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da Silva-Diz V, Singh A, Aleksandrova M, Kim O, Thai C, Lancho O, Nunes PR, Affronti H, Su X, Wellen KE, Herranz D. Therapeutic targeting of ACLY in T-ALL in vivo. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2023.03.27.534395. [PMID: 37034581 PMCID: PMC10081278 DOI: 10.1101/2023.03.27.534395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
T-cell Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (T-ALL) is a hematological malignancy in need of novel therapeutic approaches. Here, we identify the ATP-citrate lyase ACLY as overexpressed and as a novel therapeutic target in T-ALL. To test the effects of ACLY in leukemia progression, we developed an isogenic model of NOTCH1-induced Acly conditional knockout leukemia. Importantly, we observed intrinsic antileukemic effects upon loss of ACLY, which further synergized with NOTCH1 inhibition in vivo. Metabolomic profiling upon ACLY loss revealed a metabolic crisis with reduced acetyl-CoA levels, as well as a decreased oxygen consumption rate. Gene expression profiling analyses showed that the transcriptional signature of ACLY loss very significantly correlates with the signature of MYC loss in vivo . Mechanistically, the decrease in acetyl-CoA led to reduced H3K27ac levels in Myc , resulting in transcriptional downregulation of Myc and drastically reduced MYC protein levels. Interestingly, our analyses also revealed a reciprocal relationship whereby ACLY itself is a direct transcriptional target of MYC, thus establishing a feedforward loop that is important for leukemia progression. Overall, our results identified a relevant ACLY-MYC axis and unveiled ACLY as a novel promising target for T-ALL treatment.
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Schulz-Kuhnt A, Rühle K, Javidmehr A, Döbrönti M, Biwank J, Knittel S, Neidlinger P, Leupold J, Liu LJ, Dedden M, Taudte RV, Gessner A, Fromm MF, Mielenz D, Kreiss L, Waldner MJ, Schürmann S, Friedrich O, Dietel B, López-Posadas R, Plattner C, Zundler S, Becker C, Atreya R, Neurath MF, Atreya I. ATP citrate lyase (ACLY)-dependent immunometabolism in mucosal T cells drives experimental colitis in vivo. Gut 2024; 73:601-612. [PMID: 38176897 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2023-330543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Mucosal T cells play a major role in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). However, their immunometabolism during intestinal inflammation is poorly understood. Due to its impact on cellular metabolism and proinflammatory immune cell function, we here focus on the enzyme ATP citrate lyase (ACLY) in mucosal T cell immunometabolism and its relevance for IBD. DESIGN ACLY expression and its immunometabolic impact on colitogenic T cell function were analysed in mucosal T cells from patients with IBD and in two experimental colitis models. RESULTS ACLY was markedly expressed in colon tissue under steady-state conditions but was significantly downregulated in lamina propria mononuclear cells in experimental dextran sodium sulfate-induced colitis and in CD4+ and to a lesser extent in CD8+ T cells infiltrating the inflamed gut in patients with IBD. ACLY-deficient CD4+ T cells showed an impaired capacity to induce intestinal inflammation in a transfer colitis model as compared with wild-type T cells. Assessment of T cell immunometabolism revealed that ACLY deficiency dampened the production of IBD-relevant cytokines and impaired glycolytic ATP production but enriched metabolites involved in the biosynthesis of phospholipids and phosphatidylcholine. Interestingly, the short-chain fatty acid butyrate was identified as a potent suppressor of ACLY expression in T cells, while IL-36α and resolvin E1 induced ACLY levels. In a translational approach, in vivo administration of the butyrate prodrug tributyrin downregulated mucosal infiltration of ACLYhigh CD4+ T cells and ameliorated chronic colitis. CONCLUSION ACLY controls mucosal T cell immunometabolism and experimental colitis. Therapeutic modulation of ACLY expression in T cells emerges as a novel strategy to promote the resolution of intestinal inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Schulz-Kuhnt
- Department of Medicine 1, University Hospital of Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
- Current address: Bionorica SE, Neumarkt in der Oberpfalz, Germany
| | - Katharina Rühle
- Department of Medicine 1, University Hospital of Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Asal Javidmehr
- Department of Medicine 1, University Hospital of Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Michael Döbrönti
- Department of Medicine 1, University Hospital of Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jana Biwank
- Department of Medicine 1, University Hospital of Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Selina Knittel
- Department of Medicine 1, University Hospital of Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Peter Neidlinger
- Department of Medicine 1, University Hospital of Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jannik Leupold
- Department of Medicine 1, University Hospital of Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Li-Juan Liu
- Department of Medicine 1, University Hospital of Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Mark Dedden
- Department of Medicine 1, University Hospital of Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Regina Verena Taudte
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
- Core Facility for Metabolomics, Department of Medicine, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Arne Gessner
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Martin F Fromm
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Dirk Mielenz
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine 3, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Lucas Kreiss
- Department of Medicine 1, University Hospital of Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
- Institute of Medical Biotechnology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Maximilian J Waldner
- Department of Medicine 1, University Hospital of Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Sebastian Schürmann
- Institute of Medical Biotechnology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Oliver Friedrich
- Institute of Medical Biotechnology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Barbara Dietel
- Department of Medicine 2 - Cardiology and Angiology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Rocío López-Posadas
- Department of Medicine 1, University Hospital of Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum Immuntherapie DZI, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Christina Plattner
- Institute for Bioinformatics, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Sebastian Zundler
- Department of Medicine 1, University Hospital of Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Christoph Becker
- Department of Medicine 1, University Hospital of Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Raja Atreya
- Department of Medicine 1, University Hospital of Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Markus F Neurath
- Department of Medicine 1, University Hospital of Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum Immuntherapie DZI, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Imke Atreya
- Department of Medicine 1, University Hospital of Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum Immuntherapie DZI, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
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3
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Kim DH, Song NY, Yim H. Targeting dysregulated lipid metabolism in the tumor microenvironment. Arch Pharm Res 2023; 46:855-881. [PMID: 38060103 PMCID: PMC10725365 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-023-01473-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/25/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
The reprogramming of lipid metabolism and its association with oncogenic signaling pathways within the tumor microenvironment (TME) have emerged as significant hallmarks of cancer. Lipid metabolism is defined as a complex set of molecular processes including lipid uptake, synthesis, transport, and degradation. The dysregulation of lipid metabolism is affected by enzymes and signaling molecules directly or indirectly involved in the lipid metabolic process. Regulation of lipid metabolizing enzymes has been shown to modulate cancer development and to avoid resistance to anticancer drugs in tumors and the TME. Because of this, understanding the metabolic reprogramming associated with oncogenic progression is important to develop strategies for cancer treatment. Recent advances provide insight into fundamental mechanisms and the connections between altered lipid metabolism and tumorigenesis. In this review, we explore alterations to lipid metabolism and the pivotal factors driving lipid metabolic reprogramming, which exacerbate cancer progression. We also shed light on the latest insights and current therapeutic approaches based on small molecular inhibitors and phytochemicals targeting lipid metabolism for cancer treatment. Further investigations are worthwhile to fully understand the underlying mechanisms and the correlation between altered lipid metabolism and carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Do-Hee Kim
- Department of Chemistry, College of Convergence and Integrated Science, Kyonggi University, Suwon, 16227, Korea
| | - Na-Young Song
- Department of Applied Life Science, The Graduate School, BK21 Four Project, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Korea
- Department of Oral Biology, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, 03722, Korea
| | - Hyungshin Yim
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan, 15588, Korea.
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Targeted Quantification of Protein Phosphorylation and Its Contributions towards Mathematical Modeling of Signaling Pathways. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28031143. [PMID: 36770810 PMCID: PMC9919559 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28031143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Post-translational modifications (PTMs) are key regulatory mechanisms that can control protein function. Of these, phosphorylation is the most common and widely studied. Because of its importance in regulating cell signaling, precise and accurate measurements of protein phosphorylation across wide dynamic ranges are crucial to understanding how signaling pathways function. Although immunological assays are commonly used to detect phosphoproteins, their lack of sensitivity, specificity, and selectivity often make them unreliable for quantitative measurements of complex biological samples. Recent advances in Mass Spectrometry (MS)-based targeted proteomics have made it a more useful approach than immunoassays for studying the dynamics of protein phosphorylation. Selected reaction monitoring (SRM)-also known as multiple reaction monitoring (MRM)-and parallel reaction monitoring (PRM) can quantify relative and absolute abundances of protein phosphorylation in multiplexed fashions targeting specific pathways. In addition, the refinement of these tools by enrichment and fractionation strategies has improved measurement of phosphorylation of low-abundance proteins. The quantitative data generated are particularly useful for building and parameterizing mathematical models of complex phospho-signaling pathways. Potentially, these models can provide a framework for linking analytical measurements of clinical samples to better diagnosis and treatment of disease.
