAGLA-positive OSCC samples were correlated highly with the primary tumoral size. We concluded that DAGLA may be a key determinant in tumoral progression and might be a therapeutic target for OSCCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiko Okubo
- Department of Oral Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Atsushi Kasamatsu
- Department of Dentistry and Oral-Maxillofacial Surgery, Chiba University Hospital, Chiba, Japan.
| | - Masanobu Yamatoji
- Department of Dentistry and Oral-Maxillofacial Surgery, Chiba University Hospital, Chiba, Japan
| | - Kazuaki Fushimi
- Division of Oral Surgery, Eastern Chiba Medical Center, Chiba, Japan
| | - Takashi Ishigami
- Department of Dentistry and Oral Surgery, Asahi General Hospital, Asahi, Chiba, Japan
| | | | - Hiroki Kasama
- Division of Oral Surgery, Eastern Chiba Medical Center, Chiba, Japan
| | - Masashi Shiiba
- Department of Medical Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Hideki Tanzawa
- Department of Oral Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan; Department of Dentistry and Oral-Maxillofacial Surgery, Chiba University Hospital, Chiba, Japan
| | - Katsuhiro Uzawa
- Department of Oral Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan; Department of Dentistry and Oral-Maxillofacial Surgery, Chiba University Hospital, Chiba, Japan.
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35
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Goins CM, Dajnowicz S, Smith MD, Parks JM, Ronning DR. Mycolyltransferase from Mycobacterium tuberculosis in covalent complex with tetrahydrolipstatin provides insights into antigen 85 catalysis. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:3651-3662. [PMID: 29352107 PMCID: PMC5846135 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra117.001681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis antigen 85 (Ag85) enzymes catalyze the transfer of mycolic acid (MA) from trehalose monomycolate to produce the mycolyl arabinogalactan (mAG) or trehalose dimycolate (TDM). These lipids define the protective mycomembrane of mycobacteria. The current model of substrate binding within the active sites of Ag85s for the production of TDM is not sterically and geometrically feasible; additionally, this model does not account for the production of mAG. Furthermore, this model does not address how Ag85s limit the hydrolysis of the acyl-enzyme intermediate while catalyzing acyl transfer. To inform an updated model, we obtained an Ag85 acyl-enzyme intermediate structure that resembles the mycolated form. Here, we present a 1.45-Å X-ray crystal structure of M. tuberculosis Ag85C covalently modified by tetrahydrolipstatin (THL), an esterase inhibitor that suppresses M. tuberculosis growth and mimics structural attributes of MAs. The mode of covalent inhibition differs from that observed in the reversible inhibition of the human fatty-acid synthase by THL. Similarities between the Ag85-THL structure and previously determined Ag85C structures suggest that the enzyme undergoes structural changes upon acylation, and positioning of the peptidyl arm of THL limits hydrolysis of the acyl-enzyme adduct. Molecular dynamics simulations of the modeled mycolated-enzyme form corroborate the structural analysis. From these findings, we propose an alternative arrangement of substrates that rectifies issues with the previous model and suggest a direct role for the β-hydroxy of MA in the second half-reaction of Ag85 catalysis. This information affords the visualization of a complete mycolyltransferase catalytic cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher M. Goins
- From the Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio 43606-3390
| | - Steven Dajnowicz
- From the Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio 43606-3390, ,Biology and Soft Matter Division and
| | - Micholas D. Smith
- University of Tennessee and Oak Ridge National Laboratory (UT/ORNL) Center for Molecular Biophysics, Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, and ,Department of Biochemistry, Cellular, and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996
| | - Jerry M. Parks
- University of Tennessee and Oak Ridge National Laboratory (UT/ORNL) Center for Molecular Biophysics, Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, and
| | - Donald R. Ronning
- From the Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio 43606-3390, , To whom correspondence should be addressed:
Dept. of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Toledo, 2801 W. Bancroft St., Toledo, OH 43606-3390. Tel.:
419-530-1585; E-mail:
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36
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Ravindran MS, Wenk MR. Activity-Based Lipid Esterase Profiling of M. bovis BCG at Different Metabolic States Using Tetrahydrolipstatin (THL) as Bait. Methods Mol Biol 2018; 1491:75-85. [PMID: 27778282 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-6439-0_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/08/2023]
Abstract
This chapter provides a step-by-step protocol using activity-based protein profiling (ABPP) as a chemical-proteomic tool to survey the antibiotic properties of a small molecule. Here, we investigate the molecular mechanism behind the bactericidal activity of tetrahydrolipstatin (THL). ABPP relies on small molecule probes that target the active site of specific enzymes in complex proteomes. These probes in turn are equipped with a reporter tag that allows capturing, visualization, enrichment, identification, and quantification of its targets either in vitro or in situ. THL possesses bactericidal activities, but its precise spectrum of molecular targets is poorly characterized. Here, we used THL analogs functionalized to enable Huisgen-base cycloaddition, commonly known as "click chemistry," to identify target proteins after enrichment from mycobacterial cell lysates obtained from different physiological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhu Sudhan Ravindran
- NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, National University of Singapore (NUS), Singapore, 117456, Singapore.,Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore (NUS), Singapore, 117456, Singapore.,Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Markus R Wenk
- NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, National University of Singapore (NUS), Singapore, 117456, Singapore. .,Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore (NUS), Singapore, 117456, Singapore. .,Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore (NUS), Singapore, 117456, Singapore. .,Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, University of Basel, 4051, Basel, Switzerland.
