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Ucar Turker A, Basay S, Cimen A, Baba Y, Birinci Yildirim A. Evaluation of the Phenolic Content and the Nutraceutical Potential of Ancestor and Cultivated Artichokes. Chem Biodivers 2024; 21:e202400203. [PMID: 38407466 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202400203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Revised: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
Wild cardoon (Cynara cardunculus var. sylvestris) is the ancestor of many cultivated forms, including globe artichoke (C. cardunculus var. scolymus). Four organs (receptacles, bracts, leaves and stems) of wild and cultivated artichokes (organic and conventional) were assessed considering their individual phenolic constituents (HPLC-DAD), total phenol-flavonoid content, and pharmaceutical potentials (antibacterial and antioxidant). All three sources of artichokes had the highest concentration of 1,3-dicaffeoylquinic acid (cynarin) in their receptacles and cultivated artichoke receptacles had more cynarin than wild one. On the other hand, receptacles of wild cardoon had the highest 1,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid and caffeic acid than the cultivated ones. Generally, receptacles, stems and leaves of wild cardoon were superior to both cultivated artichokes on antioxidant potential, and total phenol-flavonoid content. The rise in total phenolic content can be attributed to an increase in antioxidant capacity in all artichoke organs. Only the leaves of all different artichokes showed antibacterial activity against Gram-positive bacteria. The investigated wild cardoon was believed to be a true ancestor since a comparison of wild and cultivated varieties revealed similar trends in terms of phenolic profile and biological properties. The nutraceutical industry can profit from this invasive wild cardoon due to their strong antioxidant potential and phenolic content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arzu Ucar Turker
- Bolu Abant Izzet Baysal University, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Art, 14030, Bolu, Turkiye
| | - Sevinc Basay
- Bursa Uludağ University, Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, 16059, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Ayca Cimen
- Bolu Abant Izzet Baysal University, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Art, 14030, Bolu, Turkiye
| | - Yavuz Baba
- Bolu Abant Izzet Baysal University, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Art, 14030, Bolu, Turkiye
| | - Arzu Birinci Yildirim
- Bolu Abant Izzet Baysal University, Department of Field Crops, Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Science, 14030, Bolu, Turkiye
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2
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Zaoui M, Louadj L, Ferrand N, Nehme R, Sabbah M, Abdennebi-Najar L. Carcinogenic effect of low doses of polycyclic and heterocyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and amines and lack of protection by inulin supplementation. Food Chem Toxicol 2024; 185:114454. [PMID: 38237855 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2024.114454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2023] [Revised: 12/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/05/2024]
Abstract
Evidence suggests that meat processing and heat treatment may increase cancer risk through exposure to potentially carcinogenic compounds, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and heterocyclic aromatic amines (HAAs). This study aims to investigate the effect of low concentrations of PAHs and HAAs (from 1 to 100 μmol/L/24h and 48h) in colorectal tumor cells (HT-29, HCT116, and LS174T) and to evaluate the effect of PAHs in the presence of inulin in mice. In vitro, the 4-PAHs have no effect on healthy colon cells but decreased the viability of the colorectal tumor cells and activated the mRNA and protein expressions of CYP1A1 and CYP1B1. In vivo, in mice with colitis induced by 3% DSS, the 4-PAHs (equimolar mix at 50,100, 150 mg/kg.bw, orally 3 times a week for 3 weeks) induced a loss of body weight and tumor formation. Inulin (10 g/L) had no effect on colon length and tumor formation. A significant decrease in the loss of b.w was observed in inulin group as compared to the fiber free group. These results underscore the importance of considering the biological association between low-dose exposure to 4-HAPs and diet-related colon tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurice Zaoui
- Sorbonne Université-INSERM UMR 938, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine (CRSA), Institut Universitaire de Cancérologie (IUC), Paris, France
| | - Lila Louadj
- Sorbonne Université-INSERM UMR 938, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine (CRSA), Institut Universitaire de Cancérologie (IUC), Paris, France
| | - Nathalie Ferrand
- Sorbonne Université-INSERM UMR 938, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine (CRSA), Institut Universitaire de Cancérologie (IUC), Paris, France
| | - Ralph Nehme
- Quality and Health Department, IDELE Institute, 149 Rue de Bercy, 75012 Paris, France
| | - Michele Sabbah
- Sorbonne Université-INSERM UMR 938, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine (CRSA), Institut Universitaire de Cancérologie (IUC), Paris, France
| | - Latifa Abdennebi-Najar
- Quality and Health Department, IDELE Institute, 149 Rue de Bercy, 75012 Paris, France; Sorbonne Université-INSERM UMR 938, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine (CRSA), Institut Universitaire de Cancérologie (IUC), Paris, France.
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3
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Ghali ENHK, Pranav, Chauhan SC, Yallapu MM. Inulin-based formulations as an emerging therapeutic strategy for cancer: A comprehensive review. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 259:129216. [PMID: 38185294 PMCID: PMC10922702 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.129216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
Cancer stands as the second leading cause of death in the United States (US). Most chemotherapeutic agents exhibit severe adverse effects that are attributed to exposure of drugs to off-target tissues, posing a significant challenge in cancer therapy management. In recent years, inulin, a naturally occurring prebiotic fiber has gained substantial attention for its potential in cancer treatment owing to its multitudinous health values. Its distinctive structure, stability, and nutritional properties position it as an effective adjuvant and carrier for drug delivery in cancer therapy. To address some of the above unmet clinical issues, this review summarizes the recent efforts towards the development of inulin-based nanomaterials and nanocomposites for healthcare applications with special emphasis on the multifunctional role of inulin in cancer therapy as a synergist, signaling molecule, immunomodulatory and anticarcinogenic molecule. Furthermore, the review provides a concise overview of ongoing clinical trials and observational studies associated with inulin-based therapy. In conclusion, the current review offers insights on the significant role of inulin interventions in exploring its potential as a therapeutic agent to treat cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eswara Naga Hanuma Kumar Ghali
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, The University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, McAllen, TX 78504, USA; South Texas Center of Excellence in Cancer Research, School of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, McAllen, TX 78504, USA
| | - Pranav
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, The University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, McAllen, TX 78504, USA; South Texas Center of Excellence in Cancer Research, School of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, McAllen, TX 78504, USA
| | - Subhash C Chauhan
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, The University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, McAllen, TX 78504, USA; South Texas Center of Excellence in Cancer Research, School of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, McAllen, TX 78504, USA.
| | - Murali M Yallapu
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, The University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, McAllen, TX 78504, USA; South Texas Center of Excellence in Cancer Research, School of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, McAllen, TX 78504, USA.
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4
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Yang J, Wei H, Lin Y, Chu ESH, Zhou Y, Gou H, Guo S, Lau HCH, Cheung AHK, Chen H, To KF, Sung JJY, Wang Y, Yu J. High Soluble Fiber Promotes Colorectal Tumorigenesis Through Modulating Gut Microbiota and Metabolites in Mice. Gastroenterology 2024; 166:323-337.e7. [PMID: 37858797 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2023.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Dietary fibers are mainly fermented by the gut microbiota, but their roles in colorectal cancer (CRC) are largely unclear. Here, we investigated the associations of different fibers with colorectal tumorigenesis in mice. METHODS Apcmin/+ mice and C57BL/6 mice with azoxymethane (AOM) injection were used as CRC mouse models. Mice were fed with mixed high-fiber diet (20% soluble fiber and 20% insoluble fiber), high-inulin diet, high-guar gum diet, high-cellulose diet, or diets with different inulin dose. Germ-free mice were used for validation. Fecal microbiota and metabolites were profiled by shotgun metagenomic sequencing and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, respectively. RESULTS Mixed high-fiber diet promoted colorectal tumorigenesis with increased tumor number and tumor load in AOM-treated and Apcmin/+ mice. Antibiotics use abolished the pro-tumorigenic effect of mixed high-fiber diet, while transplanting stools from mice fed with mixed high-fiber diet accelerated tumor growth in AOM-treated germ-free mice. We therefore characterized the contribution of soluble and insoluble fiber in CRC separately. Our results revealed that soluble fiber inulin or guar gum, but not insoluble fiber cellulose, promoted colorectal tumorigenesis in AOM-treated and Apcmin/+ mice. Soluble fiber induced gut dysbiosis with Bacteroides uniformis enrichment and Bifidobacterium pseudolongum depletion, accompanied by increased fecal butyrate and serum bile acids and decreased inosine. We also identified a positive correlation between inulin dosage and colorectal tumorigenesis. Moreover, transplanting stools from mice fed with high-inulin diet increased colonic cell proliferation and oncogene expressions in germ-free mice. CONCLUSION High-dose soluble but not insoluble fiber potentiates colorectal tumorigenesis in a dose-dependent manner by dysregulating gut microbiota and metabolites in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Yang
- Institute of Digestive Disease and Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, CUHK Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Hong Wei
- Department of Laboratory Animal Science, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China; Department of Precision Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yufeng Lin
- Institute of Digestive Disease and Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, CUHK Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Eagle S H Chu
- Institute of Digestive Disease and Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, CUHK Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yunfei Zhou
- Institute of Digestive Disease and Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, CUHK Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Hongyan Gou
- Institute of Digestive Disease and Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, CUHK Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Shang Guo
- Institute of Digestive Disease and Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, CUHK Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Harry C H Lau
- Institute of Digestive Disease and Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, CUHK Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Alvin H K Cheung
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Huarong Chen
- Institute of Digestive Disease and Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, CUHK Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Ka Fei To
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Joseph J Y Sung
- Institute of Digestive Disease and Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, CUHK Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China; Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - Yong Wang
- Department of Laboratory Animal Science, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China.
| | - Jun Yu
- Institute of Digestive Disease and Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, CUHK Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.
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5
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Lemons JMS. Too Much of a Good Thing: Imposing an Upper Limit to a High Fiber Diet. Gastroenterology 2024; 166:250-251. [PMID: 38008229 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2023.11.290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2023] [Revised: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 11/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Johanna M S Lemons
- Dairy and Functional Foods Research Unit, Eastern Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Wyndmoor, Pennsylvania.