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Yang K, Wang X, Song C, He Z, Wang R, Xu Y, Jiang G, Wan Y, Mei J, Mao W. The role of lipid metabolic reprogramming in tumor microenvironment. Theranostics 2023; 13:1774-1808. [PMID: 37064872 PMCID: PMC10091885 DOI: 10.7150/thno.82920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabolic reprogramming is one of the most important hallmarks of malignant tumors. Specifically, lipid metabolic reprogramming has marked impacts on cancer progression and therapeutic response by remodeling the tumor microenvironment (TME). In the past few decades, immunotherapy has revolutionized the treatment landscape for advanced cancers. Lipid metabolic reprogramming plays pivotal role in regulating the immune microenvironment and response to cancer immunotherapy. Here, we systematically reviewed the characteristics, mechanism, and role of lipid metabolic reprogramming in tumor and immune cells in the TME, appraised the effects of various cell death modes (specifically ferroptosis) on lipid metabolism, and summarized the antitumor therapies targeting lipid metabolism. Overall, lipid metabolic reprogramming has profound effects on cancer immunotherapy by regulating the immune microenvironment; therefore, targeting lipid metabolic reprogramming may lead to the development of innovative clinical applications including sensitizing immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Yang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Affiliated Wuxi People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, 214023, China
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Wuxi People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Xiaokun Wang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Affiliated Wuxi People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, 214023, China
| | - Chenghu Song
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Affiliated Wuxi People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, 214023, China
| | - Zhao He
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Affiliated Wuxi People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, 214023, China
| | - Ruixin Wang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Affiliated Wuxi People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, 214023, China
| | - Yongrui Xu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Affiliated Wuxi People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, 214023, China
| | - Guanyu Jiang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Affiliated Wuxi People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, 214023, China
| | - Yuan Wan
- The Pq Laboratory of BiomeDx/Rx, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Binghamton University, Binghamton 13850, USA
- ✉ Corresponding authors: Wenjun Mao, M.D., Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, The Affiliated Wuxi People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, No. 299 Qingyang Rd., Wuxi, 214023, China. E-mail: . Jie Mei, M.D., Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Wuxi People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, No. 299 Qingyang Rd., Wuxi, 214023, China. E-mail: . Yuan Wan, Ph.D., The Pq Laboratory of BiomeDx/Rx, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Binghamton University, No. 65 Murray Hill Rd., Binghamton, 13850, USA. E-mail:
| | - Jie Mei
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Wuxi People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China
- ✉ Corresponding authors: Wenjun Mao, M.D., Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, The Affiliated Wuxi People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, No. 299 Qingyang Rd., Wuxi, 214023, China. E-mail: . Jie Mei, M.D., Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Wuxi People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, No. 299 Qingyang Rd., Wuxi, 214023, China. E-mail: . Yuan Wan, Ph.D., The Pq Laboratory of BiomeDx/Rx, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Binghamton University, No. 65 Murray Hill Rd., Binghamton, 13850, USA. E-mail:
| | - Wenjun Mao
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Affiliated Wuxi People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, 214023, China
- ✉ Corresponding authors: Wenjun Mao, M.D., Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, The Affiliated Wuxi People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, No. 299 Qingyang Rd., Wuxi, 214023, China. E-mail: . Jie Mei, M.D., Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Wuxi People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, No. 299 Qingyang Rd., Wuxi, 214023, China. E-mail: . Yuan Wan, Ph.D., The Pq Laboratory of BiomeDx/Rx, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Binghamton University, No. 65 Murray Hill Rd., Binghamton, 13850, USA. E-mail:
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Elu N, Osinalde N, Ramirez J, Presa N, Rodriguez JA, Prieto G, Mayor U. Identification of substrates for human deubiquitinating enzymes (DUBs): An up-to-date review and a case study for neurodevelopmental disorders. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2022; 132:120-131. [PMID: 35042675 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2022.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Revised: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Similar to the reversal of kinase-mediated protein phosphorylation by phosphatases, deubiquitinating enzymes (DUBs) oppose the action of E3 ubiquitin ligases and reverse the ubiquitination of proteins. A total of 99 human DUBs, classified in 7 families, allow in this way for a precise control of cellular function and homeostasis. Ubiquitination regulates a myriad of cellular processes, and is altered in many pathological conditions. Thus, ubiquitination-regulating enzymes are increasingly regarded as potential candidates for therapeutic intervention. In this context, given the predicted easier pharmacological control of DUBs relative to E3 ligases, a significant effort is now being directed to better understand the processes and substrates regulated by each DUB. Classical studies have identified specific DUB substrate candidates by traditional molecular biology techniques in a case-by-case manner. Lately, single experiments can identify thousands of ubiquitinated proteins at a specific cellular context and narrow down which of those are regulated by a given DUB, thanks to the development of new strategies to isolate and enrich ubiquitinated material and to improvements in mass spectrometry detection capabilities. Here we present an overview of both types of studies, discussing the criteria that, in our view, need to be fulfilled for a protein to be considered as a high-confidence substrate of a given DUB. Applying these criteria, we have manually reviewed the relevant literature currently available in a systematic manner, and identified 650 high-confidence substrates of human DUBs. We make this information easily accessible to the research community through an updated version of the DUBase website (https://ehubio.ehu.eus/dubase/). Finally, in order to illustrate how this information can contribute to a better understanding of the physiopathological role of DUBs, we place a special emphasis on a subset of these enzymes that have been associated with neurodevelopmental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nagore Elu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa 48940, Spain
| | - Nerea Osinalde
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, UPV/EHU, Vitoria-Gasteiz 01006, Spain
| | - Juanma Ramirez
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa 48940, Spain
| | - Natalia Presa
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa 48940, Spain
| | - Jose Antonio Rodriguez
- Department of Genetics, Physical Anthropology and Animal Physiology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa 48940, Spain
| | - Gorka Prieto
- Department of Communications Engineering, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Bilbao 48013, Spain
| | - Ugo Mayor
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa 48940, Spain; Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao 48013, Spain.