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37
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Goins CM, Schreidah CM, Dajnowicz S, Ronning DR. Structural basis for lipid binding and mechanism of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis Rv3802 phospholipase. J Biol Chem 2017; 293:1363-1372. [PMID: 29247008 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra117.000240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2017] [Revised: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The Mycobacterium tuberculosis rv3802c gene encodes an essential enzyme with thioesterase and phospholipase A activity. Overexpression of Rv3802 orthologs in Mycobacterium smegmatis and Corynebacterium glutamicum increases mycolate content and decreases glycerophospholipids. Although a role in modulating the lipid composition of the unique mycomembrane has been proposed, the true biological function of Rv3802 remains uncertain. In this study, we present the first M. tuberculosis Rv3802 X-ray crystal structure, solved to 1.7 Å resolution. On the basis of the binding of PEG molecules to Rv3802, we identified its lipid-binding site and the structural basis for phosphatidyl-based substrate binding and phospholipase A activity. We found that movement of the α8-helix affords lipid binding and is required for catalytic turnover through covalent tethering. We gained insights into the mechanism of acyl hydrolysis by observing differing arrangements of PEG and water molecules within the active site. This study provides structural insights into biological function and facilitates future structure-based drug design toward Rv3802.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher M Goins
- From the Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio 43606-3390 and
| | - Celine M Schreidah
- From the Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio 43606-3390 and
| | - Steven Dajnowicz
- From the Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio 43606-3390 and.,the Biology and Soft Matter Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831
| | - Donald R Ronning
- From the Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio 43606-3390 and
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38
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Lehmann J, Cheng TY, Aggarwal A, Park AS, Zeiler E, Raju RM, Akopian T, Kandror O, Sacchettini JC, Moody DB, Rubin EJ, Sieber SA. An Antibacterial β-Lactone Kills Mycobacterium tuberculosis by Disrupting Mycolic Acid Biosynthesis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 57:348-353. [PMID: 29067779 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201709365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2017] [Revised: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The spread of antibiotic resistance is a major challenge for the treatment of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infections. In addition, the efficacy of drugs is often limited by the restricted permeability of the mycomembrane. Frontline antibiotics inhibit mycomembrane biosynthesis, leading to rapid cell death. Inspired by this mechanism, we exploited β-lactones as putative mycolic acid mimics to block serine hydrolases involved in their biosynthesis. Among a collection of β-lactones, we found one hit with potent anti-mycobacterial and bactericidal activity. Chemical proteomics using an alkynylated probe identified Pks13 and Ag85 serine hydrolases as major targets. Validation through enzyme assays and customized 13 C metabolite profiling showed that both targets are functionally impaired by the β-lactone. Co-administration with front-line antibiotics enhanced the potency against M. tuberculosis by more than 100-fold, thus demonstrating the therapeutic potential of targeting mycomembrane biosynthesis serine hydrolases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Lehmann
- Center for Integrated Protein Science Department of Chemistry, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85747, Garching, Germany.,Division of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Tan-Yun Cheng
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Anup Aggarwal
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Annie S Park
- Division of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Evelyn Zeiler
- Center for Integrated Protein Science Department of Chemistry, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85747, Garching, Germany
| | - Ravikiran M Raju
- Division of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Tatos Akopian
- Division of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Olga Kandror
- Division of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - James C Sacchettini
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - D Branch Moody
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Eric J Rubin
- Division of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Stephan A Sieber
- Center for Integrated Protein Science Department of Chemistry, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85747, Garching, Germany
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Lehmann J, Cheng TY, Aggarwal A, Park AS, Zeiler E, Raju RM, Akopian T, Kandror O, Sacchettini JC, Moody DB, Rubin EJ, Sieber SA. Ein antibakterielles β-Lacton bekämpft Mycobacterium tuberculosis