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6
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Zhang QY, Zhong MT, Gi M, Chen YK, Lai MQ, Liu JY, Liu YM, Wang Q, Xie XL. Inulin alleviates perfluorooctanoic acid-induced intestinal injury in mice by modulating the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 342:123090. [PMID: 38072026 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.123090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Revised: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) is a widely used industrial compound that has been found to induce intestinal toxicity. However, the underlying mechanisms have not been fully clarified and effective interventions are rarely developed. Inulin, a prebiotic, has been used as a supplement in human daily life as well as in gastrointestinal diseases and metabolic disorders. In this study, male mice were exposed to PFOA with or without inulin supplementation to investigate the enterotoxicity and potential intervention effects of inulin. Mice were administered PFOA at 1 mg/kg/day, PFOA with inulin at 5 g/kg/day, or Milli-Q water for 12 weeks. Histopathological analysis showed that PFOA caused colon shortening, goblet cell reduction, and inflammatory cell infiltration. The expression of the tight junction proteins ZO-1, occludin and claudin5 significantly decreased, indicating impaired barrier function. According to the RNA-sequencing analysis, PFOA exposure resulted in 917 differentially expressed genes, involving 39 significant pathways, such as TNF signaling and cell cycle pathways. In addition, the protein expression of TNF-α, IRG-47, cyclinB1, and cyclinB2 increased, while Gadd45γ, Lzip, and Jam2 decreased, suggesting the involvement of the TNF signaling pathway, cell cycle, and cell adhesion molecules in PFOA-associated intestinal injury. Inulin intervention alleviated PFOA-induced enterotoxicity by activating the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway and increasing the protein expression of Wnt1, β-catenin, PI3K, Akt3, and p62, while suppressing MAP LC3β, TNF-α, and CyclinE expression. These findings suggested that PFOA-induced intestinal injury, including inflammation and tight junction disruption, was mitigated by inulin through modifying the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathways. Our study provides valuable insights into the enterotoxic effects of PFOA and highlights the potential therapeutic role of inulin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin-Yao Zhang
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University (Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research), No. 1838 North Guangzhou Road, 510515, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mei-Ting Zhong
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University (Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research), No. 1838 North Guangzhou Road, 510515, Guangzhou, China
| | - Min Gi
- Department of Environmental Risk Assessment, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka Metropolitan University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yu-Kui Chen
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University (Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research), No. 1838 North Guangzhou Road, 510515, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ming-Quan Lai
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University (Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research), No. 1838 North Guangzhou Road, 510515, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jing-Yi Liu
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University (Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research), No. 1838 North Guangzhou Road, 510515, Guangzhou, China; The 2019 Class, 8-Year Program, The First Clinical Medical School, Southern Medical University, No. 1838 North Guangzhou Road, 510515, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yi-Ming Liu
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University (Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research), No. 1838 North Guangzhou Road, 510515, Guangzhou, China; The 2019 Class, 8-Year Program, The First Clinical Medical School, Southern Medical University, No. 1838 North Guangzhou Road, 510515, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qi Wang
- Department of Forensic Pathology, School of Forensic Medicine, Southern Medical University, No. 1838 North Guangzhou Road, 510515, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Li Xie
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University (Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research), No. 1838 North Guangzhou Road, 510515, Guangzhou, China.
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7
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Zhang Q, Xiao X, Zheng J, Li M, Yu M, Ping F, Wang T. Maternal inulin alleviates high-fat diet-induced lipid disorder in offspring by epigenetically modulating hypothalamus feeding circuit-related genes. Food Funct 2024; 15:110-124. [PMID: 38044717 DOI: 10.1039/d3fo02223d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
Increasing evidence supports the existence of fetal-originated adult diseases. Recent research indicates that the intrauterine environment affects the fetal hypothalamic energy intake center. Inulin is a probiotic that can moderate metabolic disorders, but whether maternal inulin intervention confers long-term metabolic benefits to lipid metabolism in offspring in their adult lives and the mechanism involved are unknown. Here, we used a maternal overnutrition model that was induced by excess energy intake before and during pregnancy and lactation and maternal inulin intervention was performed during pregnancy and lactation. The hypothalamic genome methylation in offspring was analyzed using a methylation array. The results showed that maternal inulin treatment modified the maternal high-fat diet (HFD)-induced increases in body weight, adipose tissue weight, and serum insulin and leptin levels and decreases in serum adiponectin levels. Maternal inulin intervention regulated the impairments in hypothalamic leptin resistance, induced the methylation of Socs3, Npy, and Il6, and inhibited the methylation of Lepr in the hypothalamus of offspring. In conclusion, maternal inulin intervention modifies offspring lipid metabolism, and the underlying mechanism involves the methylation of genes in the hypothalamus feeding circuit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Endocrinology, Ministry of Health, Department of Endocrinology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100730, China.
| | - Xinhua Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Endocrinology, Ministry of Health, Department of Endocrinology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100730, China.
| | - Jia Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Endocrinology, Ministry of Health, Department of Endocrinology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100730, China.
| | - Ming Li
- Key Laboratory of Endocrinology, Ministry of Health, Department of Endocrinology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100730, China.
| | - Miao Yu
- Key Laboratory of Endocrinology, Ministry of Health, Department of Endocrinology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100730, China.
| | - Fan Ping
- Key Laboratory of Endocrinology, Ministry of Health, Department of Endocrinology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100730, China.
| | - Tong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Endocrinology, Ministry of Health, Department of Endocrinology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100730, China.
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8
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Riva A, Rasoulimehrabani H, Cruz-Rubio JM, Schnorr SL, von Baeckmann C, Inan D, Nikolov G, Herbold CW, Hausmann B, Pjevac P, Schintlmeister A, Spittler A, Palatinszky M, Kadunic A, Hieger N, Del Favero G, von Bergen M, Jehmlich N, Watzka M, Lee KS, Wiesenbauer J, Khadem S, Viernstein H, Stocker R, Wagner M, Kaiser C, Richter A, Kleitz F, Berry D. Identification of inulin-responsive bacteria in the gut microbiota via multi-modal activity-based sorting. Nat Commun 2023; 14:8210. [PMID: 38097563 PMCID: PMC10721620 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-43448-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Prebiotics are defined as non-digestible dietary components that promote the growth of beneficial gut microorganisms. In many cases, however, this capability is not systematically evaluated. Here, we develop a methodology for determining prebiotic-responsive bacteria using the popular dietary supplement inulin. We first identify microbes with a capacity to bind inulin using mesoporous silica nanoparticles functionalized with inulin. 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing of sorted cells revealed that the ability to bind inulin was widespread in the microbiota. We further evaluate which taxa are metabolically stimulated by inulin and find that diverse taxa from the phyla Firmicutes and Actinobacteria respond to inulin, and several isolates of these taxa can degrade inulin. Incubation with another prebiotic, xylooligosaccharides (XOS), in contrast, shows a more robust bifidogenic effect. Interestingly, the Coriobacteriia Eggerthella lenta and Gordonibacter urolithinfaciens are indirectly stimulated by the inulin degradation process, expanding our knowledge of inulin-responsive bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Riva
- Centre for Microbiology and Environmental Systems Science, Department of Microbiology and Ecosystem Science, Division of Microbial Ecology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Chair of Nutrition and Immunology, School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
| | - Hamid Rasoulimehrabani
- Centre for Microbiology and Environmental Systems Science, Department of Microbiology and Ecosystem Science, Division of Microbial Ecology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Doctoral School in Microbiology and Environmental Science, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - José Manuel Cruz-Rubio
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Stephanie L Schnorr
- Centre for Microbiology and Environmental Systems Science, Department of Microbiology and Ecosystem Science, Division of Microbial Ecology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Cornelia von Baeckmann
- Department of Functional Materials and Catalysis, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Deniz Inan
- Centre for Microbiology and Environmental Systems Science, Department of Microbiology and Ecosystem Science, Division of Microbial Ecology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Georgi Nikolov
- Centre for Microbiology and Environmental Systems Science, Department of Microbiology and Ecosystem Science, Division of Microbial Ecology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Craig W Herbold
- Centre for Microbiology and Environmental Systems Science, Department of Microbiology and Ecosystem Science, Division of Microbial Ecology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Bela Hausmann
- Joint Microbiome Facility of the Medical University of Vienna and the University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Petra Pjevac
- Centre for Microbiology and Environmental Systems Science, Department of Microbiology and Ecosystem Science, Division of Microbial Ecology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Joint Microbiome Facility of the Medical University of Vienna and the University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Arno Schintlmeister
- Centre for Microbiology and Environmental Systems Science, Department of Microbiology and Ecosystem Science, Division of Microbial Ecology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Andreas Spittler
- Core Facility Flow Cytometry and Surgical Research Laboratories, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Márton Palatinszky
- Centre for Microbiology and Environmental Systems Science, Department of Microbiology and Ecosystem Science, Division of Microbial Ecology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Aida Kadunic
- Centre for Microbiology and Environmental Systems Science, Department of Microbiology and Ecosystem Science, Division of Microbial Ecology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Norbert Hieger
- Centre for Microbiology and Environmental Systems Science, Department of Microbiology and Ecosystem Science, Division of Microbial Ecology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Giorgia Del Favero
- Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Martin von Bergen
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Department of Molecular Systems Biology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Nico Jehmlich
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Department of Molecular Systems Biology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Margarete Watzka
- Centre for Microbiology and Environmental Systems Science, Department of Microbiology and Ecosystem Science, Division of Terrestrial Ecosystem Research, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Kang Soo Lee
- Institute for Environmental Engineering, Department of Civil, Environmental and Geomatic Engineering, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Julia Wiesenbauer
- Doctoral School in Microbiology and Environmental Science, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Centre for Microbiology and Environmental Systems Science, Department of Microbiology and Ecosystem Science, Division of Terrestrial Ecosystem Research, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Sanaz Khadem
- Centre for Microbiology and Environmental Systems Science, Department of Microbiology and Ecosystem Science, Division of Microbial Ecology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Helmut Viernstein
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Roman Stocker
- Institute for Environmental Engineering, Department of Civil, Environmental and Geomatic Engineering, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Michael Wagner
- Centre for Microbiology and Environmental Systems Science, Department of Microbiology and Ecosystem Science, Division of Microbial Ecology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Center for Microbial Communities, Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Christina Kaiser
- Centre for Microbiology and Environmental Systems Science, Department of Microbiology and Ecosystem Science, Division of Terrestrial Ecosystem Research, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Andreas Richter
- Centre for Microbiology and Environmental Systems Science, Department of Microbiology and Ecosystem Science, Division of Terrestrial Ecosystem Research, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Freddy Kleitz
- Department of Functional Materials and Catalysis, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - David Berry
- Centre for Microbiology and Environmental Systems Science, Department of Microbiology and Ecosystem Science, Division of Microbial Ecology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
- Joint Microbiome Facility of the Medical University of Vienna and the University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
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9
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Mishra P, Badiyani VM, Jain S, Subramanian S, Maharaj SV, Kumar A, Singh BN. Prebiotics: Ignored player in the fight against cancer. Cancer Rep (Hoboken) 2023; 6:e1870. [PMID: 37458148 PMCID: PMC10644333 DOI: 10.1002/cnr2.1870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Revised: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prebiotics is a relatively neglected area in cancer research, despite evidence suggesting that it plays a key role in suppressing tumour growth and improving immune function. RECENT FINDINGS Including prebiotics in the diet has been shown to strengthen the immune system and can better slow down or prevent the growth of tumours. It has also been strongly indicated in various scientific studies that prebiotics can contribute to the sustenance of a healthy microbiome, which in turn plays an important role in increasing the effectiveness and reducing the side effects of cancer treatments. CONCLUSION In the present review article we highlight the mechanisms by which prebiotics like inulin, fructooligosaccharide (FOS), β-glucan, pectin, and xylooligosaccharide (XOS) function. Furthermore, the beneficial effect of incorporating prebiotics during cancer therapy to improvise gut health and prevent/reverse the damage caused to patients due to chemotherapy has also been elaborated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parichita Mishra