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Mohammadi-Shemirani P, Chong M, Perrot N, Pigeyre M, Steinberg GR, Paré G, Krepinsky JC, Lanktree MB. ACLY and CKD: A Mendelian Randomization Analysis. Kidney Int Rep 2022; 7:1673-1681. [PMID: 35812273 PMCID: PMC9263230 DOI: 10.1016/j.ekir.2022.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Revised: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Adenosine triphosphate-citrate lyase (ACLY) inhibition is a therapeutic strategy under investigation for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, and metabolic syndrome. Mouse models suggest that ACLY inhibition could reduce inflammation and kidney fibrosis. Genetic analysis of ACLY in chronic kidney disease (CKD) has not been performed. Methods We constructed a genetic instrument by selecting variants associated with ACLY expression in the expression quantitative trait loci genetics consortium (eQTLGen) from blood samples from 31,684 participants. In a 2-sample Mendelian randomization analysis, we evaluated the effect of genetically predicted ACLY expression on the risk of CKD, estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), and albumin-to-creatinine ratio (ACR) using the CKD Genetics (CKDGen) consortium, UK Biobank, and the Finnish Genetics (FinnGen) consortium totaling 66,396 CKD cases and 958,517 controls. Results ACLY is constitutively expressed in all cell types including in whole blood. The genetic instrument included 13 variants and explained 1.5% of the variation in whole blood ACLY gene expression. A 34% reduction in ACLY expression score was associated with a 0.04 mmol/l reduced low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol (P = 3.4 × 10-4) and a 9% reduced risk of CKD (stages 3, 4, 5, dialysis, or eGFR < 60 ml/min per 1.73 m2) (odds ratio [OR] = 0.91, 95% CI: 0.85-0.98, P = 0.008), but no association was observed with either eGFR or ACR. Conclusion Mendelian randomization analyses revealed that genetically reduced ACLY expression was associated with reduced risk of CKD but had no effect on either eGFR or ACR. Further evaluation of ACLY in kidney disease is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedrum Mohammadi-Shemirani
- Department of Biomarkers and Genetics, Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.,Experimental Program, Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Medical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michael Chong
- Department of Biomarkers and Genetics, Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.,Experimental Program, Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Medical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Nicolas Perrot
- Department of Biomarkers and Genetics, Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Marie Pigeyre
- Department of Biomarkers and Genetics, Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.,Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Gregory R Steinberg
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.,Centre for Metabolism, Obesity, and Diabetes Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Guillaume Paré
- Department of Biomarkers and Genetics, Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.,Experimental Program, Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence & Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Joan C Krepinsky
- Centre for Metabolism, Obesity, and Diabetes Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.,Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.,Division of Nephrology, St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Matthew B Lanktree
- Department of Biomarkers and Genetics, Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence & Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.,Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.,Division of Nephrology, St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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Batchuluun B, Pinkosky SL, Steinberg GR. Lipogenesis inhibitors: therapeutic opportunities and challenges. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2022; 21:283-305. [PMID: 35031766 PMCID: PMC8758994 DOI: 10.1038/s41573-021-00367-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 64.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Fatty acids are essential for survival, acting as bioenergetic substrates, structural components and signalling molecules. Given their vital role, cells have evolved mechanisms to generate fatty acids from alternative carbon sources, through a process known as de novo lipogenesis (DNL). Despite the importance of DNL, aberrant upregulation is associated with a wide variety of pathologies. Inhibiting core enzymes of DNL, including citrate/isocitrate carrier (CIC), ATP-citrate lyase (ACLY), acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) and fatty acid synthase (FAS), represents an attractive therapeutic strategy. Despite challenges related to efficacy, selectivity and safety, several new classes of synthetic DNL inhibitors have entered clinical-stage development and may become the foundation for a new class of therapeutics. De novo lipogenesis (DNL) is vital for the maintenance of whole-body and cellular homeostasis, but aberrant upregulation of the pathway is associated with a broad range of conditions, including cardiovascular disease, metabolic disorders and cancers. Here, Steinberg and colleagues provide an overview of the physiological and pathological roles of the core DNL enzymes and assess strategies and agents currently in development to therapeutically target them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Battsetseg Batchuluun
- Centre for Metabolism, Obesity and Diabetes Research, Department of Medicine and Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Gregory R Steinberg
- Centre for Metabolism, Obesity and Diabetes Research, Department of Medicine and Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.
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9
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Li X, Zhu Z, Xia Z, Xu B. FGF15 Protects Septic Mice by Inhibiting Inflammation and Modulating Treg Responses. J Inflamm Res 2022; 15:6187-6197. [PMID: 36386580 PMCID: PMC9653038 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s387613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Fibroblast growth factor 15 (FGF15) through its FGF-receptor (FGFR)-4 inhibits hepatic inflammation. The current study aimed at investigating whether FGF15 could inhibit septic inflammation and its compensative regulatory T cell (Treg) responses in a mouse sepsis model of cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) and in vitro transwell co-culture. Methods Following the sham or CLP procedure, male CLP C57BL/6 mice were intravenously injected with vehicle saline or FGF15 beginning at 2 h post the procedure every 12 h for three days. Some mice were euthanized and their serum and liver samples were collected for examination of cytokines and Tregs by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), Western blot and flow cytometry. The remaining mice were monitored for their survival up to 14 days post procedure. Moreover, the purified hepatic CD4+ T cells were co-cultured in transwell plates with unmanipulated NCTC 1469 cells or the cells that had been transfected with the control or FGFR4-specific siRNA and treated with, or without, Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) for 24 h, followed by treatment with vehicle PBS or FGF15 for 48 h. Results Compared with the CLP group of mice, treatment with FGF15 significantly prolonged the mean survival days of mice (12 vs 1.17 in the CLP group, P = 0.022), mitigated hepatic inflammation and reduced the frequency of apoptotic cells in the liver of mice. FGF15 treatment decreased the percentages of hepatic Tregs, hepatic IL-2, TGF-β and FOXP3 expression in septic mice, accompanied by decreasing serum IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-10 levels. Similarly, FGF15 treatment also attenuated the LPS-increased frequency of Tregs, FOXP3 and IL-2 expression and IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-10 secretion in vitro after co-culture with NCTC 1469 cells, but not co-cultured FGFR4-silenced NCTC 1649 cells. Conclusion FGF15 treatment through FGFR4 ameliorated hepatic inflammation and its compensative Treg responses, which were associated with protecting from septic death in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Anesthesiology, General Hospital of the Southern Theater Command of the Chinese PLA, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Critical Care, Changsha of Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Changsha, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zexiang Zhu
- Department of Critical Care, Changsha of Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Changsha, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhenkun Xia
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, People’s Republic of China
| | - Bo Xu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Anesthesiology, General Hospital of the Southern Theater Command of the Chinese PLA, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Correspondence: Bo Xu, Tel +86-18907132861, Email
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10
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Sürmen MG, Sürmen S, Cansız D, Ünal İ, Üstündağ ÜV, Alturfan AA, Emekli-Alturfan E. Quantitative phosphoproteomics to resolve the cellular responses to octanoic acid in rotenone exposed zebrafish. J Food Biochem 2021; 45:e13923. [PMID: 34494670 DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.13923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Ketosis is a potentially beneficial metabolic state for health especially in neurological conditions including Parkinson's disease (PD). Medium-chain-triglycerides (MCT) have specific metabolic properties and they are described as ketogenic even without restriction of carbohydrate. Octanoic acid (C8) is the main MCT showing this effect. Rotenone is a neurotoxin that is used to induce experimental PD model. Rotenone inhibits mitochondrial respiratory complex 1 (MRC1) and causes reactive oxygen species formation. Mass spectrometry (MS)-based phosphoproteomic methods enable discovering specific signaling events in special molecular pathways through identification and quantification of phosphoproteins. Signaling networks involved in rotenone-mediated biological processes and beneficial effects of MCTs on neurodegenerative diseases are not well understood. We aimed to gain comprehensive molecular perspective on the global phosphoproteome differences in rotenone-exposed zebrafish treated with octanoic acid. Raw files obtained from MS analysis were processed and searched against the Danio rerio protein database using SEQUEST-HT algorithm to identify and quantify phosphopeptides with 2,569 unique phosphoproteins and 4,161 unique phosphopeptides corresponding to 2005 proteins. Microtubule-associated protein (MAP) family members were significantly lower in rotenone group. Phosphoproteins involved in ion binding (calcium, magnesium, zinc ion), oxygen binding, microtubule binding, ATP- and GTP-binding were among differentially expressed 347 proteins in rotenone group and they were reversed after octanoic acid treatments. Phosphoproteins and phosphorylation sites were identified for future exploration of signaling pathways involved in rotenone toxicity. We believe our findings might help in the formulation of effective therapeutic strategies for the treatment of PD using ketogenic formulations involving MCTs. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Ketosis is a potentially beneficial metabolic state for health especially in neurological conditions including Parkinson's disease (PD). Medium-chain-triglycerides (MCT) (C6-C12) have specific metabolic properties making them described as ketogenic even without restriction of carbohydrate. Octanoic acid (caprylic acid, C8) is the main MCT showing this effect. Our findings might help in the formulation of effective therapeutic strategies for the treatment of Parkinson's disease using ketogenic formulations involving Medium-chain-triglycerides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mustafa Gani Sürmen
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Hamidiye Institute of Health Sciences, University of Health Sciences, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Saime Sürmen
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Aziz Sancar Institute of Experimental Medicine, Istanbul University-Çapa, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Derya Cansız
