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Ulrich S, Vieira M, Coiro M, Bouchal JM, Geier C, Jacobs BF, Currano ED, Lenz OK, Wilde V, Zetter R, Grímsson F. Origin and Early Evolution of Hydrocharitaceae and the Ancestral Role of Stratiotes. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:1008. [PMID: 38611537 PMCID: PMC11013807 DOI: 10.3390/plants13071008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Revised: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
The combined morphological features of Stratiotes (Hydrocharitaceae) pollen, observed with light and electron microscopy, make it unique among all angiosperm pollen types and easy to identify. Unfortunately, the plant is (and most likely was) insect-pollinated and produces relatively few pollen grains per flower, contributing to its apparent absence in the paleopalynological record. Here, we present fossil Stratiotes pollen from the Eocene of Germany (Europe) and Kenya (Africa), representing the first reliable pre-Pleistocene pollen records of this genus worldwide and the only fossils of this family discovered so far in Africa. The fossil Stratiotes pollen grains are described and compared to pollen from a single modern species, Stratiotes aloides L. The paleophytogeographic significance and paleoecological aspects of these findings are discussed in relation to the Hydrocharitaceae fossil records and molecular phylogeny, as well as the present-day distribution patterns of its modern genera.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Ulrich
- Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research, University of Vienna, 1030 Vienna, Austria; (S.U.); (J.M.B.); (C.G.); (R.Z.)
- Department of Historical Archaeology, Austrian Archaeological Institute (OeAI), Austrian Academy of Sciences (OeAW), 1010 Vienna, Austria
| | - Manuel Vieira
- Department of Earth Sciences, GeoBioTec, NOVA School of Science and Technology, Campus de Caparica, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal;
| | - Mario Coiro
- Department of Palaeontology, University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Johannes M. Bouchal
- Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research, University of Vienna, 1030 Vienna, Austria; (S.U.); (J.M.B.); (C.G.); (R.Z.)
| | - Christian Geier
- Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research, University of Vienna, 1030 Vienna, Austria; (S.U.); (J.M.B.); (C.G.); (R.Z.)
| | - Bonnie F. Jacobs
- Roy M. Huffington Department of Earth Sciences, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, TX 75275, USA;
| | - Ellen D. Currano
- Departments of Botany and Geology & Geophysics, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071, USA;
| | - Olaf K. Lenz
- Institute of Applied Geosciences, Technical University Darmstadt, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany;
| | - Volker Wilde
- Section Palaeobotany, Division Palaeontology and Historical Geology, Senckenberg Research Institute and Natural History Museum Frankfurt, 60325 Frankfurt am Main, Germany;
| | - Reinhard Zetter
- Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research, University of Vienna, 1030 Vienna, Austria; (S.U.); (J.M.B.); (C.G.); (R.Z.)
| | - Friðgeir Grímsson
- Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research, University of Vienna, 1030 Vienna, Austria; (S.U.); (J.M.B.); (C.G.); (R.Z.)
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Yirgu A, Mekonnen Y, Eyado A, Staropoli A, Vinale F. Antimicrobial Activity and Phytochemical Constituents of Leaf Extracts of Englerina woodfordioides (Schweinf.) M. Gilbert. CHEMISTRY AFRICA 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s42250-022-00535-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Krasylenko Y, Kinge TR, Sosnovsky Y, Atamas N, Tofel KH, Horielov O, Rambold G. Consuming and consumed: Biotic interactions of African mistletoes across different trophic levels. Biotropica 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/btp.13130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuliya Krasylenko
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science Palacký University Olomouc Olomouc Czech Republic
| | - Tonjock Rosemary Kinge
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science The University of Bamenda Bambili Cameroon
- Department of Mycology University of Bayreuth Bayreuth Germany
| | - Yevhen Sosnovsky
- Botanical Garden Ivan Franko National University of Lviv Lviv Ukraine
| | - Natalia Atamas
- Laboratory of Population Ecology, Department of Animal Monitoring and Conservation, I.I. Schmalhausen Institute of Zoology National Academy of Science of Ukraine Kyiv Ukraine
| | - Katamssadan Haman Tofel
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science The University of Bamenda Bambili Cameroon
| | - Oleksii Horielov
- Department of Dendrology, M.M. Gryshko National Botanic Garden National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine Kyiv Ukraine