- Department of Ageing Research, Manipal School of Life SciencesManipal Academy of Higher EducationManipalKarnatakaIndia
| | - Vidhi Manish Badiyani
- Department of Ageing Research, Manipal School of Life SciencesManipal Academy of Higher EducationManipalKarnatakaIndia
| | - Sakshi Jain
- Biotechnology and Bioinformatics AreaNIIT UniversityNeemranaRajasthanIndia
| | - Sruti Subramanian
- Biotechnology and Bioinformatics AreaNIIT UniversityNeemranaRajasthanIndia
| | | | - Ashwini Kumar
- Biotechnology and Bioinformatics AreaNIIT UniversityNeemranaRajasthanIndia
| | - Bhisham Narayan Singh
- Department of Ageing Research, Manipal School of Life SciencesManipal Academy of Higher EducationManipalKarnatakaIndia
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10
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Shi Y, Si D, Zhang X, Chen D, Han Z. Plant fructans: Recent advances in metabolism, evolution aspects and applications for human health. Curr Res Food Sci 2023; 7:100595. [PMID: 37744554 PMCID: PMC10517269 DOI: 10.1016/j.crfs.2023.100595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Fructans, fructose polymers, are one of the three major reserve carbohydrate in plants. The nutritional and therapeutic benefits of natural fructans in plants have attracted increasing interest by consumers and food industry. In the course of evolution, many plants have developed the ability of regulating plant fructans metabolism to produce fructans with different structures and chain lengths, which are strongly correlated with their survival in harsh environments. Exploring these evolution-related genes in fructans biosynthesis and de novo domestication of fructans-rich plants based on genome editing is a viable and promising approach to improve human dietary quality and reduce the risk of chronic disease. These advances will greatly facilitate breeding and production of tailor-made fructans as a healthy food ingredient from wild plants such as huangjing (Polygonatum cyrtonema). The purpose of this review is to broaden our knowledge on plant fructans biosynthesis, evolution and benefits to human health.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Xinfeng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, 311300, China
| | - Donghong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, 311300, China
| | - Zhigang Han
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, 311300, China
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11
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Abstract
Inulin, a dietary fibre found in the roots of many plants, has positive effects on health. It is particularly noteworthy due to its positive impact on calcium metabolism. Inulin has significant functions, such as improving calcium absorption through passive diffusion, bolstering calcium absorption via ion exchange and expanding the absorption surface of the colon by stimulating cell growth. In addition, inulin boosts calcium absorption by increasing calcium solubility, stimulating levels of calcium-binding protein expression and increasing useful microorganisms. It increases calbindin levels and stimulates transcellular active calcium transport. An inulin intake of least 8-10 g/day supports calcium absorption and total body bone mineral content/density in adolescents through its known mechanisms of action. It also significantly enhances calcium absorption and improves bone health in postmenopausal women and adult men. Sustained and sufficient inulin supplementation in adults has a positive effect on calcium metabolism and bone mineral density.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hande Bakirhan
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Istanbul Medipol University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Efsun Karabudak
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Sanko University, Gaziantep, Turkey
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12
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Association of prebiotic fiber intake with colorectal cancer risk: the PrebiotiCa study. Eur J Nutr 2023; 62:455-464. [PMID: 36089645 PMCID: PMC9899730 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-022-02984-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the association between the intake of specific fibers with prebiotic activity, namely inulin-type fructans (ITFs), fructooligosaccharides (FOSs) and galactooligosaccharides (GOSs), and colorectal cancer risk. METHODS Within the PrebiotiCa study, we used data from a multicentric case-control study conducted in Italy and including 1953 incident, histologically confirmed, colorectal cancer patients and 4154 hospital controls. The amount of six prebiotic molecules [ITFs, nystose (FOS), kestose (FOS), 1F-β-fructofuranosylnystose (FOS), raffinose (GOS) and stachyose (GOS)] in a variety of foods was quantified via laboratory analyses. Subjects' prebiotic fiber intake was estimated by multiplying food frequency questionnaire intake by the prebiotic content of each food item. The odds ratios (OR) of colorectal cancer for quintiles of intakes were derived from logistic regression models including terms for major confounders and total energy intake. RESULTS GOSs intake was inversely associated with colorectal cancer risk. The OR for the highest versus the lowest quintile of intake were 0.73 (95% confidence interval, CI 0.58-0.92) for raffinose and 0.64 (95% CI 0.53-0.77) for stachyose, with significant inverse trends across quintiles. No association was found with total ITFs and FOSs. The association with stachyose was stronger for colon (continuous OR = 0.74, 95% CI 0.66-0.83) than rectal cancer (OR = 0.89, 95% CI 0.79-1.02). CONCLUSION Colorectal cancer risk was inversely associated with the intake of dietary GOSs, but not ITFs and FOSs.
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13
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Qiu Z, Qiao Y, Zhang B, Sun-Waterhouse D, Zheng Z. Bioactive polysaccharides and oligosaccharides from garlic (Allium sativum L.): Production, physicochemical and biological properties, and structure-function relationships. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2022; 21:3033-3095. [PMID: 35765769 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Garlic is a common food, and many of its biological functions are attributed to its components including functional carbohydrates. Garlic polysaccharides and oligosaccharides as main components are understudied but have future value due to the growing demand for bioactive polysaccharides/oligosaccharides from natural sources. Garlic polysaccharides have molecular weights of 1 × 103 to 2 × 106 Da, containing small amounts of pectins and fructooligosaccharides and large amounts of inulin-type fructans ((2→1)-linked β-d-Fruf backbones alone or with attached (2→6)-linked β-d-Fruf branched chains). This article provides a detailed review of research progress and identifies knowledge gaps in extraction, production, composition, molecular characteristics, structural features, physicochemical properties, bioactivities, and structure-function relationships of garlic polysaccharides/oligosaccharides. Whether the extraction processes, synthesis approaches, and modification methods established for other non-garlic polysaccharides are also effective for garlic polysaccharides/oligosaccharides (to preserve their desired molecular structures and bioactivities) requires verification. The metabolic processes of ingested garlic polysaccharides/oligosaccharides (as food ingredients/dietary supplements), their modes of action in healthy humans or populations with chronic conditions, and molecular/chain organization-bioactivity relationships remain unclear. Future research directions related to garlic polysaccharides/oligosaccharides are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhichang Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Food Processing Technology and Quality Control of Shandong Higher Education Institutes, College of Food Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
| | - Yiteng Qiao
- Key Laboratory of Food Processing Technology and Quality Control of Shandong Higher Education Institutes, College of Food Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China.,School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Bin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Food Processing Technology and Quality Control of Shandong Higher Education Institutes, College of Food Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
| | - Dongxiao Sun-Waterhouse
- Key Laboratory of Food Processing Technology and Quality Control of Shandong Higher Education Institutes, College of Food Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China.,School of Chemical Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Zhenjia Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Food Processing Technology and Quality Control of Shandong Higher Education Institutes, College of Food Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
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14
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Shi L, Li Y, Zhang S, Gong X, Xu J, Guo Y. Construction of inulin-based selenium nanoparticles to improve the antitumor activity of an inulin-type fructan from chicory. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 210:261-270. [PMID: 35469953 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.04.125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Cancer has become one of the leading causes of death worldwide. It is urgent to develop new antitumor drugs with high efficiency and low toxicity. In this study, an inulin-type fructan CIP70-1 was purified and characterized from chicory and showed weak antitumor activity. To improve its antitumor effects, inulin-based selenium nanoparticles (CIP-SeNPs) were constructed and characterized. CIP-SeNPs were spherical nanoparticles (60 nm), which remained stable in water for more than 3 months. A cellular antitumor assay revealed that CIP-SeNPs had stronger inhibitory effects on cancer cells (MCF-7, A549, and HepG2) than CIP70-1 alone. Furthermore, the in vivo antitumor effects of CIP-SeNPs were confirmed using zebrafish models. The results showed that CIP-SeNPs significantly inhibited the proliferation and migration of tumors as well as the angiogenesis of transgenic zebrafish in the concentration range of 1-4 μg/mL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijuan Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, People's Republic of China
| | - Yeling Li
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, People's Republic of China
| | - Shaojie Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaotang Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yuanqiang Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, People's Republic of China.
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15
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Wang X, Wang S, Xu D, Peng J, Gao W, Cao Y. The Effect of Glycosylated Soy Protein Isolate on the Stability of Lutein and Their Interaction Characteristics. Front Nutr 2022; 9:887064. [PMID: 35685872 PMCID: PMC9172447 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.887064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Lutein is a natural fat-soluble carotenoid with various physiological functions. However, its poor water solubility and stability restrict its application in functional foods. The present study sought to analyze the stability and interaction mechanism of the complex glycosylated soy protein isolate (SPI) prepared using SPI and inulin-type fructans and lutein. The results showed that glycosylation reduced the fluorescence intensity and surface hydrophobicity of SPI but improved the emulsification process and solubility. Fluorescence intensity and ultraviolet–visible (UV–Vis) absorption spectroscopy results showed that the fluorescence quenching of the glycosylated soybean protein isolate by lutein was static. Through thermodynamic parameter analysis, it was found that lutein and glycosylated SPI were bound spontaneously through hydrophobic interaction, and the binding stoichiometry was 1:1. The X-ray diffraction analysis results showed that lutein existed in the glycosylated soybean protein isolate in an amorphous form. The Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis results revealed that lutein had no effect on the secondary structure of glycosylated soy protein isolate. Meanwhile, the combination of lutein and glycosylated SPI improved the water solubility of lutein and the stability of light and heat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Wang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health (BTBU), School of Food and Health, Beijing Higher Institution Engineering Research Center of Food Additives and Ingredients, Beijing Technology and Business University (BTBU), Beijing, China
| | - Shaojia Wang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health (BTBU), School of Food and Health, Beijing Higher Institution Engineering Research Center of Food Additives and Ingredients, Beijing Technology and Business University (BTBU), Beijing, China
| | - Duoxia Xu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health (BTBU), School of Food and Health, Beijing Higher Institution Engineering Research Center of Food Additives and Ingredients, Beijing Technology and Business University (BTBU), Beijing, China
| | - Jingwei Peng
- Chenguang Biotech Group Co., Ltd., Handan, China
| | - Wei Gao
- Chenguang Biotech Group Co., Ltd., Handan, China
| | - Yanping Cao
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health (BTBU), School of Food and Health, Beijing Higher Institution Engineering Research Center of Food Additives and Ingredients, Beijing Technology and Business University (BTBU), Beijing, China
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16
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Modulation of the Gut Microbiome to Improve Clinical Outcomes in Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14092099. [PMID: 35565229 PMCID: PMC9104842 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14092099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Revised: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the third leading cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide. Recently, the gut microbiota has been shown to be closely linked to modulation of the immune and inflammatory responses, hence its potential as a therapeutic target. Although still under intense investigation, there exists a 'gut-liver axis' that links changes in the gut to the liver. In this regard, composition of gut microbiota and related metabolites, such as bile acids and short-chain fatty acids, have been shown to orchestrate key immune-metabolic events in liver disease and liver cancer. As hepatic immune cells are important determinants of antitumor responses, it is now increasingly recognized that the gut-liver axis plays a key role in influencing the intrahepatic immune response in HCC to favor a pro- or antitumor immune milieu. Hence, modulation of gut microbiota is potentially an attractive option to reinvigorate the antitumor responses. In this regard, promising evidence from melanoma preclinical and clinical studies has demonstrated the efficacy of gut-based intervention in reinvigorating the antitumor responses and improving responses to immunotherapy. However, the role of gut-based interventions as a therapeutic option in HCC remains to be elucidated. This review details how the gut microbiota and bacterial metabolites affect gut barrier function and ultimately immune response in HCC and raises the question of the potential of gut-based interventions as an adjunct therapy for patients with HCC receiving immunotherapy.
