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D'Alessandro AG, Desantis S, Fracchiolla G, Porrelli R, Dibenedetto RS, Di Luca A, Martemucci G. Response of laying hens fed diet supplemented with a mixture of olive, laurel, and rosemary leaf powders: Metabolic profile, oxidative status, intestinal histomorphology, and egg quality. Res Vet Sci 2024; 174:105294. [PMID: 38744020 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2024.105294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Revised: 04/27/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the effects of a mixture of olive, laurel, and rosemary leaf powders, on the oxidative state, biochemical, immune, intestinal morphophysiological parameters, and egg quality of laying hens. One hundred Lohmann Brown hens (28 weeks old) were equally assigned to two groups (n. 50) corresponding to a basal control diet (CON) or the diet supplemented with 6 g/kg feed of leaf powder mixture (LPM) containing olive, laurel, and rosemary leaves (1:1:1), for 60 days. Oxidative status, biochemical indices, immune response, cecal short chain fatty acids (SCFAs), intestinal morphological characteristics, and some egg traits were evaluated at the end of the experiment. The results indicated that LPM improved (P < 0.05) the oxidative status (TOS, ROMs), the immune system (IL-6, IL-1β, and TNF-α), the total protein and HDL cholesterol content, whereas it decreased (P < 0.05) total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol. Aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and alanine aminotransferase were significantly (P < 0.05) lower in the LPM than in the CON group. A significant increase (P < 0.05) in SCFA content in the caecum, as well as in villi height and crypt depth in both duodenum and ileum of LPM-treated hens, was observed. Egg quality parameters were not influenced (P > 0.05) by LPM. These findings indicate that LPM can be considered a candidate as an antioxidant ingredient for functional food in laying hens.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Salvatore Desantis
- Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine and Ionian Area (DiMePRe-J), University of Bari Aldo Moro, S.P. 62 per Casamassima Km 3, 70010 Valenzano (Bari), Italy.
| | - Giuseppe Fracchiolla
- Department of Pharmacy-Drug Sciences, University of Bari Aldo Moro, 70126 Bari, Italy.
| | | | | | - Alessio Di Luca
- Department of Soil, Plant and Food Sciences (DiSSPA), University of Bari Aldo Moro, 70126 Bari, Italy
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Abeyrathne EDNS, Nam KC, Huang X, Ahn DU. Egg yolk lipids: separation, characterization, and utilization. Food Sci Biotechnol 2022; 31:1243-1256. [PMID: 35992319 PMCID: PMC9385935 DOI: 10.1007/s10068-022-01138-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Egg yolk contains very high levels of lipids, which comprise 33% of whole egg yolk. Although triglyceride is the main lipid, egg yolk is the richest source of phospholipids and cholesterol in nature. The egg yolk phospholipids have a unique composition with high levels of phosphatidylcholine followed by phosphatidylethanolamine, sphingomyelin, plasmalogen, and phosphatidylinositol. All the egg yolk lipids are embedded inside the HDL and LDL micelles or granular particles. Egg yolk lipids can be easily extracted using solvents or supercritical extraction methods but their commercial applications of egg yolk lipids are limited. Egg yolk lipids have excellent potential as a food ingredient or cosmeceutical, pharmaceutical, and nutraceutical agents because they have excellent functional and biological characteristics. This review summarizes the current knowledge on egg yolk lipids' extraction methods and functions and discusses their current and future use, which will be important to increase the use and value of the egg.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edirisingha Dewage Nalaka Sandun Abeyrathne
- Department of Animal Science, Uva Wellassa University, Badulla, 90000 Sri Lanka
- Department of Animal Science & Technology, Suncheon National University, Suncheon, 57922 Korea
| | - Ki-Chang Nam
- Department of Animal Science & Technology, Suncheon National University, Suncheon, 57922 Korea
| | - Xi Huang
- Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology, Ministry of Education, National Research and Development Center for Egg Processing, College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070 Hubei People’s Republic of China
| | - Dong Uk Ahn
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011 USA
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Zhang F, Li J, Chang C, Gu L, Su Y, Yang Y. Selective removal effect of subcritical fluid extraction on egg yolk lipids and characterization and enzymatic improvement of defatted egg yolk powder. INNOV FOOD SCI EMERG 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ifset.2022.103090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Tang Q, Liu H, Qi J, Yan X, Mustafa A, Xi Y, Li J, Bai L, Liang L, Han C, Wang J. Mass spectrometry-based metabolic profiling for identification of biomarkers in serum related to the change of laying ducks in different physiological periods. ITALIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/1828051x.2022.2063768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qian Tang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hehe Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jingjing Qi
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiping Yan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ahsan Mustafa
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yang Xi
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Junpeng Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Lili Bai
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Li Liang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Chunchun Han
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jiwen Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
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Puertas G, Vázquez M. Evaluation of the composition and functional properties of whole egg plasma obtained by centrifugation. Int J Food Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/ijfs.15124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gema Puertas
- Department of Analytical Chemistry Faculty of Veterinary University of Santiago de Compostela Lugo 27002 Spain
| | - Manuel Vázquez
- Department of Analytical Chemistry Faculty of Veterinary University of Santiago de Compostela Lugo 27002 Spain
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Rodjan P, Wattanasit S, Faroongsarng D, Thongprajukaew K, Theapparat Y. Garlic oil granules coated with enteric polymer: Effects on performance, egg quality, yolk antioxidants, yolk cholesterol, blood biochemistry and hepatic lipid metabolism in laying hens. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2021.114854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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Kraus A, Zita L, Krunt O, Härtlová H, Chmelíková E. Determination of selected biochemical parameters in blood serum and egg quality of Czech and Slovak native hens depending on the housing system and hen age. Poult Sci 2021; 100:1142-1153. [PMID: 33518073 PMCID: PMC7858131 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2020.10.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine and evaluate the impact of the age and housing system on blood indicators (triacylglycerides, total cholesterol, aspartate aminotransferase, total proteins, albumin, glucose) and physical egg quality parameters (egg weight, shape index and surface area, eggshell proportion, thickness, strength, and color, albumen proportion and index, Haugh units, yolk proportion, index and yolk-to-albumen ratio) in selected native breeds of the Czech Republic (the Czech Golden Spotted hens) and Slovakia (the Oravka hens). Furthermore, the concentration of cholesterol in the yolk was determined. A total of 132 animals were used. There were 60 eggs collected from each breed at each monitored period for the evaluation of egg quality. Blood samples were taken by puncture of a wing vein. The assessments were made when the hens were of 34, 42, and 50 weeks old. Enriched cages and floor pens with litter were used as housing systems. The effects of breed, housing system, and age were observed. Furthermore, interactions among these factors were calculated. The significant effect of housing system was found in total cholesterol (P = 0.098) and aspartate aminotransferase (P = 0.0343) and the significant effect of age in total protein (P = 0.0392). The significant effect of breed (P = 0.0199), housing system (P = 0.0001), and age (P = 0.0001) was found in concentration of cholesterol in the yolk. Regarding the egg quality, the significant effect of breed (P = 0.0001) was found in eggshell color, albumen index and Haugh units, whereas the significant effect of housing system was found in egg weight (P = 0.0002), egg surface area (P = 0.0003), eggshell proportion (P = 0.0460), thickness (P = 0.0216), strength (P = 0.0049), and color (P = 0.0009). The significant effect of age was determined in all parameters except for the eggshell proportion and strength. The results represent an interesting comparison of changes in biochemical blood and egg quality parameters. It is necessary to further evaluate these indicators, especially in other genetic resources of hens, where the data are often nonexisting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Kraus
- Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Department of Animal Science, 165 00 Prague, Suchdol, Czech Republic.
| | - Lukáš Zita
- Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Department of Animal Science, 165 00 Prague, Suchdol, Czech Republic
| | - Ondřej Krunt
- Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Department of Animal Science, 165 00 Prague, Suchdol, Czech Republic
| | - Helena Härtlová
- Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Department of Veterinary Sciences, 165 00 Prague, Suchdol, Czech Republic
| | - Eva Chmelíková
- Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Department of Veterinary Sciences, 165 00 Prague, Suchdol, Czech Republic
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Yong ST, Tan HY, Samat N, Wong HK. The effect of high monacolin K red yeast rice supplement on performance, egg quality, egg yolk cholesterol, plasma lipids and enzyme profile of laying hens. ANIMAL PRODUCTION SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1071/an20585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Context
Reducing egg cholesterol has been a major goal of many researchers over four decades. Monacolin K, a 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl-coenzyme A reductase inhibitor, identical to the active ingredient in the prescription statin drug lovastatin, could be a promising feed supplement for layers.