durch Infiltration der Mykolsäurebiosynthese. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201709365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Lehmann
- Center for Integrated Protein Science, Fakultät für Chemie; Technische Universität München; Lichtenbergstraße 4 85747 Garching Deutschland
- Division of Immunology and Infectious Diseases; Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health; Boston MA USA
| | - Tan-Yun Cheng
- Department of Medicine; Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy; Brigham and Women's Hospital; Harvard Medical School; Boston MA USA
| | - Anup Aggarwal
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics; Texas A&M University; College Station TX USA
| | - Annie S. Park
- Division of Immunology and Infectious Diseases; Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health; Boston MA USA
| | - Evelyn Zeiler
- Center for Integrated Protein Science, Fakultät für Chemie; Technische Universität München; Lichtenbergstraße 4 85747 Garching Deutschland
| | - Ravikiran M. Raju
- Division of Immunology and Infectious Diseases; Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health; Boston MA USA
| | - Tatos Akopian
- Division of Immunology and Infectious Diseases; Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health; Boston MA USA
| | - Olga Kandror
- Division of Immunology and Infectious Diseases; Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health; Boston MA USA
| | - James C. Sacchettini
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics; Texas A&M University; College Station TX USA
| | - D. Branch Moody
- Department of Medicine; Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy; Brigham and Women's Hospital; Harvard Medical School; Boston MA USA
| | - Eric J. Rubin
- Division of Immunology and Infectious Diseases; Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health; Boston MA USA
| | - Stephan A. Sieber
- Center for Integrated Protein Science, Fakultät für Chemie; Technische Universität München; Lichtenbergstraße 4 85747 Garching Deutschland
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40
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Sharifzadeh S, Boersma MJ, Kocaoglu O, Shokri A, Brown CL, Shirley JD, Winkler ME, Carlson EE. Novel Electrophilic Scaffold for Imaging of Essential Penicillin-Binding Proteins in Streptococcus pneumoniae. ACS Chem Biol 2017; 12:2849-2857. [PMID: 28990753 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.7b00614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Peptidoglycan (PG) is a mesh-like heteropolymer made up of glycan chains cross-linked by short peptides and is the major scaffold of eubacterial cell walls, determining cell shape, size, and chaining. This structure, which is required for growth and survival, is located outside of the cytoplasmic membrane of bacterial cells, making it highly accessible to antibiotics. Penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs) are essential for construction of PG and perform transglycosylase activities to generate the glycan strands and transpeptidation to cross-link the appended peptides. The β-lactam antibiotics, which are among the most clinically effective antibiotics for the treatment of bacterial infections, inhibit PBP transpeptidation, ultimately leading to cell lysis. Despite this importance, the discrete functions of individual PBP homologues have been difficult to determine. These major gaps in understanding of PBP activation and macromolecular interactions largely result from a lack of tools to assess the functional state of specific PBPs in bacterial cells. We have identified β-lactones as a privileged scaffold for the generation of PBP-selective probes and utilized these compounds for imaging of the essential proteins, PBP2x and PBP2b, in Streptococcus pneumoniae. We demonstrated that while PBP2b activity is restricted to a ring surrounding the division sites, PBP2x activity is present both at the septal center and at the surrounding ring. These spatially separate regions of PBP2x activity could not be detected by previous activity-based approaches, which highlights a critical strength of our PBP-selective imaging strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shabnam Sharifzadeh
- Departments
of Chemistry, ‡Medicinal Chemistry, and Biochemistry, §Molecular Biology
and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
- Departments of Biology, ⊥Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry,
and #Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Michael J. Boersma
- Departments
of Chemistry, ‡Medicinal Chemistry, and Biochemistry, §Molecular Biology
and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
- Departments of Biology, ⊥Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry,
and #Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Ozden Kocaoglu
- Departments
of Chemistry, ‡Medicinal Chemistry, and Biochemistry, §Molecular Biology
and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
- Departments of Biology, ⊥Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry,
and #Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Alireza Shokri
- Departments
of Chemistry, ‡Medicinal Chemistry, and Biochemistry, §Molecular Biology
and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
- Departments of Biology, ⊥Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry,
and #Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Clayton L. Brown
- Departments