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17
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Plant-Based Milks: Alternatives to the Manufacture and Characterization of Ice Cream. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/app12031754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the potential use of dietary fibers (psyllium and pectin fibers added in different proportions of 0–10%) to improve the rheological, textural, and sensory characteristics of vegetable ice cream using vegetable milk (almond and hemp milk). Hemp milk was obtained from the peeled seeds of the industrial hemp plant, which includes varieties of Cannabis sativa, which have a low content of the psychotropic substance tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and are grown for food. The rheological characteristics of the mix and ice cream were determined by using the Haake Mars rheometer. Compared with the control sample, the viscosities of the mix in all samples analyzed were enhanced with the addition of dietary fibers, due to the occurrence of interactions and stabilizations. The viscoelastic modules G′ G″ were determined on ice cream samples at a temperature of −10 °C. The elastic and viscous modulus showed high values with the increase of the addition of 6% dietary fibers. The textural characteristics were assessed by the shear strength of a layer of ice cream at a temperature of −4 °C. Hardness, firmness, and adhesiveness were influenced by the size of their ice crystals, the fat content, and the percentage of dietary fibers added. The sensory analysis of the ice cream showed higher overall scores for the almond milk ice cream, because the sweet taste was appreciated with a maximum score, while the hemp milk ice cream was evaluated for flavor and taste.
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18
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Antitumor bioactivity and gut microbiota modulation of polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) in a rat animal model for colorectal cancer. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 203:638-649. [PMID: 35090944 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.01.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Revised: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) is a non-toxic polyhydroxyalkanoate polymer produced by several microorganisms, widely used as a biological substitute for plastics derived from fossil hydrocarbons. In this work, PHB polymer has been tested in an animal model for colorectal cancer. In the animal model, PHB has been able to reduce the number of polyps by 48,1%, and the tumoral extension area by 58,1%. Also, PHB induces a selective increase in beneficial gut bacterial taxons in this animal model, and a selective reduction in pro-inflammatory taxons, demonstrating its value as a nutraceutical compound. This antitumor effect is caused by gut production of 3-hydroxybutyrate and butyrate. In this animal model, 3-hydroxybutyrate is also observed in plasma and in brain tissue, after PHB consumption, making PHB supplementation interesting as a bioactive compound in other extraintestinal conditions, as 3-hydroxybutyrate has been reported to enhance brain and cognitive function, cardiac performance, appetite suppression and diabetes. Therefore, PHB could be postulated as an interesting non-polysaccharide antitumor prebiotic, paving the way towards its future use in functional foods.
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19
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Zhang Q, Xiao X, Zheng J, Li M, Yu M, Ping F, Wang T, Wang X. Improvement in glucose metabolism in adult male offspring of maternal mice fed diets supplemented with inulin via regulation of the hepatic long noncoding RNA profile. FASEB J 2021; 35:e22003. [PMID: 34706105 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202100355rrr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Maternal overnutrition during pregnancy and lactation is an important risk factor for the later development of metabolic disease, especially diabetes, among mothers and their offspring. As a fructan-type plant polysaccharide, inulin has prebiotic functions and is widely used as a natural antidiabetic supplement. However, to date, the mechanism of maternal inulin treatment in the livers of offspring has not been addressed, especially with respect to long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs). In this study, female C57BL6/J mice were fed either a high-fat diet (HFD) with or without inulin supplementation or a standard rodent diet (SD) during gestation and lactation. After the offspring were weaned, they were fed a SD for 5 weeks. At 8 weeks of age, the glucose metabolism indexes of the offspring were assessed, and their livers were collected to assay lncRNA and mRNA profiles to investigate the effects of early maternal inulin intervention on offspring. Our results indicate that male offspring from HFD-fed dams displayed glucose intolerance and an insulin resistance phenotype at 8 weeks of age. Early maternal inulin intervention improved glucose metabolism in male offspring of mothers fed a HFD during gestation and lactation. The lncRNA and mRNA profile data revealed that compared with the offspring from HFD dams, offspring from the early inulin intervention dams had 99 differentially expressed hepatic lncRNAs and 529 differentially expressed mRNAs. The differentially expressed lncRNA-mRNA coexpression analysis demonstrated that early maternal inulin intervention may change hepatic lncRNA expression in offspring; there lncRNAs are involved in metabolic pathways and the AMP-activated protein kinase signaling pathway. Importantly, the early maternal inulin intervention alleviated glucose metabolism by inhibiting the lncRNA Serpina4-ps1/let-7b-5p/Ppargc1a as a competing endogenous RNA in male offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Endocrinology, Ministry of Health, Department of Endocrinology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xinhua Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Endocrinology, Ministry of Health, Department of Endocrinology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jia Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Endocrinology, Ministry of Health, Department of Endocrinology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ming Li
- Key Laboratory of Endocrinology, Ministry of Health, Department of Endocrinology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Miao Yu
- Key Laboratory of Endocrinology, Ministry of Health, Department of Endocrinology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Fan Ping
- Key Laboratory of Endocrinology, Ministry of Health, Department of Endocrinology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Tong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Endocrinology, Ministry of Health, Department of Endocrinology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaojing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Endocrinology, Ministry of Health, Department of Endocrinology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
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20
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Li L, Li P, Xu L. Assessing the effects of inulin-type fructan intake on body weight, blood glucose, and lipid profile: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Food Sci Nutr 2021; 9:4598-4616. [PMID: 34401107 PMCID: PMC8358370 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.2403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Inulin-type fructan (ITF) intake has been suggested to alleviate several features of metabolic syndrome including obesity, diabetes, and hyperlipidemia; yet, results from the human trials remained inconsistent. We aimed to systematically evaluate the effects of ITF intake on body weight, glucose homeostasis, and lipid profile on human subjects with different health status, including healthy, overweight and obese, prediabetes and diabetes, and hyperlipidemia. Weighted mean differences (WMDs) between ITF and control groups were calculated by a random-effects model. A total of 33 randomized controlled human trials were included. Significant effect of ITF intake was only observed in the diabetics, but not in the other subject groups. Specifically, ITF intervention significantly decreased the WMD of blood glucose (-0.42 mmol/L; 95% CI: -0.71, -0.14; p = .004), total cholesterol (-0.46 mmol/L; 95% CI: -0.75, -0.17; p = .002), and triglycerides (TAG) (-0.21 mmol/L; 95% CI: -0.37, -0.05; p = .01) compared with the control. The stability of these favorable effects of ITF on diabetics was confirmed by sensitivity analysis. Also, ITF tends to lower LDL cholesterol (p = .084). But body weight and blood insulin were not affected by ITF intake. It should be noted that blood glucose, total cholesterol, and LDL cholesterol exhibited high unexplained heterogeneity. In conclusion, ITF intake lowers blood glucose, total cholesterol, and TAG in the people with diabetes, and they may benefit from addition of inulin into their diets, but the underlying mechanisms responsible for these effects are inconclusive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangkui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology and Tsinghua‐Peking Center for Life SciencesSchool of Life SciencesTsinghua UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Peng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology and Tsinghua‐Peking Center for Life SciencesSchool of Life SciencesTsinghua UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Li Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology and Tsinghua‐Peking Center for Life SciencesSchool of Life SciencesTsinghua UniversityBeijingChina
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21
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22
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Zayed A, Mansour MK, Sedeek MS, Habib MH, Ulber R, Farag MA. Rediscovering bacterial exopolysaccharides of terrestrial and marine origins: novel insights on their distribution, biosynthesis, biotechnological production, and future perspectives. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2021; 42:597-617. [PMID: 34320886 DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2021.1942779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Bacteria exist in colonies as aggregates or associated with surfaces forming biofilms rather than planktonic cells. Living in such a unique manner is always mediated via a matrix of extracellular polymeric substances, which are composed mainly of polysaccharides or specifically exopolysaccharides (EPS). Biofilm formation and hence EPS production are affected by biotic and abiotic factors inducing/inhibiting several involved genes and other molecules. In addition, various aspects of bacterial EPS regarding: physiological functions, molecular weight, and chemical composition were demonstrated. Recent investigations have revealed a wide spectrum of EPS chemical and physicochemical properties showing promising applications in different industrial sectors. For instance, lactic acid bacteria (LAB)- and marine-derived EPS exhibit: immunomodulatory, antioxidant, antitumor, bioremediation of heavy metals, as well as thickening and viscosity modifiers in the food industry. However, bacterial EPS have not yet been commercially implemented, in contrast to plant-derived analogues. The current review aims to rediscover the EPS structural and biosynthetic features derived from marine and terrestrial bacteria, and applications as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Zayed
- Pharmacognosy Department, College of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt.,Institute of Bioprocess Engineering, Technical University of Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Mai K Mansour
- Department of Medicinal Plants and Natural Products, National Organization for Drug Control and Research, Giza, Egypt
| | - Mohamed S Sedeek
- Pharmacognosy Department, College of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mohamed H Habib
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Roland Ulber
- Institute of Bioprocess Engineering, Technical University of Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Mohamed A Farag
- Pharmacognosy Department, College of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt.,Chemistry Department, School of Sciences and Engineering, The American University in Cairo, New Cairo, Egypt
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23
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Rose EC, Odle J, Blikslager AT, Ziegler AL. Probiotics, Prebiotics and Epithelial Tight Junctions: A Promising Approach to Modulate Intestinal Barrier Function. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:6729. [PMID: 34201613 PMCID: PMC8268081 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22136729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Revised: 06/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Disruptions in the intestinal epithelial barrier can result in devastating consequences and a multitude of disease syndromes, particularly among preterm neonates. The association between barrier dysfunction and intestinal dysbiosis suggests that the intestinal barrier function is interactive with specific gut commensals and pathogenic microbes. In vitro and in vivo studies demonstrate that probiotic supplementation promotes significant upregulation and relocalization of interepithelial tight junction proteins, which form the microscopic scaffolds of the intestinal barrier. Probiotics facilitate some of these effects through the ligand-mediated stimulation of several toll-like receptors that are expressed by the intestinal epithelium. In particular, bacterial-mediated stimulation of toll-like receptor-2 modulates the expression and localization of specific protein constituents of intestinal tight junctions. Given that ingested prebiotics are robust modulators of the intestinal microbiota, prebiotic supplementation has been similarly investigated as a potential, indirect mechanism of barrier preservation. Emerging evidence suggests that prebiotics may additionally exert a direct effect on intestinal barrier function through mechanisms independent of the gut microbiota. In this review, we summarize current views on the effects of pro- and prebiotics on the intestinal epithelial barrier as well as on non-epithelial cell barrier constituents, such as the enteric glial cell network. Through continued investigation of these bioactive compounds, we can maximize their therapeutic potential for preventing and treating gastrointestinal diseases associated with impaired intestinal barrier function and dysbiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth C. Rose
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA; (E.C.R.); (A.T.B.)