| | - Gerhard Rambold
- Department of Mycology University of Bayreuth Bayreuth Germany
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Grímsson F, Bouchal JM, Xafis A, Zetter R. Combined LM and SEM study of the middle Miocene (Sarmatian) palynoflora from the Lavanttal Basin, Austria: Part V. Magnoliophyta 3 - Myrtales to Ericales. GRANA 2020; 59:127-193. [PMID: 32406427 DOI: 10.1080/00173134.2011.585804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 11/09/2019] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The continued investigation of the middle Miocene palynoflora from the Lavanttal Basin reveals numerous additional angiosperm taxa. The Myrtales to Ericales pollen record documented here comprises 46 different taxa belonging to Onagraceae (Ludwigia), Ericaceae (Craigia, Reevesia, Tilia), Anacardiaceae (Pistacia), Rutaceae (Zanthoxylum), Sapindaceae (Acer), Santalaceae (Arceuthobium), Amaranthaceae, Caryophyllaceae, Polygonaceae (Persicaria, Rumex), Cornaceae (Alangium, Cornus, Nyssa), Ebenaceae (Diospyros), Ericaceae (Andromeda, Arbutus, Empetrum, Erica), Sapotaceae (Pouteria, Sideroxylon), Styracaceae (Rehderodendron) and Symplocaceae (Symplocos). Köppen signatures of potential modern analogues of the additional fossil woody elements confirm the hypothesis of a subtropical (Cfa, Cwa) climate at lower elevations and subsequent transition into a temperate climate with altitudinal succession (Cfa → Cfb/Dfa → Dfb; Cwa → Cwb → Dwb-climate). The fossil plants represent different vegetation units, from wetland lowlands to well-drained montane forests. Many of the fossil taxa have potential modern analogues that can be classified as nemoral and/or meridio-nemoral and/or semihumid-meridional vegetation elements. New is the recognition of oreotropical elements, which are direct indicators for a substantial altitudinal gradient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Friđgeir Grímsson
- Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Johannes M Bouchal
- Department of Palaeobiology, Swedish Museum of Natural History, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Alexandros Xafis
- Department of Palaeontology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Reinhard Zetter
- Department of Palaeontology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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5
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Grímsson F, Bouchal JM, Xafis A, Zetter R. Combined LM and SEM study of the middle Miocene (Sarmatian) palynoflora from the Lavanttal Basin, Austria: Part V. Magnoliophyta 3 - Myrtales to Ericales. GRANA 2020; 59:127-193. [PMID: 32406427 PMCID: PMC7195176 DOI: 10.1080/00173134.2019.1696400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 11/09/2019] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The continued investigation of the middle Miocene palynoflora from the Lavanttal Basin reveals numerous additional angiosperm taxa. The Myrtales to Ericales pollen record documented here comprises 46 different taxa belonging to Onagraceae (Ludwigia), Ericaceae (Craigia, Reevesia, Tilia), Anacardiaceae (Pistacia), Rutaceae (Zanthoxylum), Sapindaceae (Acer), Santalaceae (Arceuthobium), Amaranthaceae, Caryophyllaceae, Polygonaceae (Persicaria, Rumex), Cornaceae (Alangium, Cornus, Nyssa), Ebenaceae (Diospyros), Ericaceae (Andromeda, Arbutus, Empetrum, Erica), Sapotaceae (Pouteria, Sideroxylon), Styracaceae (Rehderodendron) and Symplocaceae (Symplocos). Köppen signatures of potential modern analogues of the additional fossil woody elements confirm the hypothesis of a subtropical (Cfa, Cwa) climate at lower elevations and subsequent transition into a temperate climate with altitudinal succession (Cfa → Cfb/Dfa → Dfb; Cwa → Cwb → Dwb-climate). The fossil plants represent different vegetation units, from wetland lowlands to well-drained montane forests. Many of the fossil taxa have potential modern analogues that can be classified as nemoral and/or meridio-nemoral and/or semihumid-meridional vegetation elements. New is the recognition of oreotropical elements, which are direct indicators for a substantial altitudinal gradient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Friđgeir Grímsson
- Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Johannes M. Bouchal
- Department of Palaeobiology, Swedish Museum of Natural History, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Alexandros Xafis
- Department of Palaeontology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Reinhard Zetter