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University-Cerrahpaşa, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - İsmail Ünal
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Health Sciences, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ünsal Veli Üstündağ
- Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Department Medipol University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ahmet Ata Alturfan
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University-Cerrahpaşa, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ebru Emekli-Alturfan
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey
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11
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Wu Q, Yu X, Li J, Sun S, Tu Y. Metabolic regulation in the immune response to cancer. Cancer Commun (Lond) 2021; 41:661-694. [PMID: 34145990 PMCID: PMC8360644 DOI: 10.1002/cac2.12182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2021] [Revised: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabolic reprogramming in tumor‐immune interactions is emerging as a key factor affecting pro‐inflammatory carcinogenic effects and anticancer immune responses. Therefore, dysregulated metabolites and their regulators affect both cancer progression and therapeutic response. Here, we describe the molecular mechanisms through which microenvironmental, systemic, and microbial metabolites potentially influence the host immune response to mediate malignant progression and therapeutic intervention. We summarized the primary interplaying factors that constitute metabolism, immunological reactions, and cancer with a focus on mechanistic aspects. Finally, we discussed the possibility of metabolic interventions at multiple levels to enhance the efficacy of immunotherapeutic and conventional approaches for future anticancer treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Wu
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430060, P. R. China
| | - Xin Yu
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430060, P. R. China
| | - Juanjuan Li
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430060, P. R. China
| | - Shengrong Sun
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430060, P. R. China
| | - Yi Tu
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430060, P. R. China
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12
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Sun L, Zhang H, Gao P. Metabolic reprogramming and epigenetic modifications on the path to cancer. Protein Cell 2021; 13:877-919. [PMID: 34050894 PMCID: PMC9243210 DOI: 10.1007/s13238-021-00846-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 203] [Impact Index Per Article: 67.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabolic rewiring and epigenetic remodeling, which are closely linked and reciprocally regulate each other, are among the well-known cancer hallmarks. Recent evidence suggests that many metabolites serve as substrates or cofactors of chromatin-modifying enzymes as a consequence of the translocation or spatial regionalization of enzymes or metabolites. Various metabolic alterations and epigenetic modifications also reportedly drive immune escape or impede immunosurveillance within certain contexts, playing important roles in tumor progression. In this review, we focus on how metabolic reprogramming of tumor cells and immune cells reshapes epigenetic alterations, in particular the acetylation and methylation of histone proteins and DNA. We also discuss other eminent metabolic modifications such as, succinylation, hydroxybutyrylation, and lactylation, and update the current advances in metabolism- and epigenetic modification-based therapeutic prospects in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linchong Sun
- Guangzhou First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Institutes for Life Sciences, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
| | - Huafeng Zhang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230027, China. .,CAS Centre for Excellence in Cell and Molecular Biology, the CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230027, China.
| | - Ping Gao
- Guangzhou First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Institutes for Life Sciences, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China. .,School of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, Guangzhou International Campus, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China. .,Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory, Guangzhou, 510005, China.
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13
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Dai M, Yang B, Chen J, Liu F, Zhou Y, Zhou Y, Xu Q, Jiang S, Zhao S, Li X, Zhou X, Yang Q, Li J, Wang Y, Zhang Z, Teng Y. Nuclear-translocation of ACLY induced by obesity-related factors enhances pyrimidine metabolism through regulating histone acetylation in endometrial cancer. Cancer Lett 2021; 513:36-49. [PMID: 33991616 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2021.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Endometrial cancer (EC) is becoming one of the most common gynecologic malignancies. Lipid metabolism is a hallmark feature of cancers. The molecular mechanisms underlying lipid metabolism in EC remain unclear. In this study, we revealed that many lipid metabolism-related genes were aberrantly expressed in endometrial cancer tissues, especially ACLY. Upregulated ACLY promoted EC cell proliferation and colony formation, and attenuated apoptosis. Mechanistically, cotreatment with obesity-related factors (estradiol, insulin and leptin) promoted nuclear translocation of ACLY through Akt-mediated phosphorylation of ACLY at Ser455. Nuclear-localized ACLY increased histone acetylation levels, thus resulting in upregulation of pyrimidine metabolism genes, such as DHODH. Moreover, STAT3 altered the ACLY expression at the transcriptional level via directly binding to its promoter region. In conclusion, our findings clarify the roles and mechanisms of ACLY in endometrial cancer and ACLY could link obesity risk factors to the regulation of histone acetylation. We believe that novel therapeutic strategies for EC can be designed by targeting the ACLY axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Dai
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200233, PR China; Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Hunan Cancer Hospital, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, PR China
| | - Bikang Yang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200233, PR China; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shanghai Eighth People's Hospital Affiliated to Jiangsu University, Shanghai, 200233, PR China
| | - Jing Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200233, PR China; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shanghai Eighth People's Hospital Affiliated to Jiangsu University, Shanghai, 200233, PR China
| | - Fei Liu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200233, PR China
| | - Yanjie Zhou
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Hunan Cancer Hospital, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, PR China
| | - Yang Zhou
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200233, PR China
| | - Qinyang Xu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200233, PR China
| | - Shuheng Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 200240, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Shujie Zhao
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Xinchun Li
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Hunan Cancer Hospital, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, PR China
| | - Xuan Zhou
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Hunan Cancer Hospital, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, PR China
| | - Qin Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 200240, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Jun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 200240, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Yahui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 200240, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Zhigang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 200240, Shanghai, PR China.
| | - Yincheng Teng
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200233, PR China; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shanghai Eighth People's Hospital Affiliated to Jiangsu University, Shanghai, 200233, PR China.
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14
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Dominguez M, Brüne B, Namgaladze D. Exploring the Role of ATP-Citrate Lyase in the Immune System. Front Immunol 2021; 12:632526. [PMID: 33679780 PMCID: PMC7930476 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.632526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies over the past decade have revealed that metabolism profoundly influences immune responses. In particular, metabolism causes epigenetic regulation of gene expression, as a growing number of metabolic intermediates are substrates for histone post-translational modifications altering chromatin structure. One of these substrates is acetyl-coenzyme A (CoA), which donates an acetyl group for histone acetylation. Cytosolic acetyl-CoA is also a critical substrate for de novo synthesis of fatty acids and sterols necessary for rapid cellular growth. One of the main enzymes catalyzing cytosolic acetyl-CoA formation is ATP-citrate lyase (ACLY). In addition to its classical function in the provision of acetyl-CoA for de novo lipogenesis, ACLY contributes to epigenetic regulation through histone acetylation, which is increasingly appreciated. In this review we explore the current knowledge of ACLY and acetyl-CoA in mediating innate and adaptive immune responses. We focus on the role of ACLY in supporting de novo lipogenesis in immune cells as well as on its impact on epigenetic alterations. Moreover, we summarize alternative sources of acetyl-CoA and their contribution to metabolic and epigenetic regulation in cells of the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Dominguez
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Biochemistry I, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Bernhard Brüne
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Biochemistry I, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany.,Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology (ITMP), Frankfurt, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany.,Frankfurt Cancer Institute, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Dmitry Namgaladze
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Biochemistry I, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
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15
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Integrative computational approach identifies drug targets in CD4 + T-cell-mediated immune disorders. NPJ Syst Biol Appl 2021; 7:4. [PMID: 33483502 PMCID: PMC7822845 DOI: 10.1038/s41540-020-00165-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
CD4+ T cells provide adaptive immunity against pathogens and abnormal cells, and they are also associated with various immune-related diseases. CD4+ T cells’ metabolism is dysregulated in these pathologies and represents an opportunity for drug discovery and development. Genome-scale metabolic modeling offers an opportunity to accelerate drug discovery by providing high-quality information about possible target space in the context of a modeled disease. Here, we develop genome-scale models of naïve, Th1, Th2, and Th17 CD4+ T-cell subtypes to map metabolic perturbations in rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis, and primary biliary cholangitis. We subjected these models to in silico simulations for drug response analysis of existing FDA-approved drugs and compounds. Integration of disease-specific differentially expressed genes with altered reactions in response to metabolic perturbations identified 68 drug targets for the three autoimmune diseases. In vitro experimental validation, together with literature-based evidence, showed that modulation of fifty percent of identified drug targets suppressed CD4+ T cells, further increasing their potential impact as therapeutic interventions. Our approach can be generalized in the context of other diseases, and the metabolic models can be further used to dissect CD4+ T-cell metabolism.