| | - Jack Odle
- Laboratory of Developmental Nutrition, Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA;
| | - Anthony T. Blikslager
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA; (E.C.R.); (A.T.B.)
| | - Amanda L. Ziegler
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA; (E.C.R.); (A.T.B.)
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Catenacci L, Sorrenti M, Perteghella S, Mandracchia D, Torre ML, Trapani A, Milanese C, Tripodo G. Combination of inulin and β-cyclodextrin properties for colon delivery of hydrophobic drugs. Int J Pharm 2020; 589:119861. [PMID: 32911044 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2020.119861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Revised: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Colon drug delivery is aimed at the administration of selected drugs to act locally or even systematically. Corticosteroid drugs are often used exerting even pronounced side effects due to systemic absorption. Here a new drug delivery system (DDS) based on the chemical conjugation of β-cyclodextrin to inulin to form the INUCD bioconjugate is described. It was designed with the aim to provide this DDS with colon degradable portions (inulin) which degradation products have direct beneficial effects on the well-being of the colon and with a carrier that can solubilize hydrophobic drugs (β-cyclodextrin). This system was specifically designed to promote a local/topical activity with a significant reduction of the drug systemic absorption. The INUCD bioconjugate was obtained by a simple chemistry binding β-cyclodextrin to an inulin succinate previously synthesized. The bioconjugate was then characterized in terms of physicochemical properties by ATR-FTIR, 1H NMR, DSC and TGA, DLS and SEM. Furthermore phase-solubility test by using curcumin as a model drug were performed as well as biologic evaluations for cytocompatibility and drug transport across in vitro simulated physiological barriers. Moreover enzymatic degradation studies by inulinase were performed. From the gained results a predictable local drug release of the payload could be attained so allowing a local delivery of e.g. corticosteroids thus avoiding a systemic absorption especially in prolonged therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Catenacci
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Milena Sorrenti
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
| | - Sara Perteghella
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Delia Mandracchia
- University of Brescia, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Viale Europa 11, 25121 Brescia, Italy
| | - Maria L Torre
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Adriana Trapani
- University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Department of Pharmacy, Via Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Chiara Milanese
- University of Pavia, Department of Chemistry, Viale Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Tripodo
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
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25
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Wan X, Guo H, Liang Y, Zhou C, Liu Z, Li K, Niu F, Zhai X, Wang L. The physiological functions and pharmaceutical applications of inulin: A review. Carbohydr Polym 2020; 246:116589. [PMID: 32747248 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.116589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Revised: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Inulin (IN), a fructan-type plant polysaccharide, is widely found in nature. The major plant sources of IN include chicory, Jerusalem artichoke, dahlia etc. Studies have found that IN possessed a wide array of biological activities, e.g. as a prebiotic to improve the intestinal microbe environment, regulating blood sugar, regulating blood lipids, antioxidant, anticancer, immune regulation and so on. Currently, IN is widely used in the food and pharmaceutical industries. IN can be used as thickener, fat replacer, sweetener and water retaining agent in the food industry. IN also can be applied in the pharmaceutics as stabilizer, drug carrier, and auxiliary therapeutic agent for certain diseases such as constipation and diabetes. This paper reviews the physiological functions of IN and its applications in the field of pharmaceutics, analyzes its present research status and future research direction. This review will serve as a one-in-all resource for the researchers who are interested to work on IN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinhuan Wan
- School of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Hao Guo
- School of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Yiyu Liang
- School of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Changzheng Zhou
- School of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Zihao Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Kunwei Li
- School of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Fengju Niu
- Shandong Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ji'nan, China
| | - Xin Zhai
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Chicago, Chicago, USA
| | - Lizhu Wang
- The First Clinical College, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China.
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26
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Basavaiah R, Gurudutt PS. Prebiotic Carbohydrates for Therapeutics. Endocr Metab Immune Disord Drug Targets 2020; 21:230-245. [PMID: 32990546 DOI: 10.2174/1871530320666200929140522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Revised: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The food industry is constantly shifting focus based on prebiotics as health-promoting substrates rather than just food supplements. A prebiotic is "a selectively fermented ingredient that allows specific changes, both in the composition and/or activity in the gastrointestinal microflora that confers benefits upon host well-being and health." Prebiotics exert a plethora of health-promoting effects, which has lead to the establishment of multimillion food and pharma industries. The following are the health benefits attributed to prebiotics: mineral absorption, better immune response, increased resistance to bacterial infection, improved lipid metabolism, possible protection against cancer, relief from poor digestion of lactose, and reduction in the risk of diseases such as intestinal disease, non-insulin-dependent diabetes, obesity and allergy. Numerous studies in both animals and humans have demonstrated the health benefits of prebiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renuka Basavaiah
- Department of Microbiology and Fermentation Technology, Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysore - 570 020, Karnataka, CSIR, India
| | - Prapulla S Gurudutt
- Department of Microbiology and Fermentation Technology, Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysore - 570 020, Karnataka, CSIR, India
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27
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Extracellular polysaccharides produced by bacteria of the Leuconostoc genus. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 36:161. [DOI: 10.1007/s11274-020-02937-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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28
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Pham DC, Shibu MA, Mahalakshmi B, Velmurugan BK. Effects of phytochemicals on cellular signaling: reviewing their recent usage approaches. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2019; 60:3522-3546. [PMID: 31822111 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2019.1699014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Most of the previous studies in last three decades report evidence of interactions between the different phytochemicals and the proteins involved in signal transduction pathways using in silico, in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo analyses. However, extrapolation of these findings for clinical purposes has not been that fruitful. The efficacy of the phytochemicals in vivo studies is limited by parameters such as solubility, metabolic degradation, excretion, etc. Various approaches have now been devised to circumvent these limitations. Recently, chemical modification of the phytochemicals are demonstrated to reduce some of the limitations and improve their efficacy. Similar to traditional medicines several combinatorial phytochemical formulations have shown to be more efficient. Further, phytochemicals have been reported to be even more efficient in the form of nanoparticles. However, systematic evaluation of their efficacy, mode of action in pathway modulation, usage and associated challenges is required to be done. The present review begins with basic understanding of how signaling cascades regulate cellular response and the consequences of their dysregulation further summarizing the developments and problems associated with the dietary phytochemicals and also discuss recent approaches in strengthening these compounds in pharmacological applications. Only context relevant studies have been reviewed. Considering the limitations and scope of the article, authors do not claim inclusion of all the early and recent studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinh-Chuong Pham
- Faculty of Applied Sciences, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - M A Shibu
- Cardiovascular and Mitochondria Related Diseases Research Center, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - B Mahalakshmi
- Institute of Research and Development, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, Vietnam
| | - Bharath Kumar Velmurugan
- Toxicology and Biomedicine Research Group, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
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29
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Ullah S, Khalil AA, Shaukat F, Song Y. Sources, Extraction and Biomedical Properties of Polysaccharides. Foods 2019; 8:E304. [PMID: 31374889 PMCID: PMC6723881 DOI: 10.3390/foods8080304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Revised: 07/27/2019] [Accepted: 07/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In the recent era, bioactive compounds from plants have received great attention because of their vital health-related activities, such as antimicrobial activity, antioxidant activity, anticoagulant activity, anti-diabetic activity, UV protection, antiviral activity, hypoglycemia, etc. Previous studies have already shown that polysaccharides found in plants are not likely to be toxic. Based on these inspirational comments, most research focused on the isolation, identification, and bioactivities of polysaccharides. A large number of biologically active polysaccharides have been isolated with varying structural and biological activities. In this review, a comprehensive summary is provided of the recent developments in the physical and chemical properties as well as biological activities of polysaccharides from a number of important natural sources, such as wheat bran, orange peel, barely, fungi, algae, lichen, etc. This review also focused on biomedical applications of polysaccharides. The contents presented in this review will be useful as a reference for future research as well as for the extraction and application of these bioactive polysaccharides as a therapeutic agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samee Ullah
- Colin Ratledge Center for Microbial Lipids, Center for Functional Foods and Health, School of Agriculture Engineering and Food Science, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255049, China
- University Institute of Diet and Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, The University of Lahore, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
| | - Anees Ahmed Khalil
- University Institute of Diet and Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, The University of Lahore, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
| | - Faryal Shaukat
- Colin Ratledge Center for Microbial Lipids, Center for Functional Foods and Health, School of Agriculture Engineering and Food Science, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255049, China
| | - Yuanda Song
- Colin Ratledge Center for Microbial Lipids, Center for Functional Foods and Health, School of Agriculture Engineering and Food Science, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255049, China.