Aims
To determine the effects of high monacolin K red yeast rice (RYR) supplement on feed intake, egg production, egg cholesterol content, plasma lipid and enzyme metabolites in laying hens.
Methods
Hyline brown layers were fed RYR supplement at 0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.8 and 1.6% of the diet for 6 weeks. Total and daily feed intake, egg production, egg weights and feed conversion ratio between the RYR treated groups and the control were compiled. Egg cholesterol and egg quality at the 3rd and 6th week of the feeding trial were analysed. Plasma lipids and enzymes were sampled towards the end of the trial.
Key results
Egg cholesterol were significantly lower (P < 0.05) in the 0.8 and 1.6% RYR supplemented group. Supplementation with 0.8% RYR resulted in 11.16% reduction in egg cholesterol at the 3rd week with no further improvements with longer feeding. There were no significant differences (P > 0.05) in total and daily feed intake, egg production, egg weights and feed conversion ratio (FCR) between the RYR treated and control group. Total plasma cholesterol and triglycerides were significantly lower (P < 0.05) in the 0.8 and 1.6% RYR supplemented group when compared with the control group. RYR supplementation exert no significant differences (P > 0.05) in plasma enzyme levels.
Conclusions
The present study suggests that RYR supplementation of 0.8% resulted in egg cholesterol reduction by 11.16% with no adverse effects on laying hens.
Implications
The feeding trial showed that RYR supplement can be used as a feed additive in layer diets to lower egg cholesterol, plasma cholesterol and triglycerides with no adverse effects on layer egg production and plasma enzymes over the feeding period.
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Sexual Maturity Promotes Yolk Precursor Synthesis and Follicle Development in Hens via Liver-Blood-Ovary Signal Axis. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10122348. [PMID: 33317071 PMCID: PMC7763865 DOI: 10.3390/ani10122348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2020] [Revised: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Several reproductive hormones were reported to be involved in regulating egg yolk precursor synthesis in chickens; however, the mechanism that shows how the liver-blood-ovary signal axis works in relation to age changes has not been reported yet. Therefore, in this study, we observe the morphology and histology of the liver and ovary and determine the serum biochemical parameters and the expression abundance of the critical genes from d90 to 153. Results show that the body weight and liver weight were significantly increased from d132, while the ovary weight increased from d139. Aside from the increase in weight, other distinct changes such as the liver color and an increased deposition of large amounts of yolk precursors into the ovarian follicles were observed. On d139, we observed small fatty vacuoles in the hepatocytes. The results of serum biochemical parameters showed a significant increase in the estradiol (E2) level, first on d125, and then it reached its peak on d132. Meanwhile, the levels of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) increased initially and then remained at a high level from d146 to d153, while the levels of luteinizing hormone (LH) increased significantly on d132 and reached the top level on d153. Moreover, the levels of lecithin (LEC), vitellogenin (VTG), very low density lipoprotein y (VLDLy), triglyceride (TG), and total cholesterol (TC) were significantly increased at d125 and were close from d146 to d153. The mRNA and protein expression of estrogen receptor-alpha (ER-α) and E2 levels in the liver and serum, respectively, showed similar changes. Moreover, with reference to an increase in serum E2 level, the mRNA expression of genes related to yolk precursor synthesis (very low density apolipoprotein-II, ApoVLDL-II) and vitellogenin-II (VTG-II), lipogenesis (fatty acid synthase, FAS), and lipid transport (microsomal triglyceride transport protein, MTTP) in the liver showed up-regulation. These results suggest that the correlation between liver-blood-ovary alliances regulate the transport and exchange of synthetic substances to ensure synchronous development and functional coordination between the liver and ovary. We also found that E2 is an activator that is regulated by FSH, which induces histological and functional changes in the hepatocytes through the ER-α pathway.
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Nassef E, Saker O, Shukry M. Effect of Se sources and concentrations on performance, antioxidant defense, and functional egg quality of laying Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica). ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:37677-37683. [PMID: 32608001 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-09853-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The study aimed to investigate the effect of Se sources and concentrations on performance, thyroid activity, antioxidant defense, and functional egg quality of Japanese quail. One hundred and twenty, 8-week-old birds were randomly assigned to 1 of 4 dietary treatments in 3 replicates (10 birds/replicate). The treatments contained inorganic sodium selenite (SS) at 0.2 mg/kg diet (SS1 = control) or 0.4 mg/kg diet (SS2) or selenomethionine (SM) at 0.2 mg/kg diet (SM1) or 0.4 mg/kg diet (SM2). Egg production (%) and feed intake were daily recorded, and feed conversion ratio (FCR) was calculated. Blood samples were collected and analyzed for glucose, thyroxine (T4), triiodothyronine (T3), glutathione peroxidase (GPX), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) enzymes. Egg quality was determined in terms of Se content and concentrations of triglycerides, LDL, HDL, and cholesterol. Dietary supplementation of SM2 increased (P < 0.05) egg production (%) and egg mass and decreased FCR compared to the other groups, which showed no significant differences (P > 0.05) in between. It is the first study reporting that the eggs from the quail fed SM2 diet had lower concentrations (P < 0.05) of triglycerides, LDL, and cholesterol than those fed SS. Feeding SM increased (P < 0.05) blood glucose, T4, and T3 levels. Moreover, feeding SM increased the activity of GPX and SOD with a higher significance (P < 0.05) for SM2 than SM1. In conclusion, no adverse effects from supplementation of SM up to 0.4 mg/kg were observed and could improve their performance, antioxidant defense, thyroid activity, and functional egg quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eldsokey Nassef
- Department of Nutrition and Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh, 33516, Egypt.