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16
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Ascenção K, Dilek N, Augsburger F, Panagaki T, Zuhra K, Szabo C. Pharmacological induction of mesenchymal-epithelial transition via inhibition of H2S biosynthesis and consequent suppression of ACLY activity in colon cancer cells. Pharmacol Res 2021; 165:105393. [PMID: 33484818 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2020.105393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 12/12/2020] [Accepted: 12/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is an important endogenous gaseous transmitter mediator, which regulates a variety of cellular functions in autocrine and paracrine manner. The enzymes responsible for the biological generation of H2S include cystathionine-β-synthase (CBS), cystathionine-γ-lyase (CSE) and 3-mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase (3-MST). Increased expression of these enzymes and overproduction of H2S has been implicated in essential processes of various cancer cells, including the stimulation of metabolism, maintenance of cell proliferation and cytoprotection. Cancer cell identity is characterized by so-called "transition states". The progression from normal (epithelial) to transformed (mesenchymal) state is termed epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) whereby epithelial cells lose their cell-to-cell adhesion capacity and gain mesenchymal characteristics. The transition process can also proceed in the opposite direction, and this process is termed mesenchymal-to-epithelial transition (MET). The current project was designed to determine whether inhibition of endogenous H2S production in colon cancer cells affects the EMT/MET balance in vitro. Inhibition of H2S biosynthesis in HCT116 human colon cancer cells was achieved either with aminooxyacetic acid (AOAA) or 2-[(4-hydroxy-6-methylpyrimidin-2-yl)sulfanyl]-1-(naphthalen-1-yl)ethan-1-one (HMPSNE). These inhibitors induced an upregulation of E-cadherin and Zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1) expression and downregulation of fibronectin expression, demonstrating that H2S biosynthesis inhibitors can produce a pharmacological induction of MET in colon cancer cells. These actions were functionally reflected in an inhibition of cell migration, as demonstrated in an in vitro "scratch wound" assay. The mechanisms involved in the action of endogenously produced H2S in cancer cells in promoting (or maintaining) EMT (or tonically inhibiting MET) relate, at least in part, in the induction of ATP citrate lyase (ACLY) protein expression, which occurs via upregulation of ACLY mRNA (via activation of the ACLY promoter). ACLY in turn, regulates the Wnt-β-catenin pathway, an essential regulator of the EMT/MET balance. Taken together, pharmacological inhibition of endogenous H2S biosynthesis in cancer cells induces MET. We hypothesize that this may contribute to anti-cancer / anti-metastatic effects of H2S biosynthesis inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly Ascenção
- Chair of Pharmacology, Faculty of Science and Medicine, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland.
| | - Nahzli Dilek
- Chair of Pharmacology, Faculty of Science and Medicine, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland.
| | - Fiona Augsburger
- Chair of Pharmacology, Faculty of Science and Medicine, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland.
| | - Theodora Panagaki
- Chair of Pharmacology, Faculty of Science and Medicine, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland.
| | - Karim Zuhra
- Chair of Pharmacology, Faculty of Science and Medicine, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland.
| | - Csaba Szabo
- Chair of Pharmacology, Faculty of Science and Medicine, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland.
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17
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Gu L, Zhu Y, Lin X, Lu B, Zhou X, Zhou F, Zhao Q, Prochownik EV, Li Y. The IKKβ-USP30-ACLY Axis Controls Lipogenesis and Tumorigenesis. Hepatology 2021; 73:160-174. [PMID: 32221968 DOI: 10.1002/hep.31249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2019] [Revised: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a leading cause of cancer-related death that develops as a consequence of obesity, cirrhosis, and chronic hepatitis. However, the pathways along which these changes occur remain incompletely understood. APPROACH AND RESULTS In this study, we show that the deubiquitinase USP30 is abundant in HCCs that arise in mice maintained on high-fat diets. IKKβ phosphorylated and stabilized USP30, which promoted USP30 to deubiquitinate ATP citrate lyase (ACLY) and fatty acid synthase (FASN). IKKβ also directly phosphorylated ACLY and facilitated the interaction between USP30 and ACLY and the latter's deubiquitination. In HCCs arising in DEN/CCl4 -treated mice, USP30 deletion attenuated lipogenesis, inflammation, and tumorigenesis regardless of diet. The combination of ACLY inhibitor and programmed death ligand 1 antibody largely suppressed chemical-induced hepatocarcinogenesis. The IKKβ-USP30-ACLY axis was also found to be up-regulated in human HCCs. CONCLUSIONS This study identifies an IKKβ-USP30-ACLY axis that plays an essential and wide-spread role in tumor metabolism and may be a potential therapeutic target in HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Gu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Medical Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yahui Zhu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Medical Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xi Lin
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Medical Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Bingjun Lu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Medical Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xinyi Zhou
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Medical Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Feng Zhou
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University School of Medicine, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Clinical Center and Key Laboratory for Intestinal and Colorectal Diseases, Wuhan, China
| | - Qiu Zhao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University School of Medicine, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Clinical Center and Key Laboratory for Intestinal and Colorectal Diseases, Wuhan, China
| | - Edward V Prochownik
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, The Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, The Pittsburgh Liver Research Center and The Hillman Cancer Center of UPMC, The University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Youjun Li
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Medical Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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18
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Vaughn N, Haviland DL. Acly promotes metabolic reprogramming and induction of IRF4 during early CD8 + T cell activation. Cytometry A 2020; 99:825-831. [PMID: 33325591 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.24294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Revised: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
CD8+ T cells, a fundamental part of the adaptive immune system, employ cytotoxic responses important for targeting pathogenic bacteria, viruses, and tumor cells. During early activation, CD8+ T cells undergo many changes in metabolism and gene expression. The bridge between epigenetic and metabolic influences on gene expression and cell fate has yet to be fully understood. Here, we investigated the importance of ATP citrate lyase (Acly), an enzyme involved in both metabolism and histone acetylation, for early stages of CD8+ T cell activation. We performed polyclonal activation of murine CD8+ T cells in vitro in the presence or absence of the Acly inhibitor BMS303141. We found that inhibiting Acly during early activation results in decreased expression of early activation markers. Consistent with impaired early activation, we found that inhibition also resulted in increased uptake of fatty acids and decreased glucose uptake without changing mitochondrial ATP levels. On an epigenetic and transcriptional level, early stage Acly inhibition specifically downregulated promoter histone H3 acetylation (H3ac) and expression of the key transcription factor IRF4; however, global levels of H3ac remained similar. Most importantly, the study was able to highlight the importance of Acly in early stages of CD8+ T cell activation and histone regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Vaughn
- Flow Cytometry Core, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - David L Haviland
- Flow Cytometry Core, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, Texas, USA
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19
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Sürmen MG, Sürmen S, Ali A, Musharraf SG, Emekli N. Phosphoproteomic strategies in cancer research: a minireview. Analyst 2020; 145:7125-7149. [PMID: 32996481 DOI: 10.1039/d0an00915f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the cellular processes is central to comprehend disease conditions and is also true for cancer research. Proteomic studies provide significant insight into cancer mechanisms and aid in the diagnosis and prognosis of the disease. Phosphoproteome is one of the most studied complements of the whole proteome given its importance in the understanding of cellular processes such as signaling and regulations. Over the last decade, several new methods have been developed for phosphoproteome analysis. A significant amount of these efforts pertains to cancer research. The current use of powerful analytical instruments in phosphoproteomic approaches has paved the way for deeper and sensitive investigations. However, these methods and techniques need further improvements to deal with challenges posed by the complexity of samples and scarcity of phosphoproteins in the whole proteome, throughput and reproducibility. This review aims to provide a comprehensive summary of the variety of steps used in phosphoproteomic methods applied in cancer research including the enrichment and fractionation strategies. This will allow researchers to evaluate and choose a better combination of steps for their phosphoproteome studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mustafa Gani Sürmen
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Aziz Sancar Institute of Experimental Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Saime Sürmen
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Aziz Sancar Institute of Experimental Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Arslan Ali
- Dr. Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan.