- Department of Palaeontology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Grímsson F, Bouchal JM, Xafis A, Zetter R. Combined LM and SEM study of the middle Miocene (Sarmatian) palynoflora from the Lavanttal Basin, Austria: Part V. Magnoliophyta 3 - Myrtales to Ericales. GRANA 2020; 59:127-193. [PMID: 32406427 DOI: 10.1080/00173134.2011.641450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 11/09/2019] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The continued investigation of the middle Miocene palynoflora from the Lavanttal Basin reveals numerous additional angiosperm taxa. The Myrtales to Ericales pollen record documented here comprises 46 different taxa belonging to Onagraceae (Ludwigia), Ericaceae (Craigia, Reevesia, Tilia), Anacardiaceae (Pistacia), Rutaceae (Zanthoxylum), Sapindaceae (Acer), Santalaceae (Arceuthobium), Amaranthaceae, Caryophyllaceae, Polygonaceae (Persicaria, Rumex), Cornaceae (Alangium, Cornus, Nyssa), Ebenaceae (Diospyros), Ericaceae (Andromeda, Arbutus, Empetrum, Erica), Sapotaceae (Pouteria, Sideroxylon), Styracaceae (Rehderodendron) and Symplocaceae (Symplocos). Köppen signatures of potential modern analogues of the additional fossil woody elements confirm the hypothesis of a subtropical (Cfa, Cwa) climate at lower elevations and subsequent transition into a temperate climate with altitudinal succession (Cfa → Cfb/Dfa → Dfb; Cwa → Cwb → Dwb-climate). The fossil plants represent different vegetation units, from wetland lowlands to well-drained montane forests. Many of the fossil taxa have potential modern analogues that can be classified as nemoral and/or meridio-nemoral and/or semihumid-meridional vegetation elements. New is the recognition of oreotropical elements, which are direct indicators for a substantial altitudinal gradient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Friđgeir Grímsson
- Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Johannes M Bouchal
- Department of Palaeobiology, Swedish Museum of Natural History, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Alexandros Xafis
- Department of Palaeontology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Reinhard Zetter
- Department of Palaeontology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Grímsson F, Graham SA, Coiro M, Jacobs BF, Xafis A, Neumann FH, Scott L, Sakala J, Currano ED, Zetter R. Origin and divergence of Afro-Indian Picrodendraceae: linking pollen morphology, dispersal modes, fossil records, molecular dating and paleogeography. GRANA 2019; 58:227-275. [PMID: 31275086 PMCID: PMC6582451 DOI: 10.1080/00173134.2019.1594357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The pantropical Picrodendraceae produce mostly spheroidal to slightly oblate, echinate pollen grains equipped with narrow circular to elliptic pori that can be hard to identify to family level in both extant and fossil material using light microscopy only. Fossil pollen of the family have been described from the Paleogene of America, Antarctica, Australia, New Zealand, and Europe, but until now none have been reported from Afro-India. Extant pollen described here include representatives from all recent Picrodendraceae genera naturally occurring in Africa and/or Madagascar and south India and selected closely related tropical American taxa. Our analyses, using combined light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy, show that pollen of the Afro-Indian genera encompass three morphological types: Type 1, comprising only Hyaenanche; Type 2, including Aristogeitonia, Mischodon, Oldfieldia and Voatamalo; Type 3, comprising the remaining two genera, Androstachys and Stachyandra. Based on the pollen morphology presented here it is evident that some previous light microscopic accounts of spherical and echinate fossil pollen affiliated with Arecaceae, Asteraceae, Malvaceae, and Myristicaceae from the African continent could belong to Picrodendraceae. The pollen morphology of Picrodendraceae, fossil pollen records, a dated intra-familial phylogeny, seed dispersal modes, and the regional Late Cretaceous to early Cenozoic paleogeography, together suggest the family originated in the Americas and dispersed from southern America across Antarctica and into Australasia. A second dispersal route is believed to have occurred from the Americas into continental Africa via the North Atlantic Land Bridge and Europe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Friðgeir Grímsson
- Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Mario Coiro
- Department of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Bonnie F. Jacobs
- Roy M. Huffington Department of Earth Sciences, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Alexandros Xafis
- Department of Paleontology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Frank H. Neumann
- Evolutionary Studies Institute, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
| | - Louis Scott
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
| | - Jakub Sakala
- Institute of Geology and Palaeontology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Ellen D. Currano
- Departments of Botany and Geology & Geophysics, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, USA
| | - Reinhard Zetter
- Department of Paleontology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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