| | - Osama Saker
- Department of Biochemistry, Nutritional Deficiency Diseases, and Toxicology, Animal Health Research Institute, Agriculture Research Council (ARC), Kafrelsheikh, Egypt
| | - Mustafa Shukry
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh, 33516, Egypt
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11
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Nondestructive VIS/NIR spectroscopy estimation of intravitelline vitamin E and cholesterol concentration in hen shell eggs. JOURNAL OF FOOD MEASUREMENT AND CHARACTERIZATION 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s11694-019-00361-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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12
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Chen X, Zhu W, Du Y, Liu X, Geng Z. Genetic Parameters for Yolk Cholesterol and Transcriptional Evidence Indicate a Role of Lipoprotein Lipase in the Cholesterol Metabolism of the Chinese Wenchang Chicken. Front Genet 2019; 10:902. [PMID: 31632438 PMCID: PMC6786094 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2019.00902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The yolk cholesterol has been reported to affect egg quality and breeding performance in chickens. However, the genetic parameters and molecular mechanisms regulating yolk cholesterol remain largely unknown. Here, we used the Wenchang chicken, a Chinese indigenous breed with a complete pedigree, as an experimental model, and we examined 24 sire families (24 males and 240 females) and their 362 daughters. First, egg quality and yolk cholesterol content were determined in 40-week-old chickens of two consecutive generations, and the heritability of these parameters was analyzed using the half-sib correlation method. Among first-generation individuals, the egg weight, egg shape index, shell strength, shell thickness, yolk weight, egg white height, Haugh unit, and cholesterol content were 45.36 ± 4.44 g, 0.81 ± 0.12, 3.07 ± 0.92 kg/cm2, 0.340 ± 0.032 mm, 15.57 ± 1.64 g, 3.36 ± 1.15 mm, 58.70 ± 12.33, and 274.3 ± 36.73 mg/egg, respectively. When these indexes were compared to those of the following generation, no statistically significant difference was detected. Although yolk cholesterol content was not associated with egg quality in females, an increase in yolk cholesterol content was correlated with increased yolk weight and albumin height in sire families (p < 0.05). Moreover, the heritability estimates for the yolk cholesterol content were 0.328 and 0.530 in female and sire families, respectively. Therefore, the yolk cholesterol content was more strongly associated with the sire family. Next, chickens with low and high yolk cholesterol contents were selected for follicular membrane collection. Total RNA was extracted from these samples and used as a template for transcriptional sequencing. In total, 375 down- and 578 upregulated genes were identified by comparing the RNA sequencing data of chickens with high and low yolk cholesterol contents. Furthermore, Gene Ontology term and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway enrichment analyses indicated the involvement of energy metabolism and immune-related pathways in yolk cholesterol deposition. Several genes participating in the regulation of the yolk cholesterol content were located on the sex chromosome Z, among which lipoprotein lipase (LPL) was associated with the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor signaling pathway and the Gene Ontology term cellular component. Collectively, our data suggested that the ovarian steroidogenesis pathway and the downregulation of LPL played critical roles in the regulation of yolk cholesterol content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingyong Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Local Livestock and Poultry Genetic Resource Conservation and Bio-breeding, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Wenjun Zhu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Yeye Du
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Xue Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Zhaoyu Geng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Local Livestock and Poultry Genetic Resource Conservation and Bio-breeding, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
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Reducing shell egg cholesterol content. II. Review of approaches utilizing non-nutritive dietary factors or pharmacological agents and an examination of emerging strategies. WORLD POULTRY SCI J 2019. [DOI: 10.1017/s0043933907001249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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14
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Developments in understanding and assessment of egg and egg product quality over the last century. WORLD POULTRY SCI J 2019. [DOI: 10.1017/s0043933913000408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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15
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Reducing shell egg cholesterol content. I. Overview, genetic approaches, and nutritional strategies. WORLD POULTRY SCI J 2019. [DOI: 10.1017/s0043933906001206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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16
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El-Hack MEA, Mahrose KM, Attia FAM, Swelum AA, Taha AE, Shewita RS, Hussein ESOS, Alowaimer AN. Laying Performance, Physical, and Internal Egg Quality Criteria of Hens Fed Distillers Dried Grains with Solubles and Exogenous Enzyme Mixture. Animals (Basel) 2019; 9:ani9040150. [PMID: 30959930 PMCID: PMC6523979 DOI: 10.3390/ani9040150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Revised: 04/03/2019] [Accepted: 04/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The present study was designed to investigate the simultaneous use of distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) and exogenous enzyme mixture (EEM) on layer performance and egg characteristics. Results confirmed that DDGS is an acceptable feed ingredient in layer diets and that the maximum inclusion level of DDGS in the diet should be around 12% for the best performance and egg characteristics. Abstract The effects of dietary inclusion of distillers dried grains with solubles in laying hen diets with and without exogenous enzyme mixture (EEM) on performance and egg characteristics were evaluated. One of the main objectives of this study was to examine the effects of distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) and enzyme cocktail on egg yolk fatty acids. The study used total of 144 Hisex Brown laying hens in a 4 × 2 factorial arrangement, including four levels of DDGS (0, 6, 12, and 18% of diet) and two levels of enzyme cocktail (0 or 250 mg EEM/kg of diet) through 32–42 weeks of the age. The inclusion of 18% DDGS was associated with the worst (p ≤ 0.001) egg production and the lowest daily feed intake. Numerically, hens fed 6% DDGS diet consumed more feed and had the greatest egg production. The best feed conversion ratio (FCR) was recorded in the control, while the worst was recorded in the 18% DDGS group. Compared with EEM-free diets, EEM supplementation improved FCR by about 2.79%, but the difference was not significant. Shell thickness and shell percentage were significantly increased in hens fed 6% DDGS diet compared to other groups. Egg weights in the 6% and 12% DDGS groups were significantly higher than those in the control and 18% DDGS groups. Non-significant increases in shell and albumin percentages were recorded in groups fed EEM-supplemented diets. The interaction effect of DDGS and EEM was significant (p ≤ 0.01) for the majority of egg characteristics. As dietary DDGS level increased, yolk color density increased. Elevating DDGS level up to 18% increased yolk cholesterol, total fat, and total unsaturated fatty acids. The effects of EEM supplementation on egg yolk fatty acid composition and the interaction effects between DDGS and EEM were not significant. Considering these results, it could be concluded that DDGS is an acceptable feed ingredient in layer diets and that the maximum inclusion level of DDGS should not exceed 12% of the whole diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed E Abd El-Hack
- Poultry Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Egypt.
| | - Khalid M Mahrose
- Poultry Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Egypt.
| | - Faten A M Attia
- Animal Production Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt.
| | - Ayman A Swelum
- Department of Animal Production, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2460, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.
- Department of Theriogenology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Egypt.
| | - Ayman E Taha
- Department of Animal Husbandry and Animal Wealth Development, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alexandria University, Rasheed, Edfina 22758, Egypt.
| | - Ramadan S Shewita
- Department of Nutrition and Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alexandria University, Rasheed, Edfina 22758, Egypt.
| | - El-Sayed O S Hussein
- Department of Animal Production, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2460, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Abdullah N Alowaimer
- Department of Animal Production, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2460, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.
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Bhatia P, Sharma V, Arora S, Rao PS. Effect of cholesterol removal on compositional and the physicochemical characteristics of anhydrous cow milk fat (cow ghee). INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD PROPERTIES 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/10942912.2018.1564762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Piyush Bhatia
- Dairy Chemistry Division, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, India
| | - Vivek Sharma
- Dairy Chemistry Division, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, India
| | - Sumit Arora
- Dairy Chemistry Division, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, India
| | - Priyanka Singh Rao
- Dairy Chemistry Division, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, India
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Kuang H, Yang F, Zhang Y, Wang T, Chen G. The Impact of Egg Nutrient Composition and Its Consumption on Cholesterol Homeostasis. CHOLESTEROL 2018; 2018:6303810. [PMID: 30210871 PMCID: PMC6126094 DOI: 10.1155/2018/6303810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Accepted: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Nutrient deficiencies and excess are involved in many aspects of human health. As a source of essential nutrients, eggs have been used worldwide to support the nutritional needs of human societies. On the other hand, eggs also contain a significant amount of cholesterol, a lipid molecule that has been associated with the development of cardiovascular diseases. Whether the increase of egg consumption will lead to elevated cholesterol absorption and disruption of cholesterol homeostasis has been a concern of debate for a while. Cholesterol homeostasis is regulated through its dietary intake, endogenous biosynthesis, utilization, and excretion. Recently, some research interests have been paid to the effects of egg consumption on cholesterol homeostasis through the intestinal cholesterol absorption. Nutrient components in eggs such as phospholipids may contribute to this process. The goals of this review are to summarize the recent progress in this area and to discuss some potential benefits of egg consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heqian Kuang
- Department of Nutrition, University of Tennessee at Knoxville, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Fang Yang
- School of Laboratory Medicine, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Nutrition, University of Tennessee at Knoxville, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Tiannan Wang
- Department of Nutrition, University of Tennessee at Knoxville, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Guoxun Chen
- Department of Nutrition, University of Tennessee at Knoxville, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA
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Puertas G, Vázquez M. Advances in techniques for reducing cholesterol in egg yolk: A review. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2018.1448357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gema Puertas
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Veterinary, University of Santiago de Compostela, 27002-Lugo, Spain
| | - Manuel Vázquez
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Veterinary, University of Santiago de Compostela, 27002-Lugo, Spain
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20
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Li Q, Zhao X, Wang S, Zhou Z. Letrozole induced low estrogen levels affected the expressions of duodenal and renal calcium-processing gene in laying hens. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2018; 255:49-55. [PMID: 29037849 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2017.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2017] [Revised: 10/06/2017] [Accepted: 10/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Estrogen regulates the calcium homeostasis in hens, but the mechanisms involved are still unclear fully. In this study, we investigated whether letrozole (LZ) induced low estrogen levels affected the calcium absorption and transport in layers. In the duodenum, we observed a significant decrease of mRNA expressions of Calbindin-28k (CaBP-28k) and plasma membrane Ca2+-ATPase (PMCA 1b) while CaBP-28k protein expression was declined in birds with LZ treatment, and the mRNA levels of duodenal transient receptor potential vanilloid 6 (TRPV6) and Na+/Ca2+ exchanger 1 (NCX1) were not affected. Interestingly, we observed the different changes in the kidney. The renal mRNA expressions of TRPV6 and NCX1 were unregulated while the PMCA1b was down-regulated in low estrogen layers, however, the CaBP-28k gene and protein expressions were no changed in the kidney. Furthermore, it showed that the duodenal estradiol receptor 2 (ESR2) transcripts rather than parathyroid hormone 1 receptor (PTH1R) and calcitonin receptor (CALCR) played key roles to down-regulate calcium transport in LZ-treated birds. In conclusion, CaBP-28k, PMCA 1b and ESR2 genes in the duodenum may be primary targets for estrogen regulation in order to control calcium homeostasis in hens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiao Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China
| | - Xingkai Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China
| | - Shujie Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China
| | - Zhenlei Zhou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China.