| | - Syed Ghulam Musharraf
- Dr. Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan.
| | - Nesrin Emekli
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul Medipol University, Istanbul, Turkey
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20
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Dental follicle mesenchymal stem cells regulate inflammatory responses in sepsis. MARMARA MEDICAL JOURNAL 2020. [DOI: 10.5472/marumj.681996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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21
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Feng X, Zhang L, Xu S, Shen AZ. ATP-citrate lyase (ACLY) in lipid metabolism and atherosclerosis: An updated review. Prog Lipid Res 2019; 77:101006. [PMID: 31499095 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2019.101006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Revised: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 08/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
ATP citrate lyase (ACLY) is an important enzyme linking carbohydrate to lipid metabolism by generating acetyl-CoA from citrate for fatty acid and cholesterol biosynthesis. Mendelian randomization of large human cohorts has validated ACLY as a promising target for low-density-lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C) lowering and cardiovascular protection. Among current ACLY inhibitors, Bempedoic acid (ETC-1002) is a first-in-class, prodrug-based direct competitive inhibitor of ACLY which regulates lipid metabolism by upregulating hepatic LDL receptor (LDLr) expression and activity. ACLY deficiency in hepatocytes protects from hepatic steatosis and dyslipidemia. In addition, pharmacological inhibition of ACLY by bempedoic acid, prevents dyslipidemia and attenuates atherosclerosis in hypercholesterolemic ApoE-/- mice, LDLr-/- mice, and LDLr-/- miniature pigs. Convincing data from clinical trials have revealed that bempedoic acid significantly lowers LDL-C as monotherapy, combination therapy, and add-on with statin therapy in statin-intolerant patients. More recently, a phase 3 CLEAR Harmony clinical trial ("Safety and Efficacy of Bempedoic Acid to Reduce LDL Cholesterol") has shown that bempedoic acid reduces the level of LDL-C in hypercholesterolemic patients receiving guideline-recommended statin therapy with a good safety profile. Hereby, we provide a updated review of the expression, regulation, genetics, functions of ACLY in lipid metabolism and atherosclerosis, and highlight the therapeutic potential of ACLY inhibitors (such as bempedoic acid, SB-204990, and other naturally-occuring inhibitors) to treat atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases. It must be pointed out that long-term large-scale clinical trials in high-risk patients, are warranted to validate whether ACLY represent a promising therapeutic target for pharmaceutic intervention of dyslipidemia and atherosclerosis; and assess the safety and efficacy profile of ACLY inhibitors in improving cardiovascular outcome of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojun Feng
- The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230001, PR China
| | - Lei Zhang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230001, PR China
| | - Suowen Xu
- Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Rochester, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14642, USA.
| | - Ai-Zong Shen
- The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230001, PR China.
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Abstract
The discovery of interleukin-2 (IL-2) changed the molecular understanding of how the immune system is controlled. IL-2 is a pleiotropic cytokine, and dissecting the signaling pathways that allow IL-2 to control the differentiation and homeostasis of both pro- and anti-inflammatory T cells is fundamental to determining the molecular details of immune regulation. The IL-2 receptor couples to JAK tyrosine kinases and activates the STAT5 transcription factors. However, IL-2 does much more than control transcriptional programs; it is a key regulator of T cell metabolic programs. The development of global phosphoproteomic approaches has expanded the understanding of IL-2 signaling further, revealing the diversity of phosphoproteins that may be influenced by IL-2 in T cells. However, it is increasingly clear that within each T cell subset, IL-2 will signal within a framework of other signal transduction networks that together will shape the transcriptional and metabolic programs that determine T cell fate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah H Ross
- Division of Cell Signalling and Immunology, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, Scotland, United Kingdom;
| | - Doreen A Cantrell
- Division of Cell Signalling and Immunology, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, Scotland, United Kingdom;
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23
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Kubiniok P, Finicle BT, Piffaretti F, McCracken AN, Perryman M, Hanessian S, Edinger AL, Thibault P. Dynamic Phosphoproteomics Uncovers Signaling Pathways Modulated by Anti-oncogenic Sphingolipid Analogs. Mol Cell Proteomics 2019; 18:408-422. [PMID: 30482847 PMCID: PMC6398214 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.ra118.001053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Revised: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The anti-neoplastic sphingolipid analog SH-BC-893 starves cancer cells to death by down-regulating cell surface nutrient transporters and blocking lysosomal trafficking events. These effects are mediated by the activation of protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A). To identify putative PP2A substrates, we used quantitative phosphoproteomics to profile the temporal changes in protein phosphorylation in FL5.12 cells following incubation with SH-BC-893 or the specific PP2A inhibitor LB-100. These analyses enabled the profiling of more than 15,000 phosphorylation sites, of which 958 sites on 644 proteins were dynamically regulated. We identified 114 putative PP2A substrates including several nutrient transporter proteins, GTPase regulators (e.g. Agap2, Git1), and proteins associated with actin cytoskeletal remodeling (e.g. Vim, Pxn). To identify SH-BC-893-induced cell signaling events that disrupt lysosomal trafficking, we compared phosphorylation profiles in cells treated with SH-BC-893 or C2-ceramide, a non-vacuolating sphingolipid that does not impair lysosomal fusion. These analyses combined with functional assays uncovered the differential regulation of Akt and Gsk3b by SH-BC-893 (vacuolating) and C2-ceramide (non-vacuolating). Dynamic phosphoproteomics of cells treated with compounds affecting PP2A activity thus enabled the correlation of cell signaling with phenotypes to rationalize their mode of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Kubiniok
- From the ‡Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, Université de Montréal, C.P. 6128, Succursale centre-ville, Montréal, Québec, H3C 3J7, Canada
- §Department of Chemistry, Université de Montréal, Quebec, H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Brendan T Finicle
- ¶Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California Irvine, Irvine CA 92697
| | - Fanny Piffaretti
- From the ‡Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, Université de Montréal, C.P. 6128, Succursale centre-ville, Montréal, Québec, H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Alison N McCracken
- ¶Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California Irvine, Irvine CA 92697
| | - Michael Perryman
- §Department of Chemistry, Université de Montréal, Quebec, H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Stephen Hanessian
- §Department of Chemistry, Université de Montréal, Quebec, H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Aimee L Edinger
- ¶Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California Irvine, Irvine CA 92697;
| | - Pierre Thibault
- From the ‡Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, Université de Montréal, C.P. 6128, Succursale centre-ville, Montréal, Québec, H3C 3J7, Canada;
- §Department of Chemistry, Université de Montréal, Quebec, H3C 3J7, Canada
- ‖Department of Biochemistry, Université de Montréal, C.P. 6128, Succursale centre-ville, Montréal, Québec, H3C 3J7, Canada
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24
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Ryan DG, Murphy MP, Frezza C, Prag HA, Chouchani ET, O'Neill LA, Mills EL. Coupling Krebs cycle metabolites to signalling in immunity and cancer. Nat Metab 2019; 1:16-33. [PMID: 31032474 PMCID: PMC6485344 DOI: 10.1038/s42255-018-0014-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 236] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Metabolic reprogramming has become a key focus for both immunologists and cancer biologists, with exciting advances providing new insights into underlying mechanisms of disease. Metabolites traditionally associated with bioenergetics or biosynthesis have been implicated in immunity and malignancy in transformed cells, with a particular focus on intermediates of the mitochondrial pathway known as the Krebs cycle. Among these, the intermediates succinate, fumarate, itaconate, 2-hydroxyglutarate isomers (D-2-hydroxyglutarate and L-2-hydroxyglutarate) and acetyl-CoA now have extensive evidence for "non-metabolic" signalling functions in both physiological immune contexts and in disease contexts, such as the initiation of carcinogenesis. This review will describe how metabolic reprogramming, with emphasis placed on these metabolites, leads to altered immune cell and transformed cell function. The latest findings are informative for new therapeutic approaches which could be transformative for a range of diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dylan G Ryan
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Michael P Murphy
- MRC Mitochondrial Biology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Christian Frezza
- MRC Cancer Unit, University of Cambridge, Hutchison/MRC Research Centre, Box 197, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0XZ, UK
| | - Hiran A Prag
- MRC Mitochondrial Biology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Edward T Chouchani
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Luke A O'Neill
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Evanna L Mills
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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25
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Marquez J, Kratchmarova I, Akimov V, Unda F, Ibarretxe G, Clerigué AS, Osinalde N, Badiola I. NADH dehydrogenase complex I is overexpressed in incipient metastatic murine colon cancer cells. Oncol Rep 2018; 41:742-752. [PMID: 30483808 PMCID: PMC6313061 DOI: 10.3892/or.2018.6892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 10/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Colon cancer is one of the most frequently occurring types of cancers in the world. Primary tumours are treated very efficiently, but the metastatic cases are known to have severe outcomes. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to obtain a greater understanding of the transformation of primary colon cancer cells into metastatic phenotypes. Small changes in protein expression provoke the metastatic phenotype transformation. More sensitive methods to detect small variations are required. A murine colon cancer cell line with metastatic characteristics in a very early phase was created in order to investigate the first steps of transformation using a murine liver metastasis model. The protein expression patterns of metastatic and non-metastatic cells were compared using the stable isotope labelling by amino acids in cell culture method in combination with mass spectrometry. Quantitative proteomics data indicated that nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide hydride (NADH) dehydrogenase complex I was overexpressed in metastatic cells with respect to non-metastatic cells. Since the NADH dehydrogenase complex catalyses the oxidation of NADH to NAD+, the functionality of the complex was studied by measuring the amount of NADH. The results revealed that metastatic cells accumulate more NADH and reactive oxygen species. In addition, the mitochondrial membrane potential of metastatic cells was lower than that of non-metastatic cells, indicating that the activity of NADH dehydrogenase and the mitochondrial oxidative chain were decreased in metastatic cells. During the incipient transformation of primary cancer cells, NADH dehydrogenase complex I was overexpressed but then became inactive due to the Warburg effect, which inhibits mitochondrial activity. In the first step of transformation, the high energy demand required in an adverse environment is fulfilled by overexpressing components of the respiratory chain, a fact that should be considered for future anti-metastatic therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana Marquez