of Chemistry, ‡Medicinal Chemistry, and Biochemistry, §Molecular Biology
and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
- Departments of Biology, ⊥Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry,
and #Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Joshua D. Shirley
- Departments
of Chemistry, ‡Medicinal Chemistry, and Biochemistry, §Molecular Biology
and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
- Departments of Biology, ⊥Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry,
and #Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Malcolm E. Winkler
- Departments
of Chemistry, ‡Medicinal Chemistry, and Biochemistry, §Molecular Biology
and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
- Departments of Biology, ⊥Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry,
and #Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Erin E. Carlson
- Departments
of Chemistry, ‡Medicinal Chemistry, and Biochemistry, §Molecular Biology
and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
- Departments of Biology, ⊥Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry,
and #Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
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41
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Cyclipostins and Cyclophostin analogs as promising compounds in the fight against tuberculosis. Sci Rep 2017; 7:11751. [PMID: 28924204 PMCID: PMC5603573 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-11843-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2017] [Accepted: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
A new class of Cyclophostin and Cyclipostins (CyC) analogs have been investigated against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv (M. tb) grown either in broth medium or inside macrophages. Our compounds displayed a diversity of action by acting either on extracellular M. tb bacterial growth only, or both intracellularly on infected macrophages as well as extracellularly on bacterial growth with very low toxicity towards host macrophages. Among the eight potential CyCs identified, CyC17 exhibited the best extracellular antitubercular activity (MIC50 = 500 nM). This compound was selected and further used in a competitive labelling/enrichment assay against the activity-based probe Desthiobiotin-FP in order to identify its putative target(s). This approach, combined with mass spectrometry, identified 23 potential candidates, most of them being serine or cysteine enzymes involved in M. tb lipid metabolism and/or in cell wall biosynthesis. Among them, Ag85A, CaeA and HsaD, have previously been reported as essential for in vitro growth of M. tb and/or survival and persistence in macrophages. Overall, our findings support the assumption that CyC17 may thus represent a novel class of multi-target inhibitor leading to the arrest of M. tb growth through a cumulative inhibition of a large number of Ser- and Cys-containing enzymes participating in important physiological processes.
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42
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Wright MH, Sieber SA. Chemical proteomics approaches for identifying the cellular targets of natural products. Nat Prod Rep 2017; 33:681-708. [PMID: 27098809 PMCID: PMC5063044 DOI: 10.1039/c6np00001k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 258] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
This review focuses on chemical probes to identify the protein binding partners of natural products in living systems.
Covering: 2010 up to 2016 Deconvoluting the mode of action of natural products and drugs remains one of the biggest challenges in chemistry and biology today. Chemical proteomics is a growing area of chemical biology that seeks to design small molecule probes to understand protein function. In the context of natural products, chemical proteomics can be used to identify the protein binding partners or targets of small molecules in live cells. Here, we highlight recent examples of chemical probes based on natural products and their application for target identification. The review focuses on probes that can be covalently linked to their target proteins (either via intrinsic chemical reactivity or via the introduction of photocrosslinkers), and can be applied “in situ” – in living systems rather than cell lysates. We also focus here on strategies that employ a click reaction, the copper-catalysed azide–alkyne cycloaddition reaction (CuAAC), to allow minimal functionalisation of natural product scaffolds with an alkyne or azide tag. We also discuss ‘competitive mode’ approaches that screen for natural products that compete with a well-characterised chemical probe for binding to a particular set of protein targets. Fuelled by advances in mass spectrometry instrumentation and bioinformatics, many modern strategies are now embracing quantitative proteomics to help define the true interacting partners of probes, and we highlight the opportunities this rapidly evolving technology provides in chemical proteomics. Finally, some of the limitations and challenges of chemical proteomics approaches are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M H Wright
- Department of Chemistry, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85748, Garching, Germany.
| | - S A Sieber
- Department of Chemistry, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85748, Garching, Germany.