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21
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Zhang R, Lin Y, Zhi L, Liao H, Zuo L, Li Z, Xu Y. Expression profiles and associations of adiponectin and adiponectin receptors with intramuscular fat in Tibetan chicken. Br Poult Sci 2017; 58:151-157. [DOI: 10.1080/00071668.2016.1268252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R. Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Hubei Normal University, Huangshi, China
| | - Y. Lin
- College of Life Science and Technology, Southwest University for Nationalities, Chengdu, China
| | - L. Zhi
- College of Life Sciences, Hubei Normal University, Huangshi, China
| | - H. Liao
- College of Life Science and Technology, Southwest University for Nationalities, Chengdu, China
| | - L. Zuo
- College of Life Science and Technology, Southwest University for Nationalities, Chengdu, China
| | - Z. Li
- College of Life Science and Technology, Southwest University for Nationalities, Chengdu, China
| | - Y. Xu
- College of Life Science and Technology, Southwest University for Nationalities, Chengdu, China
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22
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Neijat M, Ojekudo O, House JD. Effect of flaxseed oil and microalgae DHA on the production performance, fatty acids and total lipids of egg yolk and plasma in laying hens. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2016; 115:77-88. [PMID: 27914517 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2016.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2016] [Revised: 10/24/2016] [Accepted: 10/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The incorporation of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) in the egg is dependent on both the transfer efficiency of preformed dietary omega-3 fatty acids to the eggs as well as endogenous PUFA metabolism and deposition. Employing an experimental design consisting of 70 Lohmann LSL-Classic hens (n=10/treatment) in a 6-week feeding trial, we examined the impact of graded levels of either flaxseed oil (alpha-linolenic acid, ALA) or algal DHA (preformed docosahexaenoic acid, DHA), each supplying 0.20%, 0.40% and 0.60% total omega-3s. The control diet was practically low in omega-3s. Study parameters included monitoring the changes of fatty acid contents in yolk, measures of hen performance, eggshell quality, total lipids and fatty acid contents of plasma. Data were analysed as a complete randomized design using Proc Mixed procedure of SAS. No significant differences were observed between treatments with respect to hen performance, eggshell quality and cholesterol content in plasma and egg yolk. Individual and total omega-3 PUFA in the yolk and plasma increased (P<0.0001) linearly as a function of total omega-3 PUFA intake. At the highest inclusion levels, DHA-fed hens incorporated 3-fold more DHA in eggs compared with ALA-fed hens (179±5.55 vs. 66.7±2.25mg/yolk, respectively). In both treatment groups, maximal enrichment of total n-3 PUFA was observed by week-2, declined by week-4 and leveled thereafter. In addition, accumulation of DHA in egg yolk showed linear (P<0.0001) and quadratic (P<0.05) effects for flaxseed oil (R2=0.89) and algal DHA (R2=0.95). The current data, based on defined level of total omega-3s in the background diet, provides evidence to suggest that exogenous as well as endogenous synthesis of DHA may be subject to a similar basis of regulation, and serve to highlight potential regulatory aspects explaining the limitations in the deposition of endogenously produced omega-3 LCPUFA.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Neijat
- Department of Animal Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - O Ojekudo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - J D House
- Department of Animal Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2N2, Canada; Department of Human Nutritional Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2N2, Canada; Richardson Centre for Functional Foods and Nutraceuticals, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2E1, Canada; Canadian Centre for Agri-Food Research in Health and Medicine, St. Boniface Research Centre, Winnipeg MB R2H 2A6, Canada.
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Moreno JA, Díaz-Gómez J, Nogareda C, Angulo E, Sandmann G, Portero-Otin M, Serrano JCE, Twyman RM, Capell T, Zhu C, Christou P. The distribution of carotenoids in hens fed on biofortified maize is influenced by feed composition, absorption, resource allocation and storage. Sci Rep 2016; 6:35346. [PMID: 27739479 PMCID: PMC5064355 DOI: 10.1038/srep35346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2016] [Accepted: 09/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Carotenoids are important dietary nutrients with health-promoting effects. The biofortification of staple foods with carotenoids provides an efficient delivery strategy but little is known about the fate and distribution of carotenoids supplied in this manner. The chicken provides a good model of human carotenoid metabolism so we supplemented the diets of laying hens using two biofortified maize varieties with distinct carotenoid profiles and compared the fate of the different carotenoids in terms of distribution in the feed, the hen's livers and the eggs. We found that after a period of depletion, pro-vitamin A (PVA) carotenoids were preferentially diverted to the liver and relatively depleted in the eggs, whereas other carotenoids were transported to the eggs even when the liver remained depleted. When retinol was included in the diet, it accumulated more in the eggs than the livers, whereas PVA carotenoids showed the opposite profile. Our data suggest that a transport nexus from the intestinal lumen to the eggs introduces bottlenecks that cause chemically-distinct classes of carotenoids to be partitioned in different ways. This nexus model will allow us to optimize animal feed and human diets to ensure that the health benefits of carotenoids are delivered in the most effective manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Antonio Moreno
- Department of Animal Science, ETSEA, University of Lleida-Agrotecnio Center, Av. Alcalde Rovira Roure, 191, 25198 Lleida, Spain
| | - Joana Díaz-Gómez
- Department of Animal Science, ETSEA, University of Lleida-Agrotecnio Center, Av. Alcalde Rovira Roure, 191, 25198 Lleida, Spain
- Department of Food Technology, ETSEA, University of Lleida-Agrotecnio Center, Av. Alcalde Rovira Roure, 191, 25198 Lleida, Spain
| | - Carmina Nogareda
- Department of Animal Science, ETSEA, University of Lleida-Agrotecnio Center, Av. Alcalde Rovira Roure, 191, 25198 Lleida, Spain
| | - Eduardo Angulo
- Department of Animal Science, ETSEA, University of Lleida-Agrotecnio Center, Av. Alcalde Rovira Roure, 191, 25198 Lleida, Spain
| | - Gerhard Sandmann
- Biosynthesis Group, Department of Molecular Biosciences, J. W. Goethe University, Max-v-Laue Str. 9, D-60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Manuel Portero-Otin
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Lleida–Institut de Recerca Biomèdica de Lleida (IRBLleida), Av. Rovira Roure 80, 25198 Lleida, Spain
| | - José C. E. Serrano
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Lleida–Institut de Recerca Biomèdica de Lleida (IRBLleida), Av. Rovira Roure 80, 25198 Lleida, Spain
| | | | - Teresa Capell
- Department of Plant Production and Forestry Science, ETSEA, University of Lleida-Agrotecnio Center, Av. Alcalde Rovira Roure, 191, 25198 Lleida, Spain
| | - Changfu Zhu
- Department of Plant Production and Forestry Science, ETSEA, University of Lleida-Agrotecnio Center, Av. Alcalde Rovira Roure, 191, 25198 Lleida, Spain
| | - Paul Christou
- Department of Plant Production and Forestry Science, ETSEA, University of Lleida-Agrotecnio Center, Av. Alcalde Rovira Roure, 191, 25198 Lleida, Spain
- ICREA, Catalan Institute for Research and Advanced Studies, Passeig Lluís Companys 23, 08010 Barcelona, Spain