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48940 Leioa, Spain
| | - Irina Kratchmarova
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, 5230 Odense M, Denmark
| | - Vyacheslav Akimov
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, 5230 Odense M, Denmark
| | - Fernando Unda
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48940 Leioa, Spain
| | - Gaskon Ibarretxe
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48940 Leioa, Spain
| | | | - Nerea Osinalde
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, UPV/EHU, 01006 Vitoria‑Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Iker Badiola
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48940 Leioa, Spain
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26
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Banerjee SL, Dionne U, Lambert JP, Bisson N. Targeted proteomics analyses of phosphorylation-dependent signalling networks. J Proteomics 2018; 189:39-47. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2018.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2017] [Revised: 01/19/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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27
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Gruenbacher G, Thurnher M. Mevalonate Metabolism in Cancer Stemness and Trained Immunity. Front Oncol 2018; 8:394. [PMID: 30298120 PMCID: PMC6160868 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2018.00394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Accepted: 08/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Mevalonate metabolism provides cancer and immune cells with diverse products to ensure cell functionality. Similar metabolic reprogramming that raises mevalonate metabolism to higher levels appears to drive both, epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT) of cancer cells, a reverse differentiation program that generates cancer cells with stem cell properties, and immune cell training for increased responsiveness to secondary stimulation. In this review, we address how mevalonate metabolism supports cancer development and stemness on the one hand, and on the other promotes immune responsiveness. In view of this dual nature of mevalonate metabolism, strategies to manipulate this metabolic pathway as part of anti-cancer therapies require careful analysis of risks versus benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georg Gruenbacher
- Immunotherapy Research Unit, Department of Urology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Martin Thurnher
- Immunotherapy Research Unit, Department of Urology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
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28
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Lee JV, Berry CT, Kim K, Sen P, Kim T, Carrer A, Trefely S, Zhao S, Fernandez S, Barney LE, Schwartz AD, Peyton SR, Snyder NW, Berger SL, Freedman BD, Wellen KE. Acetyl-CoA promotes glioblastoma cell adhesion and migration through Ca 2+-NFAT signaling. Genes Dev 2018; 32:497-511. [PMID: 29674394 PMCID: PMC5959234 DOI: 10.1101/gad.311027.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Here, Lee et al. investigated the molecular mechanisms by which acetyl-CoA production impacts gene expression and how acetyl-CoA promotes malignant phenotypes. Their findings show that acetyl-CoA can enhance H3K27ac in a locus-specific manner and that expression of cell adhesion genes is driven by acetyl-CoA in part through activation of Ca2+–NFAT signaling. The metabolite acetyl-coenzyme A (acetyl-CoA) is the required acetyl donor for lysine acetylation and thereby links metabolism, signaling, and epigenetics. Nutrient availability alters acetyl-CoA levels in cancer cells, correlating with changes in global histone acetylation and gene expression. However, the specific molecular mechanisms through which acetyl-CoA production impacts gene expression and its functional roles in promoting malignant phenotypes are poorly understood. Here, using histone H3 Lys27 acetylation (H3K27ac) ChIP-seq (chromatin immunoprecipitation [ChIP] coupled with next-generation sequencing) with normalization to an exogenous reference genome (ChIP-Rx), we found that changes in acetyl-CoA abundance trigger site-specific regulation of H3K27ac, correlating with gene expression as opposed to uniformly modulating this mark at all genes. Genes involved in integrin signaling and cell adhesion were identified as acetyl-CoA-responsive in glioblastoma cells, and we demonstrate that ATP citrate lyase (ACLY)-dependent acetyl-CoA production promotes cell migration and adhesion to the extracellular matrix. Mechanistically, the transcription factor NFAT1 (nuclear factor of activated T cells 1) was found to mediate acetyl-CoA-dependent gene regulation and cell adhesion. This occurs through modulation of Ca2+ signals, triggering NFAT1 nuclear translocation when acetyl-CoA is abundant. The findings of this study thus establish that acetyl-CoA impacts H3K27ac at specific loci, correlating with gene expression, and that expression of cell adhesion genes are driven by acetyl-CoA in part through activation of Ca2+–NFAT signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joyce V Lee
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA.,Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Corbett T Berry
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA.,School of Biomedical Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Karla Kim
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA.,Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Payel Sen
- Penn Epigenetics Institute, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Taehyong Kim
- Institute for Biomedical Informatics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Alessandro Carrer
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA.,Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Sophie Trefely
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA.,Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA.,A.J. Drexel Autism Institute, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Steven Zhao
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA.,Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Sully Fernandez
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA.,Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Lauren E Barney
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts-Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, USA
| | - Alyssa D Schwartz
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts-Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, USA
| | - Shelly R Peyton
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts-Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, USA
| | - Nathaniel W Snyder
- A.J. Drexel Autism Institute, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Shelley L Berger
- Penn Epigenetics Institute, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA.,Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA.,Department of Genetics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Bruce D Freedman
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Kathryn E Wellen
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA.,Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
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29
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Sivanand S, Viney I, Wellen KE. Spatiotemporal Control of Acetyl-CoA Metabolism in Chromatin Regulation. Trends Biochem Sci 2018; 43:61-74. [PMID: 29174173 PMCID: PMC5741483 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2017.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 233] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2017] [Revised: 11/09/2017] [Accepted: 11/09/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The epigenome is sensitive to the availability of metabolites that serve as substrates of chromatin-modifying enzymes. Links between acetyl-CoA metabolism, histone acetylation, and gene regulation have been documented, although how specificity in gene regulation is achieved by a metabolite has been challenging to answer. Recent studies suggest that acetyl-CoA metabolism is tightly regulated both spatially and temporally to elicit responses to nutrient availability and signaling cues. Here we discuss evidence that acetyl-CoA production is differentially regulated in the nucleus and cytosol of mammalian cells. Recent findings indicate that acetyl-CoA availability for site-specific histone acetylation is influenced through post-translational modification of acetyl-CoA-producing enzymes, as well as through dynamic regulation of the nuclear localization and chromatin recruitment of these enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharanya Sivanand
- Department of Cancer Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Isabella Viney
- Department of Cancer Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Kathryn E Wellen
- Department of Cancer Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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30
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Pinkosky SL, Groot PHE, Lalwani ND, Steinberg GR. Targeting ATP-Citrate Lyase in Hyperlipidemia and Metabolic Disorders. Trends Mol Med 2017; 23:1047-1063. [PMID: 28993031 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2017.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Revised: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 09/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Chronic overnutrition and a sedentary lifestyle promote imbalances in metabolism, often manifesting as risk factors for life-threating diseases such as atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Nucleocytosolic acetyl-coenzyme A (CoA) has emerged as a central signaling node used to coordinate metabolic adaptations in response to a changing nutritional status. ATP-citrate lyase (ACL) is the enzyme primarily responsible for the production of extramitochondrial acetyl-CoA and is thus strategically positioned at the intersection of nutrient catabolism and lipid biosynthesis. Here, we discuss recent findings from preclinical studies, as well as Mendelian and clinical randomized trials, demonstrating the importance of ACL activity in metabolism, and supporting its inhibition as a potential therapeutic approach to treating ASCVD, NAFLD, and other metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen L Pinkosky
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, L8N 3Z5, Canada; Esperion Therapeutics, Inc. 3891 Ranchero Drive, Suite 150, Ann Arbor, MI, 48108, USA
| | - Pieter H E Groot
- Esperion Therapeutics, Inc. 3891 Ranchero Drive, Suite 150, Ann Arbor, MI, 48108, USA
| | - Narendra D Lalwani
- Esperion Therapeutics, Inc. 3891 Ranchero Drive, Suite 150, Ann Arbor, MI, 48108, USA
| | - Gregory R Steinberg
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, L8N 3Z5, Canada; Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, L8N 3Z5, Canada.