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43
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Kumar A, Singh SM, Singh R, Kaur J. Rv0774c, an iron stress inducible, extracellular esterase is involved in immune-suppression associated with altered cytokine and TLR2 expression. Int J Med Microbiol 2017; 307:126-138. [PMID: 28161108 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmm.2017.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2016] [Revised: 01/04/2017] [Accepted: 01/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis, one of the leading cause of death from infectious diseases, is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The genome of M. tuberculosis has been sequenced and nearly 40% of the whole genome sequence was categorized as hypothetical. Rv0774c was annotated as membrane exported hypothetical protein in TB database. In silico analysis revealed that Rv0774c is a paralog of PE-PGRS multi gene family with 100 aa N-terminal domain similar to PE domain of PE-PGRS proteins. Its C-terminal domain is quite different from PGRS domain, having characteristic lipase signature GXSXG & HG and catalytic residues predicted for lipolytic activity. Therefore, DNA coding for Rv0774c (303 aa), its N-terminal (1-100 aa) and C- terminal domain (100-303 aa) were separately cloned from M. tuberculosis and were over expressed in E. coli. Rv0774c gene and its C-terminal lipolytic domain preferably hydrolyzed short chain esters. Though no enzyme activity was observed in N-terminus PE like domain, it was demonstrated to enhance the thermostability of full length Rv0774c. Tetrahydrolipstatin inhibited the enzyme activity and predicted catalytic residues (Ser-185, Asp-255 and His-281) were confirmed by site directed mutagenesis. Rv0774c was secreted out in culture media by M. tuberculosis and was up-regulated in iron limiting conditions. Treatment of THP-1 cells with rRv0774c resulted in a decline in the LPS induced production of NO and expression of iNOS. rRv0774c treated THP-1 cells also showed an enhanced expression of IL-10 and TLR2. On contrary, it suppressed the LPS induced production of IL-12, chemokines MCP-1 and IL-8. Rv0774c inhibited the LPS induced phosphorylation of p38. These observations suggested that Rv0774c could modulate the pro-inflammatory immune response to support intracellular survival of the mycobacterium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arbind Kumar
- Department of Biotechnology, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India.
| | | | - Ranvir Singh
- National Centre for Human Genome Studies and Research, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India.
| | - Jagdeep Kaur
- Department of Biotechnology, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India.
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44
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McKary MG, Abendroth J, Edwards TE, Johnson RJ. Structural Basis for the Strict Substrate Selectivity of the Mycobacterial Hydrolase LipW. Biochemistry 2016; 55:7099-7111. [PMID: 27936614 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.6b01057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The complex life cycle of Mycobacterium tuberculosis requires diverse energy mobilization and utilization strategies facilitated by a battery of lipid metabolism enzymes. Among lipid metabolism enzymes, the Lip family of mycobacterial serine hydrolases is essential to lipid scavenging, metabolic cycles, and reactivation from dormancy. On the basis of the homologous rescue strategy for mycobacterial drug targets, we have characterized the three-dimensional structure of full length LipW from Mycobacterium marinum, the first structure of a catalytically active Lip family member. LipW contains a deep, expansive substrate-binding pocket with only a narrow, restrictive active site, suggesting tight substrate selectivity for short, unbranched esters. Structural alignment reinforced this strict substrate selectivity of LipW, as the binding pocket of LipW aligned most closely with the bacterial acyl esterase superfamily. Detailed kinetic analysis of two different LipW homologues confirmed this strict substrate selectivity, as each homologue selected for unbranched propionyl ester substrates, irrespective of the alcohol portion of the ester. Using comprehensive substitutional analysis across the binding pocket, the strict substrate selectivity of LipW for propionyl esters was assigned to a narrow funnel in the acyl-binding pocket capped by a key hydrophobic valine residue. The polar, negatively charged alcohol-binding pocket also contributed to substrate orientation and stabilization of rotameric states in the catalytic serine. Together, the structural, enzymatic, and substitutional analyses of LipW provide a connection between the structure and metabolic properties of a Lip family hydrolase that refines its biological function in active and dormant tuberculosis infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magy G McKary