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Lokhande A, Ingale SL, Lee SH, Sen S, Khong C, Chae BJ, Kwon IK. Effects of dietary supplementation with Gynura procumbens (Merr.) on egg yolk cholesterol, excreta microflora and laying hen performance. Br Poult Sci 2014; 55:524-31. [PMID: 25010164 DOI: 10.1080/00071668.2014.938020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Abstract 1. The present study investigated the effects of dietary supplementation with Gynura procumbens on egg yolk and serum cholesterol and triglycerides, excreta microflora, laying performance and egg quality. 2. A total of 160 Hy-Line Brown layers (45 weeks old) were randomly assigned into 4 treatments on the basis of laying performance. Each treatment had 4 replicates with 10 birds each. 3. Dietary treatments were basal diet supplemented with 0 (control), 2.5, 5.0 and 7.5 g/kg diet G. procumbens during 56-d feeding period. 4. Serum (d 21, 42 and 56) and egg yolk (d 28, 42 and 56) cholesterol and triglycerides concentrations were linearly reduced with increasing dietary concentrations of G. procumbens. 5. Increasing dietary concentrations of G. procumbens linearly reduced the excreta total anaerobic bacteria (d 28), Clostridium sp. and Escherichia coli (d 28 and 56) populations. 6. Overall egg production and egg mass were linearly increased, and overall feed efficiency was linearly improved with increase in dietary G. procumbens. 7. Dietary increasing concentrations of G. procumbens linearly improved egg yolk colour (d 28 and 56) and breaking strength of eggs (d 56). 8. The results obtained in the present experiment indicate that dietary supplementation with G. procumbens could reduce the egg yolk cholesterol, suppresses harmful excreta microflora and improves layers performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Lokhande
- a Department of Animal Products and Food Science, College of Animal Life Sciences , Kangwon National University , Chuncheon , Republic of Korea
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Jeong HJ, Sun H, Chogsom C, Kwak HS. Cholesterol Removal from Whole Egg by Crosslinked β-Cyclodextrin. ASIAN-AUSTRALASIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES 2014; 27:537-42. [PMID: 25049985 PMCID: PMC4093521 DOI: 10.5713/ajas.2013.13706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2013] [Revised: 01/21/2014] [Accepted: 01/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
This study was carried out to optimize cholesterol removal in whole egg using crosslinked β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) and to recycle the β-CD. Various factors for optimizing conditions were concentration of the β-CD, mixing temperature, mixing time, mixing speed and centrifugal speed. In the result of this study, the optimum conditions of cholesterol removal were 25% crosslinked β-CD, 40°C mixing temperature, 30 min mixing time, 1,200 rpm mixing speed and 2,810×g centrifugal speed. The recycling was repeated five times. The cholesterol removal was 92.76% when treated with the optimum conditions. After determining the optimum conditions, the recyclable yields of the crosslinked β-CD ranged from 86.66% to 87.60% in the recycling and the percentage of cholesterol removal was over 80% until third recycling. However, the cholesterol removal efficiency was decreased when the number of repeated recycling was increased. Based on the result of this study, it was concluded that the crosslinked β-CD was efficient for cholesterol removal in whole egg, and recycling is possible for only limited repeating times due to the interaction of the β-CD and egg protein.
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Zhou L, Shi Y, Guo R, Liang M, Zhu X, Wang C. Digital gene-expression profiling analysis of the cholesterol-lowering effects of alfalfa saponin extract on laying hens. PLoS One 2014; 9:e98578. [PMID: 24886784 PMCID: PMC4041749 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0098578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2014] [Accepted: 05/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To prevent cardiovascular disease, people are advised to limit their intake of dietary cholesterol to less than 300 mg/day. Egg consumption has been seriously reduced because of the high levels of cholesterol. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the cholesterol-lowering effects of alfalfa saponin extract (ASE) in yolk and the molecular mechanisms underlying these effects using digital gene-expression profiling analysis. Liver and ovary tissues were isolated from laying hens fed with ASE for RNA sequencing. RESULTS The cholesterol content of the yolks of eggs from hens fed 120 mg/kg ASE declined considerably on day 60. Other groups (60, 240, 480 mg/kg ASE group) also showed decreases, but they were not significant. Digital gene expression generated over nine million reads per sample, producing expression data for least 12,384 genes. Among these genes, 110 genes showed greater than normal expression in the liver and 107 genes showed greater than normal expression in the ovary. Cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase (Cyp7a1) and apolipoprotein H (Apoh), which act in the synthesis of bile acid and cholesterol efflux, showed more expression in the livers of hens given dietary ASE supplementation. In the ovary, levels of very low density lipoprotein receptor (Vldlr), apolipoprotein B (Apob), apovitellenin 1 (ApovldlII) and vitellogenin (VtgI, VtgII and VtgIII) in ovary decreased with dietary ASE supplementation. CONCLUSION Transcriptome analysis revealed that the molecular mechanisms underlying the cholesterol-lowering effects of ASE were partially mediated by enhancement of cholesterol efflux in the liver and this reduced of cholesterol deposition in the ovary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Zhou
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yinghua Shi
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Rui Guo
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Minggen Liang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xiaoyan Zhu
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Chengzhang Wang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
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Zhang Z, Kim I. Effects of dietary olive oil on egg quality, serum cholesterol characteristics, and yolk fatty acid concentrations in laying hens. JOURNAL OF APPLIED ANIMAL RESEARCH 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/09712119.2013.842480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Sun H, Lee E, Samaraweera H, Persia M, Ahn DU. Effects of increasing concentrations of corn distillers dried grains with solubles on chemical composition and nutrient content of egg. Poult Sci 2013; 92:233-42. [DOI: 10.3382/ps.2012-02346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Jondreville C, Bouveret C, Lesueur-Jannoyer M, Rychen G, Feidt C. Relative bioavailability of tropical volcanic soil-bound chlordecone in laying hens (Gallus domesticus). ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 20:292-299. [PMID: 22684877 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-012-1010-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2012] [Accepted: 05/24/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The former use of chlordecone (CLD) in the French West Indies has resulted in long-term pollution of soils and of food chains. CLD may be transferred into eggs of hens reared outdoors, through polluted soil ingestion. Tropical volcanic soils display variable capacities of pollutant retention: CLD is less available and more persistent in andosol than in nitisol. The impact of soil type on CLD bioavailability to hens was tested through a relative bioavailability study. The deposition of CLD in egg yolk and in abdominal fat was measured in 42 individually housed laying hens fed with diets containing graded levels of CLD from polluted andosol, nitisol, or spiked oil during 23 days. Within each ingested matrix, the concentration of CLD in yolk and in abdominal fat linearly increased with the amount of ingested CLD (P < 0.001). However, the response to andosol diets and to nitisol diets was not different from the response to oil diets (P > 0.1), indicating that CLD was equally bioavailable to laying hens, irrespective of the matrix. This suggests that the hen's gastrointestinal tract efficiently extracts CLD from the two tropical volcanic soils, regardless of their retention capacity. Thus, hens reared on polluted soils with CLD may lay contaminated eggs.