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31
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Álvarez-Salamero C, Castillo-González R, Navarro MN. Lighting Up T Lymphocyte Signaling with Quantitative Phosphoproteomics. Front Immunol 2017; 8:938. [PMID: 28848546 PMCID: PMC5552657 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 07/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphorylation is the most abundant post-translational modification, regulating several aspects of protein and cell function. Quantitative phosphoproteomics approaches have expanded the scope of phosphorylation analysis enabling the quantification of changes in thousands of phosphorylation sites simultaneously in two or more conditions. These approaches offer a global view of the impact of cellular perturbations such as extracellular stimuli or gene ablation in intracellular signaling networks. Such great potential also brings on a new challenge: to identify, among the thousands of phosphorylations found in global phosphoproteomics studies, the small subset of site-specific phosphorylations expected to be functionally relevant. This review focus on updating and integrating findings on T lymphocyte signaling generated using global phosphoproteomics approaches, drawing attention on the biological relevance of the obtained data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Candelas Álvarez-Salamero
- Departamento de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Universitario de La Princesa, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - María N Navarro
- Departamento de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Universitario de La Princesa, Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Madrid, Spain
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32
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Gruenbacher G, Thurnher M. Mevalonate metabolism governs cancer immune surveillance. Oncoimmunology 2017; 6:e1342917. [PMID: 29123952 PMCID: PMC5665080 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2017.1342917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2017] [Revised: 06/08/2017] [Accepted: 06/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The metabolic reprogramming that drives immunity engages the mevalonate pathway for cholesterol biosynthesis and protein prenylation. The importance of tight regulation of this metabolic route is reflected by the fact that too low activity impairs cellular function and survival, whereas hyperactivity can lead to malignant transformation. Here, we first address how mevalonate metabolism drives immunity and then highlight ways of the immune system to respond to both, limited and uncontrolled flux through the mevalonate pathway. Immune responses elicited by mevalonate pathway dysregulation may be harnessed to increase the clinical efficacy of current cancer therapy regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georg Gruenbacher
- Immunotherapy Research Unit, Department of Urology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Martin Thurnher
- Immunotherapy Research Unit, Department of Urology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
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33
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Nuclear Acetyl-CoA Production by ACLY Promotes Homologous Recombination. Mol Cell 2017; 67:252-265.e6. [PMID: 28689661 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2017.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Revised: 05/02/2017] [Accepted: 06/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
While maintaining the integrity of the genome and sustaining bioenergetics are both fundamental functions of the cell, potential crosstalk between metabolic and DNA repair pathways is poorly understood. Since histone acetylation plays important roles in DNA repair and is sensitive to the availability of acetyl coenzyme A (acetyl-CoA), we investigated a role for metabolic regulation of histone acetylation during the DNA damage response. In this study, we report that nuclear ATP-citrate lyase (ACLY) is phosphorylated at S455 downstream of ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) and AKT following DNA damage. ACLY facilitates histone acetylation at double-strand break (DSB) sites, impairing 53BP1 localization and enabling BRCA1 recruitment and DNA repair by homologous recombination. ACLY phosphorylation and nuclear localization are necessary for its role in promoting BRCA1 recruitment. Upon PARP inhibition, ACLY silencing promotes genomic instability and cell death. Thus, the spatial and temporal control of acetyl-CoA production by ACLY participates in the mechanism of DNA repair pathway choice.
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Nyman TA, Lorey MB, Cypryk W, Matikainen S. Mass spectrometry-based proteomic exploration of the human immune system: focus on the inflammasome, global protein secretion, and T cells. Expert Rev Proteomics 2017; 14:395-407. [PMID: 28406322 DOI: 10.1080/14789450.2017.1319768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The immune system is our defense system against microbial infections and tissue injury, and understanding how it works in detail is essential for developing drugs for different diseases. Mass spectrometry-based proteomics can provide in-depth information on the molecular mechanisms involved in immune responses. Areas covered: Summarized are the key immunology findings obtained with MS-based proteomics in the past five years, with a focus on inflammasome activation, global protein secretion, mucosal immunology, immunopeptidome and T cells. Special focus is on extracellular vesicle-mediated protein secretion and its role in immune responses. Expert commentary: Proteomics is an essential part of modern omics-scale immunology research. To date, MS-based proteomics has been used in immunology to study protein expression levels, their subcellular localization, secretion, post-translational modifications, and interactions in immune cells upon activation by different stimuli. These studies have made major contributions to understanding the molecular mechanisms involved in innate and adaptive immune responses. New developments in proteomics offer constantly novel possibilities for exploring the immune system. Examples of these techniques include mass cytometry and different MS-based imaging approaches which can be widely used in immunology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuula A Nyman
- a Department of Immunology , Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo and Rikshospitalet Oslo , Oslo , Norway
| | - Martina B Lorey
- b Rheumatology , University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital , Helsinki , Finland
| | - Wojciech Cypryk
- c Department of Bioorganic Chemistry , Center of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies , Lodz , Poland
| | - Sampsa Matikainen
- b Rheumatology , University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital , Helsinki , Finland
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Targeted mass spectrometry: An emerging powerful approach to unblock the bottleneck in phosphoproteomics. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2017; 1055-1056:29-38. [PMID: 28441545 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2017.04.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2016] [Revised: 02/23/2017] [Accepted: 04/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Following the rapid expansion of the proteomics field, the investigation of post translational modifications (PTM) has become extremely popular changing our perspective of how proteins constantly fine tune cellular functions. Reversible protein phosphorylation plays a pivotal role in virtually all biological processes in the cell and it is one the most characterized PTM up to date. During the last decade, the development of phosphoprotein/phosphopeptide enrichment strategies and mass spectrometry (MS) technology has revolutionized the field of phosphoproteomics discovering thousands of new site-specific phosphorylations and unveiling unprecedented evidence about their modulation under distinct cellular conditions. The field has expanded so rapidly that the use of traditional methods to validate and characterize the biological role of the phosphosites is not feasible any longer. Targeted MS holds great promise for becoming the method of choice to study with high precision and sensitivity already known site-specific phosphorylation events. This review summarizes the contribution of large-scale unbiased MS analyses and highlights the need of targeted MS-based approaches for follow-up investigation. Additionally, the article illustrates the biological relevance of protein phosphorylation by providing examples of disease-related phosphorylation events and emphasizes the benefits of applying targeted MS in clinics for disease diagnosis, prognosis and drug-response evaluation.
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