- Department of Chemistry, Butler University , 4600 Sunset Avenue, Indianapolis, Indiana 46208, United States
| | - Jan Abendroth
- Beryllium Discovery Corporation, Seattle Structural Genomics Center for Infectious Disease (SSGCID) , 7869 Northeast Day Road West, Bainbridge Island, Washington 98110, United States
| | - Thomas E Edwards
- Beryllium Discovery Corporation, Seattle Structural Genomics Center for Infectious Disease (SSGCID) , 7869 Northeast Day Road West, Bainbridge Island, Washington 98110, United States
| | - R Jeremy Johnson
- Department of Chemistry, Butler University , 4600 Sunset Avenue, Indianapolis, Indiana 46208, United States
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45
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Tallman KR, Levine SR, Beatty KE. Small-Molecule Probes Reveal Esterases with Persistent Activity in Dormant and Reactivating Mycobacterium tuberculosis. ACS Infect Dis 2016; 2:936-944. [PMID: 27690385 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.6b00135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is the deadliest bacterial pathogen in the world. An estimated one-third of humans harbor Mtb in a dormant state. These asymptomatic, latent infections impede tuberculosis eradication due to the long-term potential for reactivation. Dormant Mtb has reduced enzymatic activity, but hydrolases that remain active facilitate pathogen survival. We targeted Mtb esterases, a diverse set of enzymes in the serine hydrolase family, and studied their activities using both activity-based probes (ABPs) and fluorogenic esterase substrates. These small-molecule probes revealed functional esterases in active, dormant, and reactivating cultures. Using ABPs, we identified five esterases that remained active in dormant Mtb, including LipM (Rv2284), LipN (Rv2970c), CaeA (Rv2224c), Rv0183, and Rv1683. Three of these, CaeA, Rv0183, and Rv1683, were catalytically active in all three culture conditions. Fluorogenic probes additionally revealed LipH (Rv1399c), Culp1 (Rv1984c), and Rv3036c esterase activity in dormant and active cultures. Esterases with persistent activity are potential diagnostic biomarkers or therapeutic targets for Mtb-infected individuals with latent or active tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie R. Tallman
- Program in Chemical Biology and Department of Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health & Science University, Mail Code CL3B, 2730 S.W. Moody Avenue, Portland, Oregon 97201, United States
| | - Samantha R. Levine
- Program in Chemical Biology and Department of Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health & Science University, Mail Code CL3B, 2730 S.W. Moody Avenue, Portland, Oregon 97201, United States
| | - Kimberly E. Beatty
- Program in Chemical Biology and Department of Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health & Science University, Mail Code CL3B, 2730 S.W. Moody Avenue, Portland, Oregon 97201, United States
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46
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Effects of Lipid-Lowering Drugs on Vancomycin Susceptibility of Mycobacteria. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2016; 60:6193-9. [PMID: 27503643 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00872-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2016] [Accepted: 07/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis is still a cause of major concern, partly due to the emergence of multidrug-resistant strains. New drugs are therefore needed. Vancomycin can target mycobacteria with cell envelope deficiency. In this study, we used a vancomycin susceptibility assay to detect drugs hampering lipid synthesis in Mycobacterium bovis BCG and in Mycobacterium tuberculosis We tested three drugs already used to treat human obesity: tetrahydrolipstatin (THL), simvastatin, and fenofibrate. Only vancomycin and THL were able to synergize on M. bovis BCG and on M. tuberculosis, although mycobacteria could also be inhibited by simvastatin alone. Lipid analysis allowed us to identify several lipid modifications in M. tuberculosis H37Rv treated with those drugs. THL treatment mainly reduced the phthiocerol dimycocerosate (PDIM) content in the mycobacterial cell wall, providing an explanation for the synergy, since PDIM deficiency has been related to vancomycin susceptibility. Proteomic analysis suggested that bacteria treated with THL, in contrast to bacteria treated with simvastatin, tried to recover, inducing, among other reactions, lipid synthesis. The combination of THL and vancomycin should be considered a promising solution in developing new strategies to treat multidrug-resistant tuberculosis.