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30
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Jia B, Wang R, Zhang J, Chi Y. Commentary: Dysregulated Microbial Fermentation of Soluble Fiber Induces Cholestatic Liver Cancer. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2019; 9:155. [PMID: 31231615 PMCID: PMC6558363 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2019.00155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2019] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Baolei Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, School of Bioengineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, China
| | - Ruiming Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, School of Bioengineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, School of Bioengineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, China
| | - Yuxia Chi
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, School of Bioengineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, China
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31
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Taylan O, Yilmaz MT, Dertli E. Partial characterization of a levan type exopolysaccharide (EPS) produced by Leuconostoc mesenteroides showing immunostimulatory and antioxidant activities. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 136:436-444. [PMID: 31201910 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.06.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2019] [Revised: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Leuconostoc mesenteroides S81 was isolated from traditional sourdough as an exopolysaccharide (EPS) producer strain. The monosaccharide composition of the EPS from strain S81 was characterized by HPLC analysis and only fructose was found in the repeating unit structure. The NMR spectroscopy analysis revealed that EPS was a levan type EPS as a β-(2 → 6)-linked fructan. The FTIR analysis further confirmed the presence of the furanoid rings in the EPS structure. The levan S81 showed high level of thermal stability determined by DSC and TGA analysis. The lyophilised levan S81 showed a sheet-like compact morphology and its aqueous solution formed spheroidal lumps with a compact structure detected by SEM and AFM analysis, respectively. Importantly the levan S81 showed a high level of immunomodulatory role, induced the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-4, and exhibited a strong antioxidant capacity with EC50 value 1.7 mg mL-1 obtained by hydroxyl radical scavenging activity test under in vitro conditions. These findings reveal potential of levan S81 for technological purposes and as a potential natural immunomodulatory and antioxidant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osman Taylan
- King Abdulaziz University, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Industrial Engineering, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mustafa Tahsin Yilmaz
- King Abdulaziz University, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Industrial Engineering, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Enes Dertli
- Bayburt University, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Food Engineering, Bayburt, Turkey.
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32
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Tripodo G, Mandracchia D. Inulin as a multifaceted (active) substance and its chemical functionalization: From plant extraction to applications in pharmacy, cosmetics and food. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2019; 141:21-36. [PMID: 31102649 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2019.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Revised: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
This review is aimed at critically discussing a collection of research papers on Inulin (INU) in different scientific fields. The first part of this work gives an overview on the main characteristics of native INU, including production, applications in food or cosmetics industries, its benefits on human health as well as its main nutraceutical properties. A particular focus is dedicated to the extraction techniques and to the specific effects of INU on intestinal microbiota. Other than in food industry, the number of INU applications increases dramatically in the pharmaceutical field especially due to its simple chemical functionalization. Thus, aim of this review is also to give practical examples of chemical functionalization performed on INU also by including critical comments based on the direct experience of the Authors. With this aim, a full paragraph is dedicated to practical chemical experiences useful to reduce the efforts when establishing new experimental conditions. Moreover, the pharmaceutical technology is also taken in special consideration by underlining the aspects leading at the preparation of formulations based on INU. At the end of the review, a critical paragraph is intended to feed the scientists' curiosity on this versatile polysaccharide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Tripodo
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Delia Mandracchia
- Department of Pharmacy-Drug Science, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Via Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy.
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33
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Wu XQ, Yu JX, Xu H, Huang XS. WITHDRAWN: Purification and characterization of a bifunctional fructan: Fructan 6G-fructosyl transferase from garlic (Allium sativum). Food Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2019.05.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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34
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Ahmadi S, Nagpal R, Wang S, Gagliano J, Kitzman DW, Soleimanian-Zad S, Sheikh-Zeinoddin M, Read R, Yadav H. Prebiotics from acorn and sago prevent high-fat-diet-induced insulin resistance via microbiome-gut-brain axis modulation. J Nutr Biochem 2019; 67:1-13. [PMID: 30831458 PMCID: PMC6520164 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2019.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Revised: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Role of gut microbiome in obesity and type 2 diabetes (T2D) became apparent from several independent studies indicating that gut microbiome modulators like prebiotics may improve microbiome perturbations (dysbiosis) to ameliorate metabolic derangements. We herein isolate water soluble, nondigestible polysaccharides from five plant-based foods (acorn, quinoa, sunflower, pumpkin seeds and sago) and assess their impact on human fecal microbiome and amelioration of high-fat-diet (HFD)-induced obesity/T2D in mice. During polysaccharide isolation, purification, biochemical and digestion resistance characterization, and fermentation pattern by human fecal microbiome, we select acorn- and sago-derived prebiotics (on the basis of relatively higher purity and yield and lower protein contamination) and examine their effects in comparison to inulin. Prebiotics treatments in human fecal microbiome culture system not only preserve microbial diversity but also appear to foster beneficial bacteria and short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs). Feeding of acorn- and sago-derived prebiotics ameliorates HFD-induced glucose intolerance and insulin resistance in mice, with effects comparatively superior to those seen in inulin-fed mice. Feeding of both of novel prebiotics as well as inulin increases SCFAs levels in the mouse gut. Interestingly, gut hyperpermeability and mucosal inflammatory markers were significantly reduced upon prebiotics feeding in HFD-fed mice. Hypothalamic energy signaling in terms of increased expression of pro-opiomelanocortin was also modulated by prebiotics administration. Results demonstrate that these (and/or such) novel prebiotics can ameliorate HFD-induced defects in glucose metabolism via positive modulation of gut-microbiome-brain axis and hence could be useful in preventing/treating diet-induced obesity/T2D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shokouh Ahmadi
- Department of Internal Medicine-Molecular Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA; Department of Food Science and Technology, College of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Ravinder Nagpal
- Department of Internal Medicine-Molecular Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Shaohua Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine-Molecular Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Jason Gagliano
- National Center for the Biotechnology Workforce, Forsyth Technical Community College, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Dalane W Kitzman
- Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Sabihe Soleimanian-Zad
- Department of Food Science and Technology, College of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mahmoud Sheikh-Zeinoddin
- Department of Food Science and Technology, College of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Russel Read
- National Center for the Biotechnology Workforce, Forsyth Technical Community College, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Hariom Yadav
- Department of Internal Medicine-Molecular Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA.
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35
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Balcı N, Türkan F, Şakiroğlu H, Aygün A, Şen F. Purification and characterization of glutathione S-transferase from blueberry fruits ( Vaccinium arctostaphylos L.) and investigated of some pesticide inhibition effects on enzyme activity. Heliyon 2019; 5:e01422. [PMID: 31011639 PMCID: PMC6460380 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e01422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Revised: 03/03/2019] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Pesticides cause pollution by remaining in water, soil, fruits and vegetables for a long time and also reach human through the food chain. It was thought that some pesticides used in agriculture could adversely affect the antioxidant enzyme system and the minimum inhibition values were studied. glutathione s-transferase (GST), an important antioxidant enzyme, catalyzes the conjugation of glutathione with toxic metabolites. It was purified from the blueberry fruits. The purification of the enzyme was performed separately by affinity and gel filtration chromatography. The purity of the enzyme was determined by SDS-PAGE electrophoresis. Characterization studies were done for the enzyme. For this purpose, optimal pH, temperature, Km and Vmax values for GSH and CDNB were also determined for the enzyme as 7.2 in K-phosphate buffer, 50 °C, 1.0 M, 7.0 in K-phosphate buffer, 1.57 mM; 0.17 mM and 0.048 EU/mL, 0.0159 EU/mL, respectively. Additionally, inhibitory effects of some pesticides; dichlorvos, acetamiprid, cyhalothrin, haloxyfop-p-Methyl, 2,4 dichlorophenoxy acetic acid, cypermethrin, imidacloprid, fenoxaprop-p-ethyl, glyphosate isopropylamine salt were examined the enzyme activity in vitro by performing Lineweaver-Burk graphs and plotting activity % IC50 and Ki values were calculated for each of pesticides. All of the pesticides inhibited the GST enzyme at millimolar level. Pesticide showing the best inhibitory effect was found as dichlorvos. The Ki value which is the inhibition constant of this pesticide was 0.0175 ± 0.005.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neslihan Balcı
- Atatürk University, Department of Biochemıstry, Faculty of Science, 25240 Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Fikret Türkan
- Health Services Vocational School, Igdır University, 76000, Igdır, Turkey
| | - Halis Şakiroğlu
- Department of Chemıstry, Ağrı Ibrahim Ceçen University, Faculty of Science, Ağrı, Turkey
| | - Ayşenur Aygün
- Department of Chemıstry, Ağrı Ibrahim Ceçen University, Faculty of Science, Ağrı, Turkey
| | - Fatih Şen
- Sen Research Group, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Arts and Science, Dumlupınar University, Evliya Çelebi Campus, 43100, Kütahya, Turkey
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36
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Davani-Davari D, Negahdaripour M, Karimzadeh I, Seifan M, Mohkam M, Masoumi SJ, Berenjian A, Ghasemi Y. Prebiotics: Definition, Types, Sources, Mechanisms, and Clinical Applications. Foods 2019; 8:E92. [PMID: 30857316 PMCID: PMC6463098 DOI: 10.3390/foods8030092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 585] [Impact Index Per Article: 117.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Revised: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Prebiotics are a group of nutrients that are degraded by gut microbiota. Their relationship with human overall health has been an area of increasing interest in recent years. They can feed the intestinal microbiota, and their degradation products are short-chain fatty acids that are released into blood circulation, consequently, affecting not only the gastrointestinal tracts but also other distant organs. Fructo-oligosaccharides and galacto-oligosaccharides are the two important groups of prebiotics with beneficial effects on human health. Since low quantities of fructo-oligosaccharides and galacto-oligosaccharides naturally exist in foods, scientists are attempting to produce prebiotics on an industrial scale. Considering the health benefits of prebiotics and their safety, as well as their production and storage advantages compared to probiotics, they seem to be fascinating candidates for promoting human health condition as a replacement or in association with probiotics. This review discusses different aspects of prebiotics, including their crucial role in human well-being.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorna Davani-Davari
- Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Incubator, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz 71348, Iran.
| | - Manica Negahdaripour
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz 71348, Iran.
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz 71348, Iran.
| | - Iman Karimzadeh
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz 71348, Iran.
| | - Mostafa Seifan
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Waikato, Hamilton 3216, New Zealand.
| | - Milad Mohkam
- Biotechnology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz 71348, Iran.
| | - Seyed Jalil Masoumi
- Nutrition Research Center, Department of Clinical Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz 71348, Iran.
| | - Aydin Berenjian
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Waikato, Hamilton 3216, New Zealand.
| | - Younes Ghasemi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz 71348, Iran.
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz 71348, Iran.
- Nutrition Research Center, Department of Clinical Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz 71348, Iran.
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz 71348, Iran.