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Salma U, Miah AG, Tsujii H, Schellander K, Südekum KH. Effect of dietary Rhodobacter capsulatus on lipid fractions and egg-yolk fatty acid composition in laying hens. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2011; 96:1091-100. [PMID: 21929698 DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0396.2011.01224.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The present study was conducted to investigate the effect of dietary Rhodobacter capsulatus on lipid fractions and egg-yolk fatty acid composition in laying hens. Thirty-six laying hens (30 weeks old) were randomly assigned into two dietary groups fed diets with (0.04%) or without (control) R. capsulatus for a 60-day feeding trial. Dietary R. capsulatus decreased (p < 0.05) serum and hepatic cholesterol and increased (p < 0.05) the excreta cholesterol, and resultant lower (p < 0.05) cholesterol contents in egg yolk. The concentration of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) and ratio to saturated fatty acids in egg yolk was improved (p < 0.05) by dietary R. capsulatus. The concentration of hepatic bile acid was increased (p < 0.05) and excreta bile acid was decreased (p < 0.01) in the laying hens fed R. capsulatus diet. The incorporation of 1-(14) C-palmitic acid into hepatic lipids and lipid fractions was increased (p < 0.05) in laying hens fed R. capsulatus diet. Moreover, dietary R. capsulatus did not appear to cause any adverse effects on laying hen performances. Therefore, dietary supplementation of R. capsulatus in layer diets may be a feasible means of producing eggs with lower cholesterol and higher PUFA contents for health conscious consumers.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Salma
- Institute of Animal Science, University of Bonn, Endenicher Allee 15, Bonn, Germany.
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Carvalho P, Pita M, Piber Neto E, Mendonça Junior C. EFEITO DE FONTES MARINHAS RICAS EM PUFAs NA DIETA SOBRE A COMPOSIÇÃO LIPÍDICA E PERCENTUAIS DE INCORPORAÇÃO DE PUFAs n-6 NA GEMA DO OVO. ARQUIVOS DO INSTITUTO BIOLÓGICO 2009. [DOI: 10.1590/1808-1657v76p1732009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
RESUMO A presente pesquisa foi conduzida utilizando-se 288 galinhas poedeiras da linhagem Hisex White com 32 semanas de idade, pelo período de 10 semanas, com o objetivo de estudar o enriquecimento da gema do ovo em ácidos graxos a partir de rações suplementadas com óleo de peixe (OP) ou alga marinha (AM) em cinco níveis de ácido docosahexaenóico (DHA) de 120, 180, 240, 300 e 360 mg/100 g dieta. Foi aplicado o modelo fatorial 2 x 5, em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com três repetições de oito aves por tratamento, de modo a constituir os grupos: OP120, OP180, OP240, OP300, OP360, AM120, AM180, AM240, AM300 e AM360. Um grupo controle submetido à ração basal de milho e soja (CON) e outro, acrescido de AM, contendo 420 mg de DHA/ 100 g dieta (AM420) foram também utilizados. Os ácidos araquidônico (AA), linoléico e PUFAs n-6 mostraram decréscimos significativos (P < 0,05) com o aumento de OP na dieta, variando, respectivamente, de 98,71 mg, 987,70 mg e 1.108,92 mg/gema na dieta CON a 38,87 mg, 734,22 mg e 802,79 mg/gema, para o grupo OP360. Para a fonte OP, as médias de AA também mostraram linearidade (Y = -0,16X + 89,40, R2 = 0,86), decrescendo de 98,71 mg/gema (CON) para 38,87 mg/ gema (OP360) e 77,79 mg/gema (AM420), enquanto que o total de PUFAs n-6 oscilou de 1.108,92 mg/gema (CON) a 802,79 mg/gema (OP360) e 1.178,19 mg/gema (AM120). O percentual de incorporação de AA na gema dos ovos decresceu linearmente com o aumento dos níveis de DHA na ração suplementada com OP e AM, de 4,81% (CON) para 2,57% (OP360) e 3,51% (AM420). As médias de 1.572,11 mg/gema (OP) e 2.118,16 mg/gema (AM) de consumo do total de PUFAs n6 e de 3,12% (OP) e 4,30% (AM) de incorporação de AA na gema diferiram (P < 0,05) entre fontes. Um decréscimo significativo (P < 0,05) foi consignado na relação n-6/n-3, variando de 17,50 (CON) para 3,72 (OP360) e 6,36 (AM420).
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Carvalho P, Pita M, Piber Neto E, Mendonça Junior C. INFLUÊNCIA DA ADIÇÃO DE FONTES MARINHAS RICAS EM PUFAs NA DIETA SOBRE A COMPOSIÇÃO LIPÍDICA E PERCENTUAIS DE INCORPORAÇÃO DE PUFAs N-3 NA GEMA DO OVO. ARQUIVOS DO INSTITUTO BIOLÓGICO 2009. [DOI: 10.1590/1808-1657v76p0272009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
RESUMO A presente pesquisa foi conduzida utilizando-se 288 galinhas poedeiras da linhagem Hisex White com 32 semanas de idade, pelo período de 10 semanas, com o objetivo de estudar o enriquecimento da gema do ovo em ácidos graxos, a partir de rações suplementadas com óleo de peixe (OP) ou alga marinha (AM) em cinco níveis de DHA (120, 180, 240, 300 e 360 mg/100 g dieta). Foi aplicado o modelo fatorial 2 x 5, inteiramente casualizado, com três repetições de oito aves por tratamento, de modo a constituir os grupos: OP120, OP180, OP240, OP300, OP360, AM120, AM180, AM240, AM300 e AM360. Um grupo controle submetido à ração basal de milho e soja (CON) e outro contendo 420 mg de DHA/ 100 g dieta (AM420) acrescido de AM, foram também utilizados. Quanto aos teores de DHA na gema do ovo de aves suplementadas com OP, foi observado aumento significativo de 22,64 mg/gema (CON), para 187,91 mg/gema no grupo OP360. Os PUFAs n-3 apresentaram acréscimo significativo no contraste entre CON (62,16 mg/gema) e OP360 (218,62 mg/gema). Para a fonte AM, as médias de DHA também mostraram linearidade (Y = 0,23X + 1,27, R2 = 0,86), oscilando entre 22,64 mg/gema (CON) e 149,75 mg/gema (AM420), enquanto que o total de PUFAs n-3 oscilou de 104,18 mg/gema (AM120) a 175,32 mg/gema (AM420). O percentual de incorporação de DHA na gema decresceu linearmente com o aumento dos níveis de DHA na ração suplementada com OP e AM, de 85,11% (OP120) e 65,28% (AM120) para 49,45% (OP360) e 34,06% (AM420). Melhora significativa (P<0,05) foi consignada na relação n-6/n-3, que variou de 17,50 no grupo CON para 3,72 e 6,36 nos tratamentos OP360 e AM420, respectivamente.
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Affiliation(s)
- P.R. Carvalho
- Pólo Apta Regional do Centro-Oeste, Unidade de Pesquisa de Bauru, Brasil
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Elkin R, Lorenz E. Feeding laying hens a bioavailable soy sterol mixture fails to enrich their eggs with phytosterols or elicit egg yolk compositional changes. Poult Sci 2009; 88:152-8. [DOI: 10.3382/ps.2008-00271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Bar A. Calcium transport in strongly calcifying laying birds: mechanisms and regulation. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2008; 152:447-69. [PMID: 19118637 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2008.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2008] [Revised: 11/25/2008] [Accepted: 11/25/2008] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Birds that lay long clutches (series of eggs laid sequentially before a "pause day"), among them the high-producing, strongly-calcifying Gallus gallus domesticus (domestic hen) and Coturnix coturnix japonica (Japanese quail), transfer about 10% of their total body calcium daily. They appear, therefore, to be the most efficient calcium-transporters among vertebrates. Such intensive transport imposes severe demands on ionic calcium (Ca2+) homeostasis, and activates at least two extremely effective mechanisms for Ca2+ transfer from food and bone to the eggshell. This review focuses on the development, action and regulation of the mechanisms associated with paracellular and transcellular Ca2+ transport in the intestine and the eggshell gland (ESG); it also considers some of the proteins (calbindin, Ca2+ATPase, Na+/Ca2+ exchange, epithelial calcium channels (TRPVs), osteopontin and carbonic anhydrase (CA) associated with this phenomenon. Calbindins are discussed in some detail, as they appear to be a major component of the transcellular transport system, and as only they have been studied extensively in birds. The review aims to gather old and new knowledge, which could form a conceptual basis, albeit not a completely accepted one, for our understanding of the mechanisms associated with this phenomenon. In the intestine, the transcellular pathway appears to compensate for low Ca2+ intake, but in birds fed adequate calcium the major drive for calcium absorption remains the electrochemical potential difference (ECPD) that facilitates paracellular transport. However, the mechanisms involved in Ca2+ transport into the ESG lumen are not yet established. In the ESG, the presence of Ca2+-ATPase and calbindin--two components of the transcellular transport pathway--and the apparently uphill transport of Ca2+ support the idea that Ca2+ is transported via the transcellular pathway. However, the positive (plasma with respect to mucosa) electrical potential difference (EPD) in the ESG, among other findings, indicates that there may be major alternative or complementary paracellular passive transport pathways. The available evidence hints that the flow from the gut to the ESG, which occurs during a relatively short period (11 to 14 h out the 24- to 25.5-h egg cycle), is primarily driven by carbonic anhydrase (CA) activity in the ESG, which results in high HCO3(-) content that, in turn, "sucks out" Ca2+ from the intestinal lumen via the blood and ESG cells, and deposits it in the shell crystals. The increased CA activity appears to be dependent on energy input, whereas it seems most likely that the Ca2+ movement is secondary, that it utilizes passive paracellular routes that fluctuate in accordance with the appearance of the energy-dependent CA activity, and that the level of Ca2+ movement mimics that of the CA activity. The on-off signals for the overall phenomenon have not yet been identified. They appear to be associated with the circadian cycle of gonadal hormones, coupled with the egg cycle: it is most likely that progesterone acts as the "off" signal, and that the "on" signal is provided by the combined effect of an as-yet undefined endocrine factor associated with ovulation and with the mechanical strain that results from "egg white" formation and "plumping". This strain may initially trigger the formation of the mammillae and the seeding of shell calcium crystals in the isthmus, and thereafter initiate the formation of the shell in the ESG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arie Bar
- Institute of Animal Science, ARO, the Volcani Ctr., Bet Dagan 50250, Israel.