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47
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Kelly AA, Feussner I. Oil is on the agenda: Lipid turnover in higher plants. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2016; 1861:1253-1268. [PMID: 27155216 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2016.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Revised: 04/23/2016] [Accepted: 04/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Lipases hydrolyze ester bonds within lipids. This process is called lipolysis. They are key players in lipid turnover and involved in numerous metabolic pathways, many of which are shared between organisms like the mobilization of neutral or storage lipids or lipase-mediated membrane lipid homeostasis. Some reactions though are predominantly present in certain organisms, such as the production of signaling molecules (endocannabinoids) by diacylglycerol (DAG) and monoacylglycerol (MAG) lipases in mammals and plants or the jasmonate production in flowering plants. This review aims at giving an overview of the different functional classes of lipases and respective well-known activities, with a focus on the most recent findings in plant biology for selected classes. Here we will put an emphasis on the physiological role and contribution of lipases to the turnover of neutral lipids found in seed oil and other vegetative tissue as candidates for increasing the economical values of crop plants. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Plant Lipid Biology edited by Kent D. Chapman and Ivo Feussner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amélie A Kelly
- Georg-August-University, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences, Justus-von-Liebig Weg 11, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ivo Feussner
- Georg-August-University, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences, Justus-von-Liebig Weg 11, 37077 Göttingen, Germany; Georg-August-University, Göttingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), Justus-von-Liebig Weg 11, 37077 Göttingen, Germany; Georg-August-University, International Center for Advanced Studies of Energy Conversion (ICASEC), Justus-von-Liebig Weg 11, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
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48
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Kumar A, Sharma A, Kaur G, Makkar P, Kaur J. Functional characterization of hypothetical proteins of Mycobacterium tuberculosis with possible esterase/lipase signature: a cumulative in silico and in vitro approach. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2016; 35:1226-1243. [DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2016.1174738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Arbind Kumar
- Department of Biotechnology, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India
| | - Aashish Sharma
- Department of Biotechnology, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India
| | - Gurkamaljit Kaur
- Department of Biotechnology, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India
| | - Pooja Makkar
- Department of Biotechnology, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India
| | - Jagdeep Kaur
- Department of Biotechnology, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India
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49
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Target identification of covalently binding drugs by activity-based protein profiling (ABPP). Bioorg Med Chem 2016; 24:3291-303. [PMID: 27085673 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2016.03.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Revised: 03/25/2016] [Accepted: 03/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The characterization of the target proteins of drug molecules has become an important goal in understanding its mode of action and origin of side effects due to off-target binding. This is especially important for covalently binding drugs usually containing electrophilic moieties, which potentially can react with nucleophilic residues found in many proteins. This review gives a comprehensive overview of the use of activity-based protein profiling (ABPP) as an efficient tool for the target identification of covalently binding drugs.
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50
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Lehmann J, Vomacka J, Esser K, Nodwell M, Kolbe K, Rämer P, Protzer U, Reiling N, Sieber SA. Human lysosomal acid lipase inhibitor lalistat impairs Mycobacterium tuberculosis growth by targeting bacterial hydrolases. MEDCHEMCOMM 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6md00231e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Lalistat inhibits growth of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in bacterial culture as well as in infected macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Lehmann
- Department of Chemistry
- Technische Universität München
- 85748 Garching
- Germany
| | - J. Vomacka
- Department of Chemistry
- Technische Universität München
- 85748 Garching
- Germany
| | - K. Esser
- Institut für Virologie
- Technische Universität München/Helmholtz Zentrum München
- 81675 München
- Germany
| | - M. Nodwell
- Department of Chemistry
- Technische Universität München
- 85748 Garching
- Germany
| | - K. Kolbe
- Forschungszentrum Borstel
- Leibniz-Zentrum für Medizin und Biowissenschaften
- FG Mikrobielle Grenzflächenbiologie
- 23845 Borstel
- Germany
| | - P. Rämer
- Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie, Immunologie und Hygiene
- Technische Universität München
- 81675 München
- Germany
| | - U. Protzer
- Institut für Virologie
- Technische Universität München/Helmholtz Zentrum München
- 81675 München
- Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF)
| | - N. Reiling
- Forschungszentrum Borstel
- Leibniz-Zentrum für Medizin und Biowissenschaften
- FG Mikrobielle Grenzflächenbiologie
- 23845 Borstel
- Germany
| | - S. A. Sieber
- Department of Chemistry
- Technische Universität München
- 85748 Garching
- Germany
| |
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