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Mazraeh R, Azizi-Soleiman F, Jazayeri SMHM, Noori SMA. Effect of inulin-type fructans in patients undergoing cancer treatments: A systematic review. Pak J Med Sci 2019; 35:575-580. [PMID: 31086553 PMCID: PMC6500832 DOI: 10.12669/pjms.35.2.701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and Objective Current studies give us inconsistent results regarding the inulin consumption in cancer patients. The results of to-date studies are summarized in this systematic review. Methods Web of Science (Science citation index expanded), PubMed (Medline), Embase and CENTRAL Science direct, Google scholar, Scopus and Cochrane were searched. Cochrane Collaboration's 'Risk of Bias' tool was used to assess the quality of included articles. Results Our search yielded 2652 studies after the elimination of duplicates. Three randomized controlled trials (RCTs), reporting results from 197 patients, were eligible for inclusion in the present systematic review. Risk of bias in these studies was assessed as high and moderate. Conclusion The available evidence is inconclusive regarding the effect of inulin and oligofructose on cancer outcomes. Nonetheless, possible inulin positive effects including improved stool consistency after abdomen radiotherapy and increased stool butyrate content which is involved in controlling tumor cells proliferation and apoptosis should not be denied. Further research is needed in this area before strong conclusions can be drawn.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reihaneh Mazraeh
- Reihaneh Mazraeh, Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Azizi-Soleiman
- Fatemeh Azizi-Soleiman, School of Health, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran
| | | | - Seyyed Mohammad Ali Noori
- Seyyed Mohammad Ali Noori, Toxicology Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
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Arora M, Baldi A, Kapila N, Bhandari S, Jeet K. Impact of Probiotics and Prebiotics on Colon Cancer: Mechanistic Insights and Future Approaches. CURRENT CANCER THERAPY REVIEWS 2019. [DOI: 10.2174/1573394714666180724122042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Colon cancer is one of the most common and most diagnosed types of cancer. It is a
major cause of increased rate of morbidity and mortality across the globe. Currently, the focus has
been shifted towards natural remedies for the treatment of colon cancer. These new methods of
treatment include prebiotics and probiotics, as they offer great potential for alleviating symptoms
of cancer. These are more promising and have lesser side effects than existing medications. Probiotics
are living organisms which confer health benefits when ingested into adequate amounts.
Prebiotics are non-digestible ingredients which promote the growth of beneficial bacteria, which
produce metabolites for stimulation of apoptosis of colonic cancer cell lines. Apart from it,
prebiotics are helpful to modify the activity of enzymes to be produced by beneficial bacteria as
well as for inhibition of several bacteria able to produce carcinogenic enzymes. This review has
been collated to present tremendous benefits and future potential of pro- and prebiotics in the
treatment of colon cancer and to overview the mechanisms of probiotic actions along with their
impact on humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malika Arora
- Multi Disciplinary Research Unit, Guru Gobind Singh Medical College and Hospital, Faridkot, Punjab, India
| | - Ashish Baldi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Maharaja Ranjit Singh Punjab Technical University, Bathinda, Punjab, India
| | - Nitesh Kapila
- Department of Quality Assurance, Faculty of Pharmacy, I.S.F. College of Pharmacy, Moga, Punjab, India
| | - Saurav Bhandari
- Department of Quality Assurance, Faculty of Pharmacy, I.S.F. College of Pharmacy, Moga, Punjab, India
| | - Kamal Jeet
- IKG Punjab Technical University, Jalandhar, Punjab, India
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Gavresea F, Vagianos C, Korontzi M, Sotiropoulou G, Dadioti P, Triantafillidis JK, Papalois AE. Beneficial effect of synbiotics on experimental colon cancer in rats. TURKISH JOURNAL OF GASTROENTEROLOGY 2019; 29:494-501. [PMID: 30249566 DOI: 10.5152/tjg.2018.17469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of a synbiotic preparation (a mixture of six probiotics and a prebiotic) on aberrant crypt foci (ACF) formation, dysplasia, inflammation, and colitis-like lesions in experimental colon cancer in rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS Sixty male rats were categorized into three groups of 20 animals each. Group A was administered 1,2-dimethylydrazine, 15 mg/kg body weight (BW), once a week for 2 weeks. Group B was administered 1,2-dimethylydrazine at the same dose plus synbiotic, started after the second dose of carcinogen and lasted for 5 weeks. Group C was administered synbiotic plus carcinogen from the beginning of the experiment and lasted for 7 weeks. Animals were killed at the end of week 7. RESULTS At the end of the experiment, the animals that received carcinogen plus the synbiotic had 100%, whereas the animals that received only carcinogen has 70% survival. Animals of groups B and C had significantly lower percentage of inflammation, colitis-like lesions, and ACF dysplasia than animals of group A, whereas those of group C had the least pathological lesions. CONCLUSION Synbiotics seem to protect against the appearance of preneoplastic colon lesions in rats. The results of this experimental study suggest that treatment with a synbiotic preparation exerts significant antimutagenic properties against the development of preneoplastic lesions in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fani Gavresea
- Department of Pathology, Metaxas Cancer Hospital, Piraeus, Greece
| | - Costas Vagianos
- Department of Surgery, University of Athens Laiko Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Maria Korontzi
- Experimental-Research Laboratory, ELPEN Pharma, Athens, Greece
| | | | - Petroula Dadioti
- Department of Pathology, Metaxas Cancer Hospital, Piraeus, Greece
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Esmaeilnejad Moghadam B, Keivaninahr F, Fouladi M, Rezaei Mokarram R, Nazemi A. Inulin addition to yoghurt: Prebiotic activity, health effects and sensory properties. INT J DAIRY TECHNOL 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/1471-0307.12579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Fatemeh Keivaninahr
- Department of Food Science and Technology Faculty of Agriculture Tabriz University TabrizIran
| | - Masoumeh Fouladi
- Department of Chemical Engineering University of Sistan and Baluchestan Zahedan Iran
| | - Reza Rezaei Mokarram
- Department of Food Science and Technology Faculty of Agriculture Tabriz University TabrizIran
| | - Aylar Nazemi
- Department of Food Science and Technology Faculty of Agriculture Tabriz University TabrizIran
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41
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Ali MS, Hussein RM, Gaber Y, Hammam OA, Kandeil MA. Modulation of JNK-1/ β-catenin signaling byLactobacillus casei, inulin and their combination in 1,2-dimethylhydrazine-induced colon cancer in mice. RSC Adv 2019; 9:29368-29383. [PMID: 35528422 PMCID: PMC9071812 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra04388h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Colon cancer is a complex disease that involves numerous genetic alterations that change the normal colonic mucosa into invasive adenocarcinoma. In the current study, the protective effects of inulin (prebiotic), Lactobacillus casei (L. casei, probiotic) and their combination (synbiotic) on 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (DMH)-induced colon cancer in male Swiss mice were evaluated. Animals were divided into: Control group, DMH-treated group, DMH plus inulin, DMH plus L. casei and DMH plus inulin plus L. casei-treated groups. Fecal microbiome analysis, biochemical measurements, histopathological examination of the colon tissues, immunostaining and Western blotting analysis of β-catenin, GSK3β and JNK-1 were performed. The prebiotic-, probiotic- and synbiotic-treated groups showed decreased levels of carcinoembryonic antigen and a lower number of aberrant crypt foci compared to the DMH-treated group with the synbiotic group exhibiting a superior effect. Furthermore, all treatments showed a body weight-reducing effect. Administration of inulin, L. casei or their combination increased the expression level of phospho-JNK-1 while they decreased the expression level of β-catenin and phospho-GSK3β. Remarkably, L. casei treatment resulted in enrichment of certain beneficial bacterial genera i.e. Akkermansia and Turicibacter. Therefore, administration of L. casei and inulin as a synbiotic combination protects against colon cancer in mice. The lactobacillus casei and inulin modulate the expression of JNK-1, GSK3β and β-catenin proteins and enrich the beneficial bacteria to protect from colon cancer in mice.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed S. Ali
- Department of Biochemistry
- Faculty of Pharmacy
- Beni-Suef University
- Beni-Suef
- Egypt
| | - Rasha M. Hussein
- Department of Biochemistry
- Faculty of Pharmacy
- Beni-Suef University
- Beni-Suef
- Egypt
| | - Yasser Gaber
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology
- College of Pharmacy
- Mutah University
- Al-Karak
- Jordan
| | - Olfat A. Hammam
- Pathology Department
- Theodor Bilharz Research Institute
- 12411 Giza
- Egypt
| | - Mohamed A. Kandeil
- Department of Biochemistry
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine
- Beni-Suef University
- Egypt
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Mohanty D, Misra S, Mohapatra S, Sahu PS. Prebiotics and synbiotics: Recent concepts in nutrition. FOOD BIOSCI 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbio.2018.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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43
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Singh V, Yeoh BS, Chassaing B, Xiao X, Saha P, Aguilera Olvera R, Lapek JD, Zhang L, Wang WB, Hao S, Flythe MD, Gonzalez DJ, Cani PD, Conejo-Garcia JR, Xiong N, Kennett MJ, Joe B, Patterson AD, Gewirtz AT, Vijay-Kumar M. Dysregulated Microbial Fermentation of Soluble Fiber Induces Cholestatic Liver Cancer. Cell 2018; 175:679-694.e22. [PMID: 30340040 PMCID: PMC6232850 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2018.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 306] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2017] [Revised: 06/03/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Dietary soluble fibers are fermented by gut bacteria into short-chain fatty acids (SCFA), which are considered broadly health-promoting. Accordingly, consumption of such fibers ameliorates metabolic syndrome. However, incorporating soluble fiber inulin, but not insoluble fiber, into a compositionally defined diet, induced icteric hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Such HCC was microbiota-dependent and observed in multiple strains of dysbiotic mice but not in germ-free nor antibiotics-treated mice. Furthermore, consumption of an inulin-enriched high-fat diet induced both dysbiosis and HCC in wild-type (WT) mice. Inulin-induced HCC progressed via early onset of cholestasis, hepatocyte death, followed by neutrophilic inflammation in liver. Pharmacologic inhibition of fermentation or depletion of fermenting bacteria markedly reduced intestinal SCFA and prevented HCC. Intervening with cholestyramine to prevent reabsorption of bile acids also conferred protection against such HCC. Thus, its benefits notwithstanding, enrichment of foods with fermentable fiber should be approached with great caution as it may increase risk of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishal Singh
- UT-Microbiome Consortium, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
| | - Beng San Yeoh
- Graduate Program in Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA 16802, USA
| | - Benoit Chassaing
- Neuroscience Institute, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA; Center for Inflammation, Immunity and Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | - Xia Xiao
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA 16802, USA
| | - Piu Saha
- UT-Microbiome Consortium, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
| | - Rodrigo Aguilera Olvera
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA 16802, USA
| | - John D Lapek
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Limin Zhang
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA 16802, USA; CAS and State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, Wuhan, China
| | - Wei-Bei Wang
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA 16802, USA
| | - Sijie Hao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA 16802, USA
| | - Michael D Flythe
- USDA-Agriculture Research Service, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA
| | - David J Gonzalez
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Patrice D Cani
- WELBIO (Walloon Excellence in Life Sciences and Biotechnology), Louvain Drug Research Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | | | - Na Xiong
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA 16802, USA
| | - Mary J Kennett
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA 16802, USA
| | - Bina Joe
- UT-Microbiome Consortium, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
| | - Andrew D Patterson
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA 16802, USA
| | - Andrew T Gewirtz
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity and Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | - Matam Vijay-Kumar
- UT-Microbiome Consortium, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH 43614, USA; Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43614, USA.