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Bar A. Calcium homeostasis and vitamin D metabolism and expression in strongly calcifying laying birds. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2008; 151:477-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2008.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2008] [Revised: 07/03/2008] [Accepted: 07/07/2008] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Effect of Dietary Rhodobacter capsulatus on Cholesterol Concentration and Fatty Acid Composition in Japanese Quail (Coturnix japonica) Egg. J Poult Sci 2007. [DOI: 10.2141/jpsa.44.375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Tesedo J, Barrado E, Sanz MA, Tesedo A, de la Rosa F. Fatty acid profiles of processed chicken egg yolks. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2006; 54:6255-60. [PMID: 16910716 DOI: 10.1021/jf060134h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The fatty acid compositions of egg yolks subjected to industrial processing treatments, namely, homogenization, pasteurization, drying, and "omega-3-enrichment", were studied. In general, the total contents of C16:0, C18:0, C18:1 n-9, and C18:2 n-6 fatty acids accounted for close to 90% of the total fatty acids. Statistical analysis of the data revealed correlations among the fatty acids; significant differences existed depending on the egg source and type of processing. Yolk samples enriched with omega-3 fatty acids clustered together owing to their higher C16:0, C16:1 n-7, C18:3 n-6, and C24:0 contents. Nonpasteurized/non-heat-treated samples formed another cluster because of their higher C18:1 n-11 and C18:1 n-9 contents, and the remaining samples formed another group due to their higher proportions of C18:0, C18:2 n-6, and C20:4 n-6. The relative proportions of essential fatty acids were similar in the four types of samples examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Tesedo
- Departamento de Farmacología y Terapéutica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valladolid, 47005 Valladolid, Spain
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Chowdhury SR, Sarker DK, Chowdhury SD, Smith TK, Roy PK, Wahid MA. Effects of dietary tamarind on cholesterol metabolism in laying hens. Poult Sci 2005; 84:56-60. [PMID: 15685942 DOI: 10.1093/ps/84.1.56] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
An experiment was conducted to evaluate the potential for dietary tamarind to alter serum and egg yolk cholesterol concentrations and overall performance in different layer strains. Thirty, 43-wk-old, Hisex Brown, ISA Brown, Lohmann Brown, Starcross Brown, Babcock B-300, and Starcross-579 strains (5 hens per strain) were fed diets supplemented with 0 (control), 2, 4, 6, or 8% oven-dried tamarind for 6 wk. Egg production, egg mass, and efficiency of feed utilization followed a quadratic response with a maximum when the diet contained 2% tamarind and a minimum when 8% tamarind was fed (P < 0.05). There were no differences (P > 0.05) among strains for egg production, egg weight, yolk weight, egg mass, feed consumption, or feed efficiency. Yolk weight increased linearly (P < 0.05) with increasing levels of dietary tamarind in wk 1, 2, and 3 as well as when averaged over 6 wk. Egg yolk cholesterol concentrations were not affected by dietary tamarind. Serum cholesterol concentrations, however, decreased quadratically with increasing levels of dietary tamarind (P < 0.05). It was concluded that 2% supplemental dietary tamarind could decrease serum cholesterol concentrations and increase layer performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- S R Chowdhury
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Guelph, Ontario, Canada, N1G 2W1
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Mazalli M, Faria D, Salvador D, Ito D. A Comparison of the Feeding Value of Different Sources of Fat for Laying Hens: 2. Lipid, Cholesterol, and Vitamin E Profiles of Egg Yolk. J APPL POULTRY RES 2004. [DOI: 10.1093/japr/13.2.280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Kaya S, Erdogan Z, Erdogan S. Effect of different dietary levels of Yucca schidigera powder on the performance, blood parameters and egg yolk cholesterol of laying quails. JOURNAL OF VETERINARY MEDICINE. A, PHYSIOLOGY, PATHOLOGY, CLINICAL MEDICINE 2003; 50:14-7. [PMID: 12650503 DOI: 10.1046/j.1439-0442.2003.00487.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
A total of 135 laying quails (Coturnix coturnix japonica), 9 weeks old, were divided into three dietary treatment groups. Three replicates were assigned to each treatment group consisting of 15 birds per cage. The diet was supplemented with 0, 100 and 200 ppm Yucca schidigera powder and given ad libitum to the quails for a period of 14 weeks. Body weight, egg production, feed consumption and feed efficiency were not different due to dietary treatments among the groups. Increased egg weight was determined in the control group. Yucca powder supplementation decreased serum glucose, cholesterol triglyceride level in laying quails. Serum total protein concentration was not changed by dietary treatments but albumin level was decreased in quails fed 100 ppm yucca powder. Egg yolk cholesterol concentration was not significantly different among the groups but tended to decline (11.5%) as a result of yucca supplementation. Red Blood Cell (RBC) and White Blood Cell (WBC) counts, packed cell volume (PCV), mean corpuscular volume (MCV) and mean corpuscular haemoglobin (MCH) were not affected by supplementation of yucca powder. However, haemoglobin (HB) concentration was slightly increased and mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration (MCHC) was significantly increased by 200 ppm yucca powder supplementation to the diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Kaya
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mustafa Kemal University, Hatay, Turkey.