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Vitetta L, Vitetta G, Hall S. Immunological Tolerance and Function: Associations Between Intestinal Bacteria, Probiotics, Prebiotics, and Phages. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2240. [PMID: 30356736 PMCID: PMC6189397 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Post-birth there is a bacterial assault on all mucosal surfaces. The intestinal microbiome is an important participant in health and disease. The pattern of composition and concentration of the intestinal microbiome varies greatly. Therefore, achieving immunological tolerance in the first 3-4 years of life is critical for maintaining health throughout a lifetime. Probiotic bacteria are organisms that afford beneficial health effects to the host and in certain instances may protect against the development of disease. The potential benefits of modifying the composition of the intestinal microbial cohort for therapeutic benefit is evident in the use in high risks groups such as premature infants, children receiving antibiotics, rotavirus infections in non-vaccinated children and traveler's diarrhea in adults. Probiotics and prebiotics are postulated to have immunomodulating capabilities by influencing the intestinal microbial cohort and dampening the activity of pathobiont intestinal microbes, such as Klebsiella pneumonia and Clostridia perfringens. Lactobacilli and Bifidobacteria are examples of probiotics found in the large intestine and so far, the benefits afforded to probiotics have varied in efficacy. Most likely the efficacy of probiotic bacteria has a multifactorial dependency, namely on a number of factors that include agents used, the dose, the pattern of dosing, and the characteristics of the host and the underlying luminal microbial environment and the activity of bacteriophages. Bacteriophages, are small viruses that infect and lyse intestinal bacteria. As such it can be posited that these viruses display an effective local protective control mechanism for the intestinal barrier against commensal pathobionts that indirectly may assist the host in controlling bacterial concentrations in the gut. A co-operative activity may be envisaged between the intestinal epithelia, mucosal immunity and the activity of bacteriophages to eliminate pathobiots, highlighting the potential role of bacteriophages in assisting with maintaining intestinal homeostasis. Hence bacteriophage local control of inflammation and immune responses may be an additional immunological defense mechanism that exploits bacteriophage-mucin glycoprotein interactions that controls bacterial diversity and abundance in the mucin layers of the gut. Moreover, and importantly the efficacy of probiotics may be dependent on the symbiotic incorporation of prebiotics, and the abundance and diversity of the intestinal microbiome encountered. The virome may be an important factor that determines the efficacy of some probiotic formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Vitetta
- Discipline of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, School of Medicine, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
- Medlab Clinical Ltd., Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | | | - Sean Hall
- Medlab Clinical Ltd., Sydney, NSW, Australia
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45
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Fernández J, Moreno FJ, Olano A, Clemente A, Villar CJ, Lombó F. A Galacto-Oligosaccharides Preparation Derived From Lactulose Protects Against Colorectal Cancer Development in an Animal Model. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:2004. [PMID: 30233512 PMCID: PMC6127505 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Accepted: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most common neoplasias worldwide, and its incidence is increasing. Consumption of prebiotics is a useful strategy in order to prevent this important disease. These nutraceutical compounds might exert protective biological functions as antitumors. In order to test the chemopreventive effect of GOS-Lu (galacto-oligosaccharides derived from lactulose) prebiotic preparation against this cancer, an animal model (Rattus norvegicus F344) was used. In this model, two doses of azoxymethane (10 mg/kg) and two treatments with dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) were administered to the animals. Animals were fed for 20 weeks, and either control drinking water or drinking water containing 10% (w/w) GOS-Lu prebiotic preparation was provided to them. Animals were sacrificed after those 20 weeks, and their digestive tract tissues were analyzed. The results revealed a statistically significant reduction in the number of colon tumors in the GOS-Lu cohort with respect to control animals. Metagenomics sequencing was used for studying colon microbiota populations, revealing significant reductions in populations of pro-inflammatory bacteria families and species, and significant increases in interesting beneficial populations, such as Bifidobacterium. Therefore, oral administration of the prebiotic GOS-Lu preparation may be an effective strategy for preventing CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Fernández
- Research Unit "Biotechnology in Nutraceuticals and Bioactive Compounds-BIONUC", Departamento de Biología Funcional, Área de Microbiología, Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain.,Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias, Oviedo, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias, Oviedo, Spain
| | - F J Moreno
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación (CIAL-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Agustín Olano
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación (CIAL-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Claudio J Villar
- Research Unit "Biotechnology in Nutraceuticals and Bioactive Compounds-BIONUC", Departamento de Biología Funcional, Área de Microbiología, Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain.,Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias, Oviedo, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Felipe Lombó
- Research Unit "Biotechnology in Nutraceuticals and Bioactive Compounds-BIONUC", Departamento de Biología Funcional, Área de Microbiología, Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain.,Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias, Oviedo, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias, Oviedo, Spain
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46
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In vitro digestibility and fermentability of fructo-oligosaccharides produced by Aspergillus ibericus. J Funct Foods 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2018.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
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47
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Ni D, Zhu Y, Xu W, Bai Y, Zhang T, Mu W. Biosynthesis of inulin from sucrose using inulosucrase from Lactobacillus gasseri DSM 20604. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 109:1209-1218. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.11.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2017] [Revised: 11/13/2017] [Accepted: 11/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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48
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Synthesis of inulin derivatives with quaternary phosphonium salts and their antifungal activity. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 113:1273-1278. [PMID: 29548915 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.03.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2017] [Revised: 03/07/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Inulin is a kind of renewable and biodegradable carbohydrate with good water solubility and numerous physiological functions. For further utilization of inulin, chemical modification can be applied to improve its bioactivities. In this paper, five novel inulin derivatives were synthesized via chemical modification with quaternary phosphonium salt. Their antifungal activity against three kinds of plant pathogens including Colletotrichum lagenarium, Phomopsis asparagi, and Fusarium oxysporum was assessed with radial growth assay in vitro. Results revealed that all the inulin derivatives exhibited improved antifungal activity compared with inulin. Particularly, inulin modified with triphenylphosphine (TPhPAIL) exhibited the best antifungal activity with inhibitory indices of 80.0%, 78.8%, and 87.4% against Colletotrichum lagenarium, Phomopsis asparagi, and Fusarium oxysporum at 1.0mg/mL respectively. The results clearly showed that chemical modification of inulin with quaternary phosphonium salt could efficiently improve derivatives' antifungal activity. Further analysis of results indicated that the antifungal activity was influenced by alkyl chain length or electron-withdrawing ability of the grafted quaternary phosphonium salts. Longer alkyl chain lengths or the stronger electron-withdrawing groups would lead to enhanced antifungal efficacy.
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49
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Krahl M, Zarnkow M, Back W, Becker T. Determination of the Influence of Malting Parameters on the Water-Extractable Arabinoxylan Content of Wheat (Triticum Aestivum), Rye (Secale cereale), and Spelt Wheat (Triticum aestivumspp.spelta). JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF BREWING CHEMISTS 2018. [DOI: 10.1094/asbcj-2009-1126-01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Krahl
- Technische Universität München, Lehrstuhl für Brau- und Getränketechnologie, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
| | - M. Zarnkow
- Technische Universität München, Lehrstuhl für Brau- und Getränketechnologie, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
| | - W. Back
- Technische Universität München, Lehrstuhl für Brau- und Getränketechnologie, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
| | - T. Becker
- Technische Universität München, Lehrstuhl für Brau- und Getränketechnologie, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
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50
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de Moura NA, Caetano BFR, de Moraes LN, Carvalho RF, Rodrigues MAM, Barbisan LF. Enhancement of colon carcinogenesis by the combination of indole-3 carbinol and synbiotics in hemin-fed rats. Food Chem Toxicol 2017; 112:11-18. [PMID: 29269057 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2017.12.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2017] [Revised: 12/08/2017] [Accepted: 12/15/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The risk of developing colorectal cancer (CRC) could be associated with red and processed meat intake. Experimental data supports that hemin iron, found abundantly in red meat, promotes CRC in mice and rats, while indole-3 carbinol (I3C) and synbiotics (syn) exert anti-carcinogenic activities in most studies of colon carcinogenesis. This study aimed to investigate the modifying effects of I3C and syn (inulin + Bifidobacterium lactis), given separately or together, on dimethylhidrazine (DMH)-induced colon carcinogenesis in hemin-fed rats. All animals were given four subcutaneous DMH injections and then, two weeks after carcinogen exposure, they began a basal diet containing hemin, hemin + I3C, hemin + syn, or hemin + I3C + syn for 23 weeks. The combination of I3C + syn significantly increased fecal water genotoxicity, tumor volume and invasiveness when compared to the hemin-fed control group. The groups fed I3C or syn alone had a significant reduction in the number of preneoplastic aberrant crypt foci (ACF) lesions compared to the hemin-fed group. Dietary I3C also reduced fecal water genotoxicity. Gene expression analysis of colorectal tumors demonstrated that the combination of dietary I3C + syn increased transcript levels for Raf1 and decreased tumor progression and invasiveness related to the genes Cdh1 and Appl1. This analysis also revealed that the Tnf and Cdh1 genes were significantly up- and down-regulated, respectively, in tumors of rats that received I3C, in comparison with the hemin-fed group. These findings reveal that the joint administration of I3C and syn enhanced the development of colon tumors induced by DMH in hemin-fed rats, while they potentially reduced ACF development when given alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nelci A de Moura
- Department of Morphology, Institute of Biosciences of Botucatu, Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, SP 18618-689, Brazil
| | - Brunno F R Caetano
- Department of Morphology, Institute of Biosciences of Botucatu, Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, SP 18618-689, Brazil
| | - Leonardo N de Moraes
- Department of Morphology, Institute of Biosciences of Botucatu, Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, SP 18618-689, Brazil
| | - Robson F Carvalho
- Department of Morphology, Institute of Biosciences of Botucatu, Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, SP 18618-689, Brazil
| | - Maria A M Rodrigues
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, SP 18610-307, Brazil
| | - Luis F Barbisan
- Department of Morphology, Institute of Biosciences of Botucatu, Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, SP 18618-689, Brazil.
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