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Lv C, Tang Y, Wang L, Ji W, Chen Y, Yang S, Wang W. Bioconversion of yolk cholesterol by extracellular cholesterol oxidase from Brevibacterium sp. Food Chem 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0308-8146(01)00381-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Grobas S, Méndez J, Lázaro R, de Blas C, Mateo GG. Influence of source and percentage of fat added to diet on performance and fatty acid composition of egg yolks of two strains of laying hens. Poult Sci 2001; 80:1171-9. [PMID: 11495470 DOI: 10.1093/ps/80.8.1171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We conducted a trial to study the influence of strain of hen (white vs. brown) and source and percentage of added fat to diet on productive performance and fatty acid (FA) profile of the egg yolk. There were nine dietary treatments: a control diet without added fat and eight diets arranged as a 2 x 4 factorial (5 vs. 10% added tallow, olive, soy, or linseed oil). Each treatment was replicated five times, and the trial lasted 12 wk. White hens produced yolks with more saturated FA (P < 0.001) and less monounsaturated FA (P < 0.001) and polyunsaturated FA (P < 0.05) than brown hens. Fat supplementation improved egg mass output (P < 0.05) and feed efficiency of hens (P < 0.001). Linseed and soy oil diets produced greater egg mass than diets based on tallow or olive oil (59.6, 59.4, 57.9, and 57.1%, respectively; P < 0.001). The proportion of saturated FA in the yolk decreased as the percentage of added fat increased (36.5, 32.3, and 31.0% for diets containing 0, 5, and 10% added fat, respectively; P < 0.001). When the alpha-linolenic acid content of the diets increased from 0 to 0.8%, the arachidonic, docosapentanoic, and docosahexanoic acids in the egg yolk increased. Increases in the alpha-linolenic acid content of the diet over 2.3% did not further augment the concentration of docosapentanoic or docosahexanoic acid of the yolk and, in fact, decreased that of arachidonic acid. Only diets supplemented with linseed oil produced eggs with measurable amounts of eicosapentanoic acid. Diets supplemented with soy oil, with moderate levels of alpha-linolenic acid and high levels of linoleic acid, increased arachidonic and docosahexanoic acids in the egg yolk but not eicosapentanoic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Grobas
- Departamento de Producción Animal, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, apain
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Mori AV, Mendonça CX, Santos CO. Effect of dietary lipid-lowering drugs upon plasma lipids and egg yolk cholesterol levels of laying hens. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 1999; 47:4731-4735. [PMID: 10552881 DOI: 10.1021/jf990481+] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
To evaluate the effect of lipid-lowering agents upon egg quality, reproductive performance, plasma lipids, and egg yolk cholesterol levels, 30-week-old Shaver laying hens were fed a basal diet (commercial ration) supplemented with 0.1% probucol (PROB), 0.025% gemfibrozil (GEMF), or lovastatin at 0.0005% (LOV1), 0.001% (LOV2), or 0.0015% (LOV3) for a 12-week experimental period. It was observed that the supplementation of the drugs did not impair albumen and shell quality. Hen performance was not adversely affected. The depression in triglyceride concentrations approached statistical significance only in LOV2 (38.5%), and total cholesterol was significantly depressed in LOV2 (36.0%), LOV3 (36.8%), PROB (29.6%), and GEMF (30.4%) treatments. Egg cholesterol content, expressed per gram of yolk, was significant lowered in LOV1 (7.5%) and LOV3 (12. 7%).
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Affiliation(s)
- A V Mori
- Departamento de Clínica Médica, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, Cidade Universitária Armando de Salles Oliveira, Av. Orlando Marques de Paiva 87, São Paulo 05508-000, Brazil
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Elkin RG, Yan Z, Zhong Y, Donkin SS, Buhman KK, Story JA, Turek JJ, Porter RE, Anderson M, Homan R, Newton RS. Select 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase inhibitors vary in their ability to reduce egg yolk cholesterol levels in laying hens through alteration of hepatic cholesterol biosynthesis and plasma VLDL composition. J Nutr 1999; 129:1010-9. [PMID: 10222393 DOI: 10.1093/jn/129.5.1010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The inability to markedly attenuate cholesterol levels in chicken eggs has led to speculation that cholesterol is essential for yolk formation and that egg production would cease when yolk cholesterol deposition was inadequate for embryonic survival. However, this critical level hypothesis remains unproven. Here, we determine the relative responsiveness of laying hens to three select inhibitors of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase (HMGR), the rate-limiting enzyme of cholesterol biosynthesis. A control diet, either alone or supplemented with one of two dietary levels (0.03 or 0.06%) of atorvastatin, lovastatin, or simvastatin, was fed to White Leghorn hens for 5 wk. Liver cholesterol concentrations (mg/g tissue) were decreased (P </= 0.05) by each HMGR inhibitor; however, total liver cholesterol (mg) did not differ among treatments. Microsomal hepatic HMGR activities were increased one- to twofold in all HMGR inhibitor-treated groups, while HMGR mRNA levels were unaffected. Diameters of plasma VLDL particles, the main cholesterol-carrying yolk precursor macromolecules, were reduced (P </= 0.05) only in hens fed 0.06% atorvastatin, and the particles contained 38% less total cholesterol (P </= 0.05) than controls. Plasma total cholesterol concentrations were lowered (P </= 0.05) by both doses of atorvastatin (-56, -63%) and simvastatin (-36,-45%). Egg cholesterol contents were maximally reduced by 46% (P </= 0.05), 7% (P > 0.05), and 22% (P </= 0.05) in hens fed the 0.06% level of atorvastatin, lovastatin, and simvastatin, respectively, while overall egg production [-19% (P </= 0.05), +4% (P > 0.05), and -3% (P > 0.05)], was much less affected. We concluded that cholesterol per se may not be an obligatory component for yolk formation in chickens and, as such, may be amenable to further pharmacological manipulation
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Affiliation(s)
- R G Elkin
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
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Speake BK, Murray AM, Noble RC. Transport and transformations of yolk lipids during development of the avian embryo. Prog Lipid Res 1998; 37:1-32. [PMID: 9764310 DOI: 10.1016/s0163-7827(97)00012-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 238] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- B K Speake
- Department of Biochemistry and Nutrition, Scottish Agricultural College, Ayr, Scotland
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Bringe NA. Properties of low-fat, low-cholesterol egg yolk prepared by supercritical CO2 extraction. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 1997; 415:161-81. [PMID: 9131191 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4899-1792-8_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
A dry egg yolk ingredient called Eggcellent has 74% less fat and 90% less cholesterol than liquid egg yolks, when reconstituted on an equal protein basis. The phospholipids and proteins are retained, enabling the ingredient to have the taste and texturizing properties of fresh egg yolk. Using the new yolk, it is possible to significantly improve the acceptability of low-fat, low-cholesterol bakery products, scrambled eggs and mayonnaise dressings without losing nutritional claims. The structures and functional properties of egg yolk components and the conditions required to optimize their benefits in foods are reviewed. The lipoproteins of low-fat, low-cholesterol yolk have valuable properties as flavorants, texturizers, foaming agents, emulsifiers, antioxidants, colorants, and nutraceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- N A Bringe
- Ceregen, Unit of Monsanto Company, St. Louis, MO 63198, USA
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Hammad SM, Siegel HS, Marks HL. Dietary cholesterol effects on plasma and yolk cholesterol fractions in selected lines of Japanese quail. Poult Sci 1996; 75:933-42. [PMID: 8966183 DOI: 10.3382/ps.0750933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Japanese quail from lines that had been divergently selected for high (HL) or low (LL) plasma total cholesterol and their unselected control line (CL) were fed an all vegetable diet to which 0 or 0.5% crystalline cholesterol were added. Relationships between plasma and yolk cholesterol fractions were examined at 10, 14, and 18 wk of age, which followed 2, 6, and 10 wk consumption of the cholesterol-enriched diet, respectively. Unesterified cholesterol (UC) and cholesteryl esters (CE) in plasma and yolk were analyzed using HPLC. There were no consistent correlations between yolk and plasma for UC, individual CE, total esterified cholesterol (EC), or total cholesterol in the selected lines at ages tested, whether or not 0.5% cholesterol was added to the diet. Cholesterol concentrations in milligrams per gram of yolk and in milligrams per yolk were higher in the HL than the LL at 10 and 14, but not at 18 wk of age. Yolk weights of the HL females increased from 10 to 18 wk of age, whereas those of the LL did not. Cholesterol concentrations in the LL yolks continued to increase over time, however the increases in yolk weight in the HL were not accompanied by proportional increases in cholesterol deposition in the yolk, leading to a dilution of concentration of cholesterol fractions in the HL yolk. Dietary cholesterol increased egg production rate in the selected lines but did not increase the cholesterol content of the yolk.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Hammad
- Department of Poultry Science, Pennsylvania State University, University Park 16802, USA
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Ga�l T, Speake BK, Mezes M, Noble RC, Surai PF, Vajdovich P. Antioxidant parameters and ageing in some animal species. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00378112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Gaál T, Mézes M, Noble RC, Dixon J, Speake BK. Development of antioxidant capacity in tissues of the chick embryo. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/0305-0491(95)00